kModes... 8 kInput Capacity... 9 kMaking Corrections During Input.. 9 kReplay Function... 9 kError Locator... 10 kExponential Display Formats. 10 kAnswer Memory... 10
Basic Calculations... 11 Memory Calculations.. 11
kIndependent Memory.. 11 kVariables.. 11
Fraction Calculations.. 12
kFraction Calculations.. 12 kDecimal-to-Fraction Conversion.. 12 kFraction-to-Decimal Conversion. 12
Percentage Calculations.. 13 Scientific Function Calculations. 14
kTrigonometric/Inverse Trigonometric Functions. 14 kHyperbolic/Inverse Hyperbolic Functions. 14 kAngle Unit Conversion... 15 kCommon and Natural Logarithms/ Antilogarithms.. 15 kSquare Roots, Cube Roots, Roots, Squares, Cubes, Reciprocals, Factorials, Random Numbers and .. 15 kFIX, SCI, RND... 16 kENG Calculations.. 17 kInputting ENG Calculation Symbols. 17 kCoordinate Conversion (Pol(x, y), Rec (r, )). 18 kPermutation... 19 kCombination.. 19 E-4
Statistical Calculations.. 19
kStandard Deviation (SD Mode).. 19 kProbability Distribution Calculations. 20 kRegression Calculations (REG Mode).. 21
Complex Number Calculations (CMPLX Mode).. 23
kAbsolute Value/Argument Calculation. 24
Formula Memory.. 24 Metric Conversions (fx-570W/ fx-991W ). 25 Scientific Constants (fx-570W/ fx-991W ). 26 Base-n Calculations.. 28 Integration Calculations.. 30 Degrees, Minutes, Seconds Calculations. 30 Technical Information.. 31
kWhen you have a problem.. 31 kError Messages... 31 kOrder of Operations.. 32 kStacks... 33 kPower Supply.. 34 kInput Ranges.. 37

Specifications.. 39

Two-line Display
You can simultaneously check the calculation formula and its answer.
The first line displays the calculation formula. The second line displays the answer. E-5

Key Layout Key Layout

< fx-570W >

REPLAY

x! LOGIC

10 BIN

Page 25 Page Page Page Page Page 17 11

sin-1 D

cos-1 E

tan-1 F

Re<->lm

Page Page

McI ScI

y Rec(

11 fx-100W: 15

Key Layout

< fx-991W >

MODE ON

11 fx-115W: 15

Before Starting Calculations.

k Modes

Application Calculation Modes Normal calculations Complex number calculations Standard deviation calculations Regression calculations Base-n calculations COMP CMPLX SD CMPLX SD Mode Name Mode Indicator
REG REG BASE-N b (binary) o (octal) d (decimal) H (hexadecimal) DEG RAD GRA
Angle Unit Modes Degrees Radians Grads Display Modes Exponential notation (Canceling FIX and SCI specification) Number of decimal place specification Number of significant digit specification Exponential display range specifications

Fix Sci ENG

NORM1 NORM2 FIX SCI ENG
Mode indicators appear in the lower part of the display, except for the Base- n indicators which appear in the exponent part of the display. The ENG mode cannot be selected while the calculator is in the CMPLX or BASE-N mode. E-8
You cannot set the angle unit or the display mode while the calculator is in the BASE-N mode. The COMP, CMPLX, SD, and REG modes can be used in combination with the angle unit modes. Be sure to check the current calculation mode (SD, REG, COMP, CMPLX) and angle unit mode (DEG, RAD, GRA) before beginning a calculation.

k Input Capacity

The memory area used for calculation input can hold 79 steps. Whenever you input the 73rd step of any calculation, the cursor changes from _ to k to let you know memory is running low. If you still need to input more, you should divide your calculation into two or more parts.
k Making Corrections During Input
Use e and r to move the cursor to the location you want. Press [ to delete the number or function at the current cursor position. Press A K to change to an insert cursor t. Inputting something while the insert cursor is on the display inserts the input at the insert cursor position. Press e, r, A K, or = returns to the normal cursor from the insert cursor.

k Replay Function

Pressing r or e recalls the last calculation you performed. You can then make any changes you want in the calculation and re-execute it. Pressing t does not clear Replay memory, so you can recall the last calculation even after you press t. Replay memory is cleared whenever you start a new calculation, change to another mode, or turn off power.

k Error Locator

Pressing r or e after an error occurs displays the calculation with the cursor positioned at the location where the error occurred.
k Exponential Display Formats
This calculator can display up to 10 digits. Larger values are automatically displayed using exponential notation. In the case of decimal values, you can select between two formats that determine at what point exponential notation is used. Press F F F F (or 2) to select NORM 1 or NORM 2.

NORM 1

With NORM 1, exponential notation is automatically used for integer values with more than 10 digits and decimal values with more than two decimal places.

NORM 2

With NORM 2, exponential notation is automatically used for integer values with more than 10 digits and decimal values with more than nine decimal places. All of the examples in this manual show calculation results using the NORM 1 format.

k Answer Memory

Whenever you press = after inputting values or an expression, the calculated result is automatically stored in Answer Memory. You can recall Answer Memory contents by pressing g. Answer Memory can store up to 12 digits for the mantissa and two digits for the exponent. Answer Memory contents are not changed if the operation performed by any of the above key operations results in an error.

Basic Calculations

Use the COMP mode for basic calculations. Example 1 : 3(5109) 3-R5eD9T= Example 2 : 5(97) 5-R9+7T= You can skip all T operations before =.

