Publications of Dr. Baldev Raj
PAPERS IN JOURNALS/ ENCYCLOPEDIA/ HANDBOOKS/ REFEREED BOOKS
Research Development Failure Analysis Review Papers Refereed Books Encyclopedia Articles Books/Monographs Authored Books/Special Issues of Journals Edited Guest Editor of Special Issue of Journals/Encyclopedia OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS OF MERIT

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Status Papers International Benchmarks IAEAs Perspective in Indias Nuclear Programme Standards International Institute of Welding Documents Popular Articles Popular Books Courses in Educational Institutes Patents Citation Index LECTURES ON INVITATION (Manuscripts in edited volumes) Honour Plenary Key note Invited : : : :

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PublicationsofDr.BaldevRaj,Director,IGCAR(Lastupdate:Dec.2010)
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS IN STANDARD JOURNALS
RESEARCH PAPERS 1. S. Bagavathiappan, John Philip, T. Jayakumar, Baldev Raj, P.N. Someshwar Rao, M. Varalakshmi and V. Mohan, 2010, Correlation between the plantar foot temperature and diabetic neuropathy A case study using infrared thermal imaging technique, Journal of Diabetes Science & Technology, 4(6), 13861392 Comparative study of ULOF analysis of 1000 MWe and 500 MWe FBR metal cores and their inherent safety, 2010, Annals of Nucler Energy (accepted) G.K. Pandey, I. Banerjee, G. Padmakumar, C. Anand Babu, K.K. Rajan, G. Vaidyanathan, P. Kalyanasundaram, S.C. Chetal and Baldev Raj, 2010, Development of labyrinth sealing devices for PFBR subassemblies, Journal of Nuclear Technology (accepted) John Philip, Damodaran, P.D. Shima and Baldev Raj, 2010, Synthesis of Aqueous and non-aqueous iron oxide nanofluids and study of temperature dependence on thermal conductivity, particle aggregation and viscosity, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 114(44), 1882518833. C.R. Das, N. Kumar, S. Dash, P. Chandramohan, M.P. Srinivasan, A.K. Tyagi, S.K. Albert, A.K. Bhaduri and Baldev Raj, 2010, Evolution of tribological properties of reactor grade NiCR-B coating, Journal of Tribology Transaction (accepted) Baldev Raj and T. Jayakumar, 2010, Development of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steels and fabrication technologies for Indian test blanket module, Journal of Nuclear Materials (accepted) N.K. Sinha and Baldev Raj, 2010, Development of polymeric applications for sodium cooled fast breeder reactors: Chronicles of inception, progress and achievements, Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, pp. 2925-2947 Junaid M. Laskar, John Philip and Baldev Raj, 2010, Experimental investigation of magnetic field induced aggregation kinetics in non-aqueous ferrofluids, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics 2010, 82 (1),pp. Subhasis Rana, John Philip and Baldev Raj, 2010, Micelle based synthesis fo cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and its characterization using Fourier transform infrared transmission spectrometry and thermogravimetry, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 124(1), 264-269 T.R. Ravindran, A.K. Arora, S. Ramya, R.V. Subba Rao and Baldev Raj, 2010, Raman spectroscopic study of medieval Indian art of 17th century, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy (Published online) R. Krishnan, Tom Mathews, A.K. Balamurugan, S. Dash, A.K. Tyagi, V. Jayaraman and Baldev Raj, 2009, Reactive pulsed laser deposition of titanium nitride thin film: Optimization of process parameters using secondary ion mass spectrometry, Applied Surface Science, 256(10) 3077-3080 C.V. Srinivas, R. Venkatesan, V. Yesubabu, C. Nagaraju, K.M. Somayaji, P. Chellapandi and Baldev Raj, 2010, Assimilation of conventional and satellite wind observations in a mesoscale atmospheric model for studying atmospheric dispersion, Atmospheric Environment, 44(24),2846-2864 N. Kumar, S. Kataria, S. Dash, A.K. Tyagi and Baldev Raj, 2010, Cyclic loading effect on tribological tests during intermetallic contacts of long chained hydrocarbons, Journal of Tribology Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 4(4) 167-176 C.R. Das, S. Dhara, Baldev Raj, A.K. Bhaduri, S.K. Albrt, A.K. Tyagi, Yeau-Ren Jeng, Ping-Chi Tsai, H.C. Hsu, L.C. Chen and K.H. Chen, 2010, Direct observation of amorphization in load rate dependent nanoindentation studies of crystalline Si, Applied Physics Letters 96, 253113

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M. Nani Babu, B. Shanshank Dutt, S. Venugopal, G. Sasikala, A.K. Bhaduri, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2010, On the anomalous temperature dependency of fatigue crack growth of SS 316(N) weld near threshold, Journal of Materials Science & Engineering A, 527(20) 5122-5129 K. Boobalan, R. Vijayaraghavan, K. Chidambaram, U. Kamachi Mudali and Baldev Raj, 2010, Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline zirconia powders by glowing combustion method, Journal of American Ceramic Society, 93(11), 36513656 P. Chellapandi, S.C. Chetal and Baldev Raj, 2009, Structural integrity assessment of reactor assembly components of a pool type sodium fast reactor under core disruptive accident, Journal of Nuclear Technology (accepted) (Title is looking to be same as sl.no.21 & 22) C. Pandian, M. Kasinathan, S. Sosamma, C. Babu Rao, T. Jayakumar, N. Murali and Baldev Raj, 2010, Single fiber grid with improved spatial resolution in distributed optical fiber sensor system, Optics Letters, 35(10), 1677-1679. B. Sasi, B.P.C. Rao, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2010, Characterization of solution annealed VT-14 titanium alloy using eddy current based electrical resistivity measurements, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 63(5), pp. 773-777 C.K. Mukhopadhyay, K.V. Rajkumar, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2010, Study of tensile deformation behavior of M250 maraging steel using acoustic emission, Journal of Materials Science 45, pp. 13711384 P.Chellapandi. S.C.Chetal and Baldev Raj, 2010, Structural Integrity Assessment of Reactor Assembly Components of A Pool Type Sodium Fast Reactor under Core Disruptive Accident - Part 1 : Development of Computer Code and Validations, Journal of Nuclear Technology 172(1), pp.1-15 P.Chellapandi. S.C.Chetal and Baldev Raj, 2010, Structural Integrity Assessment of Reactor Assembly Components of A Pool Type Sodium Fast Reactor under Core Disruptive Accident - Part 2 : Analysis for a 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, Journal of Nuclear Technology 172, pp. 16-28 R. Vijayashree, R. Veerasamy, Sudheer Patri, P. Chellapandi, G. Vaidyanathan, S.C. Chetal and Baldev Raj, 2010, Design, development, testing and qualification of diverse safety rod and its drive mechanism for a Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, Nuclear Power Issue of the Journal of Engineeirng for Gas Turbines and Power 132(10), pp. 102921-1-102921-9 K. Arunmuthu, P. Arun Kumar, T. Saravanan, John Philip, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2010, Automatic detection and sizing of pores using hough transform, INSIGHT Journal of European NDT 52(10), pp. 540-547 M. Menaka, B. Venkataraman and Baldev Raj, 2010, Materials characterization using lock in thermography, Journal of Non-destructive Evaluation (in print) S. Sathyanarayanan, A. Moitra, G. Sasikala, A. Dasgupta, S. Saroja, A.K. Bhaduri, Baldev Raj and Vakil Singh, 2010, Characterization of crack arrest phenomena in a modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, Journal of Testing and Evaluation 39(3), pp. M.G. Hemanath, C. Meikandamurthy, A. Ashok Kumr, S. Chandramouli, K.K. Rajan, M. Rajan, G. Vaidyanathan, G. Padmakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 2010, Theoretical and experimental performance analysis for cold trap design, Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, pp. 27372744 K.K. Kuriakose, Baldev Raj, S.A.V. Satya Murty and P. Swaminathan, 2010, Knowledge management maturity models A morphological analysis, Journal of Knowledge Management Practices 11(3), 1-12 B.K. Choudhary, C. Phaniraj and Baldev Raj, 2010, Interesting relationships for creep deformation and damage and their applicability for 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel, Special Issue on Creep, Fatigue and CreepFatigue Interaction, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 63(2-3), pp. 675-680

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P. Chellapandi, S.C. Chetal and Baldev Raj, 2009, Thermal stripping limits for components of sodium cooled fast spectrum reactors, Nuclear Engineering & Design 239, pp. 2754-2765 A.K. Bhaduri, G. Srinivasan, A. Klenk and Baldev Raj, 2009, Study of hot cracking behaviour of 14Cr15Ni-2.5Mo Ti-modified fully austenite stainless steel using varestraint and hot ductility tests, Welding in the World 54(1/2), pp. 17-27 C. Pandian, M. Kasinathan, S. Sosamma, C. Babu Rao, N. Murali, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2009, One dimensional temperature reconstruction for Raman distributed temperature sensor, Journal of Optical Society of America B26, pp. 2423-2426 Baldev Raj, T. Jayakumar, S. Mahadevan and Sanjay K. Rai, 2009, X-ray diffraction based residual stress measurements for assessment of fatigue damage and rejuvenation process for undercarriages of aircrafts, Journal of Non-Destrcutive Evaluation - Special Issue on Residual Stress Characterization of Aerospace Alloys 28, pp. 157-162 S. Bagavathiappan, Y. Siva Sankar, M.C.S. Kumar, John Philip, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2009, Active infrared thermal imaging for quantitative analysis of defects and delaminations in composite materials, Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 8(1), pp. 28-36 Junaid M. Laskar, John Philip and Baldev Raj, 2009, Experimental evidence for reversible zippering of chains in magnetic nanofluids under external magnetic fields, Physical Review E80, pp. 1-7 S. Thirunavukkarasu, B.P.C. Rao, S. Mahadevan, T. Jayakumar, Baldev Raj, Z. Zeng, L. Udpa and S.S. Udpa, 2009, Finite element modeling for detection of localized defects using remote field eddy current technique, Journal of Research in Nondestructive Evaluation (Taylor and Francis) 20(3), pp. 145-258 S. Banerjee, N. Gayathri, S. Dash, A.K. Tyagi and Baldev Raj, 2009, Imaging elastic property of surfaces at nanoscale using atomic force microscopy, Applied Surface Science 256(2), pp. 503-507 G, Mangamma, Mohan Kant, M.S.R. Rao, S. Dash, A.K. Tyagi and Baldev Raj, 2009, Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy of Nanostructured SiC coatings, Journal of Scanning Probe Microscopy 4, pp.1-6 C. Pandian, S. Sosamma, M. Kasinathan, C. Babu Rao, N. Murali, T. Jayakumar, Baldev Raj, Manoj Kumar Saxena, S.D.V.S.J. Raju, Rakesh Sharma and Sanjay Kher, 2009, Identification of a dormant thermally stimulated defect in an optical fibre using a raman sensor, INSIGHT European Journal of NDT 51(10), pp. 568-569 K.V. Govindankutty, P.R. Vasudeva Rao and Baldev Raj, 2009, Current status of the development of the fast reactor fuel cycle in India, Revue Generale Nucleaire 6, pp. 120-126 L. Satyanarayanan, Anish Kumar, T. Jayakumar, C.V. Krishnamurthy, Krishnan Balasubramaniam and Baldev Raj, 2009, Sizing cracks in power plant components using array based ultrasonic techniques, Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 28, pp. 111-124 S. Ayyappan, John Philip and Baldev Raj, 2009, Effect of digestion time on size and magnetic poperties of spinel COFe2O4, Journal of Physical Chemistry C113, pp. 590-596 P.D. Shima, John Philip and Baldev Raj, 2009, Role of microconvection induced by Brownian motion of nanoparticles in the enhanced thermal conductivity of stable nanofluids, Applied Physics Letters 94, pp. 223101 P.D. Shima, John Philip and Baldev Raj, 2009, Magnetically controllable nanofulid with thermal conductivity and viscosity, Applied Physics Letters 95, 1 (2009) pp. 133112 N. Padhy, S. Ningshen, U. Kamachi Mudali and Balidev Raj, 2009, In-situ surface investigations of austenitic stainless steel in nitric acid medium using electrochemical atomic force microscopy, Scripta materialia 62, pp. 45-48

