Last Modified: 9/3/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Brand Model KitchenAid KUDC20FV KitchenAid KUDD03ST KitchenAid KUDE03FT*** KitchenAid KUDE40CV*** KitchenAid KUDE45CV** KitchenAid KUDE60FV KitchenAid KUDE70CV KitchenAid KUDE70FV KitchenAid KUDL03FV KitchenAid KUDL03IV KitchenAid KUDL40CV KitchenAid KUDM03FT KitchenAid KUDS30IV KitchenAid KUDS40CV KitchenAid KUDS40FV KitchenAid KUDS50FV KitchenAid KUDS50SV Koldfront PDW45EB Koldfront PDW45EW Kuppersbusch IGVS6607UL LG LDF993#** LG Electronics LDF681#** LG Electronics LDF692#** LG Electronics LDF781#** LG Electronics LDF792*** LG Electronics LDF793#** LG Electronics LDF881#** LG Electronics LDF892*** LG Electronics LDF981#** LG Electronics LDS482#** LG Electronics LDS581#** Maytag MDB3601BW** Maytag MDB4629AW** Maytag MDB4709AW** Maytag MDB6701 Maytag MDB6702 Maytag MDB6709AW** Maytag MDB6759 Maytag MDB6769AW** Size Standard Compact Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Compact Compact Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard kWh/Year 302 Gallons/Cycle 4 2.7 4.18 4.18 4.18 4.18 4.31 4.4 4.15 4.03 4.15 4.15 4.15 4.15 4.15 2.64 2.64 2.21 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 4.26 4.83 4.31 3.85 3.85 4.31 3.85 4.31 Energy Factor (EF) 0.70 1.30 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.72 0.72 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 1.07 1.07 0.92 0.76 0.73 0.76 0.73 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 Federal Standard (EF) 0.46 0.62 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.62 0.62 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 Percent Better 52% 110% 57% 57% 57% 61% 57% 57% 48% 48% 50% 48% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 73% 73% 100% 65% 59% 65% 59% 65% 65% 65% 65% 65% 65% 59% 52% 50% 57% 54% 54% 57% 57% 57% Active Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Date 1/26/2009 1/9/2008 5/6/2008 2/6/2009 5/6/2009 1/26/2009 1/26/2009 1/26/2009 6/30/2008 6/30/2008 1/26/2009 6/27/2007 1/26/2009 1/26/2009 1/26/2009 1/26/2009 1/26/2009 12/12/2008 12/12/2008 4/2/2008 3/2/2009 2/10/2006 4/10/2008 3/29/2005 5/1/2008 11/26/2008 1/10/2007 5/1/2008 11/12/2007 4/10/2008 3/29/2005 6/30/2008 6/1/2009 6/30/2009 2/6/2008 2/6/2008 9/1/2009 8/4/2008 6/30/2009

Last Modified: 9/3/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Brand Model Whirlpool GU2451XTS*2 Whirlpool GU2475XTV** Whirlpool GU2700XTS*1 Whirlpool GU2800XTV** Whirlpool GU3200XTS*2 Whirlpool GU3200XTV** Whirlpool GU3600XTS*2 Whirlpool GU3600XTV** Size Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard kWh/Year Gallons/Cycle 4.03 4.15 4.03 4.18 4.03 4.15 4.03 4.18 Energy Factor (EF) 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.72 0.68 0.70 0.68 0.72 Federal Standard (EF) 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 Percent Better 48% 48% 48% 57% 48% 52% 48% 57% Active No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Date 10/25/2007 5/6/2008 11/6/2006 6/13/2008 10/25/2007 6/30/2008 10/25/2007 5/6/2008
CANHP Eligible ENERGY STAR Refrigerators & Freezers
Last Modified: 9/9/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Brand Absocold Absocold Absocold Absocold Absocold Absocold Aga Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Amana Avanti Avanti Avanti Avanti Model ARD1031F*11R/L ARD298C*10R/L ARD369A*10R/L ARD492AS10R/L ARD565P*11R/L GARD562MG10R/L AFHR-36*** ABB1922FE* ABB1927VE* ABB2222FE* ABB2227VE* ABB2522FE* ABL1922FE* ABL1927VE* ABL2222FE* ABL2227VE* ABL2522FE* ABR1922FE* ABR1927VE* ABR2222FE* ABR2277VE* ABR2522FE* AFB2234WR* ASD2520WR*0* ASD2522WE*0* ASD2522WR*0* ASD2524VE*0* ASD2526VE*0* ASD2627KE* KB(RL)S19KT** 1201W-1 BCA1800W-1 BCA1801B-1 BCA1802SS-1 Configuration Top Freezer Top Freezer Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Bottom Freezer Refrigrator/Freezer - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Defrost Type Automatic Partial Automatic Automatic Manual Manual Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Manual Automatic Automatic Automatic Compact No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Ice No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Volume 10.3 2.9 3.6 4.9 5.6 5.6 19.89 18.51 18.51 21.86 21.86 25.05 18.51 18.51 21.86 21.86 25.05 18.51 18.51 21.86 21.86 25.05 21.68 25.07 25.41 25.07 25.41 25.41 25.6 18.1.7 1.7 1.7 Adjusted Volume 11.81 3.34 3.63 4.90 5.56 5.56 23.34 22.03 22.03 25.83 25.83 29.64 22.03 22.03 25.83 25.83 29.64 22.03 22.03 25.83 25.83 29.64 25.65 31.32 31.70 31.32 31.70 31.70 31.76 22.03 11.69 1.70 1.70 1.70 kWh/year Standard (kWh/year) Percent Better 21% 31% 23% 24% 25% 25% 20% 20% 20% 21% 21% 20% 20% 20% 21% 21% 20% 20% 20% 21% 21% 20% 20% 20% 21% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 21% 26% 26% 26% Active Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Date 2/29/2008 6/4/2003 9/1/2009 1/21/2003 1/15/2008 1/21/2003 4/13/2009 3/28/2006 2/2/2009 3/28/2006 2/2/2009 3/28/2006 5/18/2006 2/2/2009 5/18/2006 2/2/2009 5/18/2006 5/18/2006 2/2/2009 5/18/2006 2/2/2009 5/18/2006 5/27/2009 1/26/2009 7/10/2008 1/26/2009 3/21/2008 3/21/2008 12/16/2005 4/23/2007 1/16/2003 6/2/2009 6/2/2009 6/2/2009

Last Modified: 9/9/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Brand Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric Model FGHS2655K* FGHS2665K* FGHS2667K* FGHS2669K* FGHS2679K* FGHS2687K* FGHT1834K* FGHT1844K* FGHT1846K* FGHT2146K* FGTC2349HS FPHS2387KF FPHS2399KF* FRS6HF55K* GHSC39EJP* GLHS36EJ* GLHS38EJ** GLHS66EJ* GLHS66EK* GLHS67EJ* LGHS2634K* LGHS2644KM* LGHS2665K* LGHS2667K* LPH2687K* PCHS2634K* PCHS2644K* PCHT1845K* PCHT2145K* PHS38EJSB* PHS38EJSS* PHS68EJSS* PHSB67EJSB PHSC39EJSS* DSRC5KGX**** DSRF3KGX**** DSRF5KGX**** DSRL3KGX**** DSRL5KGX**** DSRS3KGX**** Configuration Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Top Freezer Top Freezer Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Defrost Type Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Compact No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Ice Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Volume 26 25.9 25.18.3 18.3 18.3 20.6 22.5 22.5 22.22.53 22.5 22.52 25.95 25.25 25.9 25.26 18.3 20.6 22.5 22.5 22.5 25.95 22.53 25.4 23.1 25.4 23.1 25.4 23.1 Adjusted Volume 32.00 32.00 31.94 31.84 31.84 31.94 20.84 20.84 20.84 23.92 27.89 27.80 27.80 32.03 27.89 27.83 27.81 31.96 31.96 31.86 32.04 32.04 32.00 31.84 31.84 32.04 32.04 20.90 23.92 27.81 27.72 27.81 31.96 27.89 31.40 27.60 31.40 27.60 31.40 27.60 kWh/year Standard (kWh/year) Percent Better 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 21% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 21% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Active Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Date 1/30/2009 1/30/2009 1/30/2009 2/13/2009 2/13/2009 5/20/2009 2/13/2009 2/13/2009 2/13/2009 2/13/2009 5/20/2009 1/30/2009 1/30/2009 2/13/2009 1/18/2008 1/18/2008 1/21/2008 1/21/2008 1/18/2008 10/12/2007 1/30/2009 7/8/2009 1/30/2009 1/30/2009 1/30/2009 1/30/2009 1/30/2009 1/30/2009 2/13/2009 7/2/2008 7/8/2008 7/2/2008 1/18/2008 1/21/2008 7/11/2008 7/11/2008 7/11/2008 7/11/2008 7/11/2008 7/11/2008

Last Modified: 9/9/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Brand General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric Model DSRS5KGX**** GB*20****** GBRC0GAX**** GBRL0HBX**** GBRS0HBX**** GBS22HBR** GBS22HCR** GBS22KBR** GBSC0HBX**** GBSC0HCX**** GBSC3HBX**** GBSL0HCX**** GBSL3HCX*** GDRC0KBX**** GDRC3KBY*** GDRL0KBX**** GDRS0KBX**** GDRS3KBY*** GDSC0KBX**** GDSC0KCX**** GDSC3KCY**** GDSL0KCX**** GDSL3KCY*** GDSS0KBX**** GDSS0KCX**** GDSS3KCY**** GFRF2KBX*** GFRF2KBY*** GFRS2KBX*** GFRS2KBY*** GFS*6KKX*** GFSF2KEX*** GFSF2KEY** GFSF6KEX**** GFSL2KEX*** GFSL6KEX**** GFSS2HCY*** GFSS2KEX*** GFSS2KEY*** Configuration Side-by-Side Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Defrost Type Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Compact No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Ice Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No Volume 25.4 19.52 20.2 20.3 20.3 22.25 22.25 22.3 20.3 20.3 23.1 20.2 23.1 20.2 23.1 20.2 20.2 23.1 20.2 20.2 22.8 20.2 22.8 20.2 20.2 22.8 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.1 25.92 22.1 22.2 25.82 22.1 25.82 22.1 22.1 22.1 Adjusted Volume 31.40 23.50 24.00 24.20 24.20 26.67 26.67 26.80 24.20 24.20 27.40 24.00 27.40 24.00 27.40 24.00 24.00 27.40 24.00 24.00 27.00 24.00 27.00 24.00 24.00 27.00 26.30 26.30 26.30 26.30 31.07 26.30 26.30 30.97 26.30 30.97 26.30 26.30 26.30 kWh/year 463 Standard (kWh/year) 580 Percent Better 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 27% 20% 20% 27% 20% 20% 21% 20% 21% 20% 20% 21% 21% 21% 21% 21% 21% 21% 20% 20% 21% 20% 21% 21% 20% Active Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Date 7/11/2008 1/21/2004 10/22/2008 7/11/2008 7/12/2008 2/6/2004 2/6/2004 2/6/2004 7/12/2008 7/12/2008 7/12/2008 7/12/2008 7/24/2009 7/12/2008 7/24/2009 7/12/2008 7/12/2008 7/24/2009 7/12/2008 7/12/2008 10/22/2008 7/12/2008 10/22/2008 7/12/2008 7/12/2008 10/22/2008 7/24/2009 7/24/2009 7/24/2009 7/24/2009 8/13/2008 7/24/2009 7/24/2009 8/13/2008 7/24/2009 8/13/2008 7/24/2009 7/24/2009 7/24/2009

Last Modified: 9/9/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Brand Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Model 5479*80* 5786*80* 5787*80* 5802*80* 5803*80* 5814*80* 5815*80* 5824*80* 5827*80* 5832*80* 5844*80* 5845*80* 5850*80* 5851*80* 5870*80* 5871*80* 5872*80* 5873*80* 5881# 5882# 5890*80* 5891*80* 5898*80* 5899*80* 5912*80* 5913*80* 5942*80* 5943*80* 596.6533* 596.6613* 596.6725* 5996*80* 5997*80* 6603* 6661# 6662# 6671# 6672# Configuration Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Defrost Type Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Compact No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Ice Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No Volume 25.59 21.79 21.79 25.43 25.43 21.79 21.72 21.72 21.72 21.72 25.51 25.51 25.07 25.07 25.09 25.09 25.54 25.54 26.47 26.51 25.43 25.43 25.41 25.41 21.72 21.72 25.05 25.05 21.86 18.51 21.86 25.46 25.46 17.7 17.7 18.51 19.74 19.74 19.74 19.74 Adjusted Volume 31.92 26.44 26.44 31.74 31.74 26.44 26.35 26.35 26.35 26.35 31.87 31.87 31.32 31.32 31.42 31.42 31.91 31.91 32.90 32.90 31.74 31.74 31.70 31.70 26.35 26.35 31.29 31.29 25.83 22.03 25.83 31.76 31.76 17.70 17.70 22.03 23.67 23.67 23.67 23.67 kWh/year Standard (kWh/year) Percent Better 21% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 21% 21% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 21% 20% 21% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Active Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Date 9/10/2008 5/14/2008 5/14/2008 3/21/2008 3/21/2008 11/14/2007 2/6/2008 9/10/2008 1/26/2009 2/19/2008 2/6/2008 2/6/2008 3/21/2008 3/21/2008 9/10/2008 9/10/2008 1/24/2008 1/24/2008 4/1/2009 4/8/2009 3/21/2008 3/21/2008 1/24/2008 1/24/2008 3/21/2008 3/21/2008 3/21/2008 3/21/2008 12/19/2007 12/19/2007 12/19/2007 5/14/2008 5/14/2008 7/30/2009 7/30/2009 6/7/2006 9/20/2007 9/20/2007 11/2/2007 11/2/2007

Last Modified: 9/9/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Brand MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge MicroFridge Garage Fridge MicroFridge Garage Fridge Miele Miele Miele Miele Miele Miele Miele Miele Miele Miele Moffat Moffat Model 3.6MFRA*E 3.6MFRAE 4.4MFRA* 5.6MFRf* MF-10.3XL9NTP MF-10.3XL9NWTP MF-10.3XR9NTP MF-10.3XR9NWTP MF-3XNTP MF-5.6X9NTP MF-5.6X9NWTP MFR-10.3B MFR-10.3BL MFR-10.3W MFR-10.3WL MFR-3 MFR-3CB MFR-3S MFR-3WL MFR-3WR MFR-5.6 MFR-5.6W MFRA-4 MHR-2.7E MFRA-4GF MFRA-4GF-BUD K 1801 ** K 1811 ** K 1901 ** K 1911 ** KF 1801 ** KF 1811 ** KF 1901 ** KF 1911 ** KFN9753iD KFN9755iDE MBRC0GAX**** MBRC0GBX**** Configuration Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigrator/Freezer - Single Door Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Defrost Type Automatic Automatic Automatic Manual Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Partial Manual Manual Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Manual Manual Automatic Manual Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Compact Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No Ice No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Volume 3.6 3.6 4.37 5.56 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 2.9 5.56 5.56 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 5.6 5.6 4.4 2.7 4.4 4.4 15.95 15.95 19.68 19.68 14.86 14.86 18.28 18.28 9.39 9.39 20.2 20.2 Adjusted Volume 3.63 3.63 4.37 5.87 11.80 11.80 11.80 11.80 3.24 5.56 5.56 11.80 11.80 11.80 11.80 3.34 3.34 3.34 3.34 3.34 5.56 5.56 4.37 2.70 4.40 4.40 15.95 15.95 19.68 19.68 17.32 17.32 21.29 21.29 10.86 10.86 24.00 24.00 kWh/year Standard (kWh/year) Percent Better 23% 23% 21% 26% 21% 21% 21% 21% 31% 25% 25% 21% 21% 21% 21% 31% 31% 31% 31% 31% 25% 25% 21% 21% 21% 21% 28% 28% 26% 26% 33% 33% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Active Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Date 9/1/2009 9/1/2009 1/8/2009 1/8/2009 2/27/2008 2/27/2008 2/27/2008 2/27/2008 2/24/2004 2/27/2008 2/27/2008 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 12/16/2003 5/28/2004 5/20/2008 5/20/2008 1/3/2008 1/3/2008 4/14/2008 4/14/2008 4/14/2008 4/14/2008 1/3/2008 1/3/2008 5/28/2008 5/28/2008 7/14/2008 7/14/2008

Last Modified: 9/9/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Brand Summit Summit Summit Summit Summit Summit Summit Summit Summit Sun Frost Sun Frost Sun Frost Sunbeam Thermador Thermador Thermador Thermador Thermador Thermador Thermador Thermador Thermador Thermador Thermador Thermador Thermador U-Line U-Line U-Line U-Line U-Line U-Line U-Line U-Line Viking Viking Viking Viking Viking Viking Model CP-35* FF-1112 FF-1152SS FF-41ES FF-43ES FFBF240W FFBF245SS FFBF280W FFBF285SS R-19 RF-12 RF-16 SBCR139WE KBULT3655E1* KBULT3665E1* KBULT3675E1* KBURT3655E1* KBURT3665E1* KBURT3675E1* T24BR70*** T24IR70* T30BR70*** T30IR70* T36BT71*S* T36IB70* T36IT71NNP 1175R 15R 2015R 2075R 2115R 2175R 29R 75R DDFF136SS* DDSF136DS*0* VCBF136LSS* VCBF136RSS* VCFF136SS* VCSF136DS*0* Configuration Top Freezer Top Freezer Top Freezer Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Refrigerator Only - Single Door Top Freezer Top Freezer Refrigrator/Freezer - Single Door Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Refrigerator Only - Single Door Bottom Freezer Side-by-Side Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Side-by-Side Defrost Type Partial Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Partial Partial Manual Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Compact Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Ice No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes Volume 2.9 10.3 10.3 3.6 3.6 9.85 9.85 13.81 13.81 16.14 10.12 14.31 1.66 20.28 20.28 20.28 20.28 20.28 20.28 13.06 13.06 17.05 17.05 19.69 19.66 19.5 5.5 3.5 3.1 5.5 3.1 5.5 3.5 5.7 19.62 23.07 19.89 19.89 19.62 23.07 Adjusted Volume 3.34 11.81 11.81 3.63 3.63 11.50 11.50 15.72 15.72 16.14 11.41 16.77 1.87 23.64 23.64 23.64 23.64 23.64 23.64 13.06 13.06 17.05 17.05 23.30 23.31 23.08 5.50 3.50 3.10 5.50 3.10 5.50 3.50 5.70 23.07 28.77 23.34 23.34 23.07 28.77 kWh/year Standard (kWh/year) Percent Better 31% 21% 21% 23% 23% 26% 26% 25% 25% 53% 51% 36% 21% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 31% 31% 28% 28% 21% 23% 21% 39% 22% 22% 20% 23% 42% 22% 29% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Active Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Date 8/9/2004 1/8/2009 1/8/2009 9/1/2009 9/1/2009 7/30/2007 7/30/2007 6/30/2009 6/30/2009 1/2/2003 1/2/2003 1/2/2003 5/6/2009 7/10/2008 7/10/2008 7/10/2008 7/10/2008 7/10/2008 7/10/2008 4/21/2009 7/20/2007 4/21/2009 7/20/2007 4/21/2009 7/20/2007 7/1/2008 5/10/2006 8/6/1999 3/28/2003 3/28/2003 7/18/2006 7/18/2006 8/5/1999 8/6/1999 2/2/2009 5/27/2009 2/2/2009 2/2/2009 2/2/2009 1/26/2009

Last Modified: 9/9/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Brand Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Whirlpool Model EB2SHKXV* EB9FVBXW* EB9FVHLV* EB9FVHRV* EB9FVHXV* EB9SHKXV* EC3JHA*R*0* ED2DHE*W*0* ED2FHE*V*0* ED2GVE*V*0* ED2HHE*V*0* ED2HVE*V*0* ED2KHA*V*0* ED2KVE*V*0* ED2LDE*W*0* ED2NHG*V*0* ED2VHE*V*0* ED5DHE*W*0* ED5FHA*V*0* ED5FHE*V*0* ED5FSG*W*0* ED5FVA*W*0* ED5FVG*V*0* ED5FVG*W*0* ED5GVE*V*0* ED5HHA*V*0* ED5HVA*V*0* ED5HVE*V*0* ED5HVE*W*0* ED5KVE*V*0* ED5LDE*W*0* ED5LHA*W*0* ED5LTA*V*0* ED5LVA*V*0* ED5LVA*W*0* ED5LVG*V*0* ED5NHG*V*0* ED5PBA*V*0* ED5PVE*V*0* ED5PVE*W*0* Configuration Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Bottom Freezer Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Side-by-Side Defrost Type Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Compact No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Ice No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Volume 21.86 18.51 18.51 18.51 18.51 18.51 23.07 21.72 21.72 21.72 21.72 21.72 21.79 21.72 21.72 21.72 21.7 25.07 25.43 25.07 25.41 25.07 25.41 25.07 25.07 25.46 25.46 25.41 25.07 25.07 25.07 25.07 25.41 25.41 25.07 25.07 25.07 25.43 25.07 25.07 Adjusted Volume 25.83 22.03 22.03 22.03 22.03 22.03 28.77 26.35 26.35 26.35 26.35 26.35 26.44 26.35 26.35 26.35 26.32 31.32 31.74 31.32 31.70 31.32 31.70 31.32 31.32 31.79 31.79 31.70 31.32 31.32 31.32 31.32 31.70 31.70 31.32 31.32 31.32 31.74 31.32 31.32 kWh/year Standard (kWh/year) Percent Better 21% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 21% 20% 21% 20% 20% 21% 21% 21% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Active Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Active Date 2/2/2009 2/2/2009 2/2/2009 2/2/2009 2/2/2009 2/2/2009 2/6/2006 1/26/2009 8/2/2007 7/10/2008 8/2/2007 10/23/2007 11/14/2007 11/14/2007 1/26/2009 3/20/2008 3/20/2008 1/26/2009 3/21/2008 8/2/2007 7/20/2009 1/26/2009 8/2/2007 1/26/2009 7/10/2008 8/2/2007 8/2/2007 3/20/2008 1/26/2009 1/26/2009 1/26/2009 1/26/2009 8/2/2007 8/2/2007 1/26/2009 8/2/2007 3/21/2008 3/21/2008 7/10/2008 5/27/2009

Brand Bosch Bosch Bosch Bosch Bosch Bosch Conserv Conserv Conserv Crosley Crosley Crosley Crosley Crosley Crosley Crosley Danby Designer Deco Deco Deco Electrolux Electrolux Electrolux Electrolux Equator Equator Equator Equator Equator Equator Eurotech Eurotech Fagor Fagor Fisher & Paykel Fisher & Paykel
Model WFVC5400UC WFVC540SUC WFVC5440UC WFVC544AUC WFVC6450UC WFVC8440UC CS 1720 CS 3720 CSW 620 CAH4205 CFW2000F CFW4000F CFW5000F CFW8000 CLCE900F CLCG900F DWM5500W-1 DC 1720 DC 3720 DCW 620 EIFLW55H EIFLW55I EWFLW65H EWFLW65I EW 620 EZ 1612 V EZ 1720 V EZ 2512 CEE EZ 3612 CEE EZ 3720 CEE EWC177 EWF272EL FA-5812 FA-5812 X GWL15 IWL16

Product Name

Intuitive

kWh/ year 198 219

Active Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Active Date 7/13/2009 7/13/2009 7/13/2009 7/13/2009 7/13/2009 7/13/2009 2/21/2008 2/21/2008 2/21/2008 10/11/2005 3/26/2007 3/26/2007 3/26/2007 4/18/2008 3/26/2007 3/26/2007 11/6/2003 2/21/2008 2/21/2008 2/21/2008 8/19/2008 2/25/2009 8/19/2008 2/25/2009 11/10/2006 12/16/2002 11/10/2006 11/7/2005 11/7/2005 11/10/2006 7/22/2003 3/25/2004 8/28/2007 8/28/2007 4/21/2009 2/1/2006
Last Modified: 8/28/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Modified Energy Factor (MEF) 2.2.15 2.25 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.22 2.22 2.29 2.29 2.22 2.21 2.26 2.22 2.31 2.01 2.22 1.97 2.01 2.09 2.2.22 2.2.21 2.22 2.01 2.01 2.22 Federal Standard (MEF) 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 Annual Water Use (gallons/ year) 7,009 8,455 8,455 7,291 7,104 5,213 7,036 7,036 7,036 5,139 5,139 5,139 5,139 5,139 5,139 5,139 5,139 5,045 4,939 5,174 4,869 4,845 4,951 7,272 4,845 5,412 5,412 5,589 4,951 4,951 5,589 5,045 5,174 4,845 4,845 4,951 Volume (cubic feet) 3 3.1 3.13 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 2.2.65 2.65 2.3 2.Percent Better 64% 59% 59% 59% 71% 79% 71% 71% 71% 82% 82% 82% 76% 76% 82% 82% 76% 75% 80% 76% 83% 60% 76% 57% 60% 66% 66% 59% 76% 76% 59% 75% 76% 60% 60% 76% Water Factor 6.0 7.2 7.2 6.0 5.8 4.3 5.8 5.8 5.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.2 7.0 4.1 5.2 5.2 5.4 4.2 4.2 5.4 4.3 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.2

Brand General Electric Haier Haier Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore
Model WSXH208H GWT750AW GWT950AW 2508*80+ 2706*60+ 2707*60+ 2708*60+ 2709*60+ 2806*80+ 2807*80+ 2808*70+ 2808*80+ 2809*70+ 2809*80+ 2982**** 2983**** 402##90# 403##90# 404##90# 4041* 4282*20+ 4292*20+ 4390*20+ 4482*30+ 4483*20+ 4483*30+ 4492*20+ 4492*30+ 4493*20+ 4493*30+ 4508*40+ 4509*40+ 4580*40+ 4580*50+ 4586#40** 4586*50+

Oasis Oasis Oasis Oasis

HE3 HE3t HE3 HE3 HE3 HE3t HE3t HE3t HE4t HE4t

kWh/ year 195 195

Active Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Active Date 1/2/2007 1/14/2009 6/2/2008 7/16/2008 10/19/2005 10/19/2005 10/19/2005 10/19/2005 7/16/2008 7/16/2008 1/9/2008 7/16/2008 1/9/2008 7/16/2008 10/15/2008 10/15/2008 8/28/2009 8/28/2009 8/28/2009 10/4/2007 9/28/2001 6/14/2001 1/23/2003 8/29/2003 8/29/2003 1/23/2003 1/23/2003 10/8/2004 1/23/2003 1/23/2003 1/18/2005 1/18/2005 2/27/2007 8/15/2005 8/23/2004 8/15/2005
Last Modified: 8/28/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Modified Energy Factor (MEF) 2.07 2.07 2.07 2.08 2.07 2.08 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.22 2.22 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.36 2.36 2.58 2.58 2.58 2.28 2.6 2.28 2.6 2.6 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.46 2.64 2.46 2.22 2.22 2.22 Federal Standard (MEF) 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 Annual Water Use (gallons/ year) 5,808 5,808 5,808 5,808 5,808 5,808 5,588 5,588 5,408 5,408 5,497 5,497 5,215 5,215 5,215 5,476 5,476 5,011 5,011 5,011 5,310 4,690 5,310 4,690 4,690 5,066 5,066 5,066 5,066 5,066 5,173 5,066 5,173 5,751 5,751 5,751 Volume (cubic feet) 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.88 2.88 2.99 2.99 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.1 3.26 3.1 3.26 3.26 3.79 3.79 3.79 3.79 3.79 3.51 3.79 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 Percent Better 64% 64% 64% 65% 64% 65% 67% 67% 67% 67% 76% 76% 81% 81% 81% 87% 87% 105% 105% 105% 81% 106% 81% 106% 106% 110% 110% 110% 110% 110% 95% 110% 95% 76% 76% 76% Water Factor 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.4 3.7 4.4 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.2 4.2
Brand Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore
Model 4587#40** 4587*50+ 4596*40+ 4596*50+ 4597*40+ 4597*50+ 4598#40** 4599#40** 4646*50+ 4647*50+ 4650*70+ 4651*70+ 4674*70+ 4674*80+ 4675*70+ 4708*60+ 4709*60+ 4751**** 4753**** 4754**** 4756*60+ 4756*70+ 4757*60+ 4757*70+ 4758**** 4770**** 4771**** 4775**** 4776**** 4778**** 4778*70+ 4779**** 4779*70+ 4785*60+ 4788*60+ 4789*60+

HE3 HE4t HE4t HE2 HE2

HE5t HE5t HE2 HE2 HE 2T HE 2T

kWh/ year 187 187

Active Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Active Date 8/23/2004 8/15/2005 10/2/2004 8/11/2005 2/27/2007 10/2/2004 8/23/2004 8/23/2004 8/15/2005 8/15/2005 4/6/2007 4/6/2007 7/24/2007 7/24/2007 7/24/2007 12/21/2006 12/21/2006 5/2/2006 5/2/2006 5/2/2006 8/24/2006 8/21/2007 8/24/2006 9/11/2007 8/24/2006 8/22/2008 8/22/2008 8/22/2008 8/22/2008 8/22/2008 1/27/2009 8/22/2008 1/27/2009 4/6/2007 4/6/2007 4/6/2007
Last Modified: 8/28/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Modified Energy Factor (MEF) 2.01 2.01 2.24 2.22 2.22 1.85 1.85 2.09 2.77 2.87 2.1 1.86 2.65 2.01 2.4 2.61 1.89 1.89 1.89 2.09 2.21 2.21 1.83 2.2 2.25 2.04 2.5 2.35 2.46 1.96 2.3 2.42 2.89 2.4 1.87 2.08 Federal Standard (MEF) 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 Annual Water Use (gallons/ year) 4,845 4,845 4,224 5,751 5,751 5,524 5,524 5,485 4,747 4,881 3,872 4,854 4,824 5,238 4,802 4,810 5,163 5,163 5,163 5,074 3,890 3,890 5,048 4,892 4,323 5,238 5,076 4,919 4,816 5,285 4,528 4,724 4,781 4,516 5,039 5,213 Volume (cubic feet) 3.16 3.51 3.51 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.52 3.63 1.96 1.95 3.63 3.22 3.5 3.63 2.96 2.96 2.96 3.22 3.14 3.14 3.22 3.2 3.03 3.22 3.5 3.32 3.52 3.21 3.5 3.32 3.63 3.6 3.22 3.22 Percent Better 60% 60% 78% 76% 76% 47% 47% 66% 120% 128% 67% 47% 110% 60% 90% 107% 50% 50% 50% 66% 75% 75% 45% 75% 79% 62% 98% 87% 95% 56% 83% 92% 129% 90% 48% 65% Water Factor 4.1 4.1 3.4 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.4 3.4 5.0 6.4 3.4 4.2 3.5 3.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.2 3.2 4.0 3.9 3.6 4.2 3.7 3.8 3.5 4.2 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.2 4.0 4.1
Brand Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore Kenmore KitchenAid KitchenAid KitchenAid LG LG LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics LG Electronics
Model 4810* 4811* 488##80# 4996#60** 4997#60** KHWS01P#** KHWS02R*+ KHWV01R*+ WM2150H** WM2501H** WD-324*RHD WD-327*RHD WM0001H*** WM0532H* WM064#H* WM0742H** WM1812C* WM1814C* WM1815C* WM1832C* WM2000C* WM2010C* WM2011H* WM2016C* WM2016CW WM2032H* WM204#C* WM207#C* WM2101H* WM2177H* WM2233H* WM2277H* WM2301H* WM2355C* WM2411H* WM2432H*

Touchtronic Series

kWh/ year 210 210
Active Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Active Date 8/21/2007 4/6/2007 4/6/2007 2/19/2008 7/20/2009 7/16/2008 7/1/2009 7/16/2008 7/1/2009 7/16/2008 7/1/2009 3/5/2009 7/20/2009 2/21/2008 2/21/2008 2/21/2008 5/19/2004 5/19/2004 5/19/2004 5/19/2004 5/19/2004 10/4/2007 10/4/2007 10/4/2007 1/4/2007 1/4/2007 2/22/2008 2/23/2007 10/10/2006 1/5/2009 3/24/2008 4/27/2009 5/18/2009 8/21/2007 2/15/2006 1/20/2006
Last Modified: 8/28/2009, Updated: 9/9/2009 Modified Energy Factor (MEF) 2.01 2.01 2.06 2.06 2.3 2.4 2.59 2.86 2.86 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.1 2.57 2.57 2.2 2.43 2.14 1.96 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 1.96 2.04 2.04 2.04 1.96 1.96 1.92 1.96 1.8 1.85 1.89 1.89 Federal Standard (MEF) 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 Annual Water Use (gallons/ year) 5,017 5,017 4,978 4,978 4,975 4,840 4,840 4,499 4,499 5,145 5,145 5,145 6,877 5,514 5,514 5,839 5,268 3,907 5,455 5,455 5,455 5,455 5,455 5,455 5,455 5,455 5,455 5,455 4,552 4,552 3,567 4,552 4,418 4,491 5,288 5,288 Volume (cubic feet) 3.29 3.29 3.29 3.29 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.69 3.69 3.86 3.86 3.86 3.31 3.31 3.31 3.31 3.31 2.2 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.84 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.7 2.01 1.9 1.9 Percent Better 60% 60% 63% 63% 83% 90% 106% 127% 127% 114% 114% 114% 67% 104% 104% 75% 93% 70% 56% 62% 62% 62% 62% 62% 56% 62% 62% 62% 56% 56% 52% 56% 43% 47% 50% 50% Water Factor 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.4 5.3 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.1 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 6.4 6.4 5.0 6.4 6.6 5.7 7.1 7.1
Brand Samsung Samsung Samsung Samsung Samsung Samsung Samsung Samsung Samsung Samsung Samsung Samsung Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Speed Queen Speed Queen Speed Queen Speed Queen Speed Queen Speed Queen Speed Queen Speed Queen Speed Queen Speed Queen Splendide Splendide Splendide Splendide Summit Thor Triton Triton
Model WF316*** WF317*** WF326LAS WF326LAW WF328*** WF337*** WF338*** WF409 WF419 WF428*** WF438*** WF448*** WFXD5200UC WFXD5201UC WFXD5202UC WFXD8400UC WFXD840AUC WM10S160UC AFB50+ AFN50+ AFN51+ ATE50+ ATG50+ ATSA0*** ATSA5*** CTSA0*** CTSA7*** CTSA9*** WD2100XC WD2100XCP WDC6200CEE WDC7100XC SPW1102 XQG65-11 TR 1720 TR 3720

Softline

kWh/ year 141 141
Active Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Active Date 12/21/2005 5/24/2007 12/1/2005 12/1/2005 7/17/2007 3/23/2007 3/17/2008 2/10/2009 2/10/2009 7/21/2008 6/2/2008 4/2/2008 5/4/2004 4/5/2006 8/10/2007 5/4/2004 10/3/2005 1/15/2008 9/25/2008 9/25/2008 9/25/2008 9/25/2008 9/25/2008 12/14/2006 12/14/2006 12/14/2006 12/14/2006 12/14/2006 10/23/2007 10/23/2007 11/7/2005 10/23/2007 11/6/2003 5/22/2002 2/21/2008 2/21/2008

Article (refereed)

Cape, J N.; van der Eerden, L. J.; Sheppard, L. J.; Leith, I. D.; Sutton, M. A. 2009 Evidence for changing the Critical Level for ammonia. Environmental Pollution, 157 (3). 1033-1037. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.049
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Published as Environmental Pollution 157, 1033-1037 (2009) doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.049
Evidence for changing the Critical Level for ammonia
J N Cape1, L J van der Eerden2, L J Sheppard1, I D Leith1 and M A Sutton1
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK 2 Foundation OBRAS, Centre for Art and Science, Evoramonte, Portugal.
The long-term critical level for NH3 has been revised down to 1 g m-3 for the most sensitive plant species.
Abstract The current Critical Level for ammonia (CLENH3) in Europe is set at 8 g NH3 m-3 as an annual average concentration. Recent evidence has shown specific effects of ammonia (NH3) on plant community composition (a true ecological effect) at much smaller concentrations. The methods used in setting a CLENH3 are reviewed, and the available evidence collated, in proposing a new CLENH3 for different types of vegetation. For lichens and bryophytes, we propose a new CLENH3 of 1 g NH3 m-3 as a long-term (several year) average concentration; for higher plants, there is less evidence, but we propose a CLENH3 of g NH3 m-3 for herbaceous species. There is insufficient evidence to provide a separate CLENH3 for forest trees, but the value of g NH3 m-3 is likely to exceed the empirical Critical Load for N deposition for most forest ecosystems. 1. Introduction The Critical Level (CLE) for air concentration of a pollutant gas is defined as the concentration in the atmosphere above which direct adverse effects on receptors, such as plants, ecosystems or materials, may occur according to present knowledge (Posthumus, 1988). This definition means that when direct adverse effects of a gas are shown to occur at concentrations below the accepted Critical Level, present knowledge must be updated and the Critical Level reviewed. In contrast, the Critical Load (CLO) is defined as a quantitative estimate of deposition of one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified elements of the environment do not occur according to present knowledge (Posthumus, 1988). The distinction between the definitions is important; it is much more difficult to demonstrate the absence of an effect (to test the CLO) than the presence of an effect (to challenge the CLE). There is a more fundamental difference which is not included in the specific definitions given above, the inclusion of time frames. In general, CLEs are expressed in terms of threshold concentrations not to be exceeded over 1 hour, 1 day, 1 month or 1 year, while the CLO is defined in terms of long-term potential effects (several decades) (van der Eerden et al., 1991). This is because CLOs are usually seen as operating through soil and water rather than directly on vegetation, whereas CLEs refer to direct effects of airborne gases on the vegetation. The differences in applying CLEs and CLOs to nitrogen-containing pollutants (including ammonia) are summarised in Table 1.
Cape et al. Ammonia Critical Level

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Table 1. Current differences in practice between Critical Levels (CLEs) and Critical Loads (CLOs) for N-containing air pollutants.
Summarized definition Exposure duration: Effect of peak exposures Agent: Object of interest: CLE Concentration above which effects may occur Short term (1 yr or less) Included Separate CLE for each N-compound Individual plant species CLO Deposition below which effects do not occur Long term (+ 10 yrs) Neglected
All N-compounds added Natural vegetation or forests; soils and freshwaters (ecosystems) No effect concentration: Generally: the lowest statistically Generally: estimate of a safe significant response observed in deposition level derived from experiments empirical evidence or modelling. Goal: Protection of sensitive plant species Protecting proper functioning of ecosystems Combination effects Possibility of synergism is considered Additivity is presumed (i.e. all forms of N have same effects)
CLEs for NH3 (CLENH3) were first defined at the UNECE Bad Harzburg workshop (Posthumus, 1988) and then revised at the UNECE Workshop in Egham, UK, in 1993 (Ashmore and Wilson, 1994). There have been several subsequent reviews on the effects of NH3 on vegetation (Fangmeier et al., 1994, Krupa, 2003, van der Eerden et al., 1994, WHO, 1997). The issues involved in addressing the CLENH3 and highlighted in the review articles have been summarised (Cape et al., 2008) in the proceedings of a workshop held in Edinburgh in December 2006 under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (Sutton et al., 2008a). This paper presents the rationale for reassessing the concept of a CLENH3, including the procedures used to establish the threshold concentration at which effects are observed, then examines the recent evidence for effects of NH3 on vegetation at concentrations below the original annual CLENH3 of 8 g m-3, leading to conclusions and recommendations for new CLENH3 for sensitive vegetation types. 2. Evidence for reassessing the CLENH3 Much of the debate over the effects of NH3 on vegetation arises over the distinction between direct effects of the gas on the above-ground vegetation, and the role of NH3 in acting as a source of dry-deposited nitrogen (N) to the soil or substrate, adding to the CLO for N. In practice, the current annual CLENH3 of 8 g m-3 does not protect vegetation in Europe because the CLO for N deposition would be exceeded in most ecosystems from the dry deposition of NH3 long before any direct effects would be expected to occur on the basis of the current annual CLE NH3 (Cape et al., 2008). In terms of setting CLEs, the critical question to be answered is whether (in terms of the definition above) a direct adverse effect on the receptor of NH3 can be demonstrated as distinct from any contribution of NH3 to N deposition and soil-mediated effects. Although changes in vegetation properties (e.g. tissue N concentrations) can be observed in response to NH3 (Sheppard et al., 2008b) there is generally no indication of the long-term consequences of such changes, whether adverse or otherwise. The evidence presented below is therefore derived from field-based observations of changes in populations of vegetation, where the evidence for an adverse effect is demonstrated in terms of the loss of one or more species from a community, or radical changes in the proportions of species in a community. This is a very different

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approach from that used in the initial setting of the CLE NH3, which made extensive use of laboratory experiments on plants, often species with a high N demand, growing as single species or cultivars in monocultures at constant NH3 concentrations (Posthumus, 1988). In deriving a CLENH3 from field observations, the causal relation of the exposure with an ecologically relevant end-point should be clear and quantified. Field observations also can include the interactions (in terms of effects) between NH3 exposure and environmental conditions. There is evidence of enhanced sensitivity of plants to NH3 during drought and cold, and vegetation may become more sensitive to insect or pathogen attack, or to strong winds after exposure to NH3 (Sheppard et al., 2008b, van der Eerden et al., 1991, van der Eerden et al., 2008). However, the field observations used to derive the CLENH3 will not have encompassed the full range of possible environmental conditions. Consequently, exceedance of the CLENH3 does not guarantee that an effect will be observed, nor does it guarantee that no effect will be observed in the presence of particular environmental stresses. Interactions with other gaseous pollutants are also poorly understood. There is experimental evidence of increased deposition rates of SO2 in response to NH3 (Cape et al., 1995), and of increased NH3 deposition in response to SO2 (Shaw and McLeod, 1995). However, interaction with SO2 might be expected to lead to increased deposition to external leaf surfaces, and localised depletion of gas-phase NH3 near stomata, thereby reducing internal uptake and NH3 effects. Much, but not all, of the evidence presented here is derived from observations made downwind of large intensive animal production units, which are the major point sources of NH3 in the landscape. Consequently, we need to demonstrate that the causal agent in any effects is likely to be NH3 rather than another material emitted from such sources. Corroborative evidence will be given from a long-term field fumigation study of an ombrotrophic bog which used pure NH3 (Leith et al., 2004). In all cases, the evidence is supported by measurements of NH3 concentrations at the sites of interest. Emissions from intensive livestock rearing units contain a cocktail of compounds including NH3, carbon dioxide, gaseous amines and particles containing nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. It is possible that nutrient-containing particles (dust) could play a part in any observed effects on vegetation. However, the spatial pattern of dust deposition to the landscape is rather different from that for NH3; large particles (> 10-6 m diameter) deposit rapidly, within a few tens of metres, whereas sub-micron particles are inefficiently scavenged by vegetation and may be dispersed over tens or even hundreds of km (Pryor et al., 2008). Ammonia, however, is likely to have effects up to a few hundred metres downwind, depending on the size of the source (Pitcairn et al., 2002). CO2 is emitted in large quantities in co-occurrence with NH3, but again its impact on the NH3 effect is probably negligible (Perez-Soba et al., 1994). Wet N deposition is unlikely to change markedly over short distances from the source; any increases in N deposition measured in throughfall close to point sources are most likely attributable to the removal of soluble dry deposition (mostly NH3) from plant surfaces (Cape et al., 1995) rather than direct incorporation into falling rain. The evidence presented below relies strongly on observations of lichen and bryophyte communities in response to measured NH3 concentrations. These

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communities are least likely to be influenced by N supply from the substrate, and therefore are good indicators of a direct effect of NH3 in the gas phase. 3. Procedures for deriving a CLE from an exposure-response relationship In order to establish a CLE from field observations, the main difficulty is to establish an appropriate background exposure which is below the presumed no observed effect concentration (NOEC). Air concentrations in remote rural areas of Europe are well below 1 g NH3 m-3, and, given the relatively short transport distance of gaseous NH3 in the atmosphere (tens rather than hundreds of km) may be assumed to be close to a true background. However, for many regions of Europe the regional background concentration may be several g NH3 m-3, and changes in plant communities may have already occurred many decades ago. For those regions background conditions may have to relate to the 19th century rather than to any currently available. There is documented evidence, for example, of the loss of cyanobacterial lichens in the Netherlands over the past century (WHO, 1997). This problem also arose with some of the early experimental approaches to determining NOECs, where the control NH3 concentration was several g NH3 m-3 (van der Eerden et al., 1991). We therefore need to establish, for any given location where vegetation is exposed to a source of NH3, the point at which significant changes can be observed. The word significant refers to both ecological and statistical significance. Responses in terms of growth, vitality, reproductive fitness, competitive ability, shifts in species composition etc. can be regarded as having ecological significance. But for some other responses to exposure to NH3, such as enhanced foliar contents of N, arginine or NH4+, Glutathione synthetase activity etc., the relationships with ecological end points and their dependence on environmental conditions are still insufficiently quantified even at the species level for them to be used directly as a basis for setting CLEs. In statistical terms, significant means that the measurement exceeds the background value, and has only a small probability (e.g. <5%) of falling within the range of possible values regarded as background this depends inter alia on the inherent uncertainty of the measurement method and the spatial (and temporal) variability of the measured vegetation. In some cases the exposure/response relationship shows a clear break point - the point above which the response deviates from the values observed at low concentrations - and continues to increase in response to increasing concentrations. However, for most of the new information presented here we do not know the true background or no-effect concentration, and so have had to rely on a statistical procedure to identify the point at which an effect is detectable that is statistically significantly different from that observed at the lowest concentrations observed at a given field site. The method used to identify the apparent NOEC is illustrated in Figure 1. The equation of the line that best fits the response data in terms of the measured NH 3 concentration was established by means of a least-squares analysis. The 95% confidence limits for the relationship can than be calculated. The upper 95% curve at the lowest exposure concentration estimates the largest value of the response variable that falls within the local background range (the lowest concentration measured; point A in Figure 1). If this response value is extended to higher concentrations, the point where it intersects the fitted curve (point B) indicates the lowest concentration that yields a measurement value above the local background (read from the x-axis at point C). This limiting concentration (C) is then an indication of the NOEC obtained

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from that data set. This procedure utilises all the information available (in fitting the relationship) while focussing on the lower end of the exposure scale. A measure of the appropriateness of the sampling regime (number of samples at any location) can be ascertained from the relationship between the spread of measurement data about the mean and the range of the fitted curve. In general, for the data available, either a linear or log-linear response curve has been used, although other forms of response (e.g. sigmoidal) could exist and be used in a similar fashion. This approach is a pragmatic solution to situations where the true NOEC may already have been exceeded at the point where the lowest concentration was measured. Consequently, the NOEC derived from this approach may be an overestimate. The exact form of the relationship between the response variable and the NH3 concentration may be uncertain, because of the paucity of sampling points. If an inappropriate response function is fitted, or if the data are subject to large measurement uncertainties, then the 95% confidence intervals will tend to be wide, and the apparent NOEC will again be overestimated. Consequently, the bias in this method is to overestimate the NOEC. Even where a very clear and well-fitted response is observed, the NOEC obtained is specific for the particular site, and includes no safety factor to allow for extrapolation to other sites or conditions, as often used in establishing toxicity thresholds in ecotoxicology.

3.2 tissue %N

2.4 0.1 1
10 NH3 concentration ( g m-3)
Figure 1. Illustrative example of estimation of the NOEC from measurements at several locations differing in NH3 concentration. The lowest measured concentration (A) is taken as representative of the local background concentration.

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4. Evidence for adverse effects below the CLENH3 of 1993 This section reviews recent experimental and observational data that demonstrate measurable changes in vegetation, compared to background conditions, which are directly attributable to (measured) exposure to NH3. Results from measurements on vegetation where the NH3 gas concentration has not been measured are not included (for example, studies where NH3 concentration was only indicated by quoting data relative to distance from a point source), although they may have a bearing on the spatial range over which such effects can be observed. One of the most comprehensive datasets is from Whim Bog (Sheppard et al., 2008a), reproduced as Figure 2, where the tissue %N of the moss Hypnum jutlandicum (Holmen and Warncke) is plotted in response to long-term average NH 3 concentrations after 4.5 years exposure in the field-fumigation experiment at Whim Bog, in south-east Scotland (Leith et al., 2004). In this case, the large number of data points clearly shows the linear response to a logarithmic increase in NH3 concentration, and a calculated CLENH3, as defined above, of 0.8 g NH3 m-3.

3.0 Hypnum jutlandicum 2.5 2.0 1.5 %N 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.NH3 concentration (g m-3)
Figure 2. Increase in tissue N concentration of the moss Hypnum jutlandicum in response to experimental field-fumigation with NH3 after 4.5 years of treatment (data from Sheppard et al., 2008a). Although this example only shows a measurable response to NH3, which may not be ecologically significant, it illustrates the method using real field data, and shows that plants do respond to NH3 concentrations very much smaller than the current CLENH3. Similar data have been reviewed and summarised elsewhere (Cape et al., 2008), and serve as corroborative evidence for NH3 effects at low concentrations, even though

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the measured response may not (yet) have resulted in changes in species composition or other ecologically relevant outcomes. The same approach can, however, also be used to examine the effects on community structures of measured gradients in NH3 concentrations downwind of large sources. Several indices of community response have been used: parallel spatial gradients have been shown between NH3 concentrations and Ellenberg N Index (Leith et al., 2005, Pitcairn et al., 2006). A more sensitive index, derived from the presence/absence of nitrophobe and nitrophile species (Pitcairn et al., 2006, Wolseley et al., 2006), suggested that significant changes in species composition occurred at concentrations between 1 and 3 g NH3 m-3. More recent data, derived from experiments in the UK, Switzerland, Portugal and Italy, all indicate ecologically significant effects in the range of 0.g NH3 m-3 (Frati et al., 2007, Pinho et al., 2008, Rihm et al., 2008, Sutton et al., 2008b). The results of the statistical approach described above to each of these datasets are shown in Table 2. Lichens and bryophytes represent the most sensitive types of vegetation to NH3. Table 2: Summary of NOECs of the impact of long-term exposure to NH 3 on species composition of lichens and bryophytes. NOECs were directly estimated from exposure/response curves or calculated with regression analysis. The data are from recent experimental studies, both field surveys and controlled field experiments on the impact of NH3 on vegetation.

Location Vegetation type Lowest measured NH3 concentration (g m-3) 0.6 0.8 (modelled) 0.1 1.9 (modelled) 0.5 Estimated NOEC (g m-3) 0.7 (on twigs) 1.8 (on trunks) 1.6 1.0 2.4 <4 Reference
SE Scotland, poultry farm Devon, SW England United Kingdom, national NH3 network Switzerland
Epiphytic lichens Epiphytic lichens diversity (twig) Epiphytic lichens
Lichen population index SE Scotland, field Lichens and NH3 experiment, bryophytes Whim bog damage and death Corroborative evidence * SW England Epiphytic lichens South Portugal Epiphytic lichens Italy, pig farm Epiphytic lichens
(Pitcairn et al., 2004, Sutton et al., 2008b) (Wolseley et al., 2006) (Leith et al., 2005, Sutton et al., 2008b) (Rihm et al., 2008) (Sheppard et al., 2008a) (Leith et al., 2005) (Pinho et al., 2008) (Frati et al., 2007)

1.5 0.5 0.7

ca. 2.5
* In these cases NH3 concentration data were available for less than one year, which is why these results are categorised as corroborative evidence.
5. Proposal for new CLEs The data in Table 2 suggest that the current annual CLE NH3 does not protect the most sensitive components of ecosystems, namely lichens and bryophytes, and probably also some of the more sensitive higher plant species. The changes in species composition observed for ecosystems that contain lichens and/or bryophytes suggest

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that long-term exposure at concentrations lower than 8 g NH3 m-3 would lead to changes in species, and possibly species extinction. In this case, long-term refers to a period of several years, sufficient for such changes to occur. Based on the NOEC data in Table 2, a long-term CLENH3 for these systems should be set at 1 g NH3 m-3. For higher plants, there is much less new information, but two studies indicate that the current CLENH3 of 8 g m-3 is too high as a long-term threshold for higher plants in natural vegetation. (1) Changes in woodland ground flora downwind of an intensive animal unit in SW England suggest a threshold of 4 g m-3 (Leith et al., 2005). (2) Comparison of the increasing rate of death of Calluna vulgaris at a field fumigation experiment in Scotland (Whim bog) with the death rate of the lichen Cladonia spp. indicates consistently that Calluna death occurs at a concentration 2.2 times that at which Cladonia is killed (Sheppard et al., 2008a); this implies a no effect concentration for Calluna of around 2 g m-3. On the basis of these results, we propose the long-term CLENH3 for higher plants as 3 g NH3 m-3. Although data are sparse, it is likely that the CLENH3 as defined above would protect bogs, heathland, woodland ground flora and probably also oligotrophic grassland, from NH3-driven shifts in species composition, and the potential for species extinctions. There is too little experimental information to propose a long-term CLENH3 for all ecosystems or habitats. However, the proposed long-term CLENH3 for higher plants is likely to be no more restrictive than the existing CLO for most habitats, based on estimating the contribution of 3 g NH3 m-3 to dry deposition of N in most ecosystems. For example, typical values for the UK would be 15-20 kg N ha-1 y-1 for short vegetation, and up to 30 kg N ha-1 y-1 for tall vegetation, in addition to the deposition of other N species (wet and dry). 6. Conclusions and recommendations The current annual CLENH3 of 8 g NH3 m-3 is of little practical use because it was not defined in terms of sensitive ecosystems, and because it is not as precautionary as empirical Nitrogen Critical Loads for most of the semi-natural habitat types of Europe. Clear evidence has emerged, especially from field studies in the UK, but also from several other European countries, of effects of NH3 on vegetation at concentrations well below the current annual CLENH3. Based on that evidence, a longterm CLENH3 of 1 g NH3 m-3 can be assumed to be protective for biodiversity of most sensitive ecosystems. A long-term CLENH3 of 3 g NH3 m-3 is probably protective for biodiversity of systems if bryophytes and lichens are not included. Despite the progress made in recent years, several uncertainties still remain. Additional work is required to allow inter-conversion of CLEs and CLOs. In particular, uncertainty exists as to the appropriate deposition velocities linking CLEs and CLOs for climatic zones outside the western maritime conditions of western Europe, especially for colder and drier climates. As with the CLO, it is expected that interactions with other plant stresses will modify the CLE, although there are few data on the quantitative interaction with high and low temperatures or drought stress. There are some indications, for example, that cold and drought stress make Calluna more sensitive to NH3 (Sheppard et al., 2008b). The presence of other pollutants may also affect the response of vegetation to NH3, particularly at low concentrations of NH3. There are major gaps in our knowledge of the deposition behaviour and compensation

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points of NH3, and the relative importance of the different N compounds that contribute to CLOs. We recommend: that the long-term annual average Critical Level (CLENH3) for lichens, bryophytes, and for ecosystems in which they are important, be set at 1 g NH3 m-3; that the long-term annual average Critical Level (CLENH3) for higher vegetation be set at 3 g NH3 m-3, recognizing that this figure is more uncertain, and that it should be expressed as a range of g NH3 m-3 In defining the CLENH3 in terms of air concentrations, it is assumed that appropriate methods are available to measure NH3. For long-term averages, passive diffusion samplers provide adequate precision and accuracy (Leith et al., 2004, Sutton et al., 2001, Tang et al., 2001), but care must be taken with their deployment in the field. The CLENH3 defined above are based on NH3 concentrations measured at a height of 1-2 m above the vegetation surface. Where the surface is an important sink for NH 3 there will be marked vertical concentration gradients (Cape et al., 2008), so that the measurement height in relation to the CLENH3 becomes important, and should also be standardized, for example at 1.5m above the surface of short vegetation. The proposed CLENH3 are based on empirical evidence for responses of the sensitive species within a community. Directly applicable quantitative information on causal relations and on inter-species variation in sensitivity is still scarce. Deriving methods for linking physiological and biochemical measurements on plants to observed shifts in species composition would greatly assist in detailed analysis of existing information. Ecosystem models that simulate N cycles and biomass production could be useful, but are still in a preliminary state of development for the purpose of assessing CLENH3. References Ashmore, M.R., Wilson, R.B. (Eds.), 1994. Critical Levels of Air Pollutants for Europe. Department of the Environment, London, 209 pp. Cape, J.N., Sheppard, L.J., Binnie, J., Arkle, P., Woods, C., 1995. Throughfall deposition of ammonium and sulphate during ammonia fumigation of a Scots pine forest. Water Air and Soil Pollution 85 (4), 2247-2252. Cape, J.N., van der Eerden, L.J., Sheppard, L.J., Leith, I.D., Sutton, M.A., 2008. Reassessment of Critical Levels for ammonia. In: Sutton, M.A., Baker, S., Reis, S. (Eds.), Atmospheric Ammonia: Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts. Springer, in press. Fangmeier, A., Hadwiger-Fangmeier, A., van der Eerden, L., Jger, H.J., 1994. Effects of Atmospheric Ammonia on Vegetation - A Review. Environmental Pollution 86 (1), 43-82. Frati, L., Santoni, S., Nicolardi, V., Gaggi, C., Brunialti, G., Guttova, A., Gaudino, S., Pati, A., Pirintsos, S.A., Loppi, S., 2007. Lichen biomonitoring of ammonia emission and nitrogen deposition around a pig stockfarm. Environmental Pollution 146 (2), 311-316. Krupa, S.V., 2003. Effects of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) on terrestrial vegetation: a review. Environmental Pollution 124 (2), 179-221. Leith, I.D., Sheppard, L.J., Fowler, D., Cape, J.N., Jones, M., Crossley, A., Hargreaves, K.J., Tang, Y.S., Theobald, M., Sutton, M.A., 2004. Quantifying

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dry NH3 deposition to an ombrotrophic bog from an automated NH3 field release system. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus 4 (6), 207-218. Leith, I.D., van Dijk, N., Pitcairn, C.E.R., Wolseley, P.A., Whitfield, C.P., Sutton, M.A., 2005. Biomonitoring methods for assessing the impacts of nitrogen pollution: refinement and testing. ISSN 0963 8901, JNCC, Peterborough. Perez-Soba, M., van der Eerden, L.J.M., Stulen, I., Kuiper, P.J.C., 1994. Gaseous Ammonia Counteracts the Response of Scots Pine Needles to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon-Dioxide. New Phytologist 128 (2), 307-313. Pinho, P., Branquinho, C., Cruz, C., Tang, S.Y., Dias, T., Rosa, A.P., Mguas, C., Louoa, M.A.M., Sutton, M.A., 2008. Assessment of critical levels of atmospherically ammonia for lichen diversity in cork-oak woodland, Portugal. In: Reis, S., Sutton, M.A. (Eds.), Atmospheric Ammonia - Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts Springer, Berlin, in press. Pitcairn, C.E.R., Leith, I.D., Sheppard, L.J., Sutton, M.A., 2006. Development of a nitrophobe/nitrophile classification for woodlands, grasslands and upland vegetation in Scotland. AS06/03 for SEPA, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik. Pitcairn, C.E.R., Leith, I.D., Sheppard, L.J., van Dijk, N., Tang, Y.S., Wolseley, P.A., James, P., Sutton, M.A., 2004. Feild intercomparison of different bio-indicator methods to assess the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. In: Sutton, M.A., Pitcairn, C.E.R., Whitfield, C.P. (Eds.), Bioindicator and biomonitoring methods for assessing the effects of atmospheric nitorgen on statutory nature conservation sites. JNCC Report 356, pp. 168-177. Pitcairn, C.E.R., Skiba, U.M., Sutton, M.A., Fowler, D., Munro, R., Kennedy, V., 2002. Defining the spatial impacts of poultry farm ammonia emissions on species composition of adjacent woodland ground flora using Ellenberg Nitrogen Index, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions and foliar nitrogen as marker variables. Environmental Pollution 119 (1), 9-21. Posthumus, A.C., 1988. Critical levels for effects of ammonia and ammonium., Proceedings of the Bad Harzburg Workshop. UBA, Berlin, pp. 117-127. Pryor, S.C., Gallagher, M., Sievering, H., Larsen, S.E., Barthelmie, R.J., Birsan, F., Nemitz, E., Rinne, J., Kulmala, M., Groenholm, T., Taipale, R., Vesala, T., 2008. A review of measurement and modelling results of particle atmospheresurface exchange. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology 60, 42-75. Rihm, B., Urech, M., Peter, K., 2008. Mapping Ammonia Emissions and Concentrations for Switzerland Effects on Lichen Vegetation. In: Sutton, M.A., Baker, S., Reis, S. (Eds.), Atmospheric Ammonia - Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts Springer, Berlin, in press. Shaw, P.J.A., McLeod, A.R., 1995. The effects of SO2 and O3 on the foliar nutrition of Scots pine, Norway spruce and Sitka spruce in the Liphook open-air fumigation experiment. Plant Cell and Environment 18 (3), 237-245. Sheppard, L.J., Leith, I.D., Crossley, A., van Dijk, N., Fowler, D., Sutton, M.A., 2008a. Long-term cumulative exposure exacerbates the effects of atmospheric ammonia on an ombrotrophic bog: Implications for Critical Levels. In: Sutton, M.A., Baker, S., Reis, S. (Eds.), Atmospheric Ammonia - Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts Springer, Berlin, in press. Sheppard, L.J., Leith, I.D., Crossley, A., van Dijk, N., Fowler, D., Sutton, M.A., Woods, C., 2008b. Stress responses of Calluna vulgaris to reduced and

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oxidised N applied under 'real world conditions' Environmental Pollution in press. Sutton, M.A., Baker, S., Reis, S. (Eds.), 2008a. Atmospheric Ammonia - Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts Springer, Berlin, in press Sutton, M.A., Miners, B., Tang, Y.S., Milford, C., Wyers, G.P., Duyzer, J.H., Fowler, D., 2001. Comparison of low cost measurement techniques for long-term monitoring of atmospheric ammonia. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 3 (5), 446-453. Sutton, M.A., Wolseley, P.A., Leith, I.D., van Dijk, N., Tang, Y.S., James, P.W., Theobald, M.R., Whitfield, C.P., 2008b. Estimation of the ammonia critical level for epiphytic lichens based on observations at farm, landscape and national scales. In: Sutton, M.A., baker, S., Reis, S. (Eds.), Atmospheric Ammonia - Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts Springer, Berlin, pp. in press. Tang, Y.S., Cape, J.N., Sutton, M.A., 2001. Development and types of passive samplers for monitoring atmospheric NO2 and NH3 concentrations. The Scientific World 1, 513-529. van der Eerden, L.J., Dueck, T.A., Berdowski, J.J.M., Greven, H., van Dobben, H.F., 1991. Influence of NH3 and (NH4)2SO4 on heathland vegetation. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 40 (4), 281-296. van der Eerden, L.J., Dueck, T.A., Posthumus, A.C., Tonneijck, A.E.G., 1994. In: Ashmore, M.R., Wilson, R.B. (Eds.), Critical Levels of Air Pollutants for Europe. Department of the Environment, Air Quality Division, London, pp. 55-63. van der Eerden, L.J., Sheppard, L.J., Sutton, M.A., 2008. Considerations at defining Critical Levels for NH3. In: Sutton, M.A., Baker, S., Reis, S. (Eds.), Atmospheric Ammonia - Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts Springer, Berlin, pp. in press. WHO, 1997. Effects of atmospheric nitrogen compounds (particularly nitrogen oxides) on plants, Nitrogen Oxides (Second Edition), Environmental Health Criteria 188. World Health Organisation, Geneva, pp. 115-192. Wolseley, P.A., James, P.W., Theobald, M.R., Sutton, M.A., 2006. Detecting changes in epiphytic lichen communities at sites affected by atmospheric ammonia from agricultural sources. Lichenologist 38, 161-176.

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