1.5-08 80.00

Memory Calculations

k Independent Memory

Values can be input directly into memory, added to memor y, or subtracted from memory. Independent memory is convenient for calculating cumulative totals. Independent memory uses the same memory area as variable M. To clear independent memory (M), input 0 j 3. Example: ) 90 (Total) + 9 j , 6 | 45 - 2 A {

32.00 47.00 90.00 11.00

k Variables
There are nine variables (A through F, M, X and Y), which can be used to store data, constants, results, and other values. Use the following operation to delete data assigned to all nine variables: A C =. Use the following operation to delete data assigned to a particular variable: 0 j 1. This operation deletes the data assigned to variable A. E-11
Example: 193.8.4 193.6.9 193.2 j 1 \ 23 =

8.400 6.900

p 1 \ 28 =

Fraction Calculations

k Fraction Calculations
Use the COMP mode for fraction calculations. Values are automatically displayed in decimal format whenever the total number of digits of a fractional value (integer numerator denominator separator marks) exceeds 10. Example 1 : 5
2C3 +1C 4C 5= Example 2 : 1 1.1 C 2 + 1.6 =

Fraction/decimal calculation results are always decimal.
k Decimal-to-Fraction Conversion

Example: 2.2.75 =

2.3 4.4.00
k Fraction-to-Decimal Conversion
Example: 1 0.5 (Fraction Decimal) 2 1C 2= E-12

1 2. 00

0.2. 00

Percentage Calculations

Use the COMP mode for percentage calculations. Example 1 : To calculate 12% of - 12 A v

180.00

Example 2 : To calculate what percentage of 880 is \ 880 A v Example 3 : To add 15% onto - 15 A v + Example 4 : To discount 3500 by 25% 3500 - 25 A v ,

2875.00

2625.00
Example 5: If 300 grams are added to a test sample originally weighing 500 grams, what is the percentage increase in weight? (%) + 500 A v

160.00

Example 6: If temperature changes from 40C to 46C, what percentage did it rise? (%) , 40 A v
Scientific Function Calculations
Use the COMP mode for scientific function calculations. = 3.14159265359
k Trigonometric/Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example 1 : sin6352o41

q q q 1 R 00 S 63 I 52 I 41 I = 0.897859012 R

Example 2 : cos

rad 3 q q q 2 T

WRAx\3T=

Example 3 : cos rad q q q 2 T

WAVRL2\2T= g\Ax=

Example 4 : tan1 0.741

0.78539816300

0.2500

q q q 1 R A g 0.741 =

36.5384457700
k Hyperbolic/Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Example 1 : sinh 3.6

M S 3.6 =

Example 2 : sinh1 30

18.2854553600

M A j 30 =

4.09462222400

k Angle Unit Conversion

Press A v to display the following menu.
Pressing 1 , 2, or 3 converts the displayed value to the corresponding angle unit. Example : To convert 4.25 radians to degrees
FFF1 R 4. 25 r 4.25 A v 2 (R ) = 243.5070629
k Common and Natural Logarithms/ Antilogarithms

Example 1 : log 1.23

R 1.23 =

0.08990511100

Example 2 : In 90 (loge 90)

T 90 =

Example 3 : e10 Example 4 : 101.5 Example 5 : 24
4.4998096700 22026.4657900 31.622776600 16.00

A U 10 = A Q 1.5 =

k Square Roots, Cube Roots, Roots, Squares, Cubes, Reciprocals, Factorials, Random Numbers and

Example 1: 5

L2 +L3 -L 5=

Example 2:

5.28719690900
A D 5 + A D D 27 = 1.29002405300 (fx-100W/ fx-115W: D)
Example 3: ( = ) 7 A H 123 = Example 4: 123 + 30 K = Example 5: Example 6: N =

1.98864779500

1023.00 1728.00

R3a,4aTa=

Example 7: 8! 8Af=

12.00 40320.00

Example 8: To generate a random number between 0.000 and 0.999

Example 9: 3 3Ax=

0.66400 9.42477796100

Example (results differ each time)

k FIX, SCI, RND

Example 1: \ 7 - 14 =
(Specifies three decimal places.)

400.00 400.00000

FFFF13

200 \ 7 =

(Calculation continues using 10 display digits)

28.57100 400.00000

- 14 =
Performing the same calculation using the specified number of decimal places 200 \ 7 =

(Internal rounding)

28.57100 28.57100

399.99400

Press F F F F to clear FIX specification. Example 2: 1 3, displaying result with two significant digits (SCI 2)

FFFF\3 =

Press F F F F to clear SCI specification.

k ENG Calculations

Example 1: To convert 56,088 meters to kilometers 56088 = J

56.088003

Example 2: To convert 0.08125 grams to milligrams 0.08125 = J

81.2503

k Inputting ENG Calculation Symbols
F F F F F 1 enters the ENG mode in which ENG symbols can be used in calculations. To exit the ENG mode, press F F F F F 2. The following are the nine ENG symbols that can be used in ENG mode calculations. Key Operation
Ak AM Ag At Am AN An Ap Af

Unit 1015 E-17

Symbol k (kilo) M (Mega) G (Giga) T (Tera) m (milli) (micro) n (nano) p (pico) f (femto)
* For displayed values, the calculator selects the ENG symbol that makes the numeric part of the value fall within the range of 1 to 1000. * ENG symbols cannot be used when inputting fractions. * The ENG mode cannot be used in combination with the CMPLX, or BASE-N modes. Performing any of the key operations in the above table while you are not in the ENG mode inputs the exponential value in the Unit column (without inputting the ENG symbol). Example: 910 = 0.9 m (milli)

FFFFF1

9 \ 10 =
In the ENG mode, even standard (non-ENG) calculation results are displayed using ENG symbols.
k Coordinate Conversion (Pol(x, y), Rec (r, ))
Calculation results are automatically assigned to variables E and F. Example 1: To convert polar coordinates (r2, 60) to rectangular coordinates (x, y) (DEG mode) x y

A F 2 P 60 T = 0o

1.73205080800
0 n, 0 o swaps displayed value with value in memory. Example 2: To convert rectangular coordinates (1, 3) to polar coordinates (r, ) (RAD mode) r

Af1P L3T=

0 o 1.04719755100
0 n, 0 o swaps displayed value with value in memory.

k Permutation

Example: To determine how many different 4-digit values can be produced using the numbers 1 through 7 Numbers cannot be duplicated within the same 4-digit value (1234 is allowed, but 1123 is not). 7Am 4=

k Combination

Perform linear regression to determine the regression formula terms and correlation coefficient for the data nearby. Next, use the regression formula to estimate atmospheric pressure at 18C and temperature at 1000 hPa.
Enter REG Mode (Linear Regression)
qq21 A m = (Memory Clear) 10 P 1003 S 15 P 1005 S 20 P 1010 S 25 P 1011 S 30 P 1014 S
(Regression Coefficient A) (Regression Coefficient B) (Correlation Coefficient r ) (Atmospheric Pressure at 18C) (Temperature at 1000 hPa)

Aq= Aw= AJ=

18 A b 1000 A O
997.400 0.5600 0.98260736800 1007.4800 4.64285714300

Quadratic Regression

The regression formula for quadratic regression is: y = A + Bx +Cx2. Input data using the following key sequence. < x-data> P <y-data> S Example:

1.6 23.5 38.0 46.4 48.0

Perform quadratic regression to determine the regression formula terms and correlation coefficient for the data nearby. Next, use the regression fory mula to estimate the values for (esx timated value of y) for xi = 16 and (estimated value of x) for yi = 20. E-22
Enter REG mode (Quadratic regression)
FF2r3 Am= 29 P 1.6 S 50 P 23.5 S 74 P 38.0 S103 P 46.4 S 118 P 48.0 S
(Regression Coefficient A) (Regression Coefficient B) (Regression Coefficient C) ( when x i = 16) y ( 1 when yi = 20) x ( 2 when yi = 20) x

A q = -35.59856934 Aw=

1.495939413

A e = -6.71629667-03

16 A b -13.A O

47.14556728 175.5872105

Data Input Precautions
S S inputs the same data twice. You can also input multiple entries of the same data using A G. To input the data 20 and 30 five times, for example, press 20 P 30 A G 5 S. The above results can be obtained in any order, and not necessarily that shown above. To delete data you have just input, press A U.
Complex Number Calculations (CMPLX Mode)
Press F 2 to enter the CMPLX Mode for calculations that include complex numbers. You can use variables A, B, C and M only. Variables D, E, F, X, and Y are used for storage of the imaginary parts of values and so cannot be used by you.
Example: (2 + 3i) + (4 + 5i ) Enter CMPLX Mode F 2

R2+3iT+ R4+5iT= Ar

Real number part

Imaginary number part

k Absolute Value/Argument Calculation
The procedure described below can be used to determine the absolute value (Abs) and argument (arg) for a complex number of the format Z = a + bi , which is presumed to exist as coordinates on a Gaussian plane. Example: To obtain the absolute value (r) and argument ( ) for the complex number 3 + 4i , when DEG is set for the angle unit mode

Imaginary number axis

Real number axis
Determine the absolute value.

AAR 3+4 iT =

Determine the argument.
A a R 3 + 4 i T = 53.13010235

Formula Memory

Formula memory lets you input a single formula in memory, and then input values for the formula's variables to calculate results. E-24
Memory can hold a single formula, up to 79 steps long. This function can be used in the COMP or CMPLX mode only. Note that the formula is actually stored in memory when you press the C key in the sequence below. Example: To save the following formula, recall it, and then use it to calculate a result: Y = X2 + 3X 12 Input the formula.

pypupxK+ 3 p x , 12

Store it in memory. Input a value for its variable.

Y= X 2 +3 X-12

0. 58.

7. 76.

Formula memory is cleared whenever you start a new calculation, change to another mode, or turn off power.
Metric Conversions (fx-570W/ fx-991W)
A total of 20 different conversion pairs are built-in to provide quick and easy conversion to and from metric units. See the Conversion Pair Table on page 26 for a complete list of available conversion pairs. Example: To convert 31 inches to centimeters 31 A c 01

CONV 1

01 is the inches-to-centimeters conversion pair number.

31 i n

Conversion Pair Table
Based on ISO Standard (1992) data and CODATA Bulletin 63 (1986) data.
Number Conversion Pair Number Conversion Pair
in cm cm in ft m m ft yd m m yd mile km km mile n mile m m n mile acre m2 m2 acre gal (US) r r r gal (US) gal (UK) r r r gal (UK) pc km km pc km/h m/s m/s km/h
oz g g oz lb kg kg lb atm Pa Pa atm mmHg Pa Pa mmHg hp kW kW hp kgf/cm2 Pa Pa kgf/cm2 kgfm J J kgfm lbf/in2 kPa kPa lbf/in2 F C C F J cal cal J
Scientific Constants (fx-570W/ fx-991W)
A total of 40 commonly-used scientific constants, such as the speed of light in a vacuum and Planck's constant are built-in for quick and easy lookup whenever you need them. Simply input the number that corresponds to the scientific constant you want to look up and it appears instantly on the display. See the Scientific Constant Table on pages 27 and 28 for a complete list of available constants. E-26
Example: To determine how much total energy a person weighing 65kg has (E = mc 2) 65 L 28

CONST28

28 is the speed of light in vacuum constant number.

65 Co 2

= 5.Scientific Constant Table
Number Constant Name proton mass neutron mass electron mass muon mass Bohr radius Planck's constant nuclear magneton Bohr magneton Planck's constant, rationalized (h-bar) fine-structure constant classical electron radius electron Compton wavelength proton gyromagnetic ratio proton Compton wavelength neutron Compton wavelength Rydberg constant atomic mass unit proton magnetic moment electron magnetic moment neutron magnetic moment muon magnetic moment Faraday constant Symbol mp mn me m a0 h N B

re c p cp cn R u p e n

Number 39 40
Constant Name elementary charge Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant molar volume of ideal gas molar gas constant speed of light in vacuum first radiation constant second radiation constant Stefan-Boltzmann constant permittivity of vacuum permeability of vacuum magnetic flux quantum standard acceleration of gravity astronomical unit parsec Celsius temperature Newtonian constant of gravitation standard atmosphere
Symbol e NA k Vm R C0 C1 C2

g AU pc t G atm

Base-n Calculations
In addition to decimal values, calculations can be performed using binary, octal and hexadecimal values. You can specify the default number system to be applied to all input and displayed values, and the number system for individual values you input. You cannot use scientific functions in binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal calculations. You cannot input values that include decimal part and an exponent. If you input a value that includes a decimal part, the unit automatically cuts off the decimal part. Negative binary, octal, and hexadecimal values are produced by taking the two's complement. You can use the following logical operators between values in Base-n calculations: and (logical product), or (logical sum), xor (exclusive logical sum), xnor (exclusive logical sum negation), Not (negation), and Neg (minus). E-28
The following are the allowable ranges for each of the available number systems. Octal Decimal 2147483648 Hexadecimal Binary

x x x x x x x

2147483647 FFFFFFFF 7FFFFFFF
Example 1: To perform the following calculation and produce a binary result: 101112 + 110102 Binary mode

101112 + 110102

0. 0. 110001.
Example 2: To perform the following calculation and produce an octal result: Octal mode

0. 0. 516.

l l l 4 (o) 76548 \ l l l 1 (d)1210 =
Example 3: To perform the following calculation and produce a hexadecimal result: or 11012 Hexadecimal mode F F 3 h 12016 l 2 (or) l l l 3 (b)11012

0. 0. 12d.

