**** **** ** ** ***** ** ***** * **** ***** *****
** * ** ***** ** ** *** ***** ** * **** *** ** *** ***** ***** *** * **** ** *** *** *** ** *** **** ***** *** ** ***** *****
Table 2 Manufacturers of DAB equipment and components.
* ** *** **** ***** = study / development = prototype = pre-production = production, limited distribution = production, internationally available
Grundig Data Terminal DAB-T 1002 Cymbol DAB tuner Arcan DAB tuner
Clarion DAB 9475 Sony H11
Blaupunkt Sydney RCM 128W
Pioneer add-on DAB car kit

Grundig DCR 1000 DAB

Figure 3 A selection of readily-available DAB radios for the car and the home.

DAB receivers

At the present stage of DAB roll-out, the biggest missing link is insufficient sales of DAB receivers. There are several reasons for this: lack of consumer awareness and/or interest;
On the previous page, Table 2 (courtesy of WorldDAB) summarizes the availability of DAB consumer equipment in Europe 1. Two conclusions may be drawn from this table:
1. The WorldDAB Roll-out Support Programme (RSP) is currently in the process of collecting data from manufacturers, and this table may be revised in future as new data become available.
the distraction effect of other electronic products, e.g. mobile phones, digital TV, DVD, etc.; high initial prices for DAB receivers; less-than-universal coverage.
DAB receivers are intended to become mass-market products. Already, a variety of consumer products is available in the shops and more will come. Some examples of consumer receivers are given in Fig. 3 (top of this page). While the majority of manufacturers produce only car radios (for the moment using a separate add-on DAB box with a separate antenna), there are currently four manufacturers who are producing hi-fi DAB tuners for the home.
several manufacturers are already involved in the production of consumer DAB receivers, and a potentially larger number have plans to do so; there are several types of DAB receivers already on the market and more will arrive soon, in particular portable and walkman-type receivers, as new generation of integrated circuits begin to appear.

Blaupunkt Clarion Grundig Kenwood Pioneer Sony
Table 3 gives the retail prices (in DM) of some receivers that were available at the time of writing (May 1999). As DAB is no different from other new consumer products, it is expected that the prices of DAB receivers will come down rapidly, and the market will then grow steadily. Some predictions for the growth of DAB are given in Fig. 4. It should be noted that PC cards are now a very popular form of DAB receiver. These cards help many people who already own a PC to experience DAB services (audio and data) before integrated DAB receivers come to the market.
It is important that the technical and operational features of DAB receivers match the features that are transFigure 4 mitted. WorldDAB has made Predicted growth of DAB in Europe up until 2005. considerable effort in bringing together the broadcasters and manufacturers in order to agree on a minimum set of mandatory and optional characteristics for the first-generation consumer receivers, and hence avoid introducing a mismatch. On the next page, Table 4 shows the principal features of the DAB receivers now available on the market. It should be noted that not all these features may be supported in the receiver itself; some may initially be implemented in a separate decoder, in which case an interface is provided in the receiver. Some of these features will be implemented in secondgeneration receivers. There will be a wide range of different levels of implementations, and correspondingly different price levels. An important aspect of DAB is user-friendliness and simplicity of handling. DAB receivers tend to be highly sophisticated and complex, but attempts have been made by the HuMIDAB Project [12] to simplify considerably the access to DAB services and their selection. Further effort should be made to include DAB as a standard feature in the car dashboard as part of the car telematic system. For example, a DAB receiver in the car could be combined with a GSM telephone and a GPS navigation system.
D-Fire 01 DAB 9475 R DCR 200 KTC-959 DAB GEX-O 900 DAB XT 100 DAB Box

Price (DM)

1399 2000

(DIN) Box Box Box Box

Table 3 The retail prices (in DM) of DAB receivers available at May 1999.

Table 4 Principal DAB receiver features. Transmission-provider-related functionalities
Transmission modes Mode I Mode II Mode III Mode IV
Download National Features Language Country Identifier Time and Date (UTC) Local Time Offset (LTO) Programme Type Downloading Announcements Alarm Programme delivery control Receiver Display Related 2 * 16 characters 1/4 VGA Fine codes

Features

X-PAD Applications X-PAD table of contents download Dynamic label segment Closed user group data: a:) Stream mode b:) Packet channel
Service Access Technical TII / Regional coding Alternative services Service trigger FIC overflow Mux reconfiguration with no interrupt
Labels National Character Sets
Programme Type - Selection Mode International set Full coarse set Download
F-PAD Applications Dynamic range control Music/Speech switch
Content-provider-related functionalities
Audio Audio 8 - 24 kbit/s Audio 32 - 256 kbit/s Audio 320 & 384 kbit/s Half sampling rate Multi-channel sound Error concealment in the receiver Storage of 10*2*16 character blocks Storage of 10 min. audio

Fine codes

Programme Type - Watch-Mode International set Full coarse set Download Fine codes
Data-provider-related functionalities
Other Data Services Paging TMC (Traffic Message Channel) Multimedia and hypertext
Programme Type - Preview International set Full coarse set
Still pictures Conditional access Receiver Data Interface (RDI)
The advent of software (or virtual) receivers may revolutionize receiver designs in the future. In the longer run, all future DAB receivers even the smallest walkman type may use conventional computer-processing chips, rather than dedicated DAB chip-sets. In addition, powerful computer memories will allow the local storage of thousands of internet-like pages, pictures, graphics, maps and other information. This will lead to an extremely flexible broadcasting system in which DAB will be used as a transparent data pipeline. Radio will no longer be only an audio medium, but a multimedia medium. Applications will be implemented in software, downloadable off-air by the receiver, and updateable and upgradeable on the fly.

Technology

A stable technology is an essential foundation on which the future of radio broadcasting should be based. Eureka-147 DAB is certainly one such system. But it is no longer the only
one. Many alternative technologies have emerged in recent years, with different advantages and disadvantages. For a public broadcaster, it is important to understand the pros and cons of these different technologies and their commercial, economic and operational implications, so that sound decisions can be made. Broadcasters will always aim to use the best possible means to reach the audience in the most effective way. Apart from the EU-147 system, the following digital technologies can readily be used for sound broadcasting in Europe:

RadioScape (UK) has implemented in software the entire DAB chain, on both the transmission and receiver sides. On the receiver side, the software covers all the signal processing, channel decoding and source decoding required of a DAB receiver. RadioScape has built up a large database of digital signal processing (DSP) libraries, routines and metrics. The code is first implemented as a mathematical model, which is transferred into C++ and finally into architecture-specific code.
Traffic information is at present being conveyed to the general public by using RDS-TMC (Traffic Message Channel). Many EBU broadcasters have developed an infrastructure to broadcast it, many road traffic data centres have been established and some TMC decoders are starting to appear on the market. In order to protect all these investments, the DAB system has recently been adjusted to be able to carry TMC. Later, it will be able to carry efficiently the entirely new protocol denoted TPEG. During a certain transition period, both TMC and TPEG will be carried in parallel by DAB.
2. Intelligent Transport Systems Europe http://www.ertico.com 3. Delivery of ITS Applications with Multimedia Over Networks using DAB.

Software receiver

Transport Protocol Experts Group (TPEG) Now recognized as a very robust delivery system with increasing coverage and availability across Europe DAB is likely to become a major carrier of traffic, travel, tourism and telematics services in the future [13]. The European market forecast for advanced traveller information services, such as in-car navigation and traffic information, is estimated at 26bn per annum. To this end, DAB-based ITS services are being promoted extensively by ERTICO 2 and will be instrumental in the creation of the DIAMOND 3 project, to be co-funded by the 5th Framework of the European Unions Information Society Technologies (IST) programme.
TPEG is a new protocol for traffic and travel information, for use in the multimedia broadcasting environment [14], and is being developed by EBU Project Group B/TPEG. It is a byte-oriented stream format which may be carried on almost any digital bearer with an appropriate adaptation layer. An adaptation layer for DAB is under development. The BBC performed a demonstration of TPEG to WorldDAB Module 1 in London during March 1999. The TPEG Road Traffic Message application supports a wide range of receiver types, from sophisticated agent receivers (to serve navigation systems), through to simple receivers only able to decode top-level information. Some of the possibilities include digital map-based receivers, GPS receivers without digital maps, and receivers without either GPS or digital maps. Road traffic messages may be presented to the user in many different ways, including text, synthesized speech and graphically, or they may be used in route calculations.

Panel 1 EBU statement on DAB and DVB
DAB and DVB are two different, yet complementary, broadcasting systems that have been designed for different objectives and different markets. In many EBU member countries, DAB has been implemented already on a preoperational or regular operational basis, and DVB-T has already been introduced in a few countries with others expected to follow shortly. The EBU encourages its members to develop both DAB and DVB-T systems to serve the radio and television communities, respectively. As the technology migrates from analogue to digital, the integrity of the radio medium should be preserved and the expectations of the radio listeners should be met. The assumption that DVB-T can replace DAB, and that DAB is no longer needed, is not correct and should not be pursued by EBU members. Radio is a mobile and portable medium, and the best technology for it is DAB. DVB-T can, technically, provide for mobile services, but few broadcasters will be able to implement a low programme-capacity variant of it, initially for the reasons of spectrum scarcity and economics. DVB-T will be able to carry radio services to stationary receivers (e.g. using TV set-top antennas), but this activity may represent only a minority market and is not a futureproof solution for the radio medium. Both systems will be used for the delivery of mobile broadcast interactive multimedia in the future. DAB will be used where mobility is the prime requirement. DVB-T will be used where large data capacity of the forward channel is required. Efforts should be made to bring the DAB and DVB technologies closer together in terms of common system features, data protocols and service information (SI), in order to facilitate production, distribution and broadcasting, using both technologies.
The Internet is an increasingly popular means of conveying audio, in particular music, to PC-equipped members of the general public. Although internet audio streaming is in its infancy, there are signs of big interest in it among public broadcasters. Practically all EBU broadcasting organizations have their own website. In total more than 6000 stations are present on the Internet. Many (some 1000) are offering audio streaming. However, at the moment, this activity is not cheap. In Germany, the cost of a 16 kbit/s stream (i.e. per listener) is about 1.2 DM an hour. Large broadcasters are investing heavily in the Internet since they consider it a powerful medium. For example, the BBC invested more than 20m on its public-service internet activities during its 1998-99 financial year. At the present level of development, a major drawback of Internet Radio is its relatively poor and inconsistent sound quality, and the fact that only a very limited number of listeners, typically no more than 1000 to 2000, can listen to a given radio programme simultaneously 4. The Internet is not a mobile medium, which is an important issue as a lot of radio listening is done

4. Compared to the millions of simultaneous listeners on FM/AM, Internet Radio hardly deserves the term broadcasting.
on the move. Several audio compression schemes are used on the Internet; perhaps the most popular scheme is MPEG Layer III, now known as MP3. In addition to audio streaming which allows for real-time listening to news and music at low quality the audio-on-demand business is flourishing. By this means, a music track coded in MP3 is downloaded via a PC and recorded on a small and light portable recorder called Diamond Rio PMP300 which contains a solid-state memory chip. You can carry this device around with you, rather like a mini walkman. Synergy with GSM, UMTS The Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS) is the third-generation mobile telecommunications service. It is a successor to the GSM system which already has 30 million users in over 100 countries. UMTS will offer new services to mobile users, such as high-speed internet access, mobile video-phones and fast data file transfer to and from portable computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs). These services will be enabled by a transmission capacity ranging from a basic rate of 144 kbit/s to primary rate ISDN at 2 Mbit/s. In the early days of UMTS, however, a capacity in excess of 384 kbit/s is unlikely. UMTS may have a significant impact on broadcast services. For example, it will be able to provide world-wide dial-in access to radio and television services. The UMTS Forum sees great potential for co-operation and synergies with DAB, as shown in Panel 2.
Panel 2 UMTS statement on DAB
Co-operation with broadcasting companies could to some extent change the technical prerequisites for wideband communications. Such co-operation could, for instance, include the use of high-power Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) transmitters as part of the overall UMTS service with the possibility of providing high-speed downlink data services in certain areas. This potential need for asymmetry in terms of high data-rates on the downlink has already been identified in other UMTS studies. Another possibility would be Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), also called digital TV, currently discussed in many countries.
The EBU is in the process of assessing the potential of the A similar possible development is that mobile UMTS operators could adopt the DAB technology for broadcasting-/narrowcasting-type services, possiDAB/UMTS synergy for bly even in the 800 MHz band. The realism of this development is difficult mobile multimedia servto assess at the present stage. However, in general there has been separation ices. An interesting possibilbetween the regulatory environments for broadcasting and mobile telecomity would be to investigate munications and there is therefore a need for interaction between the reguthe concept of combined latory regimes to be carefully considered. The regulation of broadcasting DAB/UMTS user terminals. content should be kept separate from the regulation of transmission in order to enable such an interaction. This may well provide a means for UMTS to subsidize the cost of the combined terminal which will already include a display, an HMI and audio/video output, thus providing an economy of scale.

applied in Italy where the multiplex operator will not be licensed; the licences will be only given to content providers who will form a kind of multiplex consortium. Another regulatory matter which has been the subject of hot debate recently is the proportion of the multiplex allowed to be allocated to non-audio (data) applications. The current regulatory arrangements in the UK allow 20% of the multiplex to be used for non-audio data applications, but regulations in other countries may be different. Many countries encourage the broadcasting of a variety of data applications in order to make DAB different from FM, and to attract new audiences and data service providers to launch different business applications. The European Commission, in particular DG X, has been very supportive to the radio community and has organized two workshops. The most recent one titled Principles for the implementation of Digital Radio was held on 5 March 1999 in Brussels and drew up the following set of principles: recognition of radios specificity; need for more frequencies; need for a co-ordinated switch-off strategy for FM radio; encouraging co-operation between public and private broadcasters; affordable prices for DAB receivers; need for a legal framework in European countries; more political and institutional support.
The European Commission has introduced digital radio in its 1999 Work Plan. The Commission is planning to prepare a Communication to the European Parliament and the Council. The purpose of this Communication is to trace Radios forthcoming transition to digital, to identify possible barriers and recommend possible ways of overcoming them. Thanks to significant efforts carried out by the World DAB Forum, the Commission recognized that (a) Radio has its own cultural identity and is a particularly important issue for consideration, and (b) Radio will be addressed in a separate Communication, in a very distinguished manner.
The lack of frequency spectrum available for DAB is perceived as a major barrier. The DAB system is a terrestrial broadcasting system and it requires a dedicated spectrum range. Depending on the network scenario and the frequency band used, DAB is three to ten times more spectrum-efficient than FM. Frequencies are available for the startup of DAB simulcast services in parts of the VHF band and L-Band (i.e. from 176 to 230 MHz and from 1452 to 1467.5 MHz). According to the international frequency plan established for CEPT countries at Wiesbaden in 1995, each country has obtained at least one frequency block (ensemble) for nation-wide coverage. In many cases, this provision is not sufficient to accommodate all the existing radio services which use analogue technology in the FM and AM bands and thereby allow them to migrate to digital. In particular, there is a lack of frequencies available for small local radio stations. This constitutes a significant barrier to business development. It is very important that there is enough spectrum for both the public and commercial sector as the audience is often different.

Frequency spectrum

In December 1998, the European Commission published a Green Paper on spectrum issues and invited interested parties to contribute their comments on whether the present political and legal base, as well as the practical implementation of Community radio spectrum policy, requires adaptation in the light of technological, market and regulatory developments. The World DAB Forum, in their response, emphasized that the spectrum resource, which is finite, should be shared among different radiocommunication services in such a manner as to maximize the public benefits and interests. Sufficient spectrum should be allocated to those services that offer the greatest good to the greatest number of people. Digital radio is such a service: it will satisfy public interests in terms of promoting cultural values for national, regional and local communities, serving the specific interests of minorities (largely ignored by other media), providing news, information, education, knowledge and entertainment. Digital radio will ensure the availability of free-to-air services to all citizens at all times. Although international co-ordination through the EC, ITU and CEPT is needed, the ultimate decision about all spectrum allocation issues should be left to the discretion of the administrations of the different states. They are best placed to decide on their spectrum needs in the light of national circumstances, providing these principles comply with international market and competition objectives. Recently, economic efficiency and the cost of spectrum has been invoked in CEPT circles as a possible criterion for spectrum allocation. It is difficult to compare directly telephone services and broadcasting services. It may well be that, in some cases, the economic viability of phone services may be greater. But the nature of these personal (one-to-one) services is fundamentally different to broadcasting services which provide services to many millions of people at all times. For WorldDAB, the public interest is in part secured by a mix of commercial and non-commercial players in the market. Beyond this, for the industry as a whole, we see merit in DAB being judged against a set of criteria which value the economic worth of spectrum. These would include the creation of new services and employment, technological innovation and European competitiveness, production of consumer electronic products as well as economic growth. While spectrum auctioning may be suitable for telecom services, charging for the spectrum needed to sustain existing broadcasting services or to develop new DAB services would be highly counter-productive. It could stifle the introduction of new broadcasting technologies, such as DAB and DVB. It is now essential that spectrum is made available for a broad implementation of DAB. Radio services which are currently broadcast in analogue also need to be simulcast on DAB. These include the existing public and commercial AM and FM broadcasters that are operating national, regional, local and community services. There must also be provision for satisfying the need for new radio programmes produced by both existing and new broadcasters which cannot be accommodated on AM or FM today, because of the lack of spare frequencies in these bands. There must also be appropriate allocations for new data and multimedia services. These are essential to stimulate the sale of new receivers and to create opportunities for new revenue streams for broadcasters. Switch-off time table It is recognized that it is difficult to set a date that is common to all European countries for the analogue switch off. However, it is necessary to elaborate a common strategy for a relatively

It is important for these small broadcasters that they have the same opportunities to migrate to digital radio as any other broadcaster. A fundamental requirement for them is that the same DAB system is used for their transmissions and that the users are able to use commonlyavailable DAB receivers. However, it should be realized that community radio stations have some specific requirements, such as an independent location, small coverage area and low installation costs. Although the Eureka-147 DAB system has been designed and optimized to carry a multiplex of several radio services, it can in principle carry only one stereophonic service. It would be sensible, where geographically possible, to use a dedicated ensemble for a stereo service, with the highest possible audio bit-rate (i.e. 384 kbit/s) and protection level (1/3). This configuration would allow high audio quality and low transmitter power, thus minimizing the installation costs. It would also allow us to shape the coverage of the multiplex, as required by the market. The remaining data capacity in the multiplex could be devoted to data or multimedia services as appropriate, and/or shared with other national/regional/local services. In the latter case, agreement should be reached about an acceptable coverage area, among all the service providers sharing the same multiplex.
EBU Project Group B/DAC has investigated the possibility of using DAB in a TDMA mode to
allow for local opt-out services. The group found that such a solution is probably technically possible (subject to the successful resolution of transmitter filtering and synchronization in the receiver) but would be operationally complex, with reduced coverage (mush areas) and reduced bit capacity. Therefore such a solution could not be recommended for DAB community services. As a trivial solution, these community services could remain on FM for a sufficiently long time (until the switch-off deadline) or, if part of the 87.5 - 108 MHz band continued to be available for broadcasting, they could stay there indefinately.

On 12 October 1998, the first national commercial DAB multiplex was licensed to the Digital One consortium. They will start services based on 69% population coverage in October 1999. Digital One will offer ten programmes (three existing national stations, and seven new ones). Existing commercial radio stations that bid for a DAB multiplex channel were given a free eight-year extension of their existing FM licences. The UK Radio Authority has now started the licensing process for additional (local and regional) multiplexes at the rate of one per month, and seven such licences are planned to be awarded by the end of 1999 (Birmingham, Manchester, Greater London 1, Glasgow, South Yorkshire, Tyne & Wear and Cardiff/ Newport). The number of people expected to be reached by the end of 1999 will be 39 million. The number of services on-air by the end of 1999 will be around 19 national, plus eight or nine regional/local.
General Assembly President: Michael McEwen (DRRI) Vice-President: (TBA)
WorldDAB Project Office Project Director: Franc Kozamernik (EBU) Project Manager: Julie Unsworth Admin. Supervisor: Lina Vanberghem (EBU) Special Projects Adviser: Andreas Maurer Project Office Assistant: Rebecca Dorta
Steering Board Chairman: Michael McEwen (DRRI)
European DAB Committee Chairman: Michael Green (BBC) Vice-Chair: Sergio Natucci (AER) Adviser: Anna Zanotto Finance/Budget Group Chairman: Christian Maillard (RF)
Roll-out Support programme Chairman: Andreas Maurer Adviser: Ruud Vader Spectrum Lobbying Committee Chairman: Percy Pettersson (Teracom) Adviser: Gordon Harold
Module 1: Services & Equipment Chairman: Frans Westra (VDO CC) Vice-Chair: Kjell Engstroem (SR) Adviser: Wolfram Titze (Bosch)
TF2: Conditional Access TF Leader: Lutz Franke (SDR) TF3: DAB Functionality TF Leader: Jorgen Samsioe (Teracom) TF4: Value Added Data Services TF Leader: Glyn Jones (BBC)
Module 2: Regulatory & Legal Matters Chairman: Goran Arvedahl (Teracom) Adviser: Gordon Harold

TF5: On-Air Predictions

Module 3: Marketing & Promotion Chairman: Simon Spanswick (WRN) Vice-Chair: Michel Tremblay (DRRI/CBC)
TF6: Traffic & Travel Information TF Leader: Kjell Engstroem (SR) WorldDAB Information and Registration Centre Coordinator: Bev Marks

The World DAB Forum

The World DAB Forum was established in October 1995 at the initiative of the EBU to become a major international facilitator of DAB. It now includes more than 100 members worldwide. It is a collective of private and public broadcasting organizations, data content providers, manufacturers, network pro-
Module 4: Satellite Services Chairman: Peter Senger (DW)
AH1: Satellite DAB Systems Chairman: (TBA) AH2: HEO/MEO/LEO Chairman: Theodore Prosch (SDR) AH3: EU 147 Trials Chairman: Gerald Chouinard (DRRI/CBC)
Module 5: Programming & Multimedia Chairman: Glyn Jones (BBC)
Figure 6 Organigram of the World DAB Forum.
viders, regulators, research institutes and other organizations, with a common interest in developing Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) services and introducing them on the consumer market. The Forum is dedicated to encouraging international co-operation in Radio, and to making DAB a world-wide commercial marketing success to the lasting economic and social benefit of all concerned. The organigram of the World DAB Forum is shown in Fig. 6. The Forum will continue to strive to make the private and public sectors work together in conjunction with the policy makers. Generally, the industry feels that the regulatory framework is acceptable, and the leadership of the public sector is seen as positive. However, the public broadcasters must take on the challenge of involving the private broadcasters in DAB. The example of Digital One in the UK, which will start its commercial services in October 1999, is very encouraging. It is probably true to say that the international consensus process, which was opted for in the case of DAB, has been very long, perhaps even too long. By way of comparison, the DVB process was significantly shorter. But any such process whose objective is to agree a new broadcasting standard is, by its nature, very complex since it involves many parties, e.g. public and commercial broadcasters, content providers, receiver, transmitter and IC manufacturers, network providers, regulators, research institutes and many others. It takes time to agree on a common approach. The author strongly believes, however, that such a process is, in the long run, the only way to achieve a stable, future-proof, internationally-agreed and market-driven standard.

Conclusions

There is a general consensus among broadcasters that the Eureka-147 technology is the right choice for digital radio. We know that it works well and we are convinced that there are tremendous potential programming and business opportunities offered by DAB. Today, we have a good idea of where these opportunities lie, but one thing that is certain is that different markets will develop very diverse applications. The more imaginative they are, the better the business return for the broadcaster. What really matters now is to put DAB technology on to the consumer market, and to allow those who have invested huge amounts in the infrastructure to get back a return on their investments as soon as possible. Those who are involved in the production of radio programmes and data services should regard DAB as a potential source of large revenue. With the market forces starting to develop, the whole process is now unstoppable. The EU-147 system is future-proof. Future DAB receivers, including the smallest walkman type, may use computer processing chips and memories. This will lead to an extremely flexible broadcasting system in which all multimedia applications will be implemented in software. Applications will be down-loadable to the receiver off-air, and could be changed on the fly. But today, DAB is primarily a modern radio. Its strengths are clarity of sound, mobility, small size and weight and, soon to be, its low cost. The author believes that, in spite of all the barriers encountered along the way, DAB in Europe has definitely come out of the tunnel. The rest of the world will follow soon.
Franc Kozamernik graduated in 1972 from the Faculty of Electrotechnical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since 1985 he has been with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and has been involved in a large variety of engineering activities, including digital audio broadcasting matters, and the audio source coding and RF aspects of various audio and video broadcasting system developments. Currently, Mr Kozamernik is the co-ordinator of several EBU R&D Project Groups, including B/AIM (Audio in Multimedia), B/WB (Webcasting) and B/ MM (Mobile Multimedia). He represents the EBU in several collaborative Projects, i.e. the Eureka-147 DAB, S3M, Hypermedia and TeleWeb projects. He is also the Project Director of the World DAB Forum.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank his many colleagues and friends within the WorldDAB Forum, the Eureka-147 DAB Project and the EBU, with whom he has worked closely for a number of years in developing the DAB system, and on the roll-out of DAB in Europe and worldwide. He would also like to thank sincerely all those who have provided valuable data for this article and those who have cooperated with him in finalizing the article.

Bibliography

[10] ETS 300 401: Radio Broadcasting Systems; Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile, portable and fixed receivers ETSI, February 1995. [11] Digital Industry and Market Problem definition and costs of market failure, Final Report Prognos, Basel, October 1998. [12] B. Marks: The HuMIDAB project looking at the Human Machine Interface of digital radios EBU Technical Review No. 278, Winter 1998. [13] D. Bowerman: Traffic, Travel and Tourism services through DAB Funkschau Kongress on Digital Radio, 10-11 May 1999, Munich. [14] D. Kopitz and B. Marks: Traffic and Travel Information broadcasting protocols for the 21st century EBU Technical Review No. 279, Spring 1999. [15] http://www.drm.org [16] F. Pereira and R. Koenen: MPEG-4 opening new frontiers to broadcast services. EBU Technical Review No. 279, Spring 1999. [17] ETS 300 744: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television (DBV-T) ETSI [18] EBU BMC 510 rev. 3: Comparison of DAB and DVB-T for carrying Digital Radio services EBU, Geneva, May 1999.

MP3-Player

Compact Drive MP3

Operating instructions

CONTENTS
Road safety.. 12 Verification. 12 Installation.. 13 Accessories.. 13 Handling the Microdrive. 13
DEUTSCH DANSK PORTUGUS ESPAOL SVENSKA NEDERLANDS ITALIANO FRANAIS ENGLISH

General.. 12

Display when changing directory. 16 Display when changing tracks within a directory.. 17 Temperature monitoring.. 17

MP3 mode.. 17

Switching to MP3 mode. 17 Selecting directories.. 17 Selecting tracks.. 17 Fast searching. 18 Repeating individual tracks or whole directories (REPEAT). 18 Random track play (MIX).. 18 Scanning all tracks in all directories (SCAN). 18 Pausing playback (PAUSE). 19 TPM... 19

Installation steps.. 14

Write-/ read device. 14

IBM Microdrive. 15

Microdrive (hard disk). 15 Storing MP3 files in a directory on your hard disk. 15 Converting audio files into MP3 files.. 15

Compatibility. 15

Compatibility with Blaupunkt car radios.. 15 Update DX-R70 / RNS149/150.. 15 Display.. 16 Changing the display. 16

Update.. 19

Update over the Internet. 19
Installation instructions.. 83

GENERAL

Thank you for deciding to use a Blaupunkt product. We hope you enjoy using this new piece of equipment. Please read these operating instructions before using the equipment for the first time. The Blaupunkt editors are constantly working on making the operating instructions clearer and easier to understand. However, if you still have any questions on how to operate the equipment, please contact your dealer or the telephone hotline for your country. You will find the hotline telephone numbers printed at the back of this booklet. We provide a manufacturer guarantee for our products bought within the European Union. You can view the guarantee conditions at www.blaupunkt.de or ask for them directly at: Blaupunkt GmbH Hotline CM/PSS 6 Robert Bosch Str. 200 D-31139 Hildesheim Germany The COMPACT DRIVE MP3 is an MP3 player that plays MP3 music files stored on the Microdrive (hard disk). CF cards (storage media) are not recognized by the COMPACT DRIVE MP3. MP3 is a process developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for compressing CD audio data. Compression allows data to be reduced to around 15% of their original size without a noticeable loss in quality (at a bit rate of 192 Kbit/ s). If a lower bit rate is used to convert CD audio data to MP3, you can create smaller files but there will be a loss of quality. You can store MP3 files on the Microdrive (hard disk) using the supplied SCM (write-/ read device). For further details, please read the chapter entitled Write-/ read device. You can connect the COMPACT DRIVE MP3 Player to many Blaupunkt car radios. For further details, please read the chapter entitled Compatibility with Blaupunkt car radios.

Verification

Microdrive are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States other countries or both. Microdrive is used under license by Blaupunkt.

Road safety

Road safety has absolute priority. Only operate your COMPACT DRIVE MP3 Player if the road and traffic conditions allow you to do so. Familiarise yourself with the unit before setting off on your journey. You should always be able to hear police, fire and ambulance sirens from afar. For this reason, set the volume of whatever you are listening to to a reasonable level. 12
If you want to install your COMPACT DRIVE MP3 Player yourself, please read the installation and connection instructions that follow these operating instructions. Never press down on the outside cover of the Microdrive. Always switch off the car radio before removing the Microdrive. Always take care when removing it. The Microdrive may be warm after use.

Installation

Accessories
We recommend you use accessories that have been approved by Blaupunkt.

Handling the Microdrive

Please observe the following details to ensure trouble-free operation and to make optimal use of all the Microdrive features. q Regularly create a backup of your data. Blaupunkt does not accept responsibility for any loss of data. q Always carry and keep your Microdrive in the supplied protective transportation cover. q Never drop the Microdrive. q Ensure that the Microdrive does not become wet. q Never expose the Microdrive to strong magnetic fields. q Never expose the Microdrive to extreme temperatures. q Never attach any additional stickers. q Do not remove the sticker that is already attached. q Do not write anything on the sticker that is already attached.

INSTALLATION STEPS

Installation steps
Before starting the installation process, please back up your personal data and close any programs running on your PC. Blaupunkt does not accept liability for any deleted data. Notes: The following driver installation is only required for Windows 98 USB. In the case of WIN ME / WIN 2000 and WIN XP, all you need do is connect the read/write device to the USB port of your PC. After a few seconds, the Windows hardware recognition feature will make the read/write device accessible as an additional drive in Explorer and My Computer.
This Step 1 will be completed when
you close the WinZip Self-Extractor.
During Step 2 you will install the
driver on your PC. After Step 2 is complete, the Write-/ read device will appear as a Compact Flash Drive in Explorer or in Desktop.

Write-/ read device

Installation for Windows 98 USB
Connect the write-/ read device to
your computer using the USB connection.
The Windows Installation Manager starts automatically.
Please close it again. Insert the CD-ROM into the CDROM drive. If the CD-ROM does not start automatically, open Windows Desktop icon and then open the CD-ROM drive. Run the Start.html file by double clicking on it.
Select your language and then the
Write-/ read device, and start unpacking the drivers by clicking on Driver installation. 14

IBM MICRODRIVE

IBM Microdrive

Microdrive (hard disk)

The hard disk can be inserted into and removed from the write-/ read device whilst the computer is switched on.

COMPATIBILITY

Compatibility with Blaupunkt car radios
Our engineers have made it possible to connect the COMPACT DRIVE MP3 Player to the following car radios: q Skyline 2 and future Skyline devices Dallas MD 70, Denver CD 70, Frankfurt C 70, Hamburg CD 70, London CD 70, Madrid C 70, New Orleans CD 70, Orlando MD 70, San Francisco CD 70 q Funline 3 devices (only with CDNaming) and future Funline devices Acapulco CD 51, Casablanca CD 51, Heidelberg CD 51, Palm Beach C 51, Verona C 51 q Navigation devices

Compatibility

Carefully hold and pull the hard
disk between your thumb and index finger out of the protective transportation cover.
Insert the hard drive (with its contact edge foremost) into the write-/ read device. Click it into place with a light press. The hard disk is visible, and data can now be written onto it.

Storing MP3 files in a directory on your hard disk
You can create up to 99 directories. Each of these directories can contain up to 99 music tracks. The maximum number of characters for directory names and track names is 90. Note: MP3 files that are stored in subdirectories and not in directories are not recognized by Compact Drive MP3.
Update DX-R70 / RNS149/150
For the navigation devices DX-R70, RNS 149 and RNS 150, you will need to carry out the following update: Note: The read/write device is installed and the Microdrive is visible as an additional drive (removable disk) in Explorer. Insert the CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive. If the CD-ROM does not start automatically, open the Windows My Computer icon and then open the CDROM drive. Run the Start.html file by double clicking on it. 15
Converting audio files into MP3 files Run the MP3 Software on the
CD-ROM and follow the programs instructions. Tip: You can also use any other standard conversion program.
Now select the language and then
select Updates. The following characters are either incorrectly displayed or not displayed at all. q Funline 3 series: ;:!%&=?#@ q Skyline 2 series: $~^
Please follow the displayed
steps. After copying has completed (approx. 15 seconds), you can remove the Microdrive from the read/write device. Now all you need do is carry out the following three steps on the DX-R70: 1. The DX-R70 and Compact Drive MP 3 must be switched off! 2. Insert the Microdrive. Switch on the DX-R70 and wait for the device to start playing. 3. Switch off the DX-R70. When you switch on the device again, it will be ready to operate. You can now change MP3 directories using the display buttons on the right that are located next to the new up / down display text. The up/down rocker switch is used to change tracks. Note: You should delete the Dxr70.fkp or RNS 149/150.fkp file from the Microdrive. If you delete these files, you will be able to restore the Compact Drive MP3 to its original delivery condition by carrying out the update again using the CLEAR.FKP file. Note: Some devices cannot display the whole character set.

Display

In order to display directory names and tracks (scrolling) in the display, you have to switch to the Track number and CD name display mode.

Changing the display To switch between the track number
and playing time display / track number and clock display / track number and CD number display / track number and CD name display, press the / DIS button 7 once or several times for longer than two seconds until the required display appears. If no information (track name) is contained in the ID3 tag, the file name appears in the display instead.
Display when changing directory
When a directory is selected, the first 7 characters of the directory name appear in the display. After approx. 1 second, the remaining characters scroll once across the display. Afterwards, the name of a track appears in the same fashion in the display. The artists name then scrolls across once.
Finally, the first 7 characters of the track name appear and remain visible in the display until the next manual or automatic change.

MP3 MODE

Switching to MP3 mode
N ote: The Microdrive must only be inserted or removed from the Compact Drive MP3 when the car radio is switched off. Info: The control functions for MP3 mode correspond to those described in your car radios operating instructions for CDC mode. The following description of functions is taken from the Acapulco CD 51 car radio in the FunLine series. Other car radios are similar.

MP3 mode

Display when changing tracks within a directory
When a track is selected, the first 7 characters of the track name appear in the display. After approx. 1 second, the remaining characters scroll once across the display. The artists name then scrolls across once. Afterwards, the first 7 characters of the track name appear and remain visible in the display until the next manual or automatic change.

Temperature monitoring

Your device is fitted with a protection system to deal with extreme temperatures in the vehicle. The device will either switch off or will not switch on if extreme temperatures are detected. Display if the temperature is too low: ERROR TEMPERATURE TOO LOW Display if the temperature is too high: ERROR TEMPERATURE TOO HIGH.
Keep pressing the CDC button @
until CHANGER appears in the display. Playback begins with the directory containing MP3 files that was listened to last.
Selecting directories To move up/down from one CD to

another, press the or button : once or several times.
Selecting tracks To move up/down from one track to
another in the current directory, press the or button : once or several times.

Fast searching

To fast search backwards or forwards,
To play the tracks in all the directories in random order, press button 5 MIX > again. MIX ALL appears briefly and MIX lights up in the display. Cancelling MIX

keep one of the

buttons : pressed until fast searching backwards / forwards begins.
Repeating individual tracks or whole directories (REPEAT) If you wish to repeat the current
track, briefly press button 4 RPT >. REPEAT TRCK appears briefly and RPT lights up in the display.
Press button 5 MIX > until MIX
OFF appears briefly in the display and MIX disappears.
Scanning all tracks in all directories (SCAN) To briefly play all the tracks in all directories in ascending order, press the OK button ; for longer than two seconds. SCAN appears in the display. CD 1 remains in the display during the scanning process. Cancelling SCAN
If you wish to repeat the current directory, press button 4 RPT > again. REPEAT DISC appears briefly and RPT lights up in the display. Cancelling REPEAT
If you want to stop repeating the
current track or current directory, press button 4 RPT > until REPEAT OFF appears briefly in the display and RPT disappears.
To cancel scanning, briefly press
the OK button ;. The currently scanned track will then continue to be played normally. Note: You can set the scanning time (scantime). For further details on setting the scantime, please read the section entitled Setting the scantime in the Radio mode chapter of the radios operating instructions.

Random track play (MIX)

Info: Limited MIX function. It is possible that a track is repeated.
To play all the tracks in the current
directory in random order, briefly press button 5 MIX >. MIX CD appears briefly and MIX lights up in the display.

Pausing playback (PAUSE) Press button 3 >.
PAUSE appears in the display. Cancelling pause > while in pause mode. Playback is resumed.

UPDATE

Update over the Internet
Notes on the update facility Your COMPACT DRIVE MP3 is equipped with an update facility for new functions. An update can be downloaded free of charge over the Internet from www.blaupunkt.de The installation path is as follows: Internet > PC > Write-/ read device > Microdrive > COMPACT DRIVE MP3.

Update

Press button 3
A TPM function (Track Program Memory) is not available.
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