SYSTEM displays program areas, angle mode and free memory
FRE <n>, n=0.2 0: free variable space, 1: free program space, 2: total variable space.
Switching modes between CETL and BASIC shows free memory. SYSTEM shows program sizes for all areas. OM-53B: [memory] menu sets size for FRE(dummy number) returns free space for programs. FRE("dummy file system. string") returns free string space.

Memory allocation

DEFM <blocks> allocates additional variables in blocks of 10. Block 1 is A0-A9, Block 20 is T0-T9. 80 bytes are taken from program memory per block.
DEFM <n>, manual mode only. 8 bytes per variable.
DEFM <n> allocates n additional variables. 8 bytes per variable are taken from program memory.
Automatic allocation of two letter "registered" variables
CLEAR <str>,<var> CLEAR <size> allocates allocates <str> bytes for space for all variables and strings, strings <var> bytes for variables
CLEAR <str>,<ml>,<sys> allocates <str> bytes for strings, <ml> bytes for machine language, <sys> bytes for system (uncertain for Z-1) PB-1000: <sys> is file system size OM-53B: <sys> is not allowed.
AREA <size> sets the size for CETL tables and I/O buffers. CLEAR <str>,<himem> clears all variables, sets size of string area and the high memory limit for BAISC. Above machine language programs can be installed.

Show variable allocation

DEFM displays variable allocation and switches to DEFM mode No DIM mode LISTV lists array names in DIM mode
LISTV lists names of arrays and registered variables
VARLIST lists names of arrays and variables

ProgsVarsMem

Page 2

Variables

A-Z, A0-A9.T0-T9.

Fixed variables A-Z.

Fixed variables A-Z, maximum of 40 "registered" two letter variables or arrays. Use of undefined two letter variables results in an UV error.
Long variable names, case sensitive, must not start with a keyword. FX-850P/880P restricts length to 15 characters. The limit for VX-4, Z-1, PB-1000, OM-53B is unknown but higher than 64. Longer names are truncated. All variables are independent. Undefined variables return 0.
Long variable names, case sensitive, must not start with a keyword. Maximum length is 255. All variables are independent. Undefined variables return 0. DEFDBL, DEFSGL <letter range> and suffixes #and ! allow double or single precision. Variables of different types are independent from each other.

EDIT <file> creates or selects file. Up and LIST <line> or up and down arrow display lines for down arrow select lines for editing. FETCH editing. Lines must be deleted using DEL, simple entry <line>/<label> selects specific line. of a number is treated as a computation.
AUTO, DELETE, RENUMBER DELETE ALL deletes all lines in current file.
NUM/NUMBER, DEL/DELETE, REN/RENUMBER NEW deletes program and variables. NEW ALL clears all memory (total reset). CALL ADDMEM (see below) forces NEW ALL. FRE(n), n=0.5 0, 1: see left 2: free + temporary mem 3: largest block size 4: free memory 5: # of free blocks
Kill program(s) PURGE <file> deletes file from internal RAM, port or device. MEM returns free memory. Show memory
FRE(dummy number) returns free space for programs. FRE("dummy string") returns free string space. MAXRAM returns the highest available memory address. HIMEM returns the currently set upper memory address for BASIC or files.
MEM(port) returns free space in specified port. SHOWPORT lists available ports.
FRE(n), n=0,1 0: total user memory, 1: space used by program and variables.
The manual documents all system pointers. Use PEEK to get the corresponding values.
STAT area prints size of current or selected program. STAT ALL prints a complete overview.
CALL ADDMEM adds RAM module to user memory. NEW ALL releases the RAM module. Both commands clear all memory.
Ports N/A. Memory allocation
CLAIM PORT(port) and FREE PORT(port) add or remove port memory to main memory.
No machine language support.
CLEAR <str>,<himem> clears all variables an sets size of the string area and the CLEAR <str>,<himem> BASIC upper memory limit which is below clears all variables, sets size of string area CLEAR <str>,<RAM file> clears all the file area. and the HIMEM value. Use MAXRAM as the variables, sets size of string area and size second argument to recover all available of the RAM file. FSET <size> reserves memory for the file RAM. CALL GETMEM(size,ptr) area at top of memory. If the size is less or MEMSET <address> sets aside low returns a free memory equal to the size of an inserted RAM card, memory for machine language programs. block for machine language The RAM file system works "in place", so this card can be used as a removal editing any file, BASIC or TEXT, moves Default address is &H0A40. use. Variable ptr is filesystem. memory around and affects the free initialized with the base If the power up routine detects a space. Machine language programs are WIDTH <cols>,<rows>,<margin> address. configuration change (e. g. RAM card allocates the virtual screen area and CALL RELMEM(adr) releases copied to their saved memory location and swap) you are prompted to allow can only be loaded if enough high memory affects the free space. the block. adjustment of the system pointers. So is reserved. cards of different size can be used alternately. See FRE(.)