Integration Calculations
The following four inputs are required for integration calculations: a function with the variable x; a and b, which define the integration range of the definite integral; and n, which is the number of partitions (equivalent to N = 2n) for integration using Simpsons rule.

d expression P a P b P n T Use the COMP mode for integration calculations.

Example: To calculate:

(2 x2 + 3x + 8) dx
d 2p xK+3 px+ 8P 1P5 P6 T

= 150.6666667

You can specify an integer in the range of 1 to 9 as the number of partitions, or you can skip input of the number of partitions entirely, of you want. Internal integration calculations may take considerable time to complete. Display contents are cleared while an integration calculation is being performed internally.
Degrees, Minutes, Seconds Calculations
You can perform sexagesimal calculations using degrees (hours), minutes, and seconds, and convert between sexagesimal and decimal values. Example 1: To convert the decimal value 2.258 to a sexagesimal value 2.258 =

2.258 21528.8

Example 2: To perform the following calculation: 123456 3.I 34 I 56 I - 3.45

0. 432431.2

Technical Information
k When you have a problem.
If calculation results are not what you expect or if an error occurs, perform the following steps. 1. F 1 (COMP mode) 2. F F F 1 (DEG mode) 3. F F F F (NORM 1 mode) 4. Check the formula you are working with to confirm it is correct. 5. Enter the correct modes to perform the calculation and try again. < fx-570W/ fx-100W > If the above steps do not correct your problem, press the P button (see page 35 or 36) on the back of the calculator to reset it. Pressing the P button deletes all data stored in calculator memory. Make sure you always keep written copies of all important data. < fx-991W/ fx-115W > If the above steps do not correct the problem, press the 5 key. The calculator performs a self-check operation and deletes all data stored in memory if any abnormality is detected. Make sure you always keep written copies of all important data.

k Error Messages

The calculator is locked up while an error message is on the display. Press t to clear the error, or press e or r to display the calculation and correct the problem. See Error Locator on page 10 for details.

Ma ERROR

Cause Calculation result is outside the allowable calculation range. Attempt to perform a function calculation using a value that exceeds the allowable input range. E-31
Attempt to perform an illogical operation (division by zero, etc.). Action Check your input values and make sure they are all within the allowable ranges. Pay special attention to values in any memory areas you are using.

Stk ERROR

Cause Capacity of the numeric stack or operator stack is exceeded. Action Simplify the calculation. The numeric stack has 10 levels and the operator stack has 24 levels. Divide your calculation into two or more separate parts.

Syn ERROR

Cause Attempt to perform an illegal mathematical operation. Action Press e or r to display the calculation with the cursor located at the location of the error. Make necessary corrections.

Arg ERROR

Cause Improper use of argument Action Press e or r to display the location of the cause of the error and make required corrections.

k Order of Operations

Calculations are performed in the following order of precedence. 1 Coordinate transformation: Pol (x, y), Rec (r , ) Integrations: dx 2 Type A functions: With these functions, the value is entered and then the function key is pressed. x2, x1, x!, 3 Powers and roots: xy, x E-32
4 a b/c 5 Abbreviated multiplication format in front of , memory name, or variable name: 2, 5A, A etc. 6 Type B functions: With these functions, the function key is pressed and then the value is entered. 3 , , log, In, ex, 10x, sin, cos, tan, sin 1 , cos1, tan1, sinh, cosh, tanh, sinh 1, cosh1, tanh1, () 7 Abbreviated multiplication format in front of Type B functions: 2 3, Alog2 etc. 8 Permutation and combination: nPr , nC r 9 , 0 , * Operations of the same precedence are performed from right to left. exIn 120 e x{In( 120)} Other operations are performed from left to right. * Operations enclosed in parentheses are performed first.

k Stacks

This calculator uses memory areas, called stacks, to temporarily store values (numeric stack) and commands (command stack) according to their precedence during calculations. The numeric stack has 10 levels and the command stack has 24 levels. A stack error (Stk ERROR) occurs whenever you try to perform a calculation that is so complex that the capacity of a stack is exceeded.

k Power Supply

The type of battery you should use depends on the model number of your calculator. < fx-991W/ fx-115W > The TWO WAY POWER system actually has two power supplies: a solar cell and a G13 Type (LR44) button battery. Normally, calculators equipped with a solar cell alone can operate only when relatively bright light is present. The TWO WAY POWER system, however, lets you continue to use the calculator as long as there is enough light to read the display.

Replacing the Battery

Either of the following symptoms indicates battery power is low, and that the battery should be replaced. Display figures are dim and difficult to read in areas where there is little light available. Nothing appears on the display when you press the 5 key.

To replace the battery

1 Remove the six screws that hold the back cover in place and then remove the back Screw cover. 2 Remove the old battery. 3 Wipe off the sides of new battery with a dry, soft cloth. Load it into the unit with the positive k side facing up (so you can see it). 4 Replace the back cover and secure it in place with the six screws. 5 Press 5 to turn power on. Be sure not to skip this step.
< fx-570W > This calculator is powered by single G13 Type (LR44) button battery.
Dim figures on the display of the calculator indicate that battery power is low. Continued use of the calculator when the battery is low can result in improper operation. Replace the battery as soon as possible when display figures become dim.
To replace the battery 1 Press i to turn power off.
2 Remove the two screws that hold the battery cover in place and then remove the battery cover. 3 Remove the old battery. 4 Wipe off the side of new battery with a dry, soft cloth. Load it into the unit with the positive k side facing up (so you can see it). 5 Replace the battery cover and secure it in place with the two screws. 6 Use a thin, pointed object to press the P button. Be sure not to skip this step. 7 Press L to turn power on.

P button

< fx-100W > This calculator is powered by single AA-size battery.
2 Remove the six screws that hold the back cover in place and then remove the back cover. 3 Remove the old battery. 4 Load a new battery into the unit so its positive k and negative l sides are facing correctly. 5 Replace the back cover and secure it in place with the six screws. 6 Use a thin, pointed object to press the P button. Be sure not to skip this step. 7 Press L to turn power on.

