1 A Quick Tour of Adobe Audition
In this lesson, you will be introduced to the tools and interface of Adobe Audition 2.0. Youll start the tour by opening a partially completed Audition session where youll add the finishing touches to a 60 second jazz song. In this Quick Tour, you will learn how to navigate within Audition, add music tracks, use loops, repair noisy audio, and then export the session to an.mp3 audio file. 1 Start Adobe Audition, and click on the Multitrack View button ( near the top of your display. )
2 Choose File > Open Session, and open the 01_start.ses file in the AA_01 folder, which you copied to your hard disk. 3 From the File menu found at the top left corner of your display, choose File > Save Session As. Enter the name 01_Tour.ses, and save the file in the AA_01 folder on your hard disk. Renaming the file keeps the original file untouched, in case you want to return to the original source file. Take a moment to look at the Audition interface and its various components. You should be able to see audio tracks, their controls, clips, Auditions toolbars, and buttons. 4 Play the currently open 01_Tour.ses session by clicking on the Play from Cursor to End of File button ( ) in the Transport panel, which is

LESSON 1

A Quick Tour of Adobe Audition
located in the lower left corner of the Audition window. Play from Cursor to End of File is the buttons default behavior. Right-click on buttons in the Transport panel to change their default behavior. You can also press the spacebar on your computer keyboard as a shortcut to play the session.

A B C D E

The Transport panel controls: A. Stop. B. Play from Cursor to End of File. C. Pause. D. Play from Cursor to End of View. E. Play Looped (View or Sel). F. Go To Beginning or Previous Marker. G. Rewind. H. Fast Forward. I. Go To End or Next Marker. J. Record.
Note: You may need to maximize the window to see all controls available within Audition. When the window size is reduced, certain controls are not displayed. You can maximize the window by clicking the Maximize button ( ) in the upper right corner of the window. 5 Press the spacebar again to stop the playback of the session. To hear how the completed session will sound after you follow all the instructions in this lesson, choose File > Open Session, and open and play the 01_end.ses file in the AA_01 folder. 6 When you are ready to start working, close the 01_end.ses file by choosing File > Close All. Choose File > Open Session and select 01_Tour.ses. The file 01_Tour.ses should be listed under your recently used files, which Audition displays at the bottom of the File menu.

Navigating the session

As the 01_Tour.ses session is displayed in Multitrack View, all the sound files used in the session are listed along the left portion of the window in the Files panel.
ADOBE AUDITION 2.0 Classroom in a Book
Adobe Audition work area: A. Edit View button. B. Multitrack View button. C. CD View button. D. Start-time indicator. E. Toolbar area. F. Workspace menu. G. Display area. H. Timeline. I. Session Properties panel. J. Master Levels panel. K. Selection/View panel. L. Zoom panel. M. Current Time display. N. Transport panel. O. Status bar. P. Files panel options. Q. Track list. R. Files panel. S. Tabbed panels.
The Multitrack View consists of tracks, and each track can contain one or more clips within it. The multitrack is located near the center of the screen. In this session, each clip represents a recording of a musical instrument and each track has been labeled to identify the instrument used. You can navigate through a session using various methods. 1 Bring your cursor over the Play button ( ) in the Transport panel, which is located at the bottom left corner of the Audition window. If you keep your cursor over this button without clicking, a tooltip briefly appears mentioning the function of this button.

The tooltip displays, Play from Cursor to End of File, which is the default function of this button. Click this button to begin playback of the session. As the session begins to play, the playback cursor, which is a white vertical line, begins to move across the timeline of the multitrack. As this cursor moves over a clip, the contents of the clip are played. If various tracks contain clips whose contents occur simultaneously, all the tracks are played in synchronization. Notice the arrangement of the clips inside the multitrack. The first instrument to start is the UprightBass, which begins playing immediately. As the playback cursor hits the GruveDrm02 clip, you hear this component. The GrooveBass track represents yet another track. Each instrument is on a different track, yet the overall result is multiple instruments playing together in synchronization. 2 Press the Pause button ( ) to pause the session. The playback cursor stops and the current time is displayed at the bottom of the window. Since the timeline is currently showing time in Bars and Beats, the location is displayed in this form of measurement. We paused our session when the playback cursor reached Bar 15 beat 1, tick 1.
A. Start-time indicator (yellow). B. Playback cursor (white).
3 Click the Play button ( ) in the Transport panel and note that the session begins at the start rather than resuming from the pause point. This is because the Play button starts to play from the location of the start-time indicator, which is represented by a dotted yellow line ending in yellow triangles on both the top and bottom. It is located
at the beginning of the session right now. This indicator can be relocated to establish a different starting point for playback. To resume playback from a paused location, click the Pause button again. 4 If necessary, press the spacebar on your keyboard to stop the playback. In addition to using the Transport panel controls, Audition offers many keyboard shortcuts to perform common commands. 5 Right-click on the timeline ruler that is found at the bottom of the multitrack display, and choose Display Time Format > Decimal (mm:ss.ddd) from the context menu. This changes the time format in this session from Bars and Beats to minutes and seconds.
6 Place the cursor over one of the yellow triangles of the start-time indicator. The cursor changes to a pointing finger ( ), allowing you to move the start-time indicator to a specific point in the multitrack. Click and drag to the right.
Start-time indicator being dragged to a new location.
As you drag to the right, the contents of the session are scrubbed to help you find a new location for the start-time indicator. Release your mouse button to let go of the starttime indicator. It gets relocated at the point you release. Additionally, you can use the

10 LESSON 1

left and right arrow keys on your computer keyboard to accurately relocate the starttime indicator. When using the arrow keys, the session is not scrubbed. 7 Click and drag the start-time indicator slowly across the multitrack to approximately the 24 second mark. This location is also the beginning of the audio clip named SquareA01. Keep an eye on the Time Display panel to know your location as you drag the start-time indicator. 8 Click the Play button in the Transport panel controls, the session begins to play from near the 24 second mark, where you just relocated your start-time indicator. The start-time indicator is frequently used to navigate and play specific sections within a session. Press the spacebar to stop playing the session. 9 Right-click on the timeline ruler, and using the context menu, choose Display Time Format > Bars and Beats. This changes the ruler back from the decimal format to Bars and Beats. This is a more traditional time display for working with loop-based files. Note that this context menu also lets you set the Snapping options for the start-time indicator and the Zoom level. This session was originally displaying time in Bars and Beats format. You then changed it to the decimal format of minutes, and seconds, and then changed it back to Bars and Beats. You can therefore change the units of measurement based upon your needs and the type of session you are creating. 10 Click the Go to Beginning or Previous Marker button ( ) in the Transport panel to place the start-time indicator at the beginning of the session. When the start-time indicator is at the start of the session, the time display shows 1:1.00. This is read as Bar 1 beat 1.

Working with loops

To better understand the concept of Bars and Beats, look in the Files panel and notice, but dont select, the drum loop entitled GruveDrm02.cel. A file having the.cel or.wav and the loop icon ( ) next to it signifies that it is an Audition file capable of being looped in the multitrack. This clip has already been inserted into the first track.
ADOBE AUDITION 2.Classroom in a Book
1 Press the spacebar to begin playing the session file. Since the start-time indicator is located at the beginning of the session (Bar 1 beat 1), this is where the playback begins. At Bar 3 beat 1, the GruveDrm02 clip plays for exactly one bar and then ends. When the drumbeat stops playing, press the spacebar again to stop the playback cursor. In this session, each bar consists of exactly four beats, as confirmed by the Session Properties panel found at the bottom right of your display. Also note that the tempo of your session has been set at 80 bpm in this panel. Press the spacebar again and when the drum begins, count the four beats in the drum loop. When the bar is over, press the spacebar to stop playing the session. 2 Click to select the GruveDrm02 clip in the Multitrack View. Place your cursor over the diagonal lines visible at the bottom right corner of the GruveDrm02 clip. Your cursor changes to the loop editing icon ( ), a double arrow with a small loop.

3 Click and drag to the right, extending the loop so it ends at the same time as the clips in both Track 2 and Track 3, ThickBas05 and UprightA01 respectively. As you extend the loop, a dashed white line is created within the clip for every new bar, helping you keep track of the number of bars, and ensuring that the clip ends precisely on a beat.

12 LESSON 1

4 Press the Home key on your keyboard to place the start-time indicator at the beginning of the session. Press the spacebar to play the session. The drum track loops seamlessly for 16 bars. The original drum clip was one bar in length. You were able to extend the clip because this clip was designed to be looped. Press the spacebar to stop playback after you have reviewed the file. Note: Adobe Audition 2.0 ships with a Loopology DVD of nearly 5,000 individual music loops sampled from a variety of musical sources. It is also possible to create your own loops in Auditions Edit View. 5 At the top of the Files panel, click on the Import File button ( ) and select the file GuitLick02.cel in the AA_01 folder on your hard disk. Click the Open button to import this file into the Files panel. This file is now displayed in the Files panel.
Note: Audition lets you easily preview the files before importing them into the Files panel, as well as after they have been imported into it. Check the Auto Play option in the Import window, or after importing a file, click the Auto Play button ( ) in the Files panel. Selected files are then played.
6 Click and drag the file GuitLick02.cel into the empty track named Guitar. Place it near the beginning of the track and release the mouse.
Click and drag GuitLick02.cel to the empty Guitar track.

14 LESSON 1

7 From the toolbar, select the Move/Copy Clip tool ( ) and then click on the GuitLick02 clip. Without releasing your mouse button, drag the clip to the right.
The Move/Copy Clip tool is found in the toolbar.
As you drag the clip into the multitrack, notice that the beginning and the end of the clip can snap to the individual beats on the ruler. Drag the clip so the beginning aligns with the Bar 11 beat 1 (11:1.00) mark. A vertical gray line appears when the clip is aligned to this position. Make sure the gray line is aligning at the beginning of the clip, not the end.

Note: It is useful to refer to the status bar at the bottom of the window. As you move clips through the multitrack, the status bar reflects the location of the start of the clip.
8 Place your cursor on the triangular handle at the bottom right of the GuitLick02 clip. The cursor changes to the loop editing icon ( ). Click and drag toward the right to extend the clip to Bar 15 beat 1 (15:1.00). 9 Click and drag the start-time indicator to Bar 8 beat 1 (8:1.00) and then press the spacebar on your keyboard to play the session from this point.
Muting and soloing tracks
Audition provides tools to make it easier to work with multiple tracks. To separate specific tracks from the others, you can use Auditions solo and mute options. 1 Click and drag the start-time indicator to approximately Bar 9 beat 1 (9:1.00). This is the point where the clip SquareA01 in the Synth1 track begins. 2 Press the spacebar on your keyboard to play the session. In the Synth1 track, click the Solo button ( ). This button lights up when selected. All clips except the ones contained in the Synth1 track become grayed-out to visually identify that they will not be audible during playback. Press the spacebar to stop the playback cursor. Click the Solo button for Synth1 track once more to turn it off. Other tracks are now audible during playback.
3 Mute the Synth1 track by clicking the Mute button ( ). This button lights up when selected. This causes the contents of Synth1 track to become grayed-out, indicating that they will not be audible during playback. The Mute button is the functional opposite of the Solo button. 4 Press the spacebar to begin playing the session. Since you had positioned the starttime indicator at Bar 9 beat 1 in step 1, thats where the playback begins.

16 LESSON 1

After a few seconds of playback, click the Mute button for the Synth1 track again to make its contents audible. Press the spacebar to stop playing the session. The Mute and Solo buttons can be used as a session is playing, and when playback has been stopped. 5 Press the Esc key, then use the left and right arrows on your computer keyboard and relocate the start-time indicator to approximately Bar 7 beat 1 (7:1.00). Click the Solo button for the GrooveDrum track. Now click on the Solo button for the Synth2 track. Press the spacebar to begin playback. You will hear the GrooveDrum track and the Synth2 tracks only. Clicking the Solo buttons on two or more tracks allows you to play selected tracks together. Other tracks will be inaudible as shown by their grayed-out contents. 6 Press the spacebar to stop playing the session. Turn off the Solo buttons for the GrooveDrum track and the Synth2 track to re-enable the playback of remaining tracks.

Changing track volume and pan
You can modify the volume and pan position of each track in a multitrack session. All clips located within the track are affected by these changes. 1 Click on the Solo button in the Synth1 track to isolate this track from the others. In the Synth1 track properties, just below the Mute and Solo buttons, you will find two knobs. The one on the left controls the volume of this track, measured in decibels. The knob on the right controls the panning (stereo placement) of this track, where -100 represents hard left and +100 represents hard right locations in the stereo field. Currently, both these knobs are set to their default values of 0.
A. Track Volume knob. B. Track Pan knob.
Note: Depending on the level of detail at which you want to work, Audition lets you view your session at different vertical and horizontal zoom levels. If you zoom out too much vertically, the Volume and Pan knobs for each track will become hidden. You can make these two knobs visible by clicking a few times on the Zoom In Vertically button ( ) found in the Zoom panel. If you zoom in far enough, you can also see the various other controls for each track below these knobs. The extra settings you will seeInput/Output, Effects, Sends, or Equalization (EQ)depend on which of these settings has been chosen to be viewed using the four buttons that appear above the first track in the multitrack.
2 Move the start-time indicator to approximately Bar 9 beat 1. Press the spacebar to begin playback to hear the soloed Synth1 track. As this track plays, click on the Volume knob and drag your cursor to the right, raising the volume of the Synth1 track to 10 dB. You will immediately hear this change as the Synth1 track becomes louder. Release your mouse button and press the spacebar to stop playback. 3 Press the spacebar again to start playback from Bar 9 beat 1. Click on the Volume knob and this time drag to the left, continuing past 0 to -7 dB. As you change the values to a negative number, the volume is lower than the original setting. Drag the knob back to the right to return it to its default value of 0 dB. Click on the Solo button for the Synth1 track to enable the remaining tracks. Press the spacebar to stop playback. 4 Press the Esc key once on your keyboard to shift the focus from track controls back to the multitrack. Press the Home key to return the start-time indicator to the beginning of the multitrack, and then press the spacebar again to play the session from the beginning. In the UprightBass track, click on the Pan knob and drag to the left to set it at -50. As you do so, you can hear the bass shifting to the left. Now drag this knob to the right to set it at +50. This causes the bass track to seem like its emanating from the right channel. Click once on the blue number that appears to the right of the Pan knob, type in 0, and press Enter on your computer keyboard. This returns the Pan knob back to its default position of 0. Press the spacebar to stop playback. Note: Depending on the speaker setup of your computer system, changes to Pan settings may be more apparent when listening to the audio using headphones. The stereo speakers on a laptop or the built-in speakers of a computer may not provide sufficient distance between left and right channels to make Pan effects immediately noticeable.

18 LESSON 1

Applying non-destructive effects
Audition 2.0 offers a wide variety of real-time effects that you can add to any track to enhance its impact. For example, you might want to add a reverb to a vocal track to make it seem like it is taking place in a spacious hall. Or you might wish to process a guitar track with an effect, just like a guitar player processes a guitars sound with a pedal or a stomp-box for chorus, flanger, or wah-wah. When you add such effects to a track in the Multitrack View, they are heard for all the clips contained within that track. An advantage of real-time effects in the Multitrack View is that they do not alter the original clips at all. As the session plays, Audition performs all computations required to make you hear the effects. Nothing is actually changed in the source waveform files, which is why these effects are called non-destructive real-time effects. In the following steps, you will add a real-time Flanger effect to the Guitar track. 1 Solo the Guitar track in the Multitrack View by clicking on the Solo button ( ) in its track properties. Move the start-time indicator to Bar 11 beat 1 (11:1.00) by clicking and dragging or by using the left and right arrow keys on your computer keyboard. This location in time is where the GuitarLick02.cel clip starts to play for four bars. Press the spacebar to begin playback and hear the soloed guitar track. When the playback cursor reaches Bar 15 beat 1 (15:1.00), press the spacebar again to stop playback. 2 Click on the Mixer tab found at the top left corner of the Main panel.
Switching to the Mixer panel in the Multitrack View.
The Mixer panel opens up, showing a channel strip corresponding to each track in your session. Looking from the top to bottom for each track, youll find controls for track Input, Effects (or FX), Sends, Equalization (or EQ), Automation, Panning, Track Status, Volume, and Output Destination.
The Mixer panel with collapsible sections.
The Mixer panel is a complementary interface to the Main panel of the Multitrack View. Changes made in one window are reflected in the other. The solo status of the Guitar track is also reflected in the Mixer panel. The volume and pan settings you accessed via the track properties in the previous exercise are easily accessible in the Mixer panel as well. 3 Confirm that you can see the three effect slots in the FX section for your tracks. If not, click on the Show/Hide Effects Controls triangle ( ) that appears on the left edge of the Mixer panel to expand the FX section. You might have to collapse some of the other sections of the Mixer or expand the Audition window to display the effect slots.

20 LESSON 1

4 In the mixer strip for the Guitar track, click on the black triangle in the first effect slot. From the context menu that opens up when you click, choose Delay Effects > Flanger.
A window called Effects Rack: Guitar opens and displays the Effects Rack on the left, in which the Flanger effect has been inserted. On the right, the settings pertaining to this effect are displayed. A Flanger adds a short, periodically varying delay to the track.
5 In the settings for the Flanger effect that appear on the right, click on the Effect Preset menu at the top and choose the Guitar Flange preset from the drop-down menu. Press the spacebar to hear the guitar with the Flanger effect. The Guitar Flange effect causes the guitar to sound warbled. Stop the playback by pressing the spacebar. 6 Click on the Power button ( ) in the slot where the Flanger effect has been inserted. This turns off the power to the Flanger effect. Press the spacebar to hear the original sound of the guitar without any effect applied to it. While the playback is still in progress, click on this Power button again to bring back the Flanger effect. Do this several times to get an idea of how the addition of an effect can drastically change the resulting sound of a track.
Bypassing the Flanger effect slot for the Guitar track.
7 Stop the playback. Confirm that power to the Flanger slot is back on. Close the Effects Rack window for the Guitar track by clicking the Close button ( ) at its top right. When you do so, you return to the Mixer panel.

22 LESSON 1

8 In the mixer strip for Guitar track, click the Solo button ( ) to turn it off, thereby enabling all the other tracks for playback.
Mixer strip for Guitar track with the Flanger effect inserted into its Effects Rack.
9 Press the Home key, then press the spacebar to begin playback and hear how the entire session sounds after having added an effect to the Guitar track. Click the Main tab at the top left of the Mixer panel to return to the main interface of the Multitrack View. Note: You can chain several effects into the successive slots of the Effects Rack and quickly see or edit their respective settings by simply clicking on each slot.

Using Hiss Reduction

Working non-destructively with effects is a powerful way to work with digital audio. In addition, Audition also can perform destructive edits that change the original source files when you work in the Edit View. Some features of Audition are only available in the Edit View, such as Noise, and Hiss Reduction, along with the Spectral View.
1 In the Multitrack View, within the track named AcousticEnd, double-click on the clip harp_cough.cel to enter the Edit View. This clip is displayed as an audio waveform in the Edit View.
Note: Certain commands and features are available only in the Edit View and not in the Multitrack View. You can always switch between views by clicking on the Edit View button ( ) or Multitrack View button ( ) located near the top of the window. Changes you make to a file in the Edit View are updated in the Multitrack View. 2 Press the Home key on your keyboard to place the start-time indicator at the beginning of the waveform, and then press the spacebar to play the file from beginning to end. The source for this file was a live performance. This recording includes a slight hiss along with a cough at the end of the harp phrase, which impacts the quality of the final file. You will remove these deficiencies in the file using powerful noise restoration tools available in the Edit View.

24 LESSON 1

3 Choose Edit > Select Entire Wave to select the entire waveform of the harp_cough clip. You can also use the Ctrl+A keyboard shortcut for this purpose. The entire waveform gets highlighted in white. 4 Choose Effects > Restoration > Hiss Reduction (process) to open the Hiss Reduction window.
5 In the Hiss Reduction window, select Standard Hiss Reduction from the list of presets, and then click Preview. The hiss decreases dramatically after applying this effect. To hear the difference, with the Preview button still on, check the Bypass option and the hiss returns. Uncheck the Bypass option to hear the effect of hiss reduction again. Click the OK button to apply hiss reduction on the waveform. This is a destructive edit because the original waveform was modified. You can see that the waveform changes slightly after the application of this effect. 6 Press the spacebar to play the modified file. Although the hiss has been reduced, the cough still remains. You are going to remove the cough in the following steps. 7 Click the Multitrack View button ( ), then move the start-time indicator to Bar 15 beat 1 (15:1.00). Press the spacebar to play the session. You will notice that the hiss is reduced for the harp clip because changes made to a file in Edit View are automatically reflected in the Multitrack View.

Using the Spectral View

Adobe Audition is able to display and edit sound files in a unique Spectral View. 1 In the Multitrack View, double-click the Harp_cough.cel clip in the Acoustic End track to display the waveform in the Edit View. 2 Choose View > Spectral Frequency Display to view the spectrum of this waveform. The Spectral Frequency Display opens. In this display, the horizontal ruler is displaying the total playing time of this clip. The vertical ruler measures frequency. This view lets you determine which frequencies are most prevalent in a waveform. It also helps you to understand how the spectral contents of a clip change over time. For any given frequency, brighter colors signify greater amplitude, and dull colors signify lesser amplitude.
3 While still in the Spectral Frequency Display, press the Home key on your keyboard to place the start-time indicator at the beginning of time ruler, and then press the spacebar to play the file. It is very easy to note the cough at the end of the file, as it can be seen as a sudden spike in the spectrum.

26 LESSON 1

4 Choose the Marquee Selection tool ( ) from the toolbar located at the top left of your display. Click and drag a marquee selection around the spectral representation of the cough as shown below. Press the spacebar to play just the selection. Listen carefully and you should hear the cough along with the diminishing sound of the harp. Be careful to not select too large of an area beyond the cough. Note: While in the Spectral Frequency Display, in addition to the Marquee Selection tool, you can also choose the Lasso Selection tool ( ) and the Time Selection tool ( ) to best suit the type of selection you need to make in the spectrum. Audition also includes a Scrub tool which can assist you in finding exact locations within the spectrum.
5 Choose Effects > Restoration > Click/Pop Eliminator (process) to open the Click/ Pop Eliminator window. This effect will be applied only to the selection you made with the Marquee tool. 6 Click the Fill Single Click Now button at the bottom of the Click/Pop Eliminator window. Audition processes the file and applies the effect. If the selected area is too large, this option is not available.

Note: This is one of many methods available for repairing audio. As you learn more about Adobe Audition, you will discover the Favorites panel and will be able to use the Repair Transient favorite to remove similar imperfections. 7 Press the spacebar again. The cough has been removed, yet the diminishing tones of the harp have been preserved. Press the Home key to return the start-time indicator to the beginning of the clip and listen to the entire clip. When you switch back to the Multitrack View in the next step, youll notice that the changes youve just made have been updated in the multitrack.
Changing the tempo of an entire session
Once you have created a final version of a song, you have the flexibility in Audition to change the tempo; to make a session faster or slower. 1 Click the Multitrack View button to return to the session. Press the Home key to return the start-time indicator to the beginning of the session. Press the spacebar to begin playing. Listen to the session for three or four bars to get a sense of the tempo and then press the spacebar to stop playing. 2 In the Session Properties panel found at the lower right corner of the display, click in the Tempo field, which is currently set to 80 bpm. Bpm represents beats per minute and determines the speed at which the song plays.
3 Type in 100 as the new tempo in the Tempo field. Press the Enter key and Audition will update the session, which may take a few moments. All the tracks are timestretched to match the sessions new tempo. 4 Press the Home key on your keyboard to place the start-time indicator at the beginning of your session. Press the spacebar to play. The updated session has a faster tempo of 100 beats per minute, yet the original pitch of the instruments has not changed. Note: You cannot use the Edit > Undo/Redo commands after changing the tempo of the session. Youll have to manually type in the previous tempo if you dont like the new one.

28 LESSON 1

Exporting a session to mp3 audio format
Audition can export audio files in many different file formats, including the mp3 format. 1 Choose File > Save Session As. Navigate to the AA_01 folder on your hard disk and enter the name 01_Final.ses. Press the Save button. Note: Audition may alert you to save the edited harp_cough.cel. If so, click Yes to save the edited file, and click OK if Audition alerts you that you may be saving to a lower fidelity file format. 2 Choose File > Export > Audio Mix Down. In the Export Audio Mix Down window, click the Save as type drop-down menu and choose mp3PRO.
Click the Options button and the MP3/mp3PRO Encoder Options window opens.
4 In the MP3/mp3PRO Encoder Options window, click the Presets menu in the upper left corner and select 192 Kbps Stereo, then click OK. Click Save to export the.mp3. The.mp3 file is mixed down and saved to your hard disk, and can be opened in Audition or using any hardware or software capable of playing.mp3 audio files. 5 Choose File > Close All. Congratulations! You have completed your tour of Adobe Audition 2.0.