String variable names follow the rules of numeric variables+$. String length is dynamic up to 255 characters. Undefined string variables return an empty string. DEFSTR <letter range> allows names without $.
String too long String literals Character set Lower case
LS Error "String", quotes inside string literals are not supported. ASCII + symbols. Yes DIM Name(.) defines array. Array names follow the rules of numeric variables. Arrays of different types are independent from each other. National ASCII + symbols.
DIM Name$(.) defines string array. String array names follow the rules of string variables. String length is dynamic up to 255 characters. Limits see left. OPTION BASE 0 or 1 set the lowest index for all arrays.
Two dimensions. Size is only limited by memory. OPTION BASE 0 or 1 set the lowest index for next DIM statement. Arrays of dimension (10) or (10,10) can be created implicitly by an assignment. CLEAR VARS DESTROY ALL deletes all variables and arrays. DESTROY deletes selected variables or arrays.
Arrays of dimension (10), (10,10) or (10,10,10) or more can be created implicitly by an assignment. Power cycling, NEW, RUN or CLEAR delete all variables. N/A SLEEP turns power of without deleting the variables. ERASE deletes selected arrays. ERASE deletes selected arrays.

Clear variables N/A

Page 7

Functions

Syntax remarks Precision of mathematical functions Concatenation MID(start,length) Substrings N/A
Parentheses around arguments of many functions are optional. Default precision string1 + string2 MID is obsolete MID$(start,length) LEFT$(string,length) RIGHT$(string$,length) MID$(string,start,length), length defaults to rest of string. LEN(string) CHR$(code) ASC(char) STR$(expression) VAL(string variable) N/A 795P: $="expr" MODE 20,V N/A VAL(string), evaluation stops at first illegal character. VALF(string)
All function arguments need parentheses. Same as argument.
Works only with the special string variable $. Length defaults to rest of string. LEN(string variable) N/A, no ASCII code N/A N/A
Length Strings ASCII to string String to ASCII Number to string String to number Expression evaluation Search substring Case conversion Repeat string Absolute Value Sign Integer part Fractional part Largest integer below or equal Smallest integer above or equal Numbers Round to d decimal places. Examples round to cents. Workarounds for positive x only!
N/A ABS x SGN x SGN x * INT ABS x FRAC x INT x -INT -x RND(x,-d 1), RND(X,-3) N/A Display only: SET Fd, SET Ed set display precision. Symbol N/A N/A No x y (special symbol) INT(a / b) a b * INT(a / b) SGN a * (ABS a ABS b * INT ABS(a / b)) N/A a * p / 100 <, , >, , =, (special symbols) Comparisons cannot appear outside IF statement <, <=, =<, >, >=, =>, =, <>, >< -1, can only be used inside a program, not in direct mode. NOT, AND, OR, XOR -1 NOT, AND, OR, XOR, EQV, IMP a MOD b x^y ROUND(x,-d 1), ROUND(X,-3) RND is an obsolete alias. N/A Display only: PRINT USING "###.##";X Works for current line only. 4*ATN(1) in ANGLE 1 4*ATN(1#) in ANGLE 1 ABS(x) SGN(x) FIX(x) FRAC(x) INT(x) -INT(-x)

POS(string,substring)

PI Other constants Maximum Minimum Implied multiplication AB=A*B Arithmetic Power xy Integer division Modulo Remainder Reduction Percentage Comparisons Result of 1=1 Logical operators Logic NOT, AND, OR, EXOR
<, <=, =<, >, >=, =>, =, <>, ><, # HP-71 only: ? (unordered, IEEE math) 1 See HP-75. The HP-IL module adds BINCMP(n), Logical only: nonzero BINAND(n,m), values mapped to 1 BINIOR(n,m), BINEOR(n,m) and BIT(n,b) for 20 bit High, expressions need integers. parentheses. HTD("0")-HTD("FFFFF") N/A DTH$(n), n<220, 0-padded to 5 digits. N/A RAD(d) DEG(r)

Low &H0-&HFFFF

&nnnnn, &Onnnnn denote octal HEX$(n), n<216 HEX$(n), n<216 OCT$(n) returns octal string

Only in CALