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huisht.21 And the men* of sin22 themselves - I mean the Canterbury Caiaphas,23 with the rest of his antichristian beasts who bear his abominable mark24 - were content in a manner to turn his purposes from a serious matter to a point of jesting, wherewith they would have only rimers and stage-players (that is, plain rogues, as thou hast well noted) to deal. So that, had not thy untimely folly bewrayed itself, it may be that the syllogisms whereby our father hath cracked the crown25 of Canterbury should have had no other answer - or he himself none other punishment - but this: I' faith, let him go. Martin is a mad knave. Whereas now, upon this scrabbling and paltering26 of thine, mark whether John Canterbury will not send for all the knave pursuivants that belongs27 unto his popedom, and set them a-work with the confutation28 of Martin, using some such speech as this is, in the direction of them, for the choice of their arguments against him: Now, sirs, is not her Majesty's High Commission, and myself, also, being the chief thereof, and one of her Majesty's Privy Council - well set up with a company of messengers,29 as long as we have you to go of our business? What think you? Have you been careful of us and our places, to find us out the press and letters wherewith these seditious30 Martins are printed? Or have you diligently sought me out Waldegrave the printer,31 Newman the cobbler,32 Sharpe the bookbinder of Northampton33 and that seditious Welshman Penry34 who, you shall see, will prove the author
21 Huisht: Silent. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 22 Martins marginal comment refers to the titles men of sin and antichristian beasts. The phrase men of sin is found in The Tempest III, iii, 53: You are three men of sin. you 'mongst men; Being most unfit to live. I have made you mad. 23 I.e., Whitgift. 24 Revelation 13:16-17: And he made all, bothe small and great, riche and poore, fre and bonde, to receive a marke in their right hand or in their forheads. And that no man might bye or sell, save he that had the marke, or the name of the beast, or the nomber of his name. (GB, p.119) 25 A pun on several meanings of crown, including, perhaps, the tonsure of a cleric. (OED, p.463) 26 Paltering: Equivocation, shuffling, playing fast and loose, trifling (with serious matters). (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 27 Like Shakespeare, Martin sometimes uses a singular verb with a plural subject. 28 Confutation: The action of confuting; disproof; the complete argument in which anything is confuted. (OED, p.398) Martin presumably intends a comment on Whitgift's decision to despatch the pursuivants rather than answer Martin's arguments in print. 29 Messenger: A government official employed to carry dispatches, and formerly, to apprehend state prisoners. (OED, p.1313) 30 Sedition: Violent party strife; an instance of this, esp. a factious contest attended with rioting and disorder. (OED, CD-ROM) If this fairly represents the bishops' comments, they were certainly overreacting. By no stretch of the imagination can the Marprelate tracts be termed seditious. 31 Robert Waldegrave had terminated his role as printer for the secret press in early April, and, although his movements during the summer of 1589 cannot be determined with absolute certainty, it is likely that he was at La Rochelle. (MT, pp.352-3; Carlson, p.88) 32 Humphrey Newman, a principal distributor of the Marprelate tracts, was not arrested by the authorities until June, 1590. His examination of July 9, 1590 is no longer extant, although references to his testimony appear in two other contemporary sources. (MT, p.353; Carlson, pp.50-2) 33 Henry Sharpe, who assisted with the binding, distribution and sale of some of the tracts issued from the secret press, had been in hiding from the authorities since February, 1589, when the High Commission issued orders for his arrest to Thomas Crasswell, Mayor of Northampton. He was eventually apprehended in September, 1589. (Carlson, pp.40, 45, 61; HIMT, pp.162, 202-3) Pierce notes that Sharpe was never completely trusted by those engaged in the work of the secret press, and the question of how he became involved is an interesting one. One Edward Sharpe was the vicar at Fawsley, where the Epitome was printed in November, 1589; Henry Sharpe may have been a relative of the vicar, and through him have obtained news of the printing at Fawsley. In addition, Sharpe's father-in-law resided at Wolston, where the Theses, the Just Censure, and the Protestation were printed. At his examination, Sharpe made the following deposition: Within a fortnight after Midsommer, this Examinate being drawn by necessity to

An oration of John Canterbury to the pursuivants, when he directeth his warrants unto them to post after Martin.
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of all these libels?35 I thank you, Master Munday,36 you are a good gentleman of your word. Ah, thou Judas! Thou that hast already betrayed the papists, I think meanest to betray us also. Didst thou not assure me without all doubt that thou wouldst bring me in Penry, Newman, Waldegrave,
leave Northampton, went to dwell at Wolston with his wives Mother, and after his coming thither, he found that there, for the which he was sorry. For whereas he had thought that Hoskins had been printing in the North, he found him at worke at Master Wigston's Howse at Wolston, in printing of Martin Junior and Martin Senior. This Hoskins wrought there very privately in a low Parlour, and was kept there under the name of an Imbroyderer, that the Servants might know nothing of the matter. When Martin Junior was printed, which was the 22nd of July, this Examinate helped to make up those Books in a Bedchamber: and being so bound, Newman carried thence at the least 700 or 800 of them. After within seven or eight days Martin Senior was there likewise printed. The Correcter of these two Bookes, this Examinate thinketh to be Master Penry, who was there diverse tymes by starts, at Master Wigstons. At this Examinates coming first to Master Wigstons and fyndeing them printing these two Bookes, with that Lettre that the Supplication was printed withall, he talked with Master Penry, and sayd unto him, that yt wolde descry him to be Martin. Who made to this Examinate a careless answere, and so they past yt over. When the last Booke Martin Senior was finished, Master Penry and Mistress Wigston were very earnest with Hoskins to stay there, and to printe More Worke for the Cooper, which he refused to doe, because (as he sayd) he had promised his wyfe, to have bene at home three weekes before that tyme. And another reason he gave to this Examinate, for that he misliked Master Penry's Press. This Examinate further sayth, that Master Wigston was not of Counsell, with ye first begining of the printing of these two Bookes, as Mistress Wigston told this Examinate, and further sayth, that the said Mistress Wigston told this Examinate, that she had desired of her Husband leave to doe a piece of worke at his Howse, whereof he wolde be content to take no knowledge, and that she obteyned her desire. But afterwards Master Wigston understood of the matter, and was very angry with his wyfe, but yet suffred them to finish that which they had begun. (HIMT, p.202; Arber, Introductory Sketch, pp.100-2) Although the point seems not to have been noticed before, it appears clear from this deposition that Sir Roger Wigston was Henry Sharpe's father-in-law, although the pedigree of Sir Roger Wigston given in the Visitation of Warwickshire makes no mention of Sharpe. The pedigree shows that Sir Roger and his wife Margaret, daughter of Nicholas Davenport, had two daughters, Elizabeth and Susanna, and a son Huntingdon, who died unmarried. Susanna married Nicholas Wentworth (1561-1613) of Lillingstone Lovell. Elizabeth is said to be the wife of Davenport; it is possible that Davenport was a second husband, and that Elizabeth was earlier married to Henry Sharpe. (pp.37-8) This view is supported by the pedigree of the Hattons of Holdenby, ancestors of Sir Christopher Hatton. Henry Hatton of Holdenby had two sons, John, the grandfather of Sir Christopher Hatton, and Richard, who married Goditha, sister of Sir William Wigston (Visitation of Shropshire, 1623). The three grandsons of Richard Hatton and Goditha Wigston John, William and Richard Hatton - are mentioned in Sir Christopher Hatton's will. (Brooks, pp.24, 389) The father of Sir Roger Wigston of Wolston Priory was Sir William Wigston (d.1563). Thus, if the Sir William Wigston mentioned in both pedigrees is one and the same individual, his son, Sir Roger Wigston was great-uncle to the John, William and Richard Hatton mentioned in Sir Christopher Hatton's will. This relationship between the Wigstons and Hattons helps to explain why Henry Sharpe sent his wife on his behalf to Sir Christopher Hatton, in June, 1589 with a request for a pardon. (Carlson, p.42) 34 According to the deposition of Humphrey Newman, Penry resided at Job Throckmorton's manor of Haseley from March 2 to October 2, 1589. (Carlson, p.51) 35 Martin would hardly have mentioned Waldegrave, Newman, Sharpe and Penry were it not common knowledge that Whitgift was actively seeking for them in connection with the secret press. 36 The career of Anthony Munday (1553-1633) cannot but perplex anyone who attempts to reconcile his various roles as stage-player, printer's apprentice, balladeer, anti-Papist informer, pamphleteer, pursuivant, servant to the 17th Earl of Oxford and to the Queen, translator of romances, playwright, pageant-writer and chronicler. It has even been suggested that there were two Anthony Mundays living during this period, whose careers have been conflated. In any event, a pursuivant named Anthony Munday was responsible for the arrest of Giles Wigginton on December 6, 1588, and was present at his appearance before the High Commission. (Carlson, p.33) It would appear, from Martin's reference to the fact that he has already betrayed the papists, that this pursuivant was also the Anthony Munday who infiltrated the Jesuit College in Rome and claimed credit for the capture of Edmund Campion.

37 Since St. Andrew's Day falls on November 30, it is clear from this comment that the pursuivants were seeking for Penry, Newman and Waldegrave as early as November, 1588, one month after the publication of Martin's Epistle. Waldegrave's home in London was raided a few days prior to November 30, 1588. (MT, p.354) 38 Martin again takes up the conceit of a poisoned egg at the end of the tract, where he writes verses claiming that Mar-Martin originated from a goose's egg engendered of Canterbury and Sarum. 39 Grieve: To vex, trouble, or oppress mentally; to cause pain, anxiety, or vexation to; to annoy. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 40 I.e., since the beginning of Elizabeth's reign. 41 Whitgift became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1583. 42 I.e., since 1563. Quare why Whitgift alludes to this particular year. 43 Unfaithful: Of conduct: characterized by want of good faith; not honest or upright. (OED, p.2415) 44 Substitute: To depute, delegate. (OED, p.2173) 45 Charges: Expenses. (OED, p.316) 46 Go down: To be overthrown. (OED, p.865) 47 Wayward: Wrong-headed, intractable, self-willed, perverse. (OED, p.2518) 48 Tooth and nail: Vigorously, fiercely, with one's utmost efforts, with all one's might. (OED, p.2325) 49 Live: To procure oneself the means of subsistence. (OED, p.1225) 50 I.e., the High Commission. 51 Stationers' Hall was situated on the north-west side of St. Paul's, and appears to have been within the Churchyard; Stow uses the phrase stationers of Paule's churchyard. (Stow's Survey of London, pp.75, 331) 52 According to Pierce, Richard Boyle was a bookseller in Blackfriars. (MT, p.355) Martin's reference suggests that Boyle also had a shop at the sign of the Rose in Paul's Churchyard; however, Blackfriars was
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And let some one or two of you that are unknown go in thither and, if there be any strangers in the shop, fall in talk with them of Martin. Commend him, and especially his son's last libel (and here, he that will take that course, take me this, that if need be you may show it),53 showing that by great friendship54 you got one of them, saying also that you understood a man might there help his friend to some, if he were acquainted with Master Boyle, and offer largely55 for it. Now, sir, if any shall either enter with you into any speeches against the state and in defence of these libels, or else if any can procure56 you to the sight of the books, be sure to bring them before us. Though you learn not their names, yet your warrants shall serve your turns, inasmuch as you do suspect them.57 And thus I would have some of you bestowed.58 Let three or four more of you or your substitutes be every day at the Blackfriars,59 Lincoln's Inn,60 Whitechapel,61 Paul's Chain,62 as often as Chark,63 Gardiner,64 Egerton65 or Cooper66 do

very near Paul's Churchyard, and Boyle may, in fact, have had only the one shop. (Stow's Survey of London, p.280) 53 I.e., a copy of the Theses. 54 Friendship: A friendly act; a favour; friendly aid. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 55 Largely: Generously, liberally. (OED, p.1178) 56 Procure: To cause or get (a person or thing) to be treated in some way; to get something done to (a person). (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 57 In Whitgift's view, a pursuivant is justified in arresting anyone on mere suspicion, even though the person arrested is not named in the warrant. 58 Bestow: To place, locate; to put in a position or situation, dispose of (in some place). (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 59 The Blackfriars church and monastery, established in 1276, were surrendered to the Crown November 12, 30th Henry VIII, and the church, along with the parish church of St. Anne within the Blackfriars precincts, was pulled down by Sir Thomas Cawarden. During the reign of Queen Mary, Cawarden was required to find the parishioners a place of worship, which requirement he satisfied by allowing them a lodging chamber above a stair. (Stow's Survey of London, pp.3034) At the time of the Marprelate tracts, the old monastery buildings served as the London residence of William Brooke, Lord Cobham (1527-1597) and other citizens, a number of whom were Puritans. 60 Lincoln's Inn was situated in Chancery Lane by the old Temple. Stowe quotes Matthew Paris's account of its history: Ralph de Nova Villa, or Nevill, bishop of Chichester and chancellor of England, sometime built a noble house, even from the ground, not far from the new Temple and house of Converts; in the which place he deceased in the year 1244. In this place, after the decease of the said bishop, and in place of the house of black friars before spoken of, Henry Lacy, earl of Lincoln, constable of Chester, and custos of England, built his inn, and for the most part was lodged there; he deceased in this house in the year 1310, and was buried in the new work (whereunto he had been a great benefactor) of St. Paul's church betwixt our Lady chapel and St. Dunstan's chapel. This Lincoln's inn, sometime pertaining to the bishops of Chichester, as a part of the said great house, is now an inn of court, retaining the name of Lincoln's inn as afore, but now lately increased with fair buildings, and replenished with gentlemen studious in the common laws. (Stowe's Survey of London, pp.71, 392) 61 Stow says of Whitechapel church that it was a chapel of ease to Stepney. It was located outside the walls on the east side of the city, near Aldgate. (Stow's Survey of London, p.376) 62 Paul's Chain was a barrier on the south side of the cathedral, designed to preserve the quietness and privacy of the close during times of service. Pierce tentatively identifies the church near Paul's Chain associated with Puritan preachers as St. Gregory's by St. Paul's. Stow's account indicates the close proximity of this church to Paul's Chain (the south chain of Paules churchyard, and the churchyard itself on that south side of Paules church, and the church of St. Gregorie). (MT, p.356; Stowe's Survey of London, p.325) 63 William Chark, a fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge was expelled from his fellowship and from the university in 1572 for a sermon which he preached at St. Mary's. In 1580, he disputed with the Jesuit Edmund Campion. From 1581 until 1593, he was constant preacher to the Society of Lincoln's Inn. (MT, p.355)

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*Surely, nuncle, I dare swear for him he is not in the fault, for they stand against his will.
preach. And truly, my Lord of London, I marvel you suffer these men all this while to trouble the state by their preaching. By the Mass, I had not thought they should have stood67 half this time.* And there see if you can draw by speech anything from any Martinist, and let us talk with them. Especially mark if you see any before the sermon begins, setting their heads together and whispering68 under their cloaks. If you do, be sure they are reading Martin, and have them forthwith to the prison until we send for them, or cause them to put in sufficient sureties69 to appear the next court day. You that stay here in London must also be sure, if possibly you can, to have a watch70 at all common inns, to see what carriage71 of paper and other stuff either goes from, or comes to, London.72 Thereby you may haply73 learn something. And mark if any Puritan receiveth anything. Open his pack, that you may be sure he hath no Martins sent him. We will direct our warrants so that you may search all packs* at your discretion.74 We will take order, also, that the court may be watched who disperse or read these libels there. And, in faith, I think they do my Lord
*I hope the pursuivants in time shall be able to make a good living in taking toll of those packs which they do not open.
64 Pierce suggests that the preacher in question might be either Richard Gardiner, who had known connections with Nonconformist assemblies in 1587, or John Gardiner, a signatory to the Book of Discipline, who was imprisoned in Newgate in 1586. (MT, p.355) 65 Pierce notes that Stephen Egerton, a strong Puritan of the Cartwright type, was, at the time of the Marprelate tracts, an occasional preacher at St. Anne's, Blackfriars where there was a famous afternoon lecture, much frequented by Puritans. (MT, p.356) Chark, Egerton and Gardiner met, along with other Puritan leaders, on the eve of Thomas Cartwright's interrogation in the Star Chamber in October, 1590. (Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement, pp.41112) 66 Pierce notes that one Master Cooper had obtained a licence to preach in his parish by Powles through the aid of Mistress Lawson. (MT, p.356) 67 To stand: To be, to continue or remain in a specified state, position, etc. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 68 Compare with references to whispering in Thomas of Woodstock: Besides, I'd have you use yourselves so cunningly/ To mark who grudges, or but speaks amiss/ Of good King Richard, myself, or any of his new councillors./ Attach them all for privy whisperers. (pp.205-6); And Nimble, look to the whisperers. And you and I will here shadow ourselves and write down their speeches. (p.215); They say there are whispering knaves abroad. (p.216); They grumble as they do it. I must put them down for whisperers and grumblers. (p.217); 'Sfoot, the country's so full of intelligencers that two men can scarce walk together but they're attached for whisperers. (p.219); Close again, Master Bailey: here comes another whisperer, I see by some - O villain! he whistles treason! I'll lay hold of him myself. (p.220); The high shrieves of Kent and Northumberland/ With twenty gentlemen are all arrested/ For privy whisperers against the state. If these seven hundred whisperers that are taken come off lustily, he'll have the devil and all shortly (p.236); Seven hundred whispering traitors (p.238). If subscription to Whitgift's Articles is substituted for the subscription to Chief Justice Tresilian's blank charters in Thomas of Woodstock, the inference is very strong that this anonymous play was written about 1588-9 and that Martin Marprelate was its author. 69 Surety: A formal engagement entered into; a pledge, bond, guarantee, or security given for the fulfilment of an undertaking. (OED, p.2200) 70 Watch: One who watches; a look-out man; a spy. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 71 Carriage: Conveyance, especially of merchandise. (OED, p.288) 72 The difficulties entailed in obtaining printing supplies without attracting the attention of the authorities must have been considerable. Very little is known about this aspect of the operation of the secret press, apart from the fact that Richard Holmes and a Master Grimston, both of Northampton, confessed that they had transported printing materials from London to Wolston in August and September, 1589. James Meadowes and Humphrey Newman also assisted in transporting these materials, which consisted of an iron frame, eight reams of paper, ink, and type. (Carlson, pp.22, 50, 109, 390) 73 Haply: Perhaps. (OED, p.924) 74 A sweeping infringement of civil liberties.