P button Screw Screw

Auto Power Off
Calculator power automatically turns off if you do not perform any operation for about six minutes. When this happens, press L (fx-991W/ fx-115W: 5 ) to turn power back on.

k Input Ranges

Internal digits: 12 Accuracy: As a rule, accuracy is 1 at the 10th digit. Functions sinx Input Range DEG 0 x 4.4999999991010 RAD 0 x 785398163.3 GRA 0 x 4.4999999991010 cosx DEG 0 x 4.5000000081010 RAD 0 x 785398164.9 GRA 0 x 5.0000000091010 tan x DEG Same as sinx, except when x= (2n-1)90. RAD Same as sinx, except when x= (2n-1)/2. GRA Same as sinx, except when x= (2n-1)100. sin1x cos1x tan1x sinhx coshx sinh x
0 x x 9.x 230.x 4.x 9.99999999910-1

cosh1x tanhx tanh1x 10 x

log x/ln x 0 x 9.9999999991099 x 99.99999999 9.9999999991099 x 230.x x x ; x G 0 x 0 x 69 (x is an integer)

ex x x2 1/x 3 x x!

Functions

Input Range

nP r 0 n 99, r n (n, r is an integer) 1 {n!/( nr)!} 9.nCr 0 n 99, r n (n, r is an integer) 49 Pol(x, y) x, y 9.99999999910 (x2 +y2 ) 9.99 Rec(r, ) 0 r 9.99999999910 : Same as sinx, cosx
a, b, c b, c x110100 Decimal Sexagesimal Conversions x x0: 110100ylogx100 x0: yx0: yn, 2n+1 ( n is an integer) However: ylogx100 y0: x G 0 1101001/x logy100 y0: xy0: x2n1, n (n G 0; n is an integer) However: 1/x logy100 Total of integer, numerator, and denominator must be 10 digits or less (including division marks). x 11050 y 11050 n 110100 xn, yn, o, p A, B, r : n G 0 xn1, yn1 : n G 0, 1

SD (REG)

* Erros are cumulative with such internal continuous calx 3 culations as x y, x , x!, and x , so accuracy may be adversely affected.

Specifications

Power Supply: fx-100W: Single AA-size battery (R6P (SUM-3)) fx-570W: Single G13 Type button battery (LR44) fx-115W/ fx-991W: Solar cell and a single G13 Type button battery (LR44) Battery Life: fx-100W: Approximately 17,000 hours continuous display of flashing cursor. Approximately 2 years when left with power turned off. fx-570W: Approximately 12,000 hours continuous display of flashing cursor. Approximately 3 years when left with power turned off. fx-115W/ fx-991W: Approximately 3 years (1 hour use per day). Dimensions: fx-100W: 19.2(H)i76(W)i164(D) mm 3/4 (H)i3(W)i67 /16 (D) fx-115W/ fx-570W/ fx-991W: 10(H)i76(W)i150(D) mm 3/8 (H)i3(W)i57 /8(D) Weight: fx-100W: 114 g (4 oz) including battery fx-115W/ fx-570W/ fx-991W: 85 g (3 oz) including battery Power Consumption: 0.0001W Operating Temperature: 0C ~ 40C (32F ~ 104F)

FX 115 MS Training guide Tools FX 115 MS Calculator

Handouts Other materials

Applicable activities Quick Reference Guide (inside the calculator cover)
Key Points/ Overview Advanced scientific calculator Two line display VPAM to show formulas as in textbooks (Visually Perfect Algebraic Method) Complex number calculations Statistics mode including standard deviation and regression Base conversions and calculations
References the Casio FX-115 MS Users Guide Casio FX-115MS Scientific calculator
FX 115 MS Training guide Content Key Points/ Overview Modes Initializing the calculator Basic Arithmetic Calculations Making Corrections During Input Replay Function Replay Copy Order of Operations Display Format (FIX, SCI, NORM) Fraction Display Decimal-Fraction Conversion Angle Display Percentage Calculations Degrees/Minutes/Seconds Engineering Notation Powers/Square Roots/Cube Root, nth roots/Reciprocals Memory Calculations Answer Memory Consecutive Calculations Independent Memory Variables Clearing Memory CALC Memory Probability Calculations/Random Number/Factorials Permutations and combinations Random number generation Factorials Trigonometry Trigonometric/Inverse Trigonometric Functions Hyperbolic/ Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Convert Radians to Degrees Coordinate Conversion Logarithms/Natural Logarithms SOLVE function Equation calculations Quadratic and Cubic Equations Simultaneous Equations Statistical Calculations Standard Deviation Regression Normal Distribution Complex Numbers Complex Number Calculations Absolute Value and Argument Calculation Rectangular Form-Polar Form Display Conjugate of a Complex Number Differential and Integration Calculations Base n Calculations
FX 115 MS Training guide Modes Before starting a calculation, you must first enter the correct mode. To perform this type of calculation: Basic arithmetic calculations Complex number calculations Standard deviation Regression calculations Base-n calculations Solution of equations Perform this key operation: [MODE] [1] [MODE] [2] [MODE] [MODE] [1] [MODE] [MODE] [2] [MODE] [MODE] [3] [MODE] [MODE] [MODE] [1] To enter this mode: COMP CMPLX SD REG BASE EQN
Pressing the [MODE] key more than three times displays additional setup screens. Mode indicators appear in the upper part of the display, except for BASE indicators, which appear in the exponent part of the display. The COMP, CMPLX, SD, and REG modes can be used in combination with the angle unit settings.
Initializing the Calculator The following options are available for resetting the calculator. [SHIFT] [CLR] [1] [=] (Mcl) Clears memory. [SHIFT] [CLR] [2] [=] (Mode) Returns the calculation mode and setup to the initial defaults. Calculation mode COMP Angle unit Deg Exponential display format Norm 1, Eng Off Complex number display a + bi Fraction display format a b/c Decimal point character Dot [SHIFT] [CLR] [3] [=] (All) Resets to initial defaults and clears memory.
FX 115 MS Training guide Basic Arithmetic Calculations Making Corrections During Input Use the left and right arrows on the REPLAY function to move the cursor to the location you want to correct. Press [DEL] to delete at the current cursor position Press [SHIFT] [INS] to change the cursor to an insert cursor [ ]. If an error is made in a calculation, Syntax Error will display. Press or. This will position the cursor at the location of the error. Replay Function Every time you perform a calculation, the replay function stores the calculation formula and its result in replay memory. Pressing the up arrow displays the formula and result of the calculation you last performed. If you continue to press the up arrow, you will scroll sequentially through your last calculations (most recent to oldest). Notes: Replay memory capacity is 128 bytes. Pressing AC will not clear the replay memory. If you want to clear the replay memory, press the ON key or reset the modes/settings: Press [SHIFT] [CLR] [2] [=] or [SHIFT] [CLR] [3] [=]. Replay memory is also cleared when you change from one calculation mode to another or when you turn off the calculator. Replay Copy Replay copy lets you recall multiple expressions from replay so they are connected as a multi-statement on the screen and are joined by a colon (:). Use the up and down arrows on the replay button to display the desired expression. Press [SHIFT] [COPY]. The expressions in replay memory starting from the currently displayed expression and continuing to the last expression are copied. Press [=] for the result of each expression.

Order of Operations The calculator uses order of operations. Examples: 2 + 3 x 4 = 14 You do not need parentheses around 3 x 4. (2 + 3) x 4 = 20 Use Replay and [SHIFT] [INS] to add parentheses. Blinking [ ] is the insert cursor. -22= -4 (- 2) 2 = 4
FX 115 MS Training guide Display Format To change the display format, press the [MODE] key 5 times (until Fix, Sci, Norm is displayed). Fixed number of decimal places: Press 1: FIX You will then be prompted for the number of decimal places (0 9). Press 2: SCI You will then be prompted for the number of significant digits (0 9). Press 3: NORM You will then be prompted for NORM 1 or NORM 2. NORM 1 uses exponential notation for integers with more than 10 digits and decimal values with more than 2 decimal places. Ex/ = 1 x 10-3 NORM 2 uses exponential notation for integers with more than 10 digits and decimal values with more than 9 decimal places. Ex/ =.001 Fraction Display You can use the display set up screen to specify the display format when a fraction calculation result is greater than one. To set the fraction display, press the [MODE] key 6 times and press 1 for Display (DISP). Press the right arrow one time. Select (1) for a b/c and (2) for d/c. Example Mixed Fraction: Press 1: a b/c

Scientific Notation:

Normal Notation:

5 + =17 + = 6

Improper Fraction: Decimal-Fraction Conversion Examples: Keystrokes Enter [2.75] [=] Press [a b/c] [SHIFT] [d/c]

Press 2: d/c

Display 2.4 4
Angle Display To set the angle unit at degrees, radians, or grads, press the [MODE] key 4 times. Degrees Press 1 Radians Press 2 Grads Press 3
FX 115 MS Training guide Percentage Calculations Examples: Keystrokes To find percentage of a number. 12% of 15 To calculate percentage of one number to another. What percentage of 80 is 40? To add a percentage. 15% to 1000 To discount a percentage. 85 by 10% % change, when a value is increased. From 30 to 36 Percent of increase, when an amount is added. 300cc added to 500 cc Display
[15] [x] [12] [SHIFT] [%]
[40] [ ] [80] [SHIFT] [%]
[1000] [x] [15] [SHIFT] [%] [+] 1150
[85] [x] [10] [SHIFT] [%] [ -]

[36] [] [30] [SHIFT] [%]

[300] [+] [500] [SHIFT] [%]

Degrees/Minutes/Seconds You can perform calculations using degrees, minutes, and seconds, and convert between sexagesimal and decimal values. Examples: Keystrokes [2.5] [=] Press [ o, , , ] [10] [ o, , , ] [15] [ o, , , ] [12] [ o, , , ] [x] [4] [=] Engineering Notation [ENG] [SHIFT] [ENG]

Display 2.48

Engineering notation mode that normalizes the displayed value so its exponent is a positive multiple of three. Engineering notation mode that normalizes the displayed value so its exponent is a negative multiple of three.

FX 115 MS Training guide

Powers/Square Roots/Cube Root, nth roots/Reciprocals To square a number: Use the [x2] key Example: [5] [x2] [=] 25 Use the [x3] key Example: [3] [x3] [=] 27

To cube a number:

To raise a number to a power (other than 2 or 3):
Use the [] key Example: [2] [] [4] = 16

To find a square root:

Use the [ Example: [

] key ] [25] [=] 5

To find a cube root:

Use the [ 3

] key ] [27] [=] 3
Example: [SHIFT] [ 3 To find a root Use the [ x ] key
(other than square or cube root): Example: [4] [SHIFT] [ x

] [81] = 3

To find a reciprocal:
Use the [x-1] key Example: [5] [x-1] [=].2 Note: Press [a b/c] and the display will change to 1/5.
FX 115 MS Training guide Memory Calculations There are different types of memory available: Answer Memory, Consecutive Calculations, Independent Memory, and Variables, and CALC. Answer Memory Whenever you press [=] after inputting values or an expression, the calculated result automatically updates the Answer Memory contents by storing the result. You can recall it by pressing [ANS]. Consecutive Calculations You can use the calculation result that is currently on display (and also stored in Answer Memory) as the first value of your next calculation. Independent Memory Independent Memory uses the memory area in variable M and is convenient for calculating cumulative totals. To add a value to M, press [M+]. To subtract a value from M, press [SHIFT] [M-]. To recall the value of M, press [RCL] [M]. Variables There are 9 variables available (including M) to store data (A through F, M, X, and Y) To add a value to memory letter A, enter the value and press [SHIFT] [STO] [A]. To recall the value of A, press [RCL] [A]. Note: Do NOT use the ALPHA key. Clearing Memory To clear independent memory, press [0] [SHIFT] [STO] [M] (this stores 0 in M). To delete data assigned to a specific variable, press [0] [SHIFT] [STO] <> (enter the letter you want to clear, without pressing the ALPHA key). To clear the values assigned to all of the variables, press [SHIFT] [CLR] [1] [=]. CALC Memory CALC memory lets you temporarily store a mathematical expression that you need to perform a number of times using different values. Once you store an expression, you can recall it, input values for its variables, and calculate a result quickly and easily. The CALC memory can be used in the COMP mode and CMPLX mode only. You can store a single mathematical expression, with up to 79 steps. The stored expression is cleared when you start another operation, change to another mode, or turn off the calculator. Example: Calculate the result for y = x + 5 for different values of x. Input the function: [ALPHA] [Y] [ALPHA] [=] [ALPHA] [X] [+] [5]. Store the expression by pressing [CALC]. You will be prompted for the value. Enter the value followed by [=]. Note: You must press [CALC] before entering another value.

FX 115 MS Training guide Probability Calculations/ Random Number/ Factorials Permutations A permutation is a selection of objects in which the order of the objects matters. Example: To determine the possible number of different arrangements using 4 items selected from 10 items. [10] [SHIFT] [nPr] [4] [=] 5040 Combinations A combination is a selection of objects from a collection and order is irrelevant. Example: To determine the number of different combinations of 4 items selected from 10 items [10] [nCr] [4] [=] 210 Random Number To generate a random number between 0 and 1, press [SHIFT] [Ran#] [=] To calculate a factorial, use [SHIFT] [x!]

Factorials

FX 115 MS Training guide Trigonometry Trigonometric/Inverse Trigonometric Functions You can use sin, cos and tan to calculate and solve trigonometric equations. Examples (in degree mode): Keystrokes [sin] [30] [=] [SHIFT] [sin] [.5] [=]

Display 0.5 30

Hyperbolic/Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Examples (in degree mode): Keystrokes [hyp] [sin] [3.6] [=] [SHIFT] [hyp] [sin] [30] [=] Or [hyp] [SHIFT] [sin] [30] [=]
Display 18.28545536 4.094622224
Convert Radians to Degrees To convert Radians to Degrees, put the calculator in Degree mode. radians to degrees Example: Press [SHIFT] [ ] [SHIFT] [DRG] and press [2] for Radians [=] 180 To convert Degrees to Radians, put the calculator in Radian mode. Example: 180 degrees to radians Press [180] [SHIFT] [DRG] and press [1] for Degrees [=] 3.141592654
Coordinate Conversion You can convert from polar to rectangular and from rectangular to polar. The calculation results are automatically assigned to variables E and F. Note: For both examples, be sure you are in degree mode. To convert polar coordinates (r, ) to rectangular coordinates (x, y). Example: To convert ( r = 2, = 60) to rectangular coordinates: Press [SHIFT] [REC] [2] [ , ] [60] [ ) ] [=] 1 (x value) [RCL] [F] 1.732050808 (y value) To convert rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates (r, ). Example: To convert ( x = 1, y = 3 ) to rectangular coordinates: Press [POL] [1] [ , ] [ [RCL] [F] ] [3] [ ) ] [=] 2 (r value) 60 ( value)

FX 115 MS Training guide Logarithms/Natural Logarithms You can find logarithms, natural logarithms, and antilogarithms. Examples: Keystrokes [log] [100] [=] [ln] [90] [=] [ln] [ALPHA] [e] [SHIFT] [ex] [1] [=] [SHIFT] [10x] [2] [=]
Display 2 4.2.718281828 100
SOLVE Function The SOLVE function lets you solve an expression using variables, without the need to simplify the expression. When solving functions, be sure you are in COMP mode. If the expression does not include an equal sign (=), the solve function will set the expression = 0. When entering = in your expression, be sure to use [ALPHA] [=]. Example: Given height, time, and gravity, solve the equation for initial velocity: h = vt gt2. Rewrite the equation using available variables: B = AC DC2. C is the time it would take for an object thrown straight up with initial velocity A to reach height B. Find the initial velocity A for a height of B = 14 meters and a time of C = 2 seconds. Gravitational acceleration D = 9.8 m/s2. Enter the equation B = AC DC2. and press [SHIFT] [SOLVE]. You will be prompted for each value: B? press [14] [=] A? press the down arrow, as this is what you are solving for C? press [2] [=] D? press [9.8] [=] Press the up arrow until you reach the unknown variable (in this case, A) With A? displayed, press [SHIFT] [SOLVE].
FX 115 MS Training guide Equation Calculations The EQN mode lets you solve equations of the 2nd or 3rd degree and simultaneous linear equations with up to three unknowns. To enter the EQN mode, press the [MODE] key 3 times and press 1 for EQN. Quadratic and Cubic Equations Enter the EQN mode and press the right arrow to display the initial quadratic/cubic 2 equation screen. Press 2 for quadratic (2nd degree of the form ax + bx + c = 0) or 3 for cubic (3rd degree of the form ax + bx + cx + d = 0). You will be prompted to enter values of each of the coefficients. Prior to inputting the final coefficient, you can use the up and down arrow keys to move between coefficients and make changes. You cannot input complex numbers for coefficients. As soon as you input a value for the final coefficient, one of the solutions is displayed. Press the down arrow to view other solution(s). You can use the up and down arrows to scroll between the solutions. After displaying the solutions, press [AC] to return to the coefficient input screen. If the result is a complex number, the real part of the solution appears. An R-I symbol will appear on the display. Press [SHIFT] [Re-Im] to toggle the display between the real part and the imaginary part. Example: x + 7x + 10 (2 real solutions) 2 x + 2x + 5 (2 complex number solutions)
Simultaneous Equations Enter the EQN mode and the simultaneous equation screen will be displayed. Press 2 or 3 for the number of unknowns. You will be prompted to enter values of each of the coefficients. Prior to inputting the final coefficient, you can use the up and down arrow keys to move between coefficients and make changes. You cannot input complex numbers for coefficients. As soon as you input a value for the final coefficient, one of the solutions is displayed. Press the down arrow to view other solution(s). You can use the up and down arrows to scroll between the solutions. After displaying the solutions, press [AC] to return to the coefficient input screen. Example: x + 2y = 3 (a1 = 1, b1 = 2, c1 = 3) -x + 3y + 2 (a2 = -1, b2 = 3, c2 = 2)

FX 115 MS Training guide Statistical Calculations Standard Deviation Use the [MODE] key to enter the Standard Deviation (SD) mode when you want to perform statistical calculations using standard deviation. [MODE] [MODE] [1] To clear statistical memory, press [SHIFT] [CLR] [1] [=]. To enter data, use the following key sequence: <value> [DT] Input data is used to calculate the following values: Sum of the squares ( x2) Sum of data ( x) Number of data items (n) Mean of the data Population standard deviation n Sample standard deviation n-1 [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [1] [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [2] [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [3] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [1] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [2] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [3]
Key points to note: [DT] [DT] inputs the same data twice You can input multiple entries of the same data using [SHIFT] [;]. To input 100 ten times, press [100] [SHIFT] [;] [10] [DT] You can scroll through the data you entered using the up and down arrows on the REPLAY button. You can edit the displayed data by inputting a new value and then pressing the [=] key to replace it. If you use the [DT] key (and not the [=] key), this will register the value you input as a new data item and will leave the old value as is. If you want to perform statistical calculations, always press the [AC] key first to exit the data display. To delete a data value that is displayed, press [SHIFT] [CL]. If you switch to another MODE, you will no longer be able to display or edit your data.
FX 115 MS Training guide Regression Use the [MODE] key to enter the Regression (REG) mode when you want to perform statistical calculations using regression. [MODE] [MODE] [2] When you enter Regression mode, you can select from 6 types of regression: Linear regression Logarithmic regression Exponential regression Power regression Inverse regression Quadratic regression [1] (Lin) [2] (Log) [3] (Exp) [1] (Pwr) [2] (Inv) [3] (Quad)
To clear statistical memory, press [SHIFT] [CLR] [1] [=]. To enter data, use the following key sequence: <x data> , <y data> [DT] The values produced by a regression calculation depend on the values input. Results can be recalled using the following: x2 x n y2 y xy Mean of the x data Population standard deviation (x) Sample standard deviation (x) Mean of the y data Population standard deviation (y) Sample standard deviation (y) Regression coefficient A Regression coefficient B [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [1] [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [2] [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [3] [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [1] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [2] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [3] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [SHIFT] [S-VAR]

[1] [2] [3]

[1] [2] [3] [1] [2]

For regression calculations other than quadratic regression: Correlation coefficient r Estimate x Estimate y For quadratic regression: x3 x2 y x4 Regression coefficient C Estimate x1 Estimate x2 Estimate y [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [SHIFT] [S-SUM] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] 14
[SHIFT] [S-VAR] [3] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [1] [SHIFT] [S-VAR] [2]
[1] [2] [3] [3] [1] [2] [3]
FX 115 MS Training guide Normal Distribution Use the [MODE] key to enter the Standard Deviation (SD) mode when you want to perform a calculation involving normal distribution. [MODE] [MODE] [1] Press [SHIFT] [DIST] to display the normal distribution screen. P( Q( R( t Input a value from 1 to 4 to select the probability distribution calculation you want to perform.
FX 115 MS Training guide Complex Numbers Use the [MODE] key to enter the Complex (CMPLX) mode when you want to perform calculations with complex numbers. [MODE] [2] Complex Number Calculations The key for i is located above the [ENG] key. In complex mode, you do not have to press [SHIFT]. You can use the Replay function in the Complex mode. The indicator R-I will appear on the display in the upper right corner for complex number results. Press [SHIFT] [[Re-Im] to toggle the display between the real part and the imaginary part. You can use variables A, B, C, and M only in Complex mode. The current angle setting (Deg, Rad, Grad) affects the calculations. You can store an expression in CALC memory while in the Complex mode.
Absolute Value and Argument Calculation If an imaginary number is expressed by the rectangular form z = a + bi and is represented as a point in the Gaussian plane, you can determine the absolute value (r) and argument () of the complex number. The polar form is r. Example: To determine the absolute value (r) and argument () of 3 + 4i (angle is set to Degrees) [SHIFT] [Abs] [(] [3] [+] [4] [i] [)] [=] The result is 5 (r = 5). [SHIFT] [arg] [(] [3] [+] [4] [i] [)] [=] The result is 53.13 ( = 53.13) Input the complex number using the polar form r ( 2 45) [ ] [2] [SHIFT] [] [45] [=] The result is 1 + i Press [SHIFT] [Re-Im] to toggle between the real part and the imaginary part. Rectangular Form-Polar Form Display You can convert a rectangular form complex number to its polar form, and a polar form complex number to its rectangular form. Press [SHIFT] [Re-Im] to toggle between the real part and the imaginary part. Example: [1] [+] [i] [SHIFT] [r] [=] The result is 1.1414, 45. ] [2] [SHIFT] [] [45] [SHIFT] [a+bi] [=] The result is 1 + i [

Example:

Conjugate of a Complex Number For any complex number z where z = a + bi, its conjugate is a - bi. Example: The conjugate of 1 + 2i: [SHIFT] [Conjg] [(] [1] [+] [2] [i ] [)] [=] The result is 1 - 2i:

FX 115 MS Training guide Differential and Integration Calculations You can obtain the derivative or the definite integral of a function. Use the [MODE] key to enter the COMP mode when you want to perform differential and integration calculations. [MODE] [1] Differential Calculations Three inputs are required for the differential expression: the function of variable x the point (a) at which the differential coefficient is calculated the change in x [d/dx] (expression, a, x) Example: For y = x2 +3x + 1, find the derivative at the point x = 2 [SHIFT] [d/dx] [ALPHA] [X] [x2] [+] [3] [ALPHA] [X] [+] [1] [,] [2] [=]. Result =7 You can omit the input of x. The calculator will automatically substitute an appropriate value if necessary. Discontinuous points and extreme changes in the value of x can cause inaccurate results and errors.
Integration Calculations Four inputs are required for integration calculations: the function of variable x a and b which define the integration range of the definite integral n which is the number of partitions (equivalent to N = 2n) for integration using Simpsons rule [
dx] (expression, a, b, n)
Example: For y = 2x +3, for the interval from 1 to 3 [
dx] [2] [ALPHA] [X] [+] [3] [,] [1] [,] [3] [)] [=]. Result =14
You can omit the input of the number of partitions, or you can specify an integer in the range of 1 to 9. Internal integration calculations may take considerable time to complete.
FX 115 MS Training guide Base-n Calculations Use the [MODE] key to enter the BASE mode when you want to perform calculations using Base n values. [MODE] [MODE] [3] In addition to decimal values, calculations can be performed using binary, octal, and hexadecimal values. You can specify the default number system to be applied to all input and displayed values, and the number system for individual values as you input them. You cannot use scientific functions in binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal calculations. You cannot input values that include a decimal part and an exponent. If you input a value that includes a decimal part, the unit automatically cuts off the decimal part. Negative binary, octal, and hexadecimal values are produced by taking the twos complement. You can use the following logical operators between values in Base-n calculations: and (logical product), or (logical sum), xor (exclusive or), xnor (exclusive nor), Not (bitwise complement), and Neg (negation). You may not be able to convert a value from a number system whose calculation range is greater than the calculation range of the resulting number system. The message Math ERROR indicates that the result has too many digits (overflow).