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P.K. Ajikumar, Ananthi Sankaran, M. Kamruddin, R. Nithya, P. Shankar, S. Dash, A.K. Tyagi and Baldev Raj, 2006, Morphology and growth aspects of Cr(N) phases on gas nitridation of chromium plated 316LN stainless steel, Surface Science and Coatings Technology 201(1-2), p. 102-107 C.K. Mukhopadhyay, S. Venugopal, T. Jayakumar, S.L. Mannan, Baldev Raj, B. Chatterji, R.Srinivasan, V. Gopalakrishnan, G. Madhusudan and R.S. Tripathi, 2006, Optimization of the positioning of acoustic emission sensor for monitoring hot forging process, Journal of Materials and Manufacturing Processes 21, pp. 533-539 C.K. Mukhopadhyay, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2006, Application of non-destructuve evaluation techniques for conditioning moniroting of components and plants Part 1: Vibration and Acoustic Emission Techniques, International Journal COMADEM 9, p.23 G. Mangamma, T.N. Sairam, S. Dash, M. Rajalakshmi, M. Kamruddin, V.K. Mittal, S.V. Narasimhan, A.K. Arora, C.S. Sundar, A.K. Tyagi and Baldev Raj, 2006, Spectroscopic characterization of nanocrystalline chromium nitride (CrN), Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7(3), pp. 970-976 B. Venkataraman, Baldev Raj and M. Menaka, 2006, Thermal imaging and MLP based ANN for characterizing tensile deformation and predicting strain rate, Journal of Non-Destructive Testing & Evaluation, Special Issue on Thermography 5(3), pp.48-57 N.M. Mandhitha, N. Manoharan, B. Sheela Rani, B. Venkataraman, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 2006, Automatic detection and quantification of incomplete penetration in TIG welding through segmentation and morphological image processing of thermographs, NDT.net Database, pp. 17-22 Baldev Raj, 2006, Frontiers of research in NDE, NDT.net Database Baldev Raj and B. Venkataraman, 2006, Reliable and relevant non-destructive measurement for robust technologies, NDT.net Database N.V. Wagle, A. Pais, Sunil Kumar, B. Venkataraman and Baldev Raj, 2006, Simple and novel solutions to countering uneven density variations in microfocal radiographs, NDT.net Database Sony Baby, K.V. Rajkumar, R. Subbaratnam, T. Balasubramanian, R.J. Pardikar, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2006, Time of flight diffraction and synthetic aperture focusing technique for NDT of weldments, Matrials Evaluation 64(11), pp. 1089-1096 K.K. Satpathy, U. Natesan, S. Kalaivani, A.K. Mohanty, M. Rajan and Baldev Raj, 2006, Total dissolved copper concentrations in coastal waters of Kalpakkam, Current Science 91(8), pp. 1008-1010 Baldev Raj, B.Venkataraman, R. Balasubramaniam and V. Jeyaraj, 2006, Bronze icons, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 59(6), pp. 883-897 G. Gnanaprakash, S. Ayyappan, T. Jayakumar, John Philip and Baldev Raj, 2006, Magnetic nanoparticles with enhanced to -Fe2O3 phase transition temperature, Nanotechnology 17, pp.58515857 S. Muthu Kumaran, N. Priyadharsini, V. Rajendran, T. Jayakumar, P. Palanichamy, P. Shankar and Baldev Raj, 2006, In-situ high temperature ultrasonic evaluation for online characterization of fine scale precipitation reactions in 8090 Al-Li alloy, Materials Science & Engineering A 435-436, pp. 29-39 S. Bagavathiappan, T. Saravanan, John Philip, B. Venkataraman, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj 2006, X-ray radiography for development of defect-freee electrochemical hydrogen meter for sodium systems, INSIGHT, European Journal of NDT 48(10), pp. 1-6. S. Maneka, S. Bagavathiappan, B. Venkataraman, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2006, Characterization of adhesively bonded laminates using radiography and infrared thermal imaging techniques, INSIGHT European Journal of NDT 48(10), pp. 606-612

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M. Vasudevan, A.K. Bhaduri and Baldev Raj, 2005, Modeling the solidification mode in austenitic stainless steel welds, Welding in the World Journal of International institute of Welding 49, pp. 380387 (Special Issue) C. Phaniraj, B.K. Choudhary, Baldev Raj and T. Jayakumar, 2005, Comment on Deformation and damage processing during creep of Incoloy MA957 by B. Wilshire and T.D. Lieu (Materials Science & Engineering A386 (2004) 81, Materials Science and Engineering A398, pp. 373-375 Baldev Raj, T. Jayakumar and S. Vaidyanathan, 2005, Magnetic Barkhausen emission analysis for assessment of microstructures and damage, INSIGHT European Journal of NDT 47(1), pp. 36-41 S. Banerjee, N. Gayathri, S. Dash, A.K. Tyagi and Baldev Raj, 2005, A comparative study of contact resonance imaging using atomic force microscopy, Applied Physics Letters 86 (1), pp.211913-211916 P. Mukherjee, A. Sarkar, P. Barat, Baldev Raj and U. Kamachi Mudali, 2005, Microstructural studies on lattice imperfections in irradiated titanium and Ti-5%Ta-2%Nb by X-ray diffraction line profile analysis, Metallurgical & Materials Transactions 36A, pp. 2351 M. Vasudevan, A.K. Bhaduri, Baldev Raj and K. Prasada Rao, 2005, Modeling correlation between the alloy composition and the ferrite number in duplex stainless steel welds, Materials Science & Technology 21(4), pp.387-392 M. Vasudevan, B.P.C. Rao, B. Venkataraman, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2005, Artificial neural network modeling for evaluating the austentic stainless steel and zircalloy-2 welds, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 169(3), pp.396-400 Baldev Raj, P. Kalyanasundaram, T. Jayakumar, C. Babu Rao, B. Venkataraman, U. Kamachi Mudali, A. Joseph, Anish Kumar and K.V. Rajkumar, 2005, Nondestructive evaluation of Delhi Iron Pillar, Current Science 88(12), pp.1948-1956 L. Thair, U. Kamachi Mudali, R. Asokamani and Baldev Raj, 2004, Corrosion properties of surface modified Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy under pulsed plasma nitriding and nitrogen ion implantation conditions, Surface Engineering 20(1), pp. 11-16 Baldev Raj, T. Jayakumar and Anish Kumar, 2004, NDE of titanium alloys, Transactions of Indian Institute of Metals 57(1), pp. 13-24 H. Shaikh, N. Sivaibharasi, B. Sasi, T. Anita, R. Amrithalingam, B.P.C. Rao, Tar, H.S. Khatak and Baldev Raj, 2004, Use of eddy current testing method in detection and evaluation of sensitisation and intergranular corrosion in austenitic stainless steels, Corrosion Science and Update 48, pp.1462-1482 Girija Suresh, U. Kamachi Mudali, V.R. Raju, R.K. Dayal and Baldev Raj, 2004, Effect of surface treatment on the pitting corrosion resistance of AISI type 316LN stainless steel in neutral chloride solution, Materials Performance, NACE, USA (communicated) B. Venkataraman, C.K. Mukhopadhyay and Baldev Raj, 2004, Effect of variation of strain rate on thermal and acoustic emission during tensile deformation of nuclear grade AISI type 316 stainless steel, Materials Science & Technology, 20(10), pp. 1310-1316; P.K. Ajikumar, M. Kamruddin, R. Nithya, P. Shankar, S. Dash, A.K. Tyagi and Baldev Raj, 2004, Surface nitridation of Ti and Cr in ammonia atomosphere, Scripta Materialia 51, pp. 361-366 S. Thirunavukkarasu, B.P.C. Rao, T. Jayakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 2004, Quantitative eddy current testing using radial basis function neural networks, Materials Evaluation 62(1), pp. 1213-1217 L. Thair, U. Kamachi Mudali, R. Asokamani and Baldev Raj, 2004, Influence of microstructural changes on corrosion behaviour of thermally aged Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, Materials and Corrosion 55(5), pp. 358-366

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V. Moorthy, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 1995, Acoustic emission during pre-yield deformation in solution annealed and cold rolled AISI type 316 stainless steel, Transaction of Indian Institute of Metals 48, pp.383-387 V. Moorthy, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 1995, Acoustic emission technique for detecting micro- and macro- yielding in solution annealed AISI type 316 austenitic stainless steel, Journal of Pressure Vessel & Piping 64, pp.161-168 C.K. Mukhopadhyay, T. Jayakumar, K.V. Kasiviswanathan and Baldev Raj, 1995, Study of ageing induced martensite formation in cold worked AISI type 304 stainless steel using an acoustic emission technique, Journal of Materials Science 30, pp.4556-4560 P. Palanichamy, A. Joseph, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 1995, Ultrasonic velocity measurements for estimation of grain size in austenitic stainless steel, NDT & E International 28(3), pp.179-185 C.K. Mukhopadhyay, K.V. Kasiviswanathan, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 1993, Acoustic emission from ageing induced martensite formation in cold worked AISI type 304 stainless steel, Scripta Metallurgica 30(3), pp.33-37 P. Barat, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 1993, Acoustic emission source location on a cylindrical surface, NDT & E International 26, pp.295-295 B.P.C. Rao, T. Jayakumar, D.K. Bhattacharya and Baldev Raj, 1993, New methodology for precise ultrasonic velocity measurement and its application, Journal of Pure & Applied Ultrasonics 15(2) R. Kesavamoorthy, C. Babu Rao and Baldev Raj, 1993, Instability of a two dimensional colloidal crystal at a water-air interface, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 5, pp.8805-8814 T. Jayakumar, Baldev Raj, D.K. Bhattacharya, P. Rodriguez and O. Prabhakar, 1993, Influence of MC type carbides on acoustic emission generated during tensile deformation and fracture in Nimonic alloy PE-16, Journal of Acoustic Emission 11(1), pp.43-51 C.K. Mukhopadhyay, K.V. Kasiviswanathan, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 1993, Acoustic emission during tensile deformation of annealed and cold worked AISI type 304 stainless steel, Journal of Materials Scinece 28, pp.145-154 S. Kanmani, C. Babu Rao and Baldev Raj, 1993, On the computation of the Minkowski dimension using morphological operations, Journal of Microscopy 170, pp.81-85 T. Jayakumar, T.D. Koble, W.A. Theiner and Baldev Raj, 1993, Magnetic methods for characterisation of cold rolled AISI type 304 stainless steel, NDT & E International 10, pp. 205-214 D.K. Bhattacharya, T. Jayakumar, V. Moorthy, S. Vaidyanathan and Baldev Raj, 1993, Characterisation of microstructures in 17-4 PH stainless steel by magnetic Barkhausen noise analysis, Commemorative Edition of the 13th WCNDT, Sao Paulo, Brazil, October 1992, NDT & E International 26(3), pp.141-148. (One of the 8 papers selected out of more than 300 papers accepted for presentation) C. Babu Rao, B.P.C. Rao and Baldev Raj, 1992, Reconstruction of image with abrupt discontinuities, Acta Stereologica 11(1), pp.237-242 C. Babu Rao, B.P.C. Rao, D.K. Bhattacharya and Baldev Raj, 1992, Use of impedance image in inservice inspection of structural components, Acta Stereologica 11(1), pp.273-278 S. Kanmani, C. Babu Rao, D.K. Bhattacharya and Baldev Raj, 1992, Multifractal analysis of stress corrosion cracks, Acta Stereologica 11(1), pp.349-354 T. Jayakumar, Baldev Raj, D.K. Bhattacharya and O. Prabhakar, 1992, Influence of coherent on AE generated during tensile deformation in Nimonic alloy PE 16, Materials Science & Engineering A150, pp.51-58

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17. S. Murugan, Sanjai K. Rai, P.V. Kumar, T. Jayakumar, Baldev Raj and M.S.C. Bose, 2005, Temperature distribution and residual stresses due to multipass welding in type 304 stainless steel and low carbon steel weld pads, International Journal of Pressure Vessels & Piping 78(4), pp. 307-317 18. Baldev Raj, The core of stage two Feature article on Fuel and Fuel Cycle, September 2005, Nuclear Engineering International, pp. 36-37 19. Anish Kumar, K.V. Rajkumar, P. Palanichamy, T. Jayakumar, V.H. Patankar, V.M. Joshi, B.K. Lande, R. Chellapandian, K.V. Kasiviswanathan and Baldev Raj, 2005, Development and application of C-scan ultrasonic facility, Journal of Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation 4(1), pp. 11-16 20. S. Vaidyanathan, S. Thirunavukkarasu, B.P.C. Rao,T. Jayakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 2005, Devolopment of remote field eddy current technique for in-service inspection of ferromagnetic steam generator tubes, Journal of Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation 4(1), pp. 26-30 21. K.V. Kasiviswanathan, C. Rajagopalan, Gautam Kumar Guin and Baldev Raj, 2005, Automation and robotics for NDE applications, Journal of Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation 4(1), pp. 39-46 22. A.K. Jena, K. Arunmuthu, N.K. Das, S.J. George, B. Venkataraman, C. Babu Rao, K.V. Kasiviswanathan, T. Jayakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 2005, Development of X-ray computed tomography system at IGCAR, Journal of Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation (2005) 4(1), pp. 65-71 23. M. Vasudevan, Baldev Raj and K. Prasad Rao, 2005, Development of neural network models for predicting solidification mode, weld bead geometry and sensitization in austenitic stainless steels, International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science & Technology 1(2/3), pp. 233-245 24. V.S. Srinivasan, P. Shankar and Baldev Raj, 2004, Neural network and genetic algorithm with their metallurgical applications, Journal of Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation, 3(3), pp. 67-72 25. S. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Vaidyanathan, B.P.C. Rao, K.H. Mahendran, T. Jayakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 2004, Development of eddy current NDT procedure for quality control of tghin walled nickel tubes, INSIGHT European Journal of NDT 46(9), pp. 533-536 26. B. Venkataraman, T. Saravanan, T. Jayakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 2004, Assessment of weld joints of steam generator of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor by microfocul radiography, Journal of Canadian Institute for NDE 25(4), pp.6-12 27. A.V. Ananthalakshmi, C. Babu Rao, R. Kesavamoorthy and Baldev Raj, 2003, Inspection of the surface of thin wires using laser scattering at oblique illumination, INSIGHT (British Nournal of NDT) (accepted) 28. C. Babu Rao, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 2004, Laser scattering for surface roughness measurement, Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation (India) (accepted) 29. M. Vasudevan, A.K. Bhaduri, Baldev Raj and K. Prasad Rao, 2003, Delta ferrite prediction in stainless steel welds using neural network analysis and comparison with other prediction methods, Journal of Materials Process Technology 142(1), pp.20-28 30. Baldev Raj and A.K. Bhaduri, 2003, Intelligent welding of materials, Indian Welding Journal 36(3), pp.49-58 31. S.K. Albert, V. Ramasubbu, C.R. Das, A.K. Bhaduri, S.K. Ray and Baldev Raj, 2003, Experience in in-situ repair welding of steam turbine shrouds and blades, Power Plant: Operation, Maintenance and Materials Issues 2(2), pp.8.1-13 32. B. Venkataraman and Baldev Raj, 2003, Performance parameters for thermal imaging systems, INSIGHT European Journal of NDT 45(8), pp.531-535 33. S.L. Mannan, S.C. Chetal, Baldev Raj and S.B. Bhoje, 2003, Selection of materials for prototype fast breeder reactor, Transactions of Indian Institute of Metals 56(2), pp.155-178

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FAILURE INVESTIGATION PAPERS
K.V. Kasiviswanathan, N.G. Muralidharan, N. Raghu and Baldev Raj, 2009, Fatigue failure of low pressure steam turbine blades of a power plant, Transaction of IIM Special Issue on Creep, Fatigue and CreepFatigue Interaction 53(3), pp.445-450 N. Raghu, N.G. Muralidharan, T. Jayakumar, K.V. Kasiviswanathan and Baldev Raj, 2009, Failure analysis of turbine blades from aeroengines, Transaction of IIM Special Issue on Creep, Fatigue and CreepFatigue Interaction 53(3), pp.451-455 N.G. Muralidharan, K.V. Kasiviswanathan and Baldev Raj, 1998, Failure in pressure retaining components Our experiences, International Journal of COMADEM 1(2), pp. 5-13 T.V. Vinoy, Hasan Shaikh, H.S. Khatak, J.B. Gnanamoorthy and Baldev Raj, 1997, Metallurgical analysis of a failed containment building door bellows of a nuclear reactor, Practical Metallography 34(10), pp.527534 Rakesh Kaul, N.G. Muralidharan, N. Raghu, K.V. Kasiviswanathan and Baldev Raj, 1996, Failure of stainless steel bellow in a critical bellow sealed valve, Practical Metallography 33(6), pp.315-321 Rakesh Kaul, N.G. Muralidharan, T. Jayakumar, K.V. Kasiviswanathan, Baldev Raj, R.K. Dayal, V.R. Raju, S. Pattu and J.B. Gnanamoorthy, 1995, Failure analysis of carbonate reboiler heat exchangers, Journal of Engineering Failure Analysis 12(3), pp.165-174 N.G. Muralidharan, Rakesh Kaul, K.V. Kasiviswanathan and Baldev Raj, 1994, Failure analysis of an ammonia refrigerant condenser tube, Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance 5, pp.241-246 Rakesh Kaul, N.G. Muralidharan, N. Raghu, K.V. Kasiviswanathan and Baldev Raj, 1992, Failure of a condenser tube component, Practical Metallography 29(5), pp.268-281 Rakesh Kaul, N.G. Muralidharan, K.V. Kasiviswanathan and Baldev Raj, 1991, Failure of a high pressure ball valve, Practical Metallography 28, pp.490-499

7. 8. 9.

10. N.G. Muralidharan, Rakesh Kaul, K.V. Kasiviswanathan and Baldev Raj, 1991, Failure analysis of AISI 347 bellow, Practical Metallography 28, pp.662-668 11. K.V. Kasiviswanathan, N.G. Muralidharan and Baldev Raj, 1984, Failure of yoke body pin of a remote handling device, Practical Metallography 21, pp.629-632 12. K.V. Kasiviswanathan, N.G. Muralidharan and Baldev Raj, 1984, Failure of thermowells, Practical Metallography 21, pp.98-101 13. T. Jayakumar, D.K. Bhattacharya and Baldev Raj, 1982, Failure of an Inconel 600 bellow, Practical Metallography 19, pp.717-723 14. T. Jayakumar, D.K. Bhattacharya, Baldev Raj and P. Rodriguez, 1982, Failure of Zn-Al alloy solenoid valve seatsPractical Metallography 19, pp.539-542 15. D.K. Bhattacharya, G. Sivaraman, Baldev Raj and P. Rodriguez, 1982, Failure in a transmission shaft, Practical Metallography 19, pp.293-296 16. T. Jayakumar, D.K. Bhattacharya, Baldev Raj and P. Rodriguez, 1982, Failure of ribs in an air compressor, Practical Metallography 19, pp.361-364

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On the creep behaviour of T91 steel for PFBR steam generator tube applications, E. Isaac Samuel, B. K. Choudhary, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao and Baldev Raj, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Materials and Properties, Eds. Baldev Raj, B. K. Choudhary and Anish Kumar, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 83-100, 2009. A new creep damage criterion and its implications to engineering creep design, C. Phaniraj, B. K. Choudhary and Baldev Raj, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Materials and Properties, Eds. Baldev Raj, B. K. Choudhary and Anish Kumar, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 183-197, 2009. On the fatigue deformation and damage in 9% Cr ferritic steels, B. K. Choudhary, A. Nagesha, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao and Baldev Raj, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Materials and Properties, Eds. Baldev Raj, B. K. Choudhary and Anish Kumar, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 307-325, 2009. Simulation of influence of sodium deposits on remote field eddy current testing of steam generator tubes using a test vessel, S. Thirunavukkarasu, B. P. C. Rao, D. Sujish, C. Meikandamurthy,B. Sasi, S. Vaidyanathan, T. Jayakumar, M. Rajan and Baldev Raj, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Inspection and Life Management, Eds. Baldev Raj, B. K. Choudhary and Anish Kumar, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 83-94, 2009. Assessment of in-service degradation and qualification of rejuvenation heat treatment of wrought Inconel 625 cracker tubes of heavy water plants using ultrasonic measurements, Anish Kumar, K. V. Rajkumar, Vani Shankar, T. Jayakumar, K.Bhanu Sankara Rao, Baldev Raj and B. Misra, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Inspection and Life Management, Eds. Baldev Raj, B. K. Choudhary and Anish Kumar, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 119-129, 2009. X-ray diffraction - a non-destructive tool for microstructural characterisation, residual stress analysis and damage assessment of engineering components, Sanjay Rai, B. K. Choudhary, Vani Shankar, Anish Kumar, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Inspection and Life Management, Eds. Baldev Raj, B. K. Choudhary and Anish Kumar, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 137-146, 2009. Magnetic Barkhausen emission studies on 2.25Cr-1Mo steel after tensile and creep deformation, M. D. Mathew, S. Vaidyanathan, C. Girish Shastry, T. Jayakumar, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, S. L. Mannan and Baldev Raj, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Inspection and Life Management, Eds. Baldev Raj, B. K. Choudhary and Anish Kumar, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 147-152, 2009. Determination of fatigue crack closure in 316 (N) weld CT specimens using crack mouth opening displacement and acoustic emission techniques, C. K. Mukhopadhyay, P. Johan Singh, T. Jayakumar, S. L. Mannan and Baldev Raj, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Inspection and Life Management, Eds. Baldev Raj, B. K. Choudhary and Anish Kumar, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 181-187, 2009.

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44. Baldev Raj, 2006, An overview of R&D on fast reactor fuel cycle, Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technologies: Closing the Fuel Cycle Baldev Raj and P.R. Vasudeva Rao (Eds.), Published by Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, Department of Atomic Energy, 2007, pp.33-50 45. Baldev Raj, 2006, Fast reactor fuel reprocessing technology in India CORAL and beyond, Special INASAT Bulletin on Separation Science & Technology in Nuclear Industry, BARC, Mumbai, September 20 to October 1, 2006, R.M. Sawant, P.K. Mohapatra, P.C. Kalsi, V.K. Manchanda (Eds), pp.7-11 46. John Philip and Baldev Raj, 2006, An overview of recent research on magnetic nanofluids, Frontiers in the Design of Materials, Baldev Raj, S. Ranganathan, S.L. Mannan, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, M.D. Mathew and P. Shankar (Eds.), Univesities Press, Hyderabad, pp.313-325 47. Baldev Raj and T. Jayakumar, 2006, Challenges in meeting reliability requirements in welding, Welding Technology for Engineers, Baldev Raj, V. Shankar and A.K. Bhaduri (Eds.), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi in association with Alpha Science International Ltd., UK, pp. 304-341 48. T. Jayakumar, B.K. Sharma and Baldev Raj, 2006, Advanced nondestructive testing technique for inspection of weldments, Welding Technology for Engineers, Baldev Raj, V. Shankar and A.K. Bhaduri (Eds.), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi in association with Alpha Science International Ltd., UK, pp. 368-402 49. A.K. Jena, N.K. Das, S.J.George, B.Venkataraman, C. Babu Rao, K.V. Kasiviswanathan, T. Jayakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 2006, X-ray computed tomography for solid objects, Computerized Tomography for Scientists and Engineers, Prabhat Munshi (Ed), Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, pp.2733 50. Baldev Raj and K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, 2006, Current and 2050 energy perspectives in India: Opportunities for materials scientists and technologists, Proc. 8th Liege Conference on Maerials for Advanced Power Engineering 2006, Liege, Belgium, September 18-20, 2006, Jacqueline LecomteBeckers, Marc Carton, Florian Schubert and Philip J. Ennis (Eds), Vol. 53 Part I, pp. 121-142 51. Baldev Raj, Prabhat Kumar, S. Krishnamurthy, S.C. Chetal, P.Swaminathan, Y.C. Manjunatha and C. Sivathanu Pillai, 2006, Management of Tsunami at Kalpakkam : Current status and plan, The Great Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 An Overview of a National Disaster, Sangeetha Menon (Ed.), National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, pp. 124-139 52. B. Venkataraman, M. Menaka, Baldev Raj, P. Kalyanasundaram and V. Jeyaraj, 2006, Infrared thermography an aid for conservation of ancient paintings, Special Volume on Authenticity of Art, Chennai Museum, Chennai 53. P. Barat, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 2006, Material characterization through neural network technique, Proc. International Workshop on Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm in Material Science & Engineering, Kolkata, January 11-13, 2006, N.R. Bandyopadhyay, P.P. Chattopadhyay and Subhabrata Datta (Eds.), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 211-220 54. M. Vasudevan, M.V. Kuppuswamy, A.K. Bhaduri and Baldev Raj, 2006, Optimization of pocess parameters for GTAW with filler wire of 316LN stainless steel using genetic algorithm, Proc. International Workshop on Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm in Material Science & Engineering, Kolkata, January 11-13, 2006, N.R. Bandyopadhyay, P.P. Chattopadhyay and Subhabrata Datta (Eds.), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 439-450 55. P. Kalyanasundaram, Baldev Raj and T. Jayakumar, 2006, Characterization of microstructures in metallic materials using static and dynamic acoustic signal processing techniques, Proc. Vth International Workshop on Advances in Signal Processing of Nondestructive Evaluation of Mateials, Quebec City, Canada, August 2005, X. Maldague Ed.), E. du CAO, pp.43-50 56. Baldev Raj, S.L. Mannan, K.V. Kasiviswanathan, M.D. Mathew, M. Saibaba and P. Puthiyavinayagam, 2005, High burn-up issues in fast breeder reactor fuels and structural materials, Fission Gas Release in Nuclear Fuels, D.N. Sah, R.S. Mehrotra, C.S. Viswanadham and S. Chatterjee (Eds.), Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, pp.24-40

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C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Baldev Raj, C.R.L. Murthy and T. Jayakumar, Proc. 14th WorldConference on Nondestructive Testing, New Delhi, December 8-13, 1996, pp. 1745-1748 123. S. Vaidyanathan, V. Moorthy, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 1996, Evaluation of carburization depth in service exposed ferritic steel using magnetic Barkhausen noise analysis, Trends in NDE Science & Technology (Eds) C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Baldev Raj, C.R.L. Murthy and T. Jayakumar, Proc. 14th WorldConference on Nondestructive Testing, New Delhi, December 8-13, 1996, pp. 1639-1642 124. S. Saravanan, B. Venkataraman, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 1996, NDE for ceramic insulator blanks by radiography, Trends in NDE Science & Technology (Eds) C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Baldev Raj, C.R.L. Murthy and T. Jayakumar, Proc. 14th WorldConference on Nondestructive Testing, New Delhi, December 8-13, 1996, pp. 1405-1408 125. C.Babu Rao, V.S. Ravichandran, P. Munshi and Baldev Raj, 1996, Effect of object functions on tomographic reconstruction A numerical study, Trends in NDE Science & Technology (Eds) C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Baldev Raj, C.R.L. Murthy and T. Jayakumar, Proc. 14th WorldConference on Nondestructive Testing, New Delhi, December 8-13, 1996, pp. 1443-1446 126. M.T. Shyamsunder, C. Rajagopalan, K.K. Ray, T. Jayakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 1996, Characterization of eddy current signals using different types of artificial neural networks, Trends in NDE Science & Technology (Eds) C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Baldev Raj, C.R.L. Murthy and T. Jayakumar, Proc. 14th WorldConference on Nondestructive Testing, New Delhi, December 8-13, 1996, pp. 1875-1879 127. Baldev Raj and C. Rajagopalan, 1996, Artifical intelligence to maximize contributions of nondestructive evaluation to materials science and technology, Trends in NDE Science & Technology (Eds) C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Baldev Raj, C.R.L. Murthy and T. Jayakumar, Proc. 14th WorldConference on Nondestructive Testing, New Delhi, December 8-13, 1996, pp. 47-57 128. B.P.C. Rao and Baldev Raj, 1996, Potential applications of finite element modeling of eddy current test phenomenon, Trends in NDE Science & Technology Proc. 14th World Conference on NDT, (Eds.) C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Baldev Raj, C.R.L. Murthy and T. Jayakumar, New Delhi (1996) pp.375-280 129. C.K. Mukhopadhyay, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj, 1996, Acoustic emission technique for characterisation of deformation fatigue, fracture and phase transformation and for leak detection with high sensitivity Our experiences, Trends in NDE Science & Technology Proc. 14th World Conference on NDT, (Eds.) C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Baldev Raj, C.R.L. Murthy and T. Jayakumar, New Delhi (1996) pp.309316 130. B. Venkataraman, S. Saravanan, T. Jayakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram and Baldev Raj, 1996, Performance evaluation of real time radiographic systems, Trends in NDE Science & Technology Proc. 14th World Conference on NDT, (Eds.) C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Baldev Raj, C.R.L. Murthy and T. Jayakumar, New Delhi (1996) pp.1401-1404 (Best Paper Award) 131. Vijay Kumar, Surajit Sengupta and Baldev Raj, 1996, aterials modeling and design: An introduction, Frontiers in Materials Modelling and Design, Proc. Conf. On Frontiers in Materials Modelling and Design, Kalpakkam August 20-23, 1996, (Eds) V. Kumar, S. Sengupta and Baldev Raj, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1996), pp.3-7 132. Baldev Raj, P. Kalyanasundaram, R. Sivaramanivas and C. Babu Rao, 1996, Nondestructive evaluation of defects : A model based approach, Frontiers in Materials Modelling and Design, Proc. Conf. On Frontiers in Materials Modelling and Design, Kalpakkam August 20-23, 1996, (Eds) V. Kumar, S. Sengupta and Baldev Raj, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1996), pp.410-417 133. Baldev Raj, 1995, A perspective on materials characterization for technology advancement and industrial growth: Emphasis on nondestructive evaluation, Bulletin of Materials Science (Ed) Baldev Raj, Proc. Materials Science Section of the 82nd Indian Science Congress, 1995 Vol.19(6) (1996) pp. 839-855 134. Baldev Raj, 1996, Nuclear methods of material characterization, 100 hears of X-rays and Radioactivity (Eds.) D.D. Sood, H.C. Jain, V.R. Reddy, K.L. Ramkumar and S.G. Kulkarni, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai (1996) pp.519-540

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26. Trends in NDE Science and Technology ( 5 Volumes) C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Baldev Raj, C.R.L. Murthy and T. Jayakumar Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi ,1996 27. Non-Destructive Evaluation 92 C.R.L. Murthy, Baldev Raj, O. Prabhakar and A. Srinivasulu Interline Publishers, Bangalore (1993) Guest Editor of Special Issues of Journals/Encyclopedia 1. Twenty Five Years of Fast Breeder Test Reactor (Part 1) Baldev Raj Newsletter published on the occasion of Silver Jubilee Celebration of FBTR-RML, Kalpakkam,October 10,2010, published by Indian Nuclear Society 2. Proceedings of International Conference on Nano Science & Technology (ICONSAT 2008) Baldev Raj, C.S. Sundar, A.K. Arora and A.K. Tyagi Vol. 9, No.6, September 2009, American Scientific Publishers, USA 3. High Performance Structural Materials Baldev Raj and Divakar Ramachandran Special Issue of Transactions of Indian Institute of Metals Vol.16, Issue 2 (2009) 4. Spectroscopy of Cold Molecules Baldev Raj Special issue of Indian Institute of Science Journal, Vol.85 No.6, November-December 2005 5. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research & Development in India Baldev Raj and P.R. Vasudeva Rao International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science & Technology Vol.1 (2-3), IndesciencePublishers (2005) 6. NDE Research & Development at IGCAR, Kalpakkam Baldev Raj and T. Jayakumar Journal of Nondestructive Testing & Evaluation, Vol. 4 (1), June 2005 7. NDT in India Baldev Raj and T. Jayakumar Special Issue of INSIGHT European Journal of NDT Vol.45 Number 1, January 2003 8. High Nitrogen Steels and Stainless Steels Baldev Raj, U. Kamachi Mudali and V.S. Srinivasan Special Issue on High Nitrogen Steels, Transaction of Indian Institute of Metals 55 (4&5) (2002) 9. Frontiers in Materials Science & Engineering Baldev Raj and K. Bhanu Sankara Rao Special Issues of SADHANA Engineering Journal of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore Volume 28, Part 1-4 (2003) (2 volumes), pp.1-864 10. Subject Editor in the area of Mechanical Testing & Nondestructive Testing Encyclopedia of Materials Science & Technology, Elsevier Science Publishers, Oxford, UK contributing more than 50 articles (250 pages of Encyclopedia) 11. Frontiers in Materials Science and Engineering Baldev Raj Special Issue of Bulletin of Materials Science, 19(6) (1996) Published by Indian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with Materials Research Society of India and Indian National Science Academy (1997)

16. Development of a very high resistance to sensitization in austenitic stainless steel through a special heat treatment resulting in grain boundary microstructural modification EP Patent No. 08159613.2-1215 dated 29.9.2008 R.K. Dayal, N. Parvathini, Swetha Mulki, Indradev Samajdar and Baldev Raj The main objective is to enhance the sensitization resistance of austenitic stainless steel wrought products during its manufacturing stage by modifying the initial grain boundary nature so that a very high resistance to sensitization is achieved in the material.
17. Single fibre grid for reconstruction of signal in distributed optical fibre sensor system 696/MUM/2009 dated 17.7.2009 (Patent applied) 14. Babu Rao, C. Pandian, T. Jayakumar and Baldev Raj The present invention proposes a single fiber grid in a predesigned configutation in which a given point is sensed by th same fibter more than once. Also a methodology is proposed to process the data obtained by the predsigned configuration to yield measurement with higher spatial resolution.
18. A crosslinked, microporous, spherical, solid absorber media; containing molybdophosphate; for selective extraction of cesium from solutions 15. Ananda Babu, P. Kalyanasundaram, Baldev Raj, Gunesh B. Dhekne, R. Venkatesh

ammonium

This invention relates to developkent and usage of a novel cesium absorber based on polycrylonitrile matrix and ammonium molybdophsophate as an active component for cesium uptake. This invention further relates to the process of synthesis of the said absorber.

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19. An innovative cut-and-feed operation for enhancing the performance of ion-exchange chromatographic separation International Application No.PCT/IN2008/000293 and US Patent Application No. 12/747,495 C. Anand Babu, B.K. Sharma, G. Mohanakrishnan and Baldev Raj 20. Method and device for detection of cracks and planar defects in metallic rods/rounds using ultrasonic time of flight diffraction (TOfD) technique Saju T. Abraham, Sukumar Manna, B.Venkataraman and Baldev Raj

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Citation Overview of Dr. Baldev Raj

(Year: 2005 Oct. 2010)

0 R NL- 3024

Progress

O A K RIDGE N A T I O N A L LABORATORY STATUS A N D PROGRESS REPORT SEPTEMBER 1960
O A K RIDGE N A T I O N A L LABORA,TORY

operated b y

U N I O N CARBIDE C ORP ORA T IO N

for t h e

U.S. A T O M I C ENERGY C O M M I S S I O N
Downgrade to Unclassified After October 6, 1961

ORNL-3024

C o p y No.
C o n t r a c t No. W-7405-eng-26
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY STATUS AND PROGRESS REPORT SEPTEMBER 1960

DATE I S S U E D

OCT - 6 1960
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY O a k R i d g e , Tennessee operated by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION f o r the U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

b 0363557 5

ii.i -
CONmNTS SPECIAL NUCUAR MATERIALS PROGRAM. Radiochemical Processing Pilot Plant. '%ACTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM GAS-COOUD REACTOR PROJECT EGCR Core Loading Studies Hot-Channel Factors for EGCR Fuel Elements. Evaluation of Irradiated Fuel Capsules Closed-Cycle Experiment ORR-B9. GC-ORR LOOP NO.. GC-ORR LOOP NO. 2. Fuel Element Fabrication Development Mechanical Property Tests on EGCR Graphite Sleeves.. EGCR Pressure Vessel Design Evaluation.. Back-Diffusion Through Labyrinth Seals. T H E W - B m E D E R REACTOR PROGRAM. Homogeneous Reactor Progr.. Homogeneous Reactor Test. HRT Chemical Pilot Plant. Thorium Blanket Studies Metallurgy and Ceramics. Out-of-Pile Solution Corrosion Tests. Supporting Radiation Corrosion Studies.,. In-Pile Blanket Materials Tests.. Evaluation Studies Thorium-Breeder-Reactor Evaluation Studies.,. MOLTEN-SALT REACTOR PROJECT MSRE Desi~n Component Development Pump Development Chemist. MetaZlur g..~. y.. Corrosion Tests In-Pile Tests Reactor Analysis HIGH FLUX ISOTOPE REACTOR. Critical Experiments Corrosion Metallurgy: Fuel Element Core Preparation Metallurgy: Fuel Plate Fabrication. Metallurgy: Fuel Plate Forming Metallurgy: Corrosion Specimen Fabrication Design: Fuel Element Design: Beryllium Reflector NUCLEAR TECKNOLOGY AND GENERAL SUPPORT Fuel Element Catastrophe Studies Reactor Evaluation Studies..a Zirconium Metallur gy..~ Nondestructive Test Development Fuel Cycle Technolog y. v.

.......

......

12 13. 13

...............

"1

. 15 k
.. Zircex Process for U-Mo.. Processes for Advanced... Solvent Extraction... Darex and Sulfex... PHYSICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM.. Reactor Operations.. Waste Disposal... Hot-Cell Operations... PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS RESEARCH.. Neutron Diffraction... Fast-Chopper Time-of-Flight Spectrometer.. High-Voltage Experimental Program: The Reaction c14( p,n)N14.. High-Voltage Experimental Program: Level Structure of N 1 4.. Spectroscopy Research Laboratory.. CHEMISTRY SEARCH... Spectrophotometric Studies of Solutions at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures.. Solvent Extraction Research.. Chemical Engineering Research. Nuclear Methods of Chemical Analysis. Reactor Neutron Cross Sections.. Chemistry of Technetium.. Thermochemistry and Calorimetry.. Chemical Separation of Isotopes.. CONTROIJXD THERMONUCLEAR RESEARC;.. DCX-1 Facility... DCX-EPA... Ion Source Development.. The0yy.. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE PROGRAM.. RADIATION EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. Genetic and Cytogenetic Effects of Radiations.. Effects of Radiation on Paramecium. Pathology and Physiology. Biophysics: Ultraviolet Studies.. COMBATING RADIATION DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS. Radiation Protection: Living Cells.. Mammalian Radiation Recovery.. I?z.dla.tlon I ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ G...

~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~

Temperature I ncrease (OF)

Probability

Temperature Increase

Probability 0.0209

0.5000 0.3420 0.2700 0.2070 0.1520 0.0770 0.0520 0.0335

120 130

160 170

0.0125

0.0074

0.00405 0.00219 0.00111

0.00056

0.000275

0.000124

0.0000

These values do n o t allow f o r t h e e f f e c t s of empty f u e l channels o r t h e incr eased r e a c t i v i t y r e s u l t i n g from a nonequilibrium c or e loa ding. E valua tio n of I r r a d i a t e d F ue l Capsules. - The c a psule s removed from t h e e i g h t group-I1 ORR experimental assemblies were examined v i s u a l l y and photographed. These capsules c o n s i s t e d of hollow U02 p e l l e t s c l a d with s t a i n l e s s s t e e l. A dark s p o t , not u n l i k e oxide i n appearance, w a s observed on t h e w a l l o f capsule 02-2, about 1 i n. below t h e t o p cap. Annular r i n g s a t t h e p e l l e t ju n ctio n s were r e a d i l y v i s i b l e on c a psule s 02-2 and 08-2 and f a i n t l y v i s i b l e on capsule 06-2. These t h r e e c a psule s, along w ith capsule 05-2,were i r r a d i a t e d a t a w a l l temperature of 1600"F, while t h e o t h e r f o u r capsules were i r r a d i a t e d a t 1300F. The f o i l thermocouple r e t a i n e r harness was self-welded t o t h e w a l l o f capsule 05-2 i n s e v e r a l p l a c e s. A l l o t h e r thermocouple r e t a i n e r s , which serve as f l u x monitors, were recovered i n t a c t. Diameter measurements of f i v e of t h e e i g h t N a K c o n t a i n e r s i n d i c a t e d
- 3 general s t r a i n , with a maximum inc r e a se i n average diameter of 0,008 i n. a t t h e c e n t e r of capsule 08-2. Examinations of photomicrographs of t h e f u e l from capsules L-16xa and L-lgxa, which were i r r a d i a t e d i n t h e LITR, have shown an inc r e a se i n g r a i n s i z e across t h e p e l l e t s from t h e o u t e r sur f a c e t o t h e h o t t e r i n n e r s u r f a c e. Some columnar growth and g r a i n r e o r i e n t a t i o n a r e a l s o e vide nt. Closed-Cycle Experiment ORR-B9. - I r r a d i a t i o n of an experimental assembly co n tain in g hollow p e l l e t s of U02 i n coated gr a phite capsules was terminated a t t h e end of t h e r e c e nt r e a c t o r c yc le , and t h e assembly w a s removed. The capsules had received an i n t e g r a t e d dose of 2.2 x lo2' neutrons/cm2 a t a co ating temperature of 1500F. There w a s evidence of f i s s i o n - g a s r e l e a s e during t h e f i n a l thermal cycle be f or e removal o f t h e capsules from t h e r e a c t o r.

T I J E W - B E E D E R IiEACTOR P O R M RGA
Homogeneous Reactor Program Homogeneous Reactor T e s t. - The core system o f t h e HRT was back-flushed t o remove d e b r i s which r e s u l t e d from t h e core r e p a i r work. P a r t i a l plugging of t h e f i l t e r b ask et which w a s used t o c o l l e c t t h e d e b r i s reduced t h e core c i r c u l a t i o n r a t e by approximately 50%. The f a c t t h a t m o s t of t h e d e b r i s had been removed w a s e s t a b l i s h e d by doing a second ba c k- f lush ( w i t h
a new f i l t e r b a s k e t ) i n which t h e c i r c u l a t i o n r a t e remained e s s e n t i a l l y normal. R elativ e r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s of t h e t w o f i l t e r s were c o n s i s t e n t with t h i s indication. The b ack -flu sh equipment was removed, and a new c i r c u l a t i n g pump and multip le hydroclone were i n s t a l l e d i n t h e core system. The new pump has crossover p ip es, s o t h a t flow through t h e core v e s s e l w i l l be from t o p t o bottom. Reactor maintenance and a l t e r a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s a r e being completed; t e s t i n g w i l l begin e a r l y i n October.
HRT Chemical P i l o t P l a n t. - The HRT s o l i d s - s e p a r a t i o n system w a s ope r a t e d during t h e core b ack- f lush t o c o l l e c t any f i n e s not removed by t h e f i l t e r screen. Draining and r i n s i n g of t h e underflow r e c e i v e r f o r subsequent d i s s o l u t i o n and analyses of t h e d i s s o l v e r s o l u t i o n were delayed because t h e underflow-receiver d r a i n l i n e plugged. The l i n e was unplugged with 75 p s i back-pressure a f t e r t h e hydroclone f e e d l i n e was blocked with a temporary d ry -ice f r e e z e plug. Methods of providing secondary containment around t h e of f - ga s c h a r c o a l beds were i n v e s t i g a t e d. Operation o f t h e beds below atmospheric p r e s s u r e , which appears f e a s i b l e , would g r e a t l y minimize t h e hazard involved and, i n conjunction with a vent l i n e ( t o t h e s t a c k ) from t h e c onc r e te p i t which houses t h e beds, should provide adequate s a f e t y.
Thorium Blanket S t u d i e s.
Ten fragments of uranium-thorium oxide g e l
(5% U based on Th) c a l c i n e d a t 1250C i n a i r were s e l e c t e d f o r approximate s p h e r i c i t y and f o r nominal diameters between 1/8 and 1/4 i n. When t h e s e
fragments were su b jected t o a t t r i t i o n f o r 6 h r i n t h e spouting-bed t e s t , t h e a t t r i t i o n loss v a r i e d from 2. 1 w t %/hr i n i t i a l l y t o 0.3 w t $/hr over t h e s i x t h hour. The t o t a l 6-hr a t t r i t i o n l o s s w a s 6.1%. Microscopic examination of t h e fragments a f t e r t h e t e s t i n d i c a t e d t h a t most of t h e weight l o s s was due t o gr inding- of f of sharp edges and corn ers. It i s expected t h a t more n e a r l y s p h e r i c a l p a r t i c l e s of t h e 1250Cc a l c i n e d g e l would have a t t r i t i o n r a t e s which a r e a t l e a s t as low as t h e r a t e s obtained with 1750C-calcined pressed-powder p e l l e t s. I n flame d e n i t r a t i o n of 1 M thorium n i t r a t e s o l u t i o n c onta ining A1(N03)3, rounded Thoz p a r t i c l e s of 1. 0 IJ- average diameter were produced 60C. cont ain in g only 0.5 w t $J A l , when t h e r e f l e c t o r temperature w a s " Metallurgy and Ceramics. - Approximately 4 kg of thol-ia p e l l e t s were prepared by u sin g a modified D-40 oxide and a s i n g l e - a c t i o n Stokes model E p r e s s. The D-40 oxide was modified by c a l c i n i n g t o 1425"C, t h e n wet b a l l m i l l i n g , leach in g w ith hydrochloric a c i d , drying t o LcOO"C, g r a n u l a t i n g with 2% Carbowax, and s i z i n g t o -35 +lo0 mesh. P e l l e t s were formed a t green d e n s i t i e s ranging from 6. 2 t o 6.7 g/cm3, f i r e d t o lLc50"C, and the n wettumbled t o remove t h e roughness l e f t by t h e d i e and punches a t t h e j u n c t u r e between t h e hemispherical ends and t h e c y l i n d r i c a l body of t h e p e l l e t. The p e l l e t s were d r i e d and f i r e d a t 1650C t o produce a f i n a l d e n s i t y of 9. 0 t o 9.3 g/cm3 P e l l e t s p ressed t o a green d e n s i t y g r e a t e r tha n about 6.3 g/cm3 showed lamination cracks between t h e upper hemisphere and t h e c y l i n d e r body, while p e l l e t s p ressed t o a s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower d e n s i t y lacked green s t r e n g t h. P e l l e t s f i r e d t o only 1300C be f or e wet tumbling e x h i b i t e d i n f e r i o r abras i o n r e s i s t a n c e , b u t p relimina r y evidence i n d i c a t e s t h a t f i r i n g t o 1425'C

- 6 r a t h e r than t o 1450C w i l l produce p e l l e t s which w i l l behave b e t t e r during t h e tumbling o p e r a t i o n , Out-of-Pile S o lu tio n Corrosion T e s t s. - The f i r s t runs i n t h e high-temp er ature, high-pressure titan iu m loop were completed and demonstrated t h e adequacy of t h e loop and t h e c o n t r o l system. Dilute ur a nyl s u l f a t e s o l u t i o n s were c i r c u l a t e d a t temperatures as high as 360C and w ith p r e s s u r i z e r temperatures as high as 365C; under t h e l a t t e r c onditions t h e t o t a l pressur e on t h e system w a s 2925 p s i a , Before o t h e r runs a r e attempted, t h e loop w i l l be equipped w ith a f e e d and letdown system s o t h a t l a r g e enough quantit i e s of t h e second l i q u i d (heavy) phase can be c o l l e c t e d i n t h e underflow pot of t h e hydroclone f o r a n a l y s i s. A t pr e se nt t h e volume of t h e loop i s s o s m a l l t h a t not enough of t h e heavy phase i s formed t o b e i s o l a t e d. Samples of t h e l i g h t phase were removed from t h e loop a t high temperat u r e , and t h e following t a b l e i n d i c a t e s t h e changes t h a t were observed i n t h e s o l u t i o n a t high temperature: Concentration ( g / l i t e r )

Concentration

Original 354C 360C

1.39 1.00 0.89

11.10 7.40 6.85

0.74 0.39 0.30

0.076 0.083 0.084
Supporting Radiation Corrosion Studie s. - Batch autoclave t e s t s of sorpt i o n of uranium and s u l f a t e by b u lk samples of hydrous z i r c o n i a were continued. One s e r i e s of t e s t s a t 280C, i n which hydrous z i r c o n i a prepared by a i r - d r y i n g f o r 2 h r a t 110C w a s exposed t o a UO2SO4 s o l u t i o n c onta ining 40 g of U per l i t e r w ith 0.02 m H 2 S O 4 , showed a dependence of t h e degree of g s o r p t i o n on t h e l e n g t h of autoclaving time. About 330 m of U per g of ZrO2 w a s sorbed i n min. The uranium s o r p t i o n gr a dua lly decreased w ith time t o about 220 m sorbed per g of Z r O 2. The s u l f a t e s o r p t i o n from solug t i o n decreased from about 100 m per g of Zr02 i n 1 min t o 60 mg/g i n 2 hig 0 or more. These values do not in c lude t h e s u l f a t e impurity i n t h e oxide: 39 m of SO4 per g of Zr02. g A s i m i l a r s e r i e s of t e s t s with U02S04 s o l u t i o n c onta ining 30 g of U per l i t e r w a s made w ith oxide prepared by autoclaving w ith water f o r 4 h r a t 300C and a i r - d r y i n g f o r 2 h r a t l l O " C o About 54 m of U per g of Zr02 w a s g sorbed on auto clav in g f o r 1 hr o r more, A 1/2-hr run i n d i c a t e d a s o r p t i o n of 69 m of U p er gram. The s u l f a t e s o r p t i o n w a s about 6 mg/g i n a l l c a s e s. g The decrease i n s o r p t i o n on t h e l1O "C- a ir - f ir e d oxide w ith time of autoclaving i s b e l i e v e d t o r e s u l t from t h e decrease i n s u r f a c e a r e a which has been shown t o occur during autoclaving. The smaller o r possibly n e g l i g i b l e change i n degree of s o r p t i o n w ith time i n t h e case of t h e 300C-water-fired oxide i s c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e s m a l l o r n e g l i g i b l e change i n sur f a c e a r e a expected on au to clav in g t h i s oxide. The values f o r t h e s o r p t i o n of uranium on t h e a i r - f i r e d oxide a r e based on weight of Zr02 and a r e much g r e a t e r tha n those r e p o r t e d by Banter f o r 250C s o r p t i o n. However, B an ter's values were based on t h e weight of charged oxide and a r e not d i r e c t l y comparable with t h e pr e se nt r e s u l t s. It has been

- 7 found i n t h e p resen t work t h a t t h e a i r - f i r e d oxide sorbs water upon standing i n a i r and was about 50 w t % water when used. It has been found t h a t uranium s o r p t i o n a t 300C on t h e a i r - f i r e d oxide i s somewhat l e s s th an t h a t a t 280C f o r s o l u t i o n c onc e ntr a tions below about g / l i t e r. Above t h i s concentration t h e s o r p t i o n i s about t h e same o r somewhat g r e a t e r th an t h a t a t 280C. I n - P i l e Blanket Materials T e s t s. - The 5-gpm i n - p i l e s l u r r y loop i n s t a l l e d i n LITR beam hole HB-2 has operated under i r r a d i a t i o n a t f u l l (3-Mw) r e a c t o r power for 1310 hr, with a t o t a l ope r a ting time a t 280C of 2511 h r. Operation i s being continued. An oxygen atmosphere i s maintained i n t h e system. The loop w a s i n i t i a l l y charged with t h o r i a - u r a n i a s l u r r y c ont a i n i n g 0.5 w t $ enriched uranium based on thorium, a t a c onc e ntr a tion of 1350 g of Th per kg of DzO (980 g of Th per l i t e r a t 280C). Loop o p eratio n has appeared s a t i s f a c t o r y during t h e i r r a d i a t i o n. The flow r a t e through t h e f i l t e r t o t h e p r e s s u r i z e r has remained steady a f t e r declin in g t o a l e v e l of about 0.4 c c /se c. Loop c o n t r o l and response remain adequate. The p a r t i a l pr e ssur e of r a d i o l y t i c gas has remained below 1 p s i , 0 i n d i c a t i n g a s a t i s f a c t o r y recombination r a t e. Five i n - p i l e s l u r r y samples have been taken and submitted f o r a n a l y s i s. The ge ne r a liz e d i n - p i l e corros i o n r a t e of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l based both on corrosion-product a n a l y s i s and on oxygen p a r t i a l - p r e s s u r e measurements i s l e s s tha n 1 mil/yr, comparable t o r a t e s observed during t h e o u t - o f - p i l e p r e i r r a d i a t i o n pe r iod. Evaluation Studie s Thorium-Breeder-Reactor Evaluation Studie s. - Fur the r work on t h e gascooled heavy-water-moderated r e a c t o r using f u e l elements of U dis p e r s e d i n g r a p h i t e p l a t e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t a f u e l y i e l d of about 4% per year i s poss i b l e a t f u e l cy cle c o s t s not exceeding 1. 5 mills/kvhr. It does not appear p o s s i b l e t o reduce t h e f u e l c o s t t o l e s s than 1. 2 m i l l s and s t i l l maintain a p o s i t i v e breeding g ain. C alcu latio n s concerning a polyphenyl-cooled heavy-water-moderated r e a c t o r u sin g f u e l elements formed by dispe r sing UO2 i n gr a phite p l a t e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s system i s i n f e r i o r t o t h e corresponding gas-cooled version, mainly because of t h e l i m i t a t i o n on he a t f l u x imposed by burnout c o n d i t i o n s. The CANDU power-reactor concept w a s e va lua te d on t h e b a s i s of p r e s e n t ground r u l e s and economic c onditions. I f t h e f u e l f a b r i c a t i o n c o s t s (comp r i s i n g c o s t of prepared U02 powder, c o s t of p e l l e t i n g and capsulation, c o s t of Zircaloy tubing, and c o s t of f a b r i c a t i o n and i n s p e c t i o n ) do not exceed $50 per kg of U02, then t h e e stima te d minimum t o t a l f u e l c ycl e c o s t i s 2. 0 mills/kwhr.

MOLTEN-SALT REACTOR PROJECT
MSRE Design. - D e t a i l drawings of t h e MSRE core a r e being prepared. The only change i n t h e core involves t h e method of c onstr uc tion of t h e t h i n metal c y l i n d e r which serv e s t h e dual purpose of a s t r u c t u r a l support member and a flow b a f f l e. The c y l i n d e r i s now mechanically fastened, by b o l t i n g ,
- 8 i n s t e a d of being welded. The welding appeared t o intr oduc e i n t o l e r a b l e shrinkage problems. S t r e s s e s i n t h e h eat exchanger were analyzed and found t o be accepta b l e. Preliminary s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e u n i t were prepared, and i n v i t a t i o n s t o b i d w i l l be s e n t t o manufacturers by October 1, 1960. F i n a l lay o u t drawings of t h e primary system were i s s u e d. The primary c e l l i s being designed t o withstand a p o s i t i v e pr e ssur e of 28 p s i g and w i l l provide abs o lu te containment. The d r a i n system f o r t h e f u e l i s now 90% d e t a i l e d. A d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of t h e heat removal system f o r t h e d r a i n tank was i s s u e d. I n connection with t h e f u e l d rain , a change was made t o e limina te a long s t a g n a n t - s a l t l i n e between t h e r e a c t o r v e s s e l and t h e d r a i n ta nk. From t h e r e a c t o r i n l e t v olute a 3/4-in. l i n e i s taken off and connected t o a c onc e ntr ic l i n e i n s i d e t h e 2-in. d r a i n l i n e of t h e r e a c t o r v e s s e l. This i n s i d e l i n e discharges f u e l a t t h e drain-tank end of t h e d r a i n l i n e. This f u e l the n flows back t o t h e r e a c t o r bottom plenum through t h e pipe annulus. A c onsta nt flow of f u e l t h e r e f o r e c i r c u l a t e s i n t h e d r a i n l i n e a t a l l times. Design of t h e pumps i s proceeding. S p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e motor were w r i t t e n , and s h i e l d i n g w a s designed t o p r o t e c t t h e pump b e a r i n g s. The b a s i c design of a f r e e z e flan g e w a s completed, and t h e s t r e s s e s i n t h e f la nge were analyzed. The design meets code requirements as f a r as matching t h e piping of t h e system i s concerned. A layo u t of t h e secondary containment a r e a , showing a i r loc ks f o r personnel and equipment, decontamination a r e a s , and maintenance c o n t r o l room, w a s completed. A i r handling equipment f o r t h e a r e a w a s s p e c i f i e d. Crane and manipulator s p e c i f i c a t i o n s were w r i t t e n f o r equipment within t h e area. D etailing of t h e secondary a r e a s t r u c t u r e i s i n pr ogr e ss. The schematic lay o u t of t h e off-gas system w a s f i n i s h e d , and some s i z i n g of piping and components w a s completed. D e t a i l drawings of a sampler-enricher mechanism a r e 75% complete. This item w i l l be thoroughly t e s t e d i n an experimental r i g b e f o r e t h e f i n a l des i g n i s made. The shrinkage t o be expected of t h e g r a p h i t e i n t h e neutron f l u x has been r epor ted ( E f f e c t s of Graphite Shrinkage i n MSRE Core, ORNL CF-60-9-10). The tendency of t h e g rap h ite t o bow due t o unequal shrinkage w i l l be res t r a i n e d by molybdenum bands surrounding t h e c or e. Component Development. - Construction of t h e f r e e z e - f la nge thermalcycling f a c i l i t y i s approximately 95% complete. A r e s i l i e n t clamp r i n g for use with one of t h e t e s t flan g es i n t h e thermal-cycle f a c i l i t y w a s designed and f a b r i c a t i o n w a s s t a r t e d. Dimensions w e r e computed f o r 6-in. f r e e z e f l a n g e s capable of withstandi n g e x t e r n a l l y a p p l i e d a x i a l lo ads of 170,000, 110,000, and 70,000 lb. These loads correspond, r e s p e c t i v e l y , t o code-calculated allowable piping loa ds f o r 6-in. sched-40 pipe and f o r 6-in.-OD, 0.203-in.-wall tubing and t o an estimate of t h e maximum l o a d t h a t might be induced thermally i n t h e piping. The 110,oOO-lb f l a n g e w a s s e l e c t e d f o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l i n g. A t e s t program was begun t o e va lua te manipulator-operable disconnects f o r a u x i l i a r y r e a c t o r s e r v i c e piping, inc luding off-gas, purge gas, c ooling a i r , l u b r i c a t i o n , and o th er miscellaneous s e r v i c e s. Two designs were prepared and f a b r i c a t i o n f o r t e s t w a s s t a r t e d.

A metal-alloy freeze valve for use with the sampler-enricher access line is being tested for leak-tightness and length of useful service. The valve operates at 1500"F, which is 60F above the melting point of the 72% Ag-28% Cu alloy used to provide a seal. The leak rate through the valve cc of helium per secwith 30 psi differential pressure was less than ond for four successive operations. Testing is continuing. The salt freeze-valve test facility is 95% complete. The one-fifth-scale MSRE core model was operated with water at 50 gpm. Visual observations indicated that the design of the volute, annular orifice, and core-wall cooling annulus is adequate. The water velocity is approximately 15 fps at the vessel inlet and appears to taper off to some lower value around the volute. The lowest value is as yet unknown but appears sufficient to cool the volute. The circumferential velocity component in the core-wall cooling annulus was found to be approximately 5.6 fps at the top and 4.6 fps at the bottom, as determined by measuring the slope of the streamlines in the annulus and the flow rate. The radial pressure drop from the center line to the outer edge of the 1 lower vessel head was found to be 1 in. H20 without swirl killers. The first design of swirl killers reduced the pressure drop to 3.5 in. H20. A frozen-lead seal around the shaft of a small centrifugal pump has operated continuously for 20,000 hr, The pump is mounted vertically over a fractional-horsepower motor and circulates molten salt at 1200F. A graphite-molybdenum compatibility test section was designed and is being fabricated for incorporation into a thermal-convection loop. The test piece includes molybdenum in direct contact with graphite and INOR-8 in the presence of molten salt to test for carbonization and self-welding.
Pump Development. - Mechanical and hydraulic designs were prepared for the MSRE primary and secondary pumps. A single-rotary-element design capable of operating and mounting either the 8 x 6 (primary) or the 6 x 5 (secondary) impellers will be used. The pump tank is designed to accommodate either the primary or the secondary volute and to contain the thermal expansion of system fluid in either circuit. The conventional bearing housing having an impeller overhang of 26 in. was selected; however, its use gives rise to a probable limitation in the range of the resistance to flow in the primary circuit. A preliminary estimate of this range is to 55 ft OS head required at 1450-gpm flow. Preliminary computations indicated that 34 in. of nuclear shielding (measured in the axial direction) will be required for the primary pump. The region below the pump inlet will contain 24 in. of the shielding, and the remainder will be contained in the region above the liquid level in the pump tank and below the lower bearing and shaft seal. An order was placed for impellers and volutes cast in INOR-8. Specifications for the drive motor of the primary pump are receiving final review. Design of the primary p m p for the reactor is nearing completion. Design of the hot test loop was started. The molten-salt pump containing a salt-lubricated journal bearing mole $) at 1225F and continued in operation with LiF-BeF2-UF4 (62-3'7-1 has accumulated 3750 hr running time, including 65 starts and stops. The PKP pump was placed in operation with LiF-BeFz-ThF4-UFq (65-304-1mole %) at 1225F. The back-diffusion characteristics of a pump-shaft sweep-gas arrangement similar to that planned for the MSRE pumps will be tested with helium as the down-the-shaft sweep gas and with K r diluted with helium in the pump-tank gas space.

g/cc. These marked variations from the calculated density of UA13 may be attributed to silicon segregation in the alloy and the formation of a complex uranium-aluminum-silicon intermetallic compound, Numerous blisters have occurred in H F I R fuel plates during fabrication and subsequent heat treatment at 500C. Of 92 plates fabricated to date, 65% blistered. The blistered areas are being examined metallographically to determine the location and possible cause of the blisters. Metallurgy: Fuel Plate Forming. - Performance of the refinished Marforming die for making external fuel section plates was checked by the production of five test plates of solid 6061-0 aluminum and ten dummy fuel plates containing a 30 wt $ U-Al core, The dimensions of these plates indicate the die to be satisfactory for the production of solid 6061-0 fuel plate. However, poor duplication and a pronounced saddle were experienced in the plates containing cores, Similar-symmetry measurements taken from the plates containing cores show a spread of I4 mils, whereas duplicate points measured on the solid aluminum plates show a spread of 5 mils, Metallur&y: Corrosion Specimen Fabrication. - The fabrication of heatflux corrosion specimens has necessitated the welding of a 0.025-in. section of 6061 aluminum, By adding aluminum as a weld diluent and using elec10 tron-beam welding, smooth, high-integrity welds with minimal shrinkage have been produced which are adequate for the required service in hot, high-pressure water. Heliarc welding techniques have also been developed to produce these specimens. Design; Fuel Element. - The fuel element was modified to include a 3/8-in.-thick water gap between the inner and the outer fuel rings to provide for increased neutron moderation in this area. At the same time a decision was made to increase the fuel plate thickness from 4 to 50 mils. 0 While there is no clear evidence that the 40-mil thickness is unsatisfactory, the 50-mil thickness is more conservative by virtue of the factor of 2 increase in plate stiffness- The water-gap thickness of 50 mils between plates is unchanged The increase in plate thickness reduces the heat transfer area per unit volume and the free area for water flow. To regain the heat transfer area t h e fu el-b earin g p o r t i o n o@ t h e element was Lengthened from 18 to 20 in. To maintain similar exit water temperatures with the new dimensions, the design flow velocity in each channel was increased from 4 to 42 fps. The new 0 fuel plate surface temperature of F at the hot spot is about the same as 4' for the 40-mil plate. Design: Beryllium Reflectoro - The beryllium reflector was redesigned to accommodate the new fuel element outside diameter of l7-1/8 in. To reduce the cooling water requirements an allowable thermal stress of 12,000 psi (MTR design value) was used rather than the more conservative 7000-psi level previously considered- The design concept remains unchanged, that is, an inner removable beryllium reflector section consisting of several concentric cylinders separated by 50-mil coolant annuli, and an outer permanent beryllium annulus composed of upper and lower 1-ft-high sections with cooling provided by vertical coolant holes.

used on t h e 600-kv beam t e s t f a c i l i t y i s being designed f o r use with t h e 100-kv t e s t f a c i l i t y. With t h i s l e n s it w i l l be p o s s i b l e t o study mass r a t i o s from i o n sources a t c u r r e n t s up t o 500 ma. A duo-plasmatron io n source with an increased cup area i n t h e form of a s l i t i s being designed and co nstr uc te d t o determine whether c u r r e n t s i n excess of an ampere can be a c c e l e r a t e d and handled. 2 has been obtained from t h e p o r t a b l e 100' U t o 0.6 ma of analyzed H p kv diagnostic io n beam source. It i s expected t h a t a t l e a s t 0.1 t o 0.2 m a + H2+ or H3+ w i l l be a v a i l a b l e r e l i a b l y i n approximately of analyzed HI one week.
Theory. - The imp licatio n s of energy l o s s of h o t i o n s t o c old e l e c t r o n s flowing i n t o t h e D C X - I 1 have been studie d. The r e s u l t i s a modif ic a tion of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c S curve which produces a ppr e c ia bly l a r g e r c r i t i c a l c ur r e n t s. O t h e o t h e r hand, t h e r e i s a l a r g e i n i t i a l ga in i n trapped d e n s i t y n as t h e a r c i s shut o f f , owing t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e breakup remains high while t h e l o s s e s decrease. The n e t r e s u l t of t h e s e two e f f e c t s i s more favorable than o r i g i n a l c a l c u l a t i o n s

BIOLOGY

AND MEDICINE PROGRAM
RADIATION EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Genetic and Cytogenetic E f f e c t s of Radiations. - Genetic mapping of t h e ad-3 r eg io n of t h e mold Neurospora i s being continued. The use of "leaky" ad-3 mutants i n a l l e l i c c r o s s e s ha s pr e se nte d new problems s i n c e they can grow on ad en in e-d eficient medium. Evidence has now been obtained t h a t benzimidazole can be used t o d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i n h i b i t t h e growth of adenine- requir in g and adenine-independent progeny i n such c r o s s e s , and t h e i n fluence of t h e a d d i t i o n of benzimidazole t o t h e p l a t i n g medium i s being i n vestigated i n d e t a i l. The development of a complementation map t o i n d i c a t e t h e na tur e of t h e i n t e r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s of ad-3 mutants i n t h e heterokaryon t e s t s i s a l s o be i n g continued. A tten tio n i s being focused a t p r e s e n t on mutants induced by n i t r o u s acid, sin ce i n marked c o n t r a s t with mutants induced by x r a y s or by u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n , over 8% of such mutants show a l l e l i c complementation and e x h i b i t a wide v a r i e t y of d i f f e r e n t type s of i n t e r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s. Prese n t d a t a show a minimum of 28 d i f f e r e n t subunits i n t h e complementation map, and t h e i n t e r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s show t h a t t h e map i s d e f i n i t e l y nonline a r. Over 1000 mutants induced by n i t r o u s a c i d have not as y e t been t e s t e d , and a major e f f o r t i s being made t o analyze t h e remainder of t h i s sample. E f f e c t s of Radiation on Paramecium. - A s a p a r t of t h e c ontinuing i n v e s t i g a t i o n of growth processes i n s i n g l e c e l l s of Paramecium a u r e l i a , stu d i e s have been made of t h e in co rpor a tion of t r i t i a t e d c y t i d i n e i n t o nuc le a r and cytoplasmic rib o n u cleic acid. Previous i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n with T o 0. Caspersson of Stockholm have shown t h a t t h e r e i s no n e t inc r e a s e i n nuclear RNA during t h e f i r s t h a l f of t h e i n t e r d i v i s i o n i n t e r v a l , whereas RNA, t o g e t h e r w ith deoxyribonucleic a c i d and p r o t e i n , doubles i n amount duri n g t h e second h a l f. The p r e s e n t s t u d i e s show t h a t c y t i d i n e i s inc or por a t e d

h t o nuclear FW! a t n e a r l y t h e same r a t e throughout t h e whole i n t e r v a l. Most of t h e l a b e l i s i n t h e nucleus i f t h e paramecia a r e f i x e d immediately a f t e r a b r i e f l a b e l i n g period, but most of it i s i n t h e cytoplasm i f t h e y a r e i n cubated i n unlabeled medium f o r about an hour before f i x i n g. These r e s u l t s suggest t h a t t h e apparent constancy of nuclear RNA during t h e f i r s t h a l f of t h e i n t e r v a l i s t h e r e s u l t of a balance between t h e r a t e s of synth e s i s i n t h e nucleus and r e l e a s e t o t h e cytoplasm. Pathology and Physiology. - Delayed m o r t a l i t y i n i r r a d i a t e d F1 mice t h a t have received p a r e n t a l bone marrow has been a t t r i b u t e d t o an immunol o g i c a l r e a c t i o n of an ti bodie s produced by g r a f t e d c e l l s a g a i n s t h o s t t i s sue., C57BL, 101, (C57BL x 101)F1, and (C57BL x DM/2)F1 mice were used f o r f u r t h e r examination of t h i s hypothesis by i n j e c t i o n of p a r e n t a l bone marrow i n t o i r r a d i a t e d F1 mice and v i c e ve r sa. Both s u p r a l e t h a l (850-1050 r) and n i d l e t h a l (5OC-850 r ) doses of x r a ys were used t o determine t h e optimal co n d itio n s f o r good long-term s u r v i v a l of r e c i p i e n t s and f o r permanent acceptance of tran sp lan ted c e l l s. D if f e r e nc e s i n hemoglobin were used t o follow repopulation of donor e r ythr oc yte s i n i r r a d i a t e d r e c i p i e n t s. The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t more of t h e 900-r X - ir r a dia te d (C57BL x 101)F1 rez i p i e n t s survived and permanently r e t a i n e d t h e g r a f t when i n j e c t e d w i t h 75 x lo6 C57BL nucleated bone marrow c e l l s tha n when i n j e c t e d with 15 >e lo6 lsells. Reversions occurred e a r l i e r , moreover, when t h e smaller number of s e l l s was used. Reversions were not found i n 900-r X - ir r a dia te d (C57BL x 101)Fl mice when s t r a i n bone marrow c e l l s were administered. Rever0 sio n s i n l e t h a l l y i r r a d i a t e d (C57BL x 101)F1 mice given C57BL bone marrow may be caused by a microenvironmental advantage f o r host c e l l s or by an a b i l i t y of t h e h o st t o r e a c t weakly a g a i n s t g r a f t e d c e l l s. Permanent t r a n s X p l a n t s were obtained i n 850-1- - ir r a dia te d s t r a i n 101 mice i n j e c t e d w i t h 75 x lo6 (C57BL x 101)F1 bone marrow c e l l s ; r e ve r sions occurred when 15 x l o 6 c e l l s were i n j e c t e d. When s t r a i n 101 bone marrow w a s i n j e c t e d i n t o (C57BL x lOl)F, mice, complete repopulation occurred w i t h i n 50 days; b u t a t least 60 days w a s requir e d w ith i n j e c t i o n s of C57BL marrow. Biophysics: U l t r a v i o l e t Studie s. - The a c t i o n spectrum f o r photoprot e c t i o n from k i l l i n g i n t h e bacterium Esc he r ic hia c o l i B i s being d e t e r mined. The e f f e c t i v e wavelengths l i e i n t h e range 3100 t o 3700 A, w i t h a s i n g l e peak a t 3400 A. The lower end of t h i s spectrum i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t f o r p h o to reactiv atio n , b u t t h e upper end l i e s a t much lower values, sugg e s t i n g t h a t photoprotection e i t h e r use s a d i f f e r e n t chromophore o r u s e s t h e same chromophore l e s s e f f i c i e n t l y. S tu d ies of t h e s y n e r g i s t i c a c t i o n of x r a ys and u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n on chromosome breakage i n Tradescantia p o l l e n have been continued along s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t l i n e s of approach. Preliminary experiments with irradiat i o n by f a s t neutrons i n s t e a d of x r a ys showed an apparent decrease i n t h e effect These s t u d i e s a r e being extended t o a l p h a - p a r t i c l e i r r a d i a t i o n s During t h e p a s t month a l a r g e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e magnitude of t h e synergism h a s been encountered. It appears t h a t t h i s v a r i a t i o n i s a f unc tio n of t h e degree of humidity and t h e amount of s o l a r r a d i a t i o n received by t h e p o l l e n before t h e l a b o r a t o r y tre a tme nts Since the synergism i n t h e combined a c t i o n of x r a ys and u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n on Tradescantia p o l l e n i s subje c t t o considerable v a r i a t i o n i n magnitude from week t o week, t h e f a c t o r s governing t h e s e n s i t i v i t y of p o l l e n t o i i l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n alone a r e being i n v e s t i g a t e d. The parameters under

study a r e temperature,, humidity, and t h e amounts of n e a r - i n f r a r e d , v i s i b l e , and n e a r - u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n t h e m a t e r i a l r e c e i v e s be f or e exposure t o t h e far u l t r a v i o l e t ( i. e. wavelengths i n t h e 2500-A r e g i o n ). Although b o t h humidity and temperature changes do a f f e c t t h e s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e p o l l e n t o u l t r a v i o l e t , t h e y do not appear t o have a marked e f f e c t upon t h e synergism.
COMBATING RADIATION DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS Radiation P r o t e c t i o n : Living C e l l s. - Se ve r a l systems are now e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t make it p o s s i b l e t o vary t h e r a d i o s e n s i t i v i t y of b a c t e r i a l cells. The l a r g e s t change so far s t u d i e d i s one induced by c o n t r o l of t h e growth medium, and i s dependent on t h e s t a g e of t h e growth c y c l e , t h e p r e s ence of c e r t a i n amino a c i d s , t h e f i n a l pH of t h e c u l t u r e , and, t o some ext e n t , t h e energy source. The amount of deoxyribonucleic a c i d , r i b o n u c l e i c acid, and p r o t e i n p e r c e l l c o r r e l a t e s w e l l with t h e average c e l l volume. Although r e s i s t a n t c e l l s have about twice t h e c e l l volume of s e n s i t i v e c e l l s , and although t h e r e l a t i v e r e s i s t a n c e t o i n a c t i v a t i o n by x r a y s , U l t r a v i o l e t , and h e a t i n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g c e l l volume, t h e r e l a t i v e r e s i s t a n c e i n c r e a s e s much more r a p i d l y t h a n does t h e c e l l s i z e or t h e amount of t h e i n t r a c e l l u l a r components measured., The e xpr e ssion of r a d i o r e s i s t a n c e can be a l t e r e d by s e v e r a l p r e - and p o s t i r r a d i a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s , and t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a r e being s i m p l i f i e d i n or de r t o p i n p o i n t t h e c e l l u l a r a c t i v i t y which i s b e s t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h development, l o s s , or e xpr e ssion of r e s i s t ance. Mammalian R ad iatio n Recovery. - Experiments on mixed a g g l u t i n a t i o n B w i t h r e d blood c e l l s have shown t h a t t h e A 0 blood group a n t i g e n s a r e p r e s e n t on t h e s u r f a c e s of t i s s u e - c u l t u r e d d i p l o i d human c e l l s. Pr e limina r y experiments w ith f l u o r e s c e n t antibody systems have f u r t h e r shown t h a t t h e A 0 blood group phenotype of a s i n g l e c u l t u r e d c e l l may be a c c u r a t e l y deB termined. By use of t h e flu o res c e nc e method, c lone s of apparent type A c e l l s have been d e t e c t e d i n x-rayed mass c u l t u r e s of type 0 c e l l s. Leukemoid leu k o cy tes from F1 hybr ids caused some recovery from l e t h a l i r r a d i a t i o n i n j u r y i n p aren t-ty pe mice. T r a n s p l a n t a t i o n of F1 hematopoie t i c c e l l s w a s demonstrated i n t h e pa r e nt- type r e c i p i e n t s t h a t survived. It i s r a r e t o f i n e leukemoid leukocytes c a using recovery from r a d i a t i o n i n j u r y when t h e donor and the r e c i p i e n t animal are not g e n e t i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l. I r r a d i a t e d mice t h a t have been kept a l i v e w i t h f o r e i g n a d u l t bone m a r row u s u a l l y show permanent g ro s s damage t o t h e i r lymphatic t i s s u e s , b u t some animals are now b ein g stu die d who show a delayed r e g e n e r a t i o n of t h e i r lymphatic system. I n L t h e s e t h e new lymphatic system comes from t h e donor bone marrow. Radia tio n Immunology. - The production of a n t i b o d i e s ( a g g l u t i n i n s and p r e c i p i t i n s ) by normal and s e n s i t i z e d sple e n c e l l s i s being s t u d i e d by i m munochemical tech n iq u es i n d i f f u s i o n chambers implanted i n t h e p e r i t o n e a l c a v i t i e s of mice and r a b b i t s. When preimmunized r a b b i t s p l e e n c e l l s were incubated w i t h bovine serum albumin, antibody-containing c e l l s could be demonstrated on t h e t h i r d day (-1% of t h e p o p u l a t i o n ) , reached a peak of -6% on t h e f i f t h t o seventh day, and decreased t o ~ 1 on t h e t h day. % Agglutinins ( a g a i n s t sheep red blood c e l l s ) were d e t e c t e d i n chambers

VISITORS

UNITED STATES Advisory Committee for the Chemical Technology Division Katz, D. L. Larson, C. E. Perlman, I. Pigford, T. H. Rushton, J. H. Worthington, H.
Advisory Committee for the Metallurgy Division Koenig, J. H. Smith, C. S. FOREIGN Name Avery, D. G. Becker, F. Beckey, H. D. Belpomme, M. J. J. Benmiloud, M. Bensadoun, M. Bouchez, R. Bullock, G. Chesne, A. Cox, B. DeBatist, R. E. Affiliation United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Bonn French AEC St. Louis University French AEC University of Grenoble ASEA, Sweden C.E.A., France United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Centre d'Etude de 1'Energie Nucleaire Citizen of Great Britain France Germany France France France France Sweden France Great Britain. Belgium Smoluchowski, R. Wilhelm, H. A.
C i t i z e n of Greece Germany United Arab Republic France Argentina Israel Italy Italy Great B r i t a i n Denmark Austria Swit z er l a n d Germany Germany Germany Franc e Iran Great B r i t a i n Belgium Belgium Great B r i t a i n Italy Japan Italy Italy Spain Great B r i t a i n Italy Franc e Germany

Belgium

Affiliation Demosthenopoulou, E. Detterer, 0. A. E l Bedevi, F. Faugeras, P. F e r r a r i , A. M. R. Frankel, Z. Fumagalli, F. Gazzabin, F. Gratton, C. P. Hansen, P. G. Hintenberger, H. Hintermann, K. Knott, c. Knott, I. L. Konig, L. Laplume, J. Manucher, M. Z. Martin, D. L. Mathot, V. D. Mevergnies, M. N. de Mill er, R. E. Nepi, 0. Okada, I. OPPO, G * Orsenigo, G. Petrement, J. Pr ice, W. C. RUSSO, S. Schneider-Maunouri, A. M. P. Schroder, E. Spaak, F. P. Speiser, D. Sudo, T. T i l l e r , H. J. Trouve, S. Van Putten, L. M. Vervier, J. 3'. Wagner, H. Waldmann, L. Wanklyn, J. N. Wende, H. Wilkinson, G. R. W , Y. H. u Zanetto, A. C. A.E.C., Greece Seimans Germany Atomic Energy Establishment, Cairo
C.E.A., France O.R.I.N.S. Weizmann I n s t i t u t e C.N.R.N., Italy B.P.D., I t a l y Dragon Physics Team Danish A.E.C. Max Planck I n s t. Dragon Physics Team Atomic Energy Commission of Germany Max Planck I n s t. French AEC American University, Cairo, Egypt N.R.C., Canada Centre d'Etude de 1'Ene r gie Nucleaire C. E. N. , Belgium Kings College C.N.R.N., Italy Sumitomo Metal I n d u s t r i e s , L t d. University of L o u i s v i l l e C.N.R.N., Italy J.E.N. Spain Kings College C.N.R.N. , I t a l y French AEC
Dragon Physics Team Euratom Princeton University Tokyo U nive r sity U. S. Army Chemical Center, Maryland French AEC National Health Research Council C.E.N., Belgium University of Gottingen Max Planck I n s t. United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Max Planck I n s t. Kings College Mead Johnson & Co. C. E. A. , France
Switzerland Japan Germany France Net herlands Belgium Germany Germany United Kingdom Germany Great B r i t a i n China Franc e
- 34 Reports i s s u e d i n t h i s s e r i e s during t h e p a s t ye a r : September 1959 October 1959