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All types of Album content can be previewed simply by clicking on the icons.
This chapter introduces each of the Album sections in turn, beginning with a detailed discussion of the allimportant Video Scenes section. Actually using the contents of the Album to create your edited movie will be the subject of chapters 4 through 11. Source folders for Album content The scene icons in the Video Scenes section come from a captured video file, while the Transitions section is filled from resource files associated with the Studio program. The icons in each of the other four Album sections are different: they represent the files contained in a particular disk folder. Each of these sections Titles, Images, Sound Effects and Disc Menus has a default folder assigned to it, but you can select a different folder if desired.
The icons in the Titles section represent files stored in a selected source folder on your hard drive. The dropdown list at the top of the Album page lets you select either Standard Titles or My Titles from the installed Titles folder. The folder button beside the list lets you look elsewhere on your hard drive. The Disc Menus section works similarly.

Chapter 3: The Album 37

The source folder for the sections content is listed at the top of the left Album page, next to a small Folder button. To change the source of the current section, either select a folder from the dropdown or list, or click the button, browse to another folder on your system, and select any file. The file you select will be highlighted in the repopulated Album section. Some Album sections also provide a Parent folder to facilitate moving around within a group of button folders containing appropriate media.

THE VIDEO SCENES SECTION

This is where the editing process really begins in the Video Scenes section of the Album with your captured raw footage. In a typical production, your first step will probably be to drag some scenes from the Album down into the Movie Window (see Chapter 5: Video Clips). In the Album, scenes are displayed in the order in which they were captured. This order cannot be changed, since it is determined by the underlying capture file, but scenes can be added to your movie in any order you choose. Similarly, while you cant trim (edit) Album scenes, you can use any desired portion of a scene when it appears as a clip in your movie. Interface features The Video Scenes section offers several special interface features: The icons of scenes captured at preview quality are drawn with a dotted outline in the Album. Scenes captured at full quality do not have this outline.

Select the file name on the dropdown list on the file
contents page. Double-click a file listed on the folder contents page. Click the browse for file button and use the Open dialog to locate an avi, mpg or mp2 file on your hard drive.

Chapter 3: The Album 41

Scene detection and thumbnails The Album now fills with the detected scenes from your captured video (see Scene detection on page 25). Each scene is denoted by a thumbnail frame an icon of the scenes first frame. It may be that the first frame doesnt make a good icon for the scene, so Studio lets you pick a different one if desired. To change thumbnails in the Album:

1. 2. 3.

Select the scene to be changed. Use the Player to find the frame you want used for the thumbnail. Click the Album Set Thumbnail menu command.
Video aspect ratios Most digital video files provide format information that allows Studio to detect the frame aspect ratio of 4:3 or 16:9 automatically. If the file does not provide aspect ratio information, Studio defaults to the standard 4:3 format. The Aspect Ratio 4:3 and Aspect Ratio 16:9 commands on the Album menu let you manually set whichever ratio you need. These commands also appear on the right-button context menu for video scenes in the Album. Studio does not allow you to mix footage of different aspect ratios in the same movie. If you want to add 16:9 footage to a 4:3 movie, or 4:3 footage to a 16:9 movie, you must first use whichever Aspect Ratio command is needed to bring the Album scenes into conformity with the movie. The new clips will be squeezed or stretched as needed to match the movie.

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Viewing captured video
Individual or multiple scenes in the open captured video file can be viewed at any time. To view captured video starting at a selected scene: Click on the scenes icon in the Album. The Player displays the first frame of the selected scene. 2. Click the Play button in the Player. The Player now plays the selected scenes and any subsequent ones. Progress is indicated in three ways. The scenes highlight successively as they are played. The Player scrubber shows the current point of play relative to the entire movie. Scene thumbnails display a progress bar during preview. As you continue to view your captured video, the progress bar moves from one thumbnail to the next.
Previewing digital video files When a folder is open in the Album and the name of a digital video file is selected, you can use the Player to

Chapter 3: The Album 43

preview the video without actually opening the file into the Album.

Warning: Studios plug-in video effects are computer programs. They are theoretically capable of actions with the potential to damage or disrupt your system, such as modifying or deleting files and editing the system registry. Pinnacle advises against installing third-party plug-ins except those from trusted vendors.