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of Essex75 great wrong that say he favours Martin; I do not think he will be so unwise as to favour these, who are enemies unto the state. For, if he do, her Majesty, I can tell him, will withdraw her gracious favour from him. But take you no care for the court. Watch you London, and learn me where Newman and Waldegrave's haunt76 is, and there be sure to watch early and late. Have an eye also unto all the Puritans' houses in London, especially my Lord Mayor's,77 Alderman Martin's,78 and the preachers' houses. Let none that you suspect be uncited.79 As for you that go into the country, I would have ye especially go into Northampton and Warwick shires, and command the Mayor and the Constables of Northampton to keep watch and ward80 for Sharpe81 and Penry.82 And if they can take them, let them bring them up, and we will be sure to
75 Robert Devereaux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1567-1601). Pierce notes his opposition to the bishops and support of the Puritans. It is also recorded that Essex possessed a copy of Martin's Epistle. (HIMT, p.159; MT, p.357) 76 Haunt: A place of frequent resort or usual abode. (OED, p.932) 77 Sir Martin Calthorpe served for ten years as alderman, first in Aldersgate Ward and later in Cheap Ward. He was chosen Lord Mayor in 1588 and died in office in early May, 1589. His will, dated May 3, 1589 was proved on May 16 of that year. (At that time, the Lord Mayor of London was elected on Michaelmas Day, September 29, and assumed office on October 28.) (Beaven, v.1, pp. 5, 102, 341; v.2, pp. xxviii, 40; Remembrancia, p.4) 78 Sir Richard Martin, a member of the Goldsmiths' Company, served as alderman from 15781602, and was chosen to finish Sir Martin Calthorpe's term of office as Lord Mayor when the latter died in early May, 1589. (Beaven, v.1, pp.147, 343) Thus, in late July, 1589, when the Just Censure was printed, Sir Richard Martin was doubtless serving as Lord Mayor, and Martin's reference to the houses of my Lord Mayor and Alderman Martin raises an interesting point in connection with the dating of this tract. On the one hand, this reference could indicate that Martin was out of touch with events in London during the late spring and early summer of 1589, and was unaware of Sir Martin Calthorpe's death. On the other hand, very little news escaped Martin's notice, and if he was aware of the death of Andrew Perne, and of particulars of the fighting at Coruna and Lisbon, it is extremely unlikely that he would have been unaware of the death of the Lord Mayor of London. This suggests that the Just Censure was written shortly after Drake's attack on Coruna (the Groyne) on April 25 and Andrew Perne's death on April 26, but before the death of Sir Martin Calthorpe in early May. That being said, it is necessary to consider Martin's reason for failing to correct the references to my Lord Mayor's and Alderman Martin's houses prior to the publication of the Just Censure in late July. It may be that he did not feel it necessary, since he does not actually refer to my Lord Mayor and Alderman Martin, but to their houses. And, if Martin's information can be relied on, it was no doubt true that at the time the Just Censure was originally written, near the beginning of May, the pursuivants were, in fact, watching these two houses. 79 Uncited: Not called or summoned. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) Citation: The process used in the English ecclesiastical courts to call the defendant or respondent before them. (BLD, p.309) 80 Watch and ward: The performance of the duty of a watchman or sentinel, especially as a feudal obligation. (OED, p.2511) 81 The High Commission's order regarding Sharpe was issued to the Mayor of Northampton in February, 1589. Penry alludes to it in his Appellation, finished on March 7, 1589 and printed by Waldegrave during the summer of that year in La Rochelle: From this insolency of theirs it is, that of late they have in their mandatory letters, enjoined the Mayor of Northampton, to surcease the execution of his office in the government of that towne under hir majestie, and either to become their pursuivant, in apprehending one of his neighbours, or else personally to appeare before them at London, and not to departe their court without special leave, his affaires in her majesties service, and the distance of Place betweene Northampton and London, nothing considered. And yet required they of him that which he coulde not bring to passe, because the party whome he was to apprehend [a marginal note identifies the party to be apprehended as 'M. Sharpe book binder of Northampton']. was compelled with the hinderance of his family to absent himself from his calling. (Carlson, pp.134-6) This reference illustrates the problems connected with the dating of the Just Censure, which includes references to events which took place as early as February, 1589 (the High Commission's order to the Mayor of Northampton) and as late as May 25 of that year (Norris's attack on the suburbs of Lisbon). 82 In January, 1589 the High Commission dispatched the pursuivant Richard Walton to Northampton, where Penry was residing with his father-in-law, Henry Godley. Walton raided Godley's home on January

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*I'll believe you o' your word. **Saving your reverence, uncle Canter., you lie in your throat. Amen, good John, if thou dost not belong to the Lord, ka M. Martin Senior.
content them well for their pains. Others must go into Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk. And if you can bring us no Martinists from thence (at the least, that by that means your charges may be borne) I would ye might starve for me. There is More,83 there is Allen,84 there is Knewstub,85 there is Wright,86 with many others - all very seditious men. That is pity, by my troth, that so many worshipful and good-nurtured87 knights and gentlemen are carried away with them and their waywardness, as in those parts are seduced. But I hope her Majesty will have an uniformity.88 To be brief, I have said enough unto you already, but my meaning is that you should go89 all the ground her Majesty hath, or find out Martin.90 Go me to Devonshire, and to the North parts, where my Lord's Grace of York91 also will direct his warrants by you to seek this traitor, Martin. For I will have him, or else I will no longer be Archbishop of Canterbury. He die at the Groyne, as they say? Nay, he'll be hanged ere he'll die there! He is in some corner92 of England, lurking and doing mischief. I tell you true,* I do think him and his brood to be worse than the Jesuits. These Martinists are all of them traitors and enemies unto her Majesty.** They will overthrow the state; they are most rebellious and disobedient unto all good proceedings. No warning will serve them; they grow worse and worse. I persuaded myself that none ever durst attempt to write besides this desperate wretch, Martin himself. If he still enjoy his liberty, his brood will become as desperate as himself. His impunity will make them presume to speak against the state. And therefore either get him, or we shall never stay93 their course. And I think I shall grow stark mad with you unless you bring him. Therefore, my masters, as you have any care for the pacifying of the state - and your
29, seized some of Penry's books and manuscripts, and peremptorily ordered the Mayor of Northampton to arrest Penry on sight. Penry's whereabouts during the month of February are not known, but by March 2 he was at Job Throckmorton's manor of Haseley, where he seems to have remained until October 2. By then, the Privy Council had issued a warrant for his arrest, and Penry escaped to Scotland, arriving at Edinburgh in November, 1589. (Carlson, pp.58, 85-6; HIMT, p.210) 83 Pierce and Carlson identify this clergyman as John More (d.1592), the apostle of Norwich. (MT, p.357; Carlson, pp.33, 255) Carlson is probably not correct, however, in assuming that John More, the apostle of Norwich, is the Master More referred to in the account of Giles Wigginton's examination before the High Commission in December, 1588. One of the questions asked of Wigginton by Whitgift was whether he had delivered some copies of [the Epistle] in the countrey, one to M. More and another to M. Cartwright? (Carlson, p.35) According to Cross, the Master More referred to in Whitgift's question is Robert More (or Moore), rector of Guisely in Yorkshire from 1581 until the Civil War. The advowson of Guisely was purchased for More by a group of influential patrons who were impressed with his preaching: George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland; Francis Russell, Earl of Bedford; Ambrose Dudley, Earl of Warwick; Peregrine Bertie, Lord Willoughby D'Eresby; and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. (Cross, The Puritan Earl, p.264) 84 Unidentified. 85 John Knewstub was minister of Cockfield in West Suffolk. According to Pierce, his house was narrowly watched and afterwards thoroughly searched by the bishops' officers. (MT, p.358) 86 Robert Wright of Ipswich was tutor to the Earl of Essex and chaplain to Lord Rich. According to Pierce, he was imprisoned in the Gatehouse for some time on Aylmer's orders. (MT, p.358) 87 Nurtured: Trained, educated. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 88 Uniformity: Conformity to (or compliance with) one standard of opinion, practice, or procedure, especially in religious observance. (OED, p.2419) According to Pierce, uniformity was Queen Elizabeth's religious ideal. (HIMT, pp.8, 16) 89 Go: To go through (a tract of country). (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 90 The sense seems to be Travel the length and breadth of England, if necessary, but find Martin. 91 John Piers, Bishop of Salisbury, was nominated Archbishop of York on January 18 and confirmed February 19, 1589. (Kinney, p.19) Apart from this brief mention, Piers was one of the few bishops to escape attack in the Marprelate tracts. Others in this select group were Thomas Godwin of Bath and Wells, Herbert Westfaling of Hereford, John May of Carlisle, Hugh Bellott of Chester, John Meyrick of Sodor and Man, and Richard Rogers of Dover. (Kinney, pp.19-24; Carlson p.389) 92 Corner: An out-of-the-way, secluded place, that escapes notice. (OED, p.427) 93 Stay: To detain, hold back, stop (a person or thing); to hinder from going on. (OED, p.2116)

192 Matthew 25:10-12: And while they went to bie, the bridegrome came: & they that were readie, went in with him to the wedding, and the gate was shut. Afterwardes came also the other virgins, saying, Lord, Lord open to us. But he answered, and said, Verely I say unto you, I knowe you not. (GB, p.15) 193 Had as lief = had rather. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 194 Creature: One who owes his position to another. (OED, p.452) 195 I.e., on the popes. 196 Darling: Dearly-loved, best-loved, favourite. (OED, p.489) 197 Serpentine: Having the evil qualities of the Serpent; pertaining to the Serpent as the tempter of mankind; diabolical, Satanic; devilishly wily or cunning. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 198 In his autobiography, the Jesuit priest John Gerard confirms the suddenness of Perne's death at Lambeth Palace, while recounting an incident which supports Martin's accusation that Perne was a hypocrite and dissembler. The incident involved a lady of Gerard's acquaintance, a sister of Edward Yelverton, in whose home in Norfolk Gerard was then residing. Gerard writes: Being anxious about the state of her soul, she went to consult a Cambridge doctor called Perne. He was known to have changed his religion three or four times to suit the change of ruler, Catholic and Protestant, and still retained a wide reputation for learning. This Doctor Perne was her close friend and she asked him to tell her honestly and simply which was the holy religion that would see her safe to heaven. The doctor was unused to urgent appeals like this from shrewd women of good sense. He said, 'I beg you never to tell anyone what I am going to say. Since, however, you have asked me to answer as if I were responsible for your salvation, I will tell you. If you wish, you can live in the religion which the Queen and the whole kingdom profess you will have a good life, you will have none of the vexations which Catholics have to suffer. But don't die in it. Die in faith and communion with the Catholic Church, that is, if you want to save your soul'. So the man answered; but what happened to him? The poor fellow had put off his conversion from day to day. Then, when he least expected it, he fell dead just as he got back to his room after dining with the Archbishop of Canterbury in his palace. (Caraman, pp.18-9) 199 Martin's comparison between Perne and Whitgift in respect of age and bodily strength suggests personal acquaintance with both men. Andrew Perne died April 26, 1589 while on a visit to Whitgift at Lambeth Palace. (DNB, v.15, p.897) April 26, 1589 is thus the earliest date at which the Just Censure could have been written, and Pierce is of the view that it was written within a few weeks of Perne's death. It was not printed, however, until July 29 because the secret press lacked a printer for three and a half months following Waldegrave's departure. (MT, p.367) See also earlier note on the dating of the Just Censure. 200 Forewarning: A warning beforehand. (OED, CD-ROM ed.)

*This chaplain robbed the poor men's box at Northampton, played the potter's part in the morris-dance, and begot his maid with child in Leicestershire - and these things he did since he was first priest.
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town in the edge of Buckingham or Bedford shires, where he bare the potter's part.215 His two supporters (always to lead him by the arms)216 must be Sir Leonard Wright and Sir Tom Blan o' Bedford, the one whereof also must carry his bauble,217 and the other a looking-glass218 for their master, to see whether his catercap doth every way reach over his ears and so stand according to his calling. As for Mar-Martin and John Frgeville,219 they, alterius [sic] vicibus,220 shall be the grooms of his stool.221 The rest of his officers I refer to the discretion of my father, unto whose censure also I do humbly submit this conceit of mine. And it may be I am bold to appoint these men their offices, who happily are at my father's direction to give their attendance where he hath appointed them their places. But this I'll bide by,222 though my father should say nay, that John Bridges deserves to have his place that wears the wooden dagger, the coxcomb, and the copper chain at Lambeth. Ise223 abide by it, come what will of the matter. The next thing that we are to consider, brother Martin, is a more just reprehension of the Puritans than that wherewith thou blamest them. For thou findest fault with the preachers only - and that justly, I confess - because they are no more forward224 in casting off these, our popes. But I say that with more equity225 thou mightest have blamed both the gentlemen and people together with the ministers, than the ministers alone. For the ministers, although they be faulty, yet notwithstanding thou canst not deny but the gentlemen and people are as deep in fault as they are. And I would wish them - both the one and the other - to take this, or some such course, as I here set down, which also - for a great part of it, though not all - I saw in a Puritan's hand, and so came by a copy of it, thinking, if I could have heard of my father, to let him have the use of my copy, but now, you see, I publish it myself. I would then have all the Puritans in the land, both lords,
215 Carlson identifies the parson of Stepney (the main village in an area east of the Tower of London called from about 1200 the Tower Hamlets) as Anthony Anderson. (Carlson, p.225; Baker, p.50) According to Pierce, the potter's part in the Robin Hood stories is referred to in Robin Hood's Garland (1670) and in a chap-book printed about 1560 by William Copland, A mery geste of Robyn Hoode and of hys lyfe, with a new playe for to be played in May games very plesaunte and full of pastyme, in which the potter and Robin Hood fight with quarter-staves. (MT, p.370) In addition to bearing the potter's part in Buckinghamshire, Anderson was also, according to Martins marginal note, guilty of robbing the poorbox at Northampton, and getting his maid with child in Leicestershire. It is clear from these references to Anderson's activities in three different parts of England that Martin had been following his career for a number of years. 216 Presumably Martin intends a pun on supporters, and arms in heraldry. Supporter: One who attends another for the purpose of giving physical or moral support; hence, an attendant, as in a procession, sometimes with allusion to supporter in heraldry (a figure of an animal, mythical creature, or human being, represented as holding up or standing beside the shield; each of two such figures, one on each side of the shield). (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 217 Bauble: The baton of the court fool or jester. (OED, p.166) 218 Looking-glass: A mirror. (OED, p.1237) 219 Leonard Wright, Tobias Bland, Mar-Martin, and John Frgeville are mentioned in the Theses as the authors of works written against Martin. 220 Alternis vicibus: Either of the two by turns. (MT, p.370) In the original text, this is misprinted as alterius vicibus. (Carlson, p.205) 221 Groom of the stool: The title of a high officer of the King's household (formerly sometimes also in the household of a prince of the blood), ranking next below the vice-chamberlain of the household. There seems to be little doubt that the 'stole chamber', served by the Groom or Yeoman of the Stole, was originally the room containing the king's close-stool'. (OED, CDROM ed.) 222 To bide by: To stand firm by, adhere to, stick to, maintain. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 223 West Country dialect. 224 Forward: Ready, prompt, eager (in an action or cause). (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 225 Equity: Impartiality; even-handed dealing. (OED, p.675)

248 Unbridled. Fig. Not restrained or held in check; absolutely uncontrolled or ungoverned. (OED, CDROM ed.) 249 Martins grammar, lexicon and Capita Concordantiarum never appeared in print. 250 Dread: Revered. (OED, p.606) 251 In the original text, this is miter, perhaps a pun on the bishop's mitre. 252 Expounder: One who expounds; an expositor. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 253 I.e., like all good translators, the bishops do not translate literally; however, unlike good translators, the bishops wrest the translated words from their natural meaning. 254 Charge: To lay a command or injunction upon. (OED, p.316) 255 Pierce gives the passage cited by Martin from William Tyndale's Obedience Of A Christian Man: When a whole parish of us hire a schoolmaster to teach our children, what reason is it that we should be compelled to pay this schoolmaster his wages, and he should have licence to go where he will, and to dwell in another country, and to leave our children untaught? Doth not the pope so? Have we not given our tithes of courtesy unto one, for to teach us God's word; and cometh not the pope, and compelleth us to pay
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My father's books afore spoken of are not in print, I confess; I would they were. Yet it may be I could direct thee where to go to have mine. But, because I mean yet further to punish thee for thy slips in thy pistle, I will not do thee that pleasure. For now indeed it cometh into my mind that thou hast dealt foolishly in two points, besides all other thy fore-reckoned256 oversights. First, thou hast hereby exasperated against thy father and other poor men, his well-willers,257 not only thy uncle Caiaphas, but hast set on the most of thine neames to give their advice how to entrap him and his favourers. For (ten to one) but that Beelzebub of London258 will discharge259 the pursuivants to go to their business with this or the like madmonition:260 My Masters, you must not sleep261 in this matter. The maintenance of the peace of our church standeth now in your faithfulness and care. They are desperately set to overthrow all. And, by the Mass, I will be a pursuivant myself rather than abide this tumult.262 And if I were, I trow I would watch about Travers'263 house in Milk Street264 who go in and out there. And I would know what they carried under their cloaks too, even any of them all.265 There is Paget266 at Hounslow;267 I beshrew my heart268 if I would show him any such favour as my Lord's Grace here doth.269 They are naught,270 they are naught, all the pack of them! I'll trust none of them

Mar-Martin engendered of Canterbury and Sarum.
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Upon his tomb engrave this verse, and you shall find it true: He lies enditched305 here that from the ladder top Did once bebless306 the people thus, but first he kissed 307 the rope.308
Mar-Martin's auricular confession from the top of a gibbet.
*Believe him, then, but drink not with him.
Come near, quoth he, take heed by me, I loved to lie by riming, 'Tis just you see, and doth agree, that now I die by climbing.309 What wretch but I, that vowed to lie, all falsehood still defending? Who may say fie? No beast but I, Lo, here you see my ending. I lived a wretch, I die the stretch,310 my days and death agree; Whose life is blameful, his death is shameful, be warned, ye rogues, by me. The justest I hated, the godliest I rated,311 and thus I railed312 my fill; The good I detested, the best things I wrested, to serve mine own beastly will. Religion I loathed, myself I betrothed,313 to all the lewd snares of sin. 'Tis shame to say more, take heed of a whore,314 Her marks stick315 yet in my skin.* Ask you the cause? I spurned at God's laws, and hence comes all my wrack, Where should he dwell, that fears not hell, but with the Furies316 black? A beast that braves,317 a tongue that raves,
305 Enditched, which appears to be Martin's coinage, is not noticed in the OED. 306 Bebless: Bless amply or profusely. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) Martin's usage precedes the first citation in the OED. 307 Apparently a play on kiss the rod (to accept chastisement or correction submissively). (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 308 Rope: A halter; the hangman's cord. (OED, p.1847) As the marginal note indicates, MarMartins confession is made from the top of a gibbet or gallows. Auricular confession: Addressed to the ear; told privately in the ear. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) An allusion to the Catholic sacrament of confession, which had been rejected by Protestant reformers. 309 A pun. Climb: 'To mount by means of some hold or footing'. Also, fig., to rise by continued effort in dignity, rank or state; to ascend or aspire upward in the intellectual, moral, or social scale. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 310 To stretch a halter, rope: To be hanged. (OED, p.2149) 311 Rate: To chide, scold, reprove vehemently or angrily. (OED, p.1749) 312 Rail: To utter abusive language. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 313 Betroth: To pledge, engage. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 314 In addition to the usual meaning, is there perhaps an allusion to the Church of Rome, the whore of Babylon? (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 315 Stick: To be fastened (in something) by having its end thrust or driven in. (OED, CD-ROM) 316 Fury: One of the avenging deities sent from Tartarus (the infernal regions of ancient Greek and Roman mythology) to avenge wrong and punish crime; in later accounts, three in number (Tisiphone, Megaera, Alecto). (OED, pp.820, 2247)

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Take example, then, my clergy chaplains, by this lamentable fall of your Mar-Martin.
will God revenge in ire. Then vengeance must (for God is just) fall to Mar-Martin's hire.318 My tongue in ribaldry,319 My heart in villainy, My life in treachery, Hath wrought me my fall. I strove for the prelacy, And so shook off honesty, O vile indignity! Yet would this were all. Lo, youth! Though I were loath to file320 my fingers with such a brothel321 beast as this MarMartin is, yet because thou didst let him go by thee (methought) half unbranded,322 I was the willinger,323 as thou seest, to give him a wipe324 or two, which I believe he will never claw325 off with honesty326 while he lives. And I would wish him, with the rest of the rimers, if they be wise, to take heed of my next pistle. Indeed, I deny not but thou hast said prettily to him, neither would I have thee discouraged in thy good and honourable course against these prelates. Nevertheless, I muse327 thou didst let him go clear away with his popery of Sir Nicholas' priests.328 Also where, like a good Catholic, he counsels us (we thank him) to say a round329 Pater noster 330 for Queen Elizabeth,331 I muse thou saidst nothing to that, considering how much her Majesty is beholden to him in that regard. And much more had she been, if he had added an Ave Maria332 to it; those both together, with a piece of Sir John's gospel333 about one's loins,334
317 Brave: To boast, glory, vaunt. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 318 Hire: Payment contracted to be made for personal service; wages. (OED, p.967) 319 Ribaldry: Obscenity or coarseness of language. (OED, p.1827) 320 File: To render (materially) foul, filthy or dirty; to pollute, dirty; to destroy the cleanness or purity of ; = defile. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 321 Martin's usage of brothel beast is not noticed in the OED. 322 Brand: To burn with a hot iron, whether for the purpose of marking the flesh (as in the case of criminals or slaves), or of cauterizing as in a surgical operation; also fig. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) Martin's usage of unbranded precedes the first citation in the OED. 323 I.e., the more willing. 324 Wipe: A slashing blow, a sweeping cut, a swipe; also fig. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 325 To claw off: To get rid of (as an itch by clawing), to get free from. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 326 Honesty: Uprightness of disposition and conduct; integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness: the quality opposed to lying, cheating, or stealing. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 327 Muse: To be astonished, wonder, marvel. (OED, p.1374) 328 Pierce notes that St. Nicholas was the patron saint of both clerks and thieves, and draws attention to a similar usage in Henry IV, Part 1 II i: Sirrah, if they meet not with Saint Nicholas' clerks, I'll give thee this neck. No, I'll none of it; I prithee, keep that for the hangman; for I know thou worship'st Saint Nicholas as truly as a man of falsehood may. (MT, p.379) 329 Round: Plain, honest, straightforward. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 330 Pater noster: The Lord's Prayer, especially in Latin. (OED, p.1527) 331 Martin refers to a verse from Mar-Martine: For Soveraigne Dame Elizabeth, that Lord it lang she maie/ (O England) now full often must thou Pater Noster say/ And for those mighty Potentatis, thou kenst what they bin hight/ The tout-puissant Chevaliers that fend S. Nichols right/ Else clarkis will soon all be Sir Johns, the preistis craft will empaire/ And Dickin, Jackin, Tom & Hob, mun sit in Rabbies chair, etc. 332 Ave Maria: The Hail Mary! the angelic salutation to the Virgin (Luke 1:28), combined with that of Elizabeth (v.42), used devotionally; so named from its first two words. (OED, p.137) 333 In the original text, this is S. Johns Gospell. As Martin is never blasphemous, he likely refers to Bridges Defence rather than the Gospel of St. John.

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would have been a principal receipt335 for the colic.336 But sure, now I think on it, he brought it in only but to make up his rime. And if you scan337 it well, tis a pretty one - mark it well: O, England, now full often must thou pater noster say. How sayest thou? Hast thou any skill in music?338 If thou have, then I am sure thou wilt confess with me that this bastard339 pentameter340 verse hath a fine sweet loose341 at the latter end, with a draught of Derby ale.342 But what sayest thou to it? Whether likest thou better of these Nicholas priests, that can so amble343 away with the Pater noster, or of that little priest of Surrey who bade his maid in her extremity344 of sickness Say, Magnificat, say Magnificat?345 Well boy, to draw to an end, notwithstanding thy small defects, persuade thyself that I love thee: doubt not of that. And here, before we part, take this one grave lesson of thine elder brother: be silent and close,346 hear many, confer with few. And, in this point, do as I do: know not thy father, though thou mayest. For I tell thee, if I should meet him in the street, I would never ask him blessing.347 Walk smoothly and circumspectly, and if any offer to talk with thee of Martin, talk thou straight348 of the voyage into Portugal,349 or of the happy350 death of the Duke of Guise,351 or of some such accident,352 but meddle not with thy father. Only, if thou have
334 Loins: Chiefly Biblical: The part of the body which should be covered by clothing and about which the clothes are bound. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 335 Receipt: The formula or description of a remedy for a disease. (OED, p.1760) 336 Colic: A name for severe paroxysmal griping pains in the belly, due to affections of the bowel or other parts. (OED, p.366) 337 Scan: To analyse (verse) by determining the nature and number of feet or the number and prosodic value of the feet or the number and prosodic value of the syllables. (OED, p.1896) An indication of Martin's literary interests. 338 It seems unlikely that Martin would make this remark unless he himself had considerable skill in music. 339 Bastard: Anything of inferior quality. (OED, p.163) 340 Pentameter: A verse or line consisting of five feet. (OED, P.1547) 341 Loose: The conclusion or close of a matter; upshot, issue, event. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) An example of this usage is found in Master Some Laid Open In His Colours (he shutteth up the whole with this good sweet loose). 342 Martin's reference to Derby ale may be a play on his earlier use of bastard. Bastard: A sweet kind of Spanish wine, resembling muscadel in flavour; sometimes applied to any kind of sweetened wine. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 1 Henry IV II iv 30: Anon, Anon, sir, Score a Pint of Bastard in the Halfe Moone. 343 Amble: In figurative uses, of any easy motion. (OED, p.57) 344 Extremity: Extreme or inordinate intensity or violence (of passion, action, suffering, labour, etc.); an instance of this. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) Martin appears to hint at impropriety between the maid and the little priest of Surrey and that the maid was perhaps in labour. 345 Magnificat: The hymn of the Virgin Mary in Luke 1:44-55 (in the Vulgate beginning Magnificat anima mea Dominum), used as a canticle; a song of praise; a paean. (OED, p.1258) Martin's comment presumably draws attention to the priest's lack of learning. 346 Close: Practising secrecy; reserved, reticent, uncommunicative; not open. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) 347 Blessing: Invocation of divine favour by any one. (OED, CD-ROM ed.) Hamlet III iv 172: I'll blessing beg of you. 348 Straight: Immediately, without delay. (OED, p.2142) 349 I.e., Drake's expedition of April, 1589. 350 Happy: Fortuitous. (OED, p.924) 351 Henri, 3rd Duke of Guise (1550-88), was assassinated by order of King Henri III on December 23, 1588. (MT, p.332) He was one of the contrivers of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, and was considered to have been behind French plots to invade England and put Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne.