SXV / RXV 450 - 550 3.1.

3.1.1.

MAINTENANCE
GENERAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION

TECHNICAL DATA

Aprilia RXV 450 550
DIMENSIONS Max. length Max. width Max. height (front fairing included) Seat height Wheelbase Minimum ground clearance Dry weight ENGINE Model (RXV 450) Model (RXV 550) Type Number of cylinders Total displacement (RXV 450) Total displacement (RXV 550) Bore/stroke (RXV 450) Bore/stroke (RXV 550) Compression ratio (RXV 450) Compression ratio (RXV 550) Starting Engine idling rpm Clutch Lubricating system Air filter Cooling system TRANSMISSION Type CAPACITIES Fuel (including reserve) Fuel reserve Engine oil Fork oil Coolant Seat GEAR RATIOS Ratio 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th DRIVE CHAIN Type Primary 22/56 = 1: 2.545
2240 mm (88.19 in.) 830 mm (32.68 in.) 1250 mm (49.21 in.) 950 mm (37.40 in) 1485 mm (58.46 in.) 320 mm (12.60 in.) 123 kg (271.12 lb) 45RX 55RX twin-cylinder, 4-stroke with 4 valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft cu. cm (27.40 cu in). 553 cu. cm (33.75 cu in). 76 mm x 49.5 mm (2.99 in x 1.95 in) 80 mm x 55.0 mm (3.15 in x 2.16 in) 13 0.5 12.5 0.5 electric rpm Multiplate in oil bath. Double separate lubrication with external reservoir with dry filter cartridge liquid-cooled
mechanical, 5 gears with foot control on the left side of the engine 7.5 l (1.98 gal) 2.2 l (0.58 gal) 1.3 l (0.34 gal) 100 mm (3.94 in.) of air (per leg, measured without spring and compressed rod) 1.1 l (0.29 gal) (50% water + 50% coolant with ethylene glycol) 1 Secondary 12/31 = 1: 2.583 13/25 = 1: 1.923 15/23 = 1: 1.533 19/24 = 1: 1.263 21/22 = 1: 1.047 Final ratio 15/48 = 1: 3.200 Total ratio 1 : 21.: 15.: 12.: 10.: 8.533

with master link

SXV / RXV 450 - 550
FUEL SYSTEM Type Throttle (RXV 450) Throttle (RXV 550) FUEL SYSTEM Fuel FRAME Type SUSPENSIONS Front Travel Rear Wheel stroke BRAKES Front Rear WHEEL RIMS Type Front Rear FRONT TYRE Type Inflating pressure REAR TYRE Type Inflating pressure IGNITION Type SPARK PLUGS Standard Spark plug electrode gap Resistance ELECTRIC SYSTEM Battery Auxiliary fuses Generator (with permanent magnet) BULBS Low beam High beam Front parking light Turn indicators bulb Number plate light Rear parking lights/Stoplight Instrument panel lights WARNING LIGHTS Gear in neutral Engine oil pressure Engine control system Fuel reserve High beam Turn indicators Red line
electronic injection 38 mm (1.49 in) 40 mm (1.57 in)
premium grade unleaded petrol, min. O.N. 95 (RON) and 85 (MON). Aluminium stanchion and steel tubes trellis
telescopic 45 mm ( 1.77 in) fork with hydraulic operation 298.5 mm (11.75 in) swinging arm and hydraulic adjustable monoshock 300 mm (11.81 in) (usable)
disc brake 270 mm ( 10.63 in), with hydraulic transmission disc brake 240 mm ( 9.45 in), with hydraulic transmission spoke-type 1.60 x 21" 2.15 x 18" 90/54R 100 kPa (1.0 bar) 140/70R 110 kPa (1.1 bar)
Digital, electronic NGK CR8EB 0.7 0.8 mm (0.028 0.031 in.) 5 k 12 V 6 Ah 5 A, 15 A, 20 A 12 V 350 W
12 V 55 W 12 V 60 W 12 V 3 W With micro lamps 12 V 5 W LED LED
LED LED LED LED LED LED LED

Aprilia SXV 450 550

DIMENSIONS Max. length Max. width Max. height (front fairing included) Seat height Wheelbase Minimum ground clearance Dry weight ENGINE Model (SXV 450) Model (SXV 550) Type Number of cylinders Total displacement (SXV 450) Total displacement (SXV 550) Bore/stroke (SXV 450) Bore/stroke (SXV 550) Compression ratio (SXV 450) Compression ratio (SXV 550) Starting Engine idling rpm Clutch Lubricating system Air filter Cooling system TRANSMISSION Type CAPACITIES Fuel (including reserve) Fuel reserve Engine oil Fork oil Coolant Seat SXV 450 GEAR RATIOS Ratio Primary 1st 22/56 = 1: 2.545 2nd 3rd 4th 5th SXV 550 GEAR RATIOS Ratio Primary 1st 22/56 = 1: 2.545 2nd 3rd 4th 5th DRIVE CHAIN Type
2165 mm (85.23 in.) 815 mm (32.08 in.) 1170 mm (46.06 in.) 880 mm (34.64 in.) 1470 mm (57.87 in.) 270 mm (10.63 in.) 125 kg (275.58 lb) 45SX 55SX twin-cylinder, 4-stroke with 4 valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft cu. cm (27.40 cu in). 553 cu. cm (33.75 cu in). 76 mm x 49.5 mm (2.99 in x 1.95 in) 80 mm x 55.0 mm (3.15 in x 2.16 in) 130.5 12.50.5 electric rpm Multiplate in oil bath. Double separate lubrication with external reservoir with dry filter cartridge liquid-cooled mechanical, 5 gears with foot control on the left side of the engine
7.5 l (1.98 gal) 2.2 l (0.58 gal) 1.3 l (0.34 gal) 125 mm (4.92 in.) of air (per leg, measured without spring and compressed rod) 1.1 l (0.29 gal) (50% water + 50% coolant with ethylene glycol) 1 Secondary 13/30 = 1: 2.307 15/27 = 1: 1.800 16/23 = 1: 1.437 20/23 = 1: 1.150 21/21 = 1: 1.000 Secondary 13/30 = 1: 2.307 15/27 = 1: 1.800 16/23 = 1: 1.437 20/23 = 1: 1.150 21/21 = 1: 1.000 Final ratio 15/46 = 1: 3.067 Total ratio 1 : 18.: 14.: 11.: 8.: 7.806 Total ratio 1 : 16.: 13.: 10.: 8.: 7.318

Final ratio 16/46 = 1: 2.875
endless (with no connection link) with sealed links
FUEL SYSTEM Type Throttle (SXV 450) Throttle (SXV 550) FUEL SYSTEM Fuel FRAME Type SUSPENSIONS Front Travel Rear Wheel stroke BRAKES Front Rear WHEEL RIMS Type Front Rear FRONT TYRE Type Inflating pressure REAR TYRE Type Inflating pressure IGNITION Type SPARK PLUGS Standard Spark plug electrode gap Resistance ELECTRIC SYSTEM Battery Auxiliary fuses Generator (with permanent magnet) BULBS Low beam High beam Front parking light Turn indicators bulb Number plate light Rear parking lights/Stoplight Instrument panel lights WARNING LIGHTS Gear in neutral Engine oil pressure Engine control system Fuel reserve High beam Turn indicators Red line
telescopic 48 mm ( 1.89 in) fork with hydraulic operation 275 mm (10.83 in.) swinging arm and hydraulic adjustable monoshock 252 mm (9.92 in) (usable)
disc brake 320 mm ( 12.60 in), with hydraulic transmission disc brake 240 mm ( 9.45 in), with hydraulic transmission spoke-type 3.50 x 17" 5.50 x 17" 120/70 ZR17 (58W) 180 kPa (1.8 bar) 180/55 ZR17 (73W) 200 kPa (2.0 bar)

Engine 450 - 550 2.1.

2.1.1.

PERIODIC MAINTENANCE

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

ENGINE 450

ENGINE Model (SXV 450) Model (RXV 450) Type Number of cylinders Total displacement Bore/stroke Compression ratio Idling speed Valve timing (SXV 450) Intake opens at Intake closes at Exhaust opens at Exhaust closes at Valve timing (RXV 450) Intake opens at Intake closes at Exhaust opens at Exhaust closes at Intake valve clearance Exhaust valve clearance Ignition Starting Spark advance Air filter Clutch Type Driving plates 1 Driving plates 2 Clutch plates Clutch springs Lubricating system Type Oil filter Engine oil quantity Cooling system Type Water pump 45SX 45RX Twin-cylinder, 4-stroke with 4 valves, single overhead camshaft cu. cm (27.40 cu in). 76 mm x 49.5 mm (2.99 in x 1.95 in) () 0.5 (1800 2000) 100 rpm 18 BTDC 48 ABDC 49 BBDC 15 ATDC 18 BTDC 30 ABDC 31 BBDC 19 ATDC 0.07 0.12 mm (0.0027 0.0047 in) 0.17 0.22 mm (0.0067 0.0087 in) Digital, electronic Electric starter Variable, controlled by CDI With dry filter cartridge Multiplate, wet clutch with control on the left side of the handlebar # plates: 2 Thickness: 1.5 mm (0.059 in) # plates: 5 Thickness: 2 mm (0.079 in) # plates: 8 Thickness: 2.75 mm (0.108 in) Uncompressed length: xxxx mm (xxx in) # springs: 6 Gearbox splash lubrication with special fluid; engine forced lubrication with scavenge pump and external reservoir Paper type After overhaul, 1400 cu.cm (0.37 gal) (0.31 UKgal) Periodic oil change: 1300 cu.cm (0.34 gal) (0.28 UKgal) Liquid Centrifugal pump with single intake Reduction ratio: 44/22

SXV450 TRANSMISSION Gear ratios Ratio Primary 1st 22/56 = 1: 2.545 2nd 3rd 4th 5th RXV450 TRANSMISSION Gear ratios Ratio Primary 1st 22/56 = 1: 2.545 2nd 3rd 4th 5th FUEL SYSTEM Type Throttle FUEL Fuel SPARK PLUGS Standard Spark plug electrode gap Resistance ELECTRIC SYSTEM Generator (with permanent magnet) Starter motor

Engine 450 - 550

Secondary 12/30 = 1: 2.307 15/27 = 1: 1.800 16/23 = 1: 1.437 20/23 = 1: 1.150 21/21 = 1: 1.000
Final ratio 15/48 = 1: 3.067
Total ratio 1 : 18.: 14.: 11.: 8.: 7.806
Secondary 12/31 = 1: 2.583 13/25 = 1: 1.923 15/23 = 1: 1.533 19/24 = 1: 1.263 21/22 = 1: 1.047 Electronic injection 38 mm (1.49 in)
Final ratio 15/48 = 1: 3.200
Total ratio 1 : 21.: 15.: 12.: 10.: 8.533
Premium-grade unleaded petrol, minimum octane rating 95 (RON) and 85 (MON), as per DIN 51 607. NGK CR8EB 0.7 0.8 mm (0.028 0.031 in.) 5 K 12 V 350 W 12 V 480 W

ENGINE 550

ENGINE Model (SXV 550) Model (RXV 550) Type Number of cylinders Total displacement Bore/stroke Compression ratio Idling speed Valve timing (SXV 550) Intake opens at Intake closes at Exhaust opens at Exhaust closes at Valve timing (RXV 550) Intake opens at Intake closes at Exhaust opens at Exhaust closes at Intake valve clearance Exhaust valve clearance Ignition Starting Spark advance Air filter 55SX 55RX Twin-cylinder, 4-stroke with 4 valves, single overhead camshaft cu. cm (33.75 cu in). 80 mm x 55.0 mm (3.15 in x 2.16 in) (12.) 0.5 (1800 2000) 100 rpm 18 BTDC 48 ABDC 49 BBDC 15 ATDC 18 BTDC 30 ABDC 31 BBDC 19 ATDC 0.07 0.12 mm (0.0027 0.0047 in) 0.17 0.22 mm (0.0067 0.0087 in) Digital, electronic Electric starter Variable, controlled by CDI With dry filter cartridge
Clutch Type Driving plates 1 Driving plates 2 Clutch plates Clutch springs Lubricating system Type Oil filter Engine oil quantity Cooling system Type Water pump SXV550 TRANSMISSION Gear ratios Ratio Primary 1st 22/56 = 1: 2.545 2nd 3rd 4th 5th RXV550 TRANSMISSION Gear ratios Ratio Primary 1st 22/56 = 1: 2.545 2nd 3rd 4th 5th FUEL SYSTEM Type Throttle FUEL Fuel SPARK PLUGS Standard Spark plug electrode gap Resistance ELECTRIC SYSTEM Generator (with permanent magnet) Starter motor

Multiplate, wet clutch with control on the left side of the handlebar # plates: 2 Thickness: 1.5 mm (0.059 in) # plates: 5 Thickness: 2 mm (0.079 in) # plates: 8 Thickness: 2.75 mm (0.108 in) Uncompressed length: 46 mm (1.81 in) # springs: 6 Gearbox splash lubrication with special fluid; engine forced lubrication with scavenge pump and external reservoir Paper type After overhaul, 1400 cu.cm (0.37 gal) (0.31 UKgal) Periodic oil change: 1300 cu.cm (0.34 gal) (0.28 UKgal) After overhaul, 1400 cu.cm (0.37 gal) (0.31 UKgal) Liquid Centrifugal pump with single intake Reduction ratio: 44/22 Secondary 12/30 = 1: 2.307 15/27 = 1: 1.800 16/23 = 1: 1.437 20/23 = 1: 1.150 21/21 = 1: 1.000 Final ratio 15/48 = 1: 2.875 Total ratio 1 : 16.: 13.: 10.: 8.: 7.318
Secondary 12/31 = 1: 2.583 13/25 = 1: 1.923 15/23 = 1: 1.533 19/24 = 1: 1.263 21/22 = 1: 1.047 Electronic injection 40 mm (1.57 in)

THE APRILIA SXV AND RXV HAVE RACING IN THEIR BLOOD! THESE DIRECT DESCENDENTS OF THE MOST REVOLUTIONARY MOTORCYCLES OF THE MILLENNIUM ARE THE FIRST EVER PRODUCTION ENDURO AND SUPERMOTARD POWERED BY A SUPERB, HIGH PERFORMANCE V TWIN. ALREADY PROVEN WINNERS ON THE RACETRACK, THESE TECHNOLOGY-PACKED MACHINES ARE NOW READY TO TACKLE THE CHALLENGE OF THE ROAD.

Aprilia SXV and RXV

The Aprilia SXV and RXV were ridden during testing by none other than Max Manzo, Jerome Giraudo, Frederic Bolley, Fabrice Lecoanet, and Stefano Passeri. The racetrack was their R&D centre, and the asphalt and rough ground their test benches. No wonder the Aprilia SXV and RXV have victory in their blood! Brand new but already unbeatable, the Aprilia RXV and SXV clearly demonstrate what advanced technology, clever design and technical innovation can achieve. The development of these bikes was a challenge that Aprilia knew it could win, despite the scepticism of the competition. These revolutionary motorcycles have already clocked up an impressive number of race wins, culminating in the Supermotard S2 World Championship title. Now the same amazing race technology is available in fully homologated form for use on the road by riders who know what satisfaction means. The new RXV and SXV are living proof of Aprilias design philosophy of transferring competition technology directly to production motorcycles. The RXV and SXV, with their original 450 and 550 cc racing engines, are to all intents and purposes road-going competition bikes. Totally uncompromising, these machines are designed with just one thing in mind. Winning.
STYLE Like all Aprilia motorcycles, the SXV and RXV have been designed with an almost obsessive attention to detail but with no unnecessary frills. The minimalist plastic bodywork of these essential machines keeps functionality up and weight down, shaping beautifully clean lines. Their clear-cut, decisive styling conveys a reassuring sensation of lightness and build quality. The design team has worked hard to create a distinctive Aprilia feel, and has launched a whole new look in enduro and supermotard motorcycles. Your gaze is inevitably attracted to their superb technology in the form of the V twin engine, mixed trellis and aluminium frame, and sculptured swingarm. The design of the tail and rear side panels abandons traditional enduro styling and is totally innovative, just like the centrally mounted exhaust system with twin tail pipes under the rear mudguard. In fact, innovative design solutions catch your eye whichever way you look at the RSV and SXV, and Aprilia Racing colours confirm that these bikes are born to compete.
As always with Aprilia, goods looks are just the outward shell of ingenious design solutions. The fixed air guides for example, allow the fuel tank to pivot upwards, giving easy access to the filter box.
THE V2 ENGINE The amazing V2 engine is the natural centrepiece of the SXV and RXV. Aprilia was the first manufacturer in the world to believe in the potential of V twin engines in a market segment where nobody has ever had the courage to try. Impressive results in top level racing have shown that Aprilia was right. This exceptional engine (made entirely by Aprilia) has now been transferred to Aprilia production motorcycles. Totally reliable on the racetrack, the V2 engine has not been deprived of any of its technology or performance by homologation for road use. Engine development also proceeded hand in hand with chassis development from the word go, to ensure that these bikes handle and perform as totally integrated machines. The 77 V angle between the cylinders is the result of innumerable tests aimed at maximising performance and minimising vibrations. The new engine vibrates far less than any single without even requiring a balancer shaft. The cylinders are integrated in the crankcase and are lined by replaceable wet sleeves. The intelligent design of the V2 has also permitted engine accessories to be arranged in an extremely rational way, keeping the powerplant as compact as possible. The results are amazing: Aprilias V twin is one of the most compact in the world, smaller than many singles of similar displacement. Design solutions were specially selected for maximum power and a wide power band. The sophisticated electronic engine management, developed by Aprilia Racing, introduces a number of innovations for this type of motorcycle. The fuel injection system features 38 mm throttle bodies (40 mm on the 550) and is controlled by a programmable ECU. Another market first is the fact that the SXV engine features an extended drive shaft to allow the sprocket to be placed further out. This intelligent solution allows racing tyres to be fitted without risking contact with the chain.

Reduced displacement per cylinder has permitted use of an extremely compact and lightweight singlepiece crankshaft. The gyroscopic effect of the crank is therefore dramatically reduced. The engine responds instantly to throttle input, making the whole bike faster and more agile. The inertia under acceleration and deceleration typical of large bore engines has also been reduced, permitting engine speeds never before seen on this type of motorcycle. The 450 supermotard red-lines at an amazing 13,000 rpm!
Valve gear based on a single overhead cam and four titanium valves per cylinder gives the best possible compromise between compactness, light weight and performance.
Aprilia technology, of course, means more than just performance. Reliability and durability are just as important. The V2 engine sets new standards in this direction, and also guarantees beautifully easy access to all parts requiring regular service like plugs, oil filter and air filter. The SXV and RXV also boast far longer than average service intervals.
The same sort of effort has gone into weight reduction. The engine sets a new record for a V twin, even with its starter motor fitted! This has been achieved by an abundant use of super-lightweight prestige materials. The central crankcase sections, for example, are made from aluminium silicon alloy. All covers are in magnesium; the valves are in titanium; and the entire gear train has been made lighter than ever before.
The engine is specially tuned to suit the type of motorcycle. The gear ratios are also precisely calculated for supermotard use in the case of the SXV or enduro use on the RXV. Even the injection and ignition mapping have been modified to give the two engines the right character and performance for the bike; higher revving on the supermotard, smoother and torquier at low to medium revs on the enduro.
Technical specifications of the V2 engine:
Electronic fuel injection with 38 mm throttle bodies (40 mm on the 550 cc engine). Dry sump lubrication with external oil tank. Separate lubrication for gearbox and engine ensures that the engine oil is not contaminated by clutch plate particles, and remains fully efficient for far longer.
Single overhead cam, titanium valves. Single-piece crankshaft. Cylinders integrated in crankcase, wet liners. Maximum engine speed 13,000 rpm (450 supermotard).
CHASSIS An uncompromising machine like the SXV or RXV demands a unique and effective chassis. The perimeter frame was developed in conjunction with the engine and features a tubular steel trellis structure, interference fitted to pressed aluminium side plates to form an extremely rigid assembly. The engine also forms an integral part of the chassis, acting as a load-bearing element and contributing to exceptional overall rigidity.

The variable section aluminium swingarm is another example of brilliant industrial design. Far more than just an element of style, this is the most rigid swingarm on any motorcycle of this type. Rising rate linkages operate a multi-adjustable monoshock with piggy-back cylinder and double high/low speed settings. The upside down fork (45 mm on the RXV, 48 mm on the SXV) is calibrated differently for the supermotard and enduro. The fork is fully adjustable, so that you can set up your own suspension action exactly as you want it.
The swingarm on the SXV is wider than on the RXV to move the chain further out and allow the bike to fit rear wheels of up to 6.5 inches.
BRAKES The unrivalled technology and performance of the chassis are supported by a fantastic braking system. The RXV boasts advanced calipers with lightweight wavy discs (270 mm at the front) for unrivalled braking control in even the most challenging conditions.
The brakes on the SXV are designed for sheer power and feature a 320 mm floating disc with a radial caliper for GP-level braking performance.
The 240 mm rear disc and single piston caliper provide the perfect balance between stopping power and ease of control.
COMPONENTS Every single component on the Aprilia SXV/RXV is selected for functionality and prestige. To list just a few, the RXV/SXV is equipped with: - Compact and ultra-lightweight digital instrumentation for all the information you could possibly need. - Variable section aluminium handlebars with no cross bar for perfect elasticity and control. - High luminosity LED tail light.
Aprilia RXV Technical specifications (550 cc engine specifications in brackets) Engine 77 V twin four stroke. Liquid cooled. Single overhead cam with rocker operated exhaust valves, chain timing drive, 4 valve heads, titanium valves. Fuel Bore x stroke Total displacement Compression ratio Fuel system Lead-free petrol. 76 x 49.5 mm (80 x 55 mm) 449 cc (549 cc). 12.5:1 (12:1). Integrated engine management system controlling ignition and fuel injection. Throttle body: 38 mm. (40 mm) Ignition Starting Alternator Lubrication Gearbox Electronic. Electric starting. 340 W. Dry sump with external oil tank. Separate gearbox lubrication. 5 speed. Enduro gear ratios: 1st 12/31 2nd 13/25 3rd 15/23 4th 19/24 5th 21/22 Clutch Primary drive Final drive Frame Front suspension Rear suspension Multiple discs in oil bath, cable operated. Spur gears. Transmission ratio: 22/56. Chain. Transmission ratio: 15/48. Steel perimeter frame with alloy vertical members. 45 mm upside down fork, double adjustment. Box section aluminium swingarm with cast body. Hydraulic monoshock with compression and rebound adjustment. Brakes Front: 270 mm stainless steel disc with floating caliper. Rear: 240 mm stainless steel disc with floating caliper. Wheels Light alloy. Front: 1.60 x 21 Rear: 2.15 x 18 Tyres Front: 90/90 x 21

Rear: 140/80 x 18 Dimensions Overall length: 2,222 mm Overall width: 800 mm Ground clearance: 396 mm Seat height: 996 mm Wheelbase: 1,495 mm Fuel tank Colours Capacity 7.8 litres Aprilia Black / Fluo Red
Aprilia SXV Technical specifications (550 cc engine specifications in brackets) Engine 77 V twin four stroke. Liquid cooled. Single overhead cam with rocker operated exhaust valves, chain timing drive, 4 valve heads, titanium valves. Fuel Bore x stroke Total displacement Compression ratio Fuel system Lead-free petrol. 76 x 49.5 mm (80 x 55 mm) 449 cc (549 cc). 12.5:1 (12:1). Integrated engine management system controlling ignition and fuel injection. Throttle body: 38 mm. (40 mm) Ignition Starting Alternator Lubrication Gearbox Electronic. Electric starting. 340 W. Dry sump with external oil tank. Separate gearbox lubrication. 5 speed. Supermotard gear ratios: 1st 13/30 2nd 15/27 3rd 16/23 4th 20/23 5th 21/21 Clutch Primary drive Final drive Frame Front suspension Multiple discs in oil bath, cable operated. Spur gears. Transmission ratio: 22/56. Chain. Transmission ratio: 15/46 (16/46). Steel perimeter frame with alloy vertical members. 48 mm upside down fork, double adjustment.

Rear suspension

Box section aluminium swingarm with cast body. Hydraulic monoshock with compression and rebound adjustment.

Brakes

Front: 320 mm stainless steel disc with radial caliper. Rear: 240 mm stainless steel disc with floating caliper.

Wheels

Light alloy. Front: 3.50 x 17 Rear: 5.50 x 17
Front: 120/70 x 17 Rear: 180/55 x 17

Dimensions

Overall length: 2,220 mm Overall width: 800 mm Ground clearance: 318 mm Seat height: 918 mm Wheelbase: 1,495 mm

Fuel tank Colours

Capacity 7.8 litres Aprilia Black / Fluo Red