FIRST TELEGRAPH

Samuel Morse (1837)

Telegraph: Few bits per second!

FIRST TELEPHONE

Alexander Graham Bell (1878)
Telephone: 4 KHz 64Kb/sec
FIRST RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

Heinrich Hertz (1888)

Guglielmo Marconi (1895)
Early Radio: 15KHz Bandwidth, 0.2-2MHz Carrier Frequency
FROM RADIO TO TV TO SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
Early Radio 15 KHz bandwidth on 0.5 2.0 MHz carrier TV 6 MHz bandwidth on carrier up to 100 MHz RADAR research (1940s) Frequencies up to the GHz domain (microwaves) Cell phones today 2.GHz Terrestrial and Satellite Communications 18 GHz
INVENTION OF LASER (1960)

T. Maimann (1960)

Schematic of first Ruby Laser
Laser Housing Flash Lamp Ruby Rod
Freespace Wavelength of 694 nm. Whats new? = c/ = 4.32 x 1014 Hz = 432 THz !!! (Carrier Frequency)
INVENTION OF LASER (1960) If only 1% of the bandwidth of this laser could be utilized for a communications system it would provide 5 THz of bandwidth. That is enough for: ~1 Million Analog video channels (6 MHz) ~1 Billion Telephone Calls (5 KHz)
INVENTION OF LASER (1960) Difficult to Use Two Reasons: No available electrical components to operate at these high speeds. No dependable transmission media for light (no optical wires) Weve come a long way since then: 40 Gb/sec electronics, optical fiber development The emergence of the field of Photonics

Communication by photons

TRANSOCEANIC

Telephony/data/internet

Massive optical data storage

CD/DVD

Blu-ray disc (25GB)
Precision laser machining

Laser cutting

Laser writing on human hair
Photolithography for manufacture of computer chips
Medical laser therapy & optical imaging
Corrective laser eye surgery
3-D laser imaging of cell

Hubble Telescope

Spiral Galaxy NGC 3370, Home to Supernova Seen in 1994 Spiral Galaxy M74

Whirlpool Galaxy M53

A planar concave grating based demultiplexer that can act as par of an integrated infrared spectrometer. Pieter Dumon, Wim Bogaerts, and Roel Baets 5 June 2008, SPIE Newsroom. DOI: 10.1117/2.1200805.1167
CONCAVE GRATING SPECTROMETER ROWLAND CIRCLE
James J. Coleman, R.K. Price, V.C. Elarde
25 May 2006, SPIE Newsroom. DOI: 10.1117/2.1200603.0177
Photograph without filter
Photograph with polarizing filter
BULK OPTICS COMPACT DISK READER
Double Layer, Single Side
Double Layer, Double Side
Light House Fresnel Lens-Paris Maritime Museum
CONTINUOUS DIFFRACTIVE LENS
K. Hirayama et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., v. 13, p. 2219, (1996)

8-LEVEL DIFFRACTIVE LENS

2-LEVEL DIFFRACTIVE LENS
OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS CHIP-TO-FIBER RIBBON
Hartmut Hillmer, Soren Irmer, and Friedhard Romer, SPIE Newsroom 2006
Scanning-electron micrographs of multiple air-gap filters with membranes 40m in diameter and four suspensions. (a) An In(GaAs)P/air-gap filter with 30m-long suspensions. (b) A closer view of the layers (c) A spiral-shaped suspension InP/air-gap filter. (d) An InP/air-gap filter with 10m-long suspensions.
Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)
CCD 595 Fairchild Imaging 9216 x 9216 full frame CCD array 8.75m x 8.75m pixels 80.64mm x 80.64mm image area 100% fill factor Non multi-pinned phase (MPP) operation 8 outputs (4 on each side) Readout noise less than 30 e- at 100MHz (25MHz x 4)
Canon PowerShot SD890 IS Digital ELPH
Canon today added a trio of new ultra-compact cameras to their Digital ELPH lineup. Canon's model numbering for the ELPHs is about as confusing as humanly possible, but I think I can safely say that the PowerShot SD770 and SD790 replace the SD750, with the SD890 more-or-less replacing the SD850. Here are the highlights on the SD890, which has more "zoom" than any ELPH yet.
PowerShot SD890 IS Digital ELPH - Specifications
10.0 effective Megapixel CCD F3.2-5.7, 5X optical zoom lens, equivalent to 37 - 185 mm Optical image stabilization 2.5" PureColor II LCD display with 230,000 pixels; optical viewfinder also available Point-and-shoot operation Face detection AF/AE/FE/WB AF-point zoom feature enlarges the selected face or focus point High ISO Auto mode has been enhanced to use Motion Detection; if the subject is moving, the sensitivity is boosted higher than it would if it was stationary Automatic redeye reduction feature Records movies at 640 x 480 (30 fps) for up to 32 minutes Memory card slot supports SD, SDHC, MMC, MMCplus, and HC MMCplus media Uses NB-5L lithium-ion battery; 320 shots per charge USB 2.0 High Speed support; camera now uses a standard mini-B connector

SLR (Single-Lens-Reflex) Digital Cameras

Nikon D5000

Specifications 12.3 megapixel DX CMOS sensor 1280x720 24fps HD D-Movie mode 2.7-inch Live View LCD display, variable angle Secure Digital memory storage (SD/SDHC)
Cross-section of SLR 1. Lens assembly 2. Mirror in down position (image visible in viewfinder) 3. Focal-plane shutter 4. Sensor/Film 5. Focusing screen 6. Condensing lens 7. Pentaprism or Pentamirror 8. Eyepiece

ADAPTIVE OPTICS

This large-scale nanolaminate deformable
A deformable mirror is created by bonding a reflective nanolaminate foil onto a dense array of electrostatic MEMS actuators. BMC: Boston Micromachines Corp.
ADAPTIVE OPTICS APPLICATIONS
Biomedical applications such as ophthalmology for overcoming the aberration of the eye. Microscopy, which can benefits of AO for static lens correction. Wide filed microscopy, strong reduction of the cost of high quality optical objectives is achieved by the use of AO Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) the depth of scanning can be increased by AO. Robotic Vision AO allows real time optical accommodation for robotics vision Astronomy applications such as rejection of atmospheric effects in amateur telescopes or the use of AO in big telescopes Application such as environment surveillance in which AO can be a unique tool for long distance imaging Hyper-vision. In 3D imaging the use of AO allows to increase the instrumental depth range.

ADAPTIVE OPTICS Examples

Without AO With AO

Without AO

With AO
Images of single cells in the living human retina

Negative Index Material

Invisible Man become a reality?