CLEANING EFFECTS

Cleaning effects help correct defects in the source video, such as noise and camera shake.
Note: Studios video cleaning effects are generalpurpose filters designed to reduce the most common problems found on a wide range of material. They are not a panacea. Your results will vary depending on the original material and the severity and nature of the problems.

Auto color correct

This effect compensates for incorrect color balance in your video. The idea is similar to the white balance setting on a camcorder. Brightness: Color correction may affect the brightness of the image. You can apply a manual correction, if needed, with this slider. (Technically, the control modifies the contrast gamma of the image rather than its actual brightness.)
Note: The Auto color correct effect may introduce video noise into the clip as a side-effect of processing. If this happens to a troublesome degree, add on the Noise reduction effect described below.

Noise reduction

This plug-in applies a noise-reduction algorithm that may improve the appearance of noisy video. In order to minimize artifacts (image defects caused as a sideeffect of image processing), noise reduction is only performed in areas of the frame where the amount of motion falls beneath a certain threshold value. Motion threshold: This slider governs the threshold value. Moving the slider rightwards increases the amount of motion the effect will tolerate, thus tending to increase the proportion of the image that will be affected. At the same time, the danger of introducing unacceptable artifacts into the video is also increased.

Stabilize

Like the electronic image stabilization feature in many digital camcorders, this effect minimizes jerkiness or jitter from camera movement. The edges of the image are discarded, and the center is magnified by about 20% to fill the frame. By adjusting the boundaries of the selected region on a frame-by-frame basis, Studio is able to compensate for the unwanted camera motion.
Studios Stabilize effect works by expanding a selected area (inner lines) to full-frame size. The area is adjusted from frame to frame to compensate for slight aiming differences caused by camera shake.

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TIME EFFECTS
Availability: Unrestricted use of the effects in this group is not included with the SE and QuickStart versions of Studio. Until unlocked with the appropriate activation key, a watermark graphic appears over part of the video frame when clips using any of the effects are played back. See page 11 for details.

the Album or the Title Editor.

The Frame grabber tool

Use the Frame grabber tool in conjunction with the Player. To access it, open the Toolbox and click the Frame grabber button. Play the movie or source video until the frame you want is displayed in the Player, then click the Grab button. The grabbed frame appears in the tools preview area, ready to be added to your movie or saved as a file on disk. Grab from: Select a source for the frame grabber by clicking either the Movie or the Camcorder button at the top of the tool. Choosing Camcorder means that the frame grabber will use your current video source, as

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configured in the Capture Source options panel (page 248) and the Capture Format options panel (page 252).
The Frame grabber in grab-from-movie mode. When you grab from an external source (e.g. a camcorder), the Camcorder Controller is displayed. With DV equipment, you can navigate the source tape from within the tool. Transport controls: If your source video is a DV camcorder, MicroMV camcorder or VCR connected to a 1394 port, Studio provides convenient on-screen transport controls for locating the frame you wish to grab. For a description of these controls see The Camcorder Controller on page 20. Reduce flicker: If the source video of the frame grab contains a large amount of motion, the grabbed frame may show flickering, which can be reduced or eliminated by checking the Reduce flicker option. Because Reduce flicker also reduces resolution somewhat, you should not use the option if the overall result is undesirable for a particular image. Grab: Click the Grab button when you have located the frame you want to grab in the Player and configured the Reduce flicker option. The grabbed
Chapter 8: Still images 159
frame is displayed in the tools preview area, and the two output buttons (Add to Movie and Save to Disk) are enabled. Add to movie: This button inserts the grabbed frame into the Movie Window video track ahead of the currently-selected clip. Save to disk: This button opens a Save As dialog so that you can select a folder, file name and image format for the file in which the grabbed frame will be stored. The dialog also provides controls that let you set the resolution of the saved image to any of several standard sizes, to the original size of the grabbed frame, or to a custom size that you enter. If the aspect ratio (the ratio of the width to the height) of the size you choose is different from that of the grabbed frame, the image is stretched as necessary. This can introduce visible distortion of shapes; for instance, people may appear either unnaturally thin or unnaturally squat.

Tip: Remember, its not the buttons appearance that determines its behavior, but the button type you select from the menu.
In fact, you can make any non-group object whether text, rectangle, ellipse, picture or button function as a button just by selecting it in the Edit Window and choosing a new button type from the dropdown list.

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Would you like to make a button that says Grandma and link it to the video of Grandmas birthday party? Just create a text object, make it as fancy as you like with text stylings and the Looks Browser, and assign it the normal button action. Back in the Clip properties tool, link the new button to the chosen video clip and the job is done. Button highlighting DVD menus (but not VCD and S-VCD menus), give visual feedback by highlighting the current button as the user scrolls around the menu. Special active highlighting distinguishes a button that is in the process of being actuated, just before the action is performed. (You can preview this highlighting effect in the Player, and interact with the menu using either the mouse or the Players DVD controls.) The Title Editor lets you assign the color that will be used for each type of highlight, and a style option that governs how the highlights will be drawn. The controls for these settings are located below the button-type list: Click the Active and Selected color swatches to set the highlight colors that work best with your menu. It may help to make your menus clearer if you use consistent highlighting colors for all the menus on a disc. The three highlight style options, from left to right, are:
Box: The highlighting is drawn as a rectangle
enclosing the button. Follow shape: The highlighting covers the visible area of the button, whatever its shape. Underline: The button is underlined.
Chapter 10: The Title Editor 195
These highlight options can be applied to any type of button made from any type of object, not just the button images brought in from the Album. Clear the Highlight style checkbox if you want to disable button highlighting while working in the Title Editor.

CHAPTER 11:

Sound effects and music
Video may be thought of as primarily a visual medium, but the role of sound in your movies is often no less important than that of the images on the screen. Feature film and television productions include numerous types of audio, beginning with the dialog and other sounds created during live action. In your movies, that raw soundtrack is brought in along with the video during Capture mode. It appears in the Movie Window Timeline view on the original audio track below the video track. In Studio Plus, original audio may also appear on the overlay audio track. Most commercial productions also require sound effects slamming doors, crashing cars, barking dogs, etc. and incidental music, which may consist of music created especially for the production, songs taken from recordings, or both. Voice-overs and other customized audio are also often needed. You can use all these types of add-on sound in your own movies:

A good starter set of effects in wav format is
installed with Studio, and others are available from many sources.
Chapter 11: Sound effects and music 197
The SmartSound tool automatically creates a music
track of any desired duration in a variety of styles. You can drop mp3 files from the Album onto the Timeline or import CD audio tracks with the CD audio tool. The Voice-over tool lets you add narration or commentary as you preview your edited video. Audio, whatever its type, is added to your production as clips in the Movie Window. These can be moved around, trimmed and edited in much the same way as video clips and still images. Once a sound clip is part of your movie, you can modify it with fades and other volume adjustments. You can adjust the positioning of your clips within a stereo or surround mix, and even change that positioning arbitrarily within the clip. You can also apply Studios audio effects, including noise reduction and reverb among others.
About surround sound A surround mix goes beyond standard two-channel to provide a theater-style enveloping sound field for your DVD productions. Studio lets you set the apparent position of each audio track independently within the mix, and to pan the track (reposition it, whether smoothly or abruptly) in any desired direction as often as necessary over the course of your movie. To preview surround sound while editing in Studio, your PCs sound card must be connected to one of:
A sound system that includes a decoder with Pro
Logic or Pro Logic 2 compatibility, such as a

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powered speaker system with Pro Logic support or a Pro Logic-compatible AV receiver. A sound card and speaker system with Dolby Digital 5.1 compatibility. For best results a digital audio connection (RCA or optical) is recommended.
Note: Even if you cannot hear your surround mix when previewing, it will still appear on your DVDs, but a surround preview allows more accurate mixing.
A surround soundtrack can be output to the DVD in either of two forms:
In Dolby Digital 5.1 format, each of the six surround
channels is stored discretely on the disc and will be routed directly to the corresponding speaker when played back on a full 5.1 surround playback system. In Dolby Digital 2.0 format, the surround mix is encoded onto two channels. When your DVD is played back on systems with a Pro Logic or Pro Logic 2 decoder, and a 5.1 or better speaker layout, the original surround information is recreated. On other systems, the encoded soundtrack will be heard as conventional stereo.

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Pre-filter: This option activates a smoothing algorithm to improve apparent picture quality when capturing at lower resolutions. The sharpness of the image is slightly reduced. Fast encode: This option speeds up the encoding process with some reduction in quality when capturing to an MPEG file. You may want to evaluate the effect of this option in your production using a short test capture. Horizontal resolution: The Full option captures more detail; the Half option creates every second horizontal pixel by interpolation. Crop: Activate this option to trim the edges from the incoming video to eliminate noise that can occur at the frame borders with some analog sources. Vertical fields: A video frame consists of two interleaved fields. The Both option specifies that both fields should be captured; One uses only one of the fields, reducing the vertical resolution by half. This mode is useful when creating videos that will be played back on a computer, since computer devices display only one field in any case. Audio settings These audio capture settings are editable only if you are using a Custom preset.
Include audio: Clear this checkbox if you are not planning to use the captured audio in your production. Options: This button gives you access to any setup options offered by the codec (compression/ decompression software) you have chosen. Compression: This dropdown shows the codec that will be used to compress the incoming audio data. Channels, Sample rate: These settings control audio quality. CD quality is 16-bit stereo, 44.1 kHz. MPEG capture This area is visible only when the MPEG preset for capture from DV has been selected. The three options on the dropdown list control whether MPEG encoding is performed during capture, or as a separate step when capture is complete.
Use default encoding mode lets Studio decide which
of the other two choices to use given the speed of your computer. Encode in real time means that capture and encoding occur in one step. This will produce good results only on a fast enough machine. Encode after capturing means that encoding will not be performed until the capture itself is complete. This takes longer but is more reliable if you have a slower CPU.

Edit settings

These settings are split into six areas, which are covered in the subtopics below. Hardware settings

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relating to editing are on the CD, Voice-over and Surround panel (see page 260). Default durations These duration times are measured in seconds and frames. The seconds counter advances every 30 frames for NTSC, or 25 frames for PAL.
The three settings here control the initial duration value for transitions, still images and volume fades when added to your movie. The durations can be trimmed to custom values during editing. The default values upon installation are as shown in the illustration above. Storyboard thumbnails Select Large to get more detail in the thumbnail frames shown by Storyboard view in the Movie Window. The default is Small.

Make MPEG file settings

The Make MPEG File options panel allows you to adjust MPEG compression settings. Presets are provided You can choose presets for a variety of applications. There are presets for Internet playback, PC and multimedia playback, and for writing VideoCD (VCD), S-VCD and DVD files. The Custom preset allows you to exclude the source audio or video, and to independently vary your audio and video data rates.

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Video settings Compression: You can choose either MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 compression. MPEG-2 offers higher resolution and higher quality than MPEG-1.
Note: MPEG-2 files require special decoder software. If you do not have an MPEG-2 decoder installed on your PC you will not be able to play MPEG-2 files.
Width, Height: The frame size is measured in pixels. Decreasing the dimensions greatly decreases the amount of data, and therefore the file size, but compression reduces the effect. The maximum resolution for MPEG-1 is 384 x 288. The maximum resolution for MPEG-2 video is 720 x 576. Bit rate: Choose whether to create the MPEG file with VBR (variable bit rate) or CBR (constant bit rate) encoding. The VBR option uses less storage at a given quality level than CBR, but may cause problems when the file is viewed using some DVD players. If you observe jerky or stuttering playback, use CBR. Data rate: You can adjust the data rates for audio and video separately by using the sliders. Higher data rates yield higher quality, at the cost of larger files.
Appendix A: Setup options 267
Audio settings Sample rate: Digital audio is produced by taking discrete samples of a continuous analog waveform the more samples, the better the sound. MPEG supports two sample rates, 44.1 kHz and 48 kHz. Data rate: You can adjust the data rates for audio and video separately using the sliders. Higher data rates yield higher quality at the cost of larger files.
Make RealVideo file settings
The Make RealVideo File options panel allows you to adjust RealVideo file settings. These configure the creation of files that are to be played back with the popular RealNetworks RealPlayer, free for the download from www.real.com.
Title, Author, Copyright: These three fields are used to identify each RealVideo movie, and are encoded into it so that they are not visible to the casual viewer. Keywords: This field accepts up to 256 characters, and allows you to encode keywords into each movie. It is

CD-ROM drive setting: Under Windows 98, you can specify automatic notification for a CD-ROM.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Select Start Settings Control Panel System Device Manager. Click on CD-ROM. Click on your CD-ROM drive name. Select Settings Options. Deactivate Auto insert notification. Do not operate an enhanced IDE CD-ROM drive in parallel with an enhanced IDE hard drive. This combination can lead to an unnecessary reduction in the speed of your hard drive. Instead, use the second IDE interface for your CD-ROM drive.
Taskbar: Switch the clock on the taskbar off. Right-click the mouse on the taskbar. 2. Select Properties. 3. Deactivate the Show Clock option.
Increasing the frame rate
If your system is unable to achieve an adequate frame rate (25 fps for PAL/SECAM, 29.97 fps for NTSC), try the following: Deactivate network driver and applications Network operations often cause interruptions during recording and playback. We recommend not working in a network. Audio recording Record audio only when you actually need it, because sound requires a great deal of processor time during video recording We recommend a PCI soundboard. Digital video with audio When recording digital video sequences with audio, remember that the audio also takes up hard drive space:
CD quality (44 kHz, 16-bit, stereo) requires about
172 KB/sec.; Stereo quality (22 kHz, 16-bit, stereo) about 86 KB/sec., and Mono quality (22 kHz, 8-bit, mono) still requires 22 KB/sec.
Appendix B: Tips and tricks 281
The better the sound quality, the more space is consumed. The highest quality (CD) is rarely required. However, the lowest quality (11 kHz/8-bit, mono) rarely provides acceptable audio sequences.
Studio and computer animation
If you are editing computer animation with Studio or wish to combine animation with digital video, remember to create your animations using the same frame size and image refresh rate as your original video:
Quality DV TV-Cropping Yes PAL 720 x 576 NTSC 720 x 480 Audio 44 kHz 16-bit stereo
Failure to do this will result in unnecessarily long rendering times and the possibility of visible flaws when the animation is played back.

If you search instead on the single keyword Crash, you will get far fewer hits, all relating to crashes in Studio. If one search does not turn up an article that seems relevant to your problem, try modifying the search by choosing a different set of keywords. You can also use the Search by and Sort by options to select for specific or popular articles. Searching by Answer ID If you know the Answer ID number of the answer youre looking for, you can access the item directly. For example, if you are getting a capture error when you press the Capture button, someone might refer you to knowledge base article 2687, I am getting a capture error with Studio. In the Search by dropdown, select Answer ID, enter the ID number in the text box, and click Search. Top knowledge-base search issues

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Studio crashes in Edit mode (ID 6786). Capture error appears when attempting to start capture (ID 2687). Studio hangs when rendering (ID 6386). CD or DVD burner is not detected (ID 1593). Studio hangs on launch or does not launch (ID 1596). HollywoodFX transitions are still watermarked after upgrading (ID 1804). Cannot initialize the DV capture device error appears in Capture mode (ID 2716).
The information on the following pages is based on these often-viewed knowledge base articles.

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Studio crashes in Edit mode
Answer ID 6786 If Studio is crashing, the cause is most likely either a configuration issue or a problem with a project or content file. This type of issue can often be fixed with one of the following methods:
Uninstalling and reinstalling Studio. Optimizing the computer. Rebuilding a corrupt project. Recapturing a corrupt clip.
To help troubleshoot the problem, determine which of the failure modes listed below best matches the symptoms you are experiencing, then refer to the corresponding set of instructions:
Case 1: Studio crashes randomly. There doesnt
seem to be any one thing that will cause the crash, but crashes happen frequently. Case 2: Studio crashes every time you click on some particular tab or button within Edit mode. Case 3: Studio crashes each time you carry out some specific sequence of steps. Case 1: Studio crashes randomly Try each of the following solutions in turn: Get the latest version of Studio: Make sure that you have the latest version of Studio 9 installed. The latest version can be found on our website at:
www.pinnaclesys.com/support/studio9
Appendix C: Troubleshooting
Be sure to close all other programs before installing a new version. Adjust Studio settings: Choose No background rendering in the Rendering dropdown list, and clear the Use hardware acceleration checkbox. Both options are found on the Edit options panel (see page 256). End background tasks: Close other applications and unload any background processes before using Studio.

Appendix C: Troubleshooting 291
Uninstall, reinstall and update Studio: In case your Studio installation has become corrupted, try this procedure: Uninstall Studio: Click on Start Programs Studio 9 Uninstall Studio 9, then follow any onscreen instructions until the process is complete. If the uninstaller asks whether you want to delete a shared files, click Yes to all. Disconnect the camera and cable from your DV board, if you have one. 2. Reinstall Studio: Insert your Studio CD and reinstall the software. Make sure you are logged in as the Administrator (or as a user with Admin privileges) when installing Studio. It is strongly recommended that Studio be installed in its default directory on the main OS drive. 3. Download and install the latest version of Studio: Click the Help Software Updates menu command to check for updates. If a new version of Studio is detected on our web-site, you will be asked to download it. Download this patch file to a location where you can find it easily (such as the Desktop), then exit Studio. Finally, double-click the downloaded file to update Studio.
Rebuild corrupt project: Try rebuilding the first few minutes of your project. If no problems occur, gradually add to the project, checking periodically to ensure that system stability is maintained. Fix corrupt video or audio: Sometimes the instability may occur only when you manipulate certain audio or video clips. In such cases, you should recapture the audio or video. If the audio or video was created by another application, recapture it with Studio if possible. While Studio supports many video formats, the particular clip you have may be corrupt or in an

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uncommon format. If you have a wav or mp3 file that seems to be problematic, convert the file to the other format before importing the file. Many wav and mp3 files on the Internet are corrupt or non-standard. Reinstall Windows: This is quite a drastic step, but if the previous steps have not helped, Windows itself may be corrupt. Even though your other applications may appear to be running properly, the size of the video files used in Studio may well tax your system to the point that a latent instability is revealed. Case 2: Clicking a tab or button crashes Studio Please start by trying the steps given above for Case 1. This kind of problem often means that Studio was not installed properly or has become corrupt. Uninstalling Studio, reinstalling it, and patching to the latest version will generally solve the difficulty. Otherwise, try creating a new project called test01.stu to try to determine if the failure is specific to a particular project. Open the demo video file and drag the first few scenes onto the Timeline. Now click on the tab or button that seems to cause the failure. If this test project does not crash, it may be that the problem is with the project you are working on rather than with Studio or your system. If the test project does fail, please contact our support staff and provide us with the details on the exact failure mode. We will try to recreate and solve the problem. Case 3: Performing certain steps crashes Studio This is just a more complicated version of Case 2, and the same troubleshooting steps apply. Since it may be quite difficult to determine the exact sequence of steps that produces the failure, you will need to be

Repairing your Windows installation If you have Windows 2000 or Windows XP and continue to get the cannot initialize message after trying all the steps above, it may be that the 1394 drivers built into Windows are corrupt. We recommend that you reinstall Windows on top of itself (i.e. without uninstalling first). For this you will need to run the Windows installer from your original Windows CD. In XP the procedure is called Repair. We recommend that you contact your computer manufacturer for help if required.

INSTALLATION PROBLEMS

I am getting an error installing Studio from CD Solution 1: Restart the computer. After the computer has finished restarting, try to install Studio again. Solution 2: Inspect the CD for scratches, fingerprints or smudges. Clean off the CD with a soft cloth if necessary. Install Studio again. Solution 3: End background tasks. Heres how: Windows 98SE and ME: Before installing the Pinnacle software, hold down the Ctrl and Alt keys on the keyboard, then hit the Delete key. This will open the Close Program window. Click on the individual applications listed in the Close Program window and click the End Task button. Do this for all applications listed in Close Programs except Explorer and SysTray. Some of these applications may

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control other devices in your system: if a device no longer works you can get it to work again by rebooting your system. To keep applications from loading when your PC is started (or rebooted), use the following steps.

Click on Start Click OK.

In the Open box, type: msconfig
In the System Configuration Utility window, click on the far right tab called Startup. Remove all checks from the boxes except for System Tray (SysTray.exe). Windows 2000 and XP Use the End Process button in the Windows Task Manager, or employ one of the software utilities available for Windows 2000 and XP that can assist with this procedure. Hardware not found during installation. Possible cause: The PCI slot in which the hardware is installed was not assigned an IRQ in the BIOS or it may be sharing an IRQ with another device. It may also be that the card is not seated completely into the PCI slot. Solution: Try reseating the card in its original slot or in a different one. In most cases, you may be able to get a different IRQ assignment by simply shutting off the computer and installing the DV card or other hardware in another slot.

Appendix E: Glossary 327

Closed GOP:
Codec: Contraction of compressor/decompressor an algorithm that compresses (packs) and decompresses (unpacks) image data. Codecs can be implemented in either software or hardware. Color depth: Number of bits delivering the color information for each pixel. A 1-bit color depth allows 21=2 colors, an 8-bit depth allows 28=256 colors, and a 24-bit depth allows 224=16,777,216 colors. Color model: A way to mathematically describe and define colors and the way they relate to each other. Each color model has its own strengths. The two most common color models are RGB and YUV. Color saturation: Intensity of a color. Complementary color: Complementary colors are opposite in value to primary colors. If you were to combine a color with its complement, the result would be white. For example, the complementary colors of red, green and blue are cyan, magenta and yellow respectively. COM Port: A serial port located on the back of your computer for attaching a modem, plotter, printer or mouse to the system. Composite video: Composite video encodes luminance and chrominance information into one signal. VHS and 8mm are formats that record and play back composite video. Compression: A method for making files smaller in size. There are two types of compression: lossless and lossy. Files compressed with a lossless scheme can be restored unchanged from their original state. Lossy schemes discard data during compression, so some

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image quality is sacrificed. The loss of quality may be negligible or severe depending on the amount of compression. Cropping: Choosing the area of an image to be displayed. Data rate: The quantity of data transmitted per unit time; for example, the number of bytes read from or written to a hard drive per second, or the amount of video data processed per second. Data transfer rate: The measurement of the speed at which information passes between the storage device (e.g. CD-ROM or hard drive) and the display device (e.g. monitor or MCI device). Depending on the devices used, some transfer rates may offer better performance than others. DCT: Discrete Cosine Transformation part of JPEG image data compression and related algorithms. The brightness and color information is saved as a frequency coefficient. DirectShow: System extension by Microsoft for multimedia applications under Windows. ActiveMovie DirectMedia: System extension by Microsoft for multimedia applications under Windows. ActiveMovie DirectX: A bundle of several system extensions developed by Microsoft for Windows 95 and its successors to make possible video and game acceleration. Dissolve: A transitional effect in which the video is faded from one scene to the next.

Upgrade or Switch to Pinnacle Studio Plus v9 and receive a $20 Mail in Rebate
To qualify for the $20 upgrade/competitor mail-in rebate, you must be a licensed user of a full retail version of one of the following products: Pinnacle Studio (any version), Roxio VideoWave Movie Creator, Power Edition or Professional, MGI VideoWave, Magix Movies on CD/DVD, Ulead Video Studio, Nova Development Video Explosion, Sony Screenblast Movie Studio or Adobe Premiere Elements. To receive your $20 upgrade/competitor mail-in rebate by mail for Pinnacle Studio Plus: 1. Buy one (1) Pinnacle Studio Plus between 9/15/04 and 9/15/05 2. Fill out this form completely. Incomplete forms will not be accepted. Submissions must be postmarked within 30 days from purchase. 3. Complete, sign and mail this form along with: a. The original or photocopy of the UPC symbol from the Pinnacle Studio Plus retail box complete with the 12 numerical digits (located on the bottom of the box). b. Photocopy or original store cash register receipt dated between 9/15/04 and 9/15/05 for your Pinnacle Studio Plus purchase c. The original users manual title page from a full retail version of any qualifying software title OR the qualifying software titles CD (See list of qualifying titles on front page. OEM, pre-installed versions or Pinnacle eStore upgrade versions are NOT qualifying software titles). Send all the requested information immediately to: $20 Pinnacle Studio Plus Rebate Dept: ILU P.O. Box 100479 White Bear Lake, MN 55110-0479 Name: ____________________________________ Address: ________________________ Apt. No: __ (We are unable to deliver to a PO Box.) City:______________________________________ State:_________________________ Zip code: ___ Email: ____________________________________ Date of Purchase: ___________________________ UPC #: 613570214397 - $20 Rebate Terms & Conditions This offer is available to consumer purchasers of Pinnacle Studio Plus only. Your request must be postmarked within 30 days from purchase. Offer valid only in the U.S. and its territories. LIMIT one (1) rebate per person or household. Incomplete forms will be denied. Request from P.O. Boxes not accepted. Allow 8-10 weeks for shipment of rebate check. Proof of purchase must be from a product you purchased. Offer not available on Pinnacle eStore upgrade product, site licenses, trialware, not-for-resale products, OEM diskpacks or auction purchases. Void where prohibited. Not responsible for lost, late, illegible, undelivered or misdirected mail. Please make photocopies of all documents submitted before mailing. Warning: Fraudulent submission could result in federal prosecution under mail fraud statues (Title 18, United States, Sections 1341 and 1342). Check the status of your rebate online by visiting www.rebate-zone.com/pinnacle or calling 1-800-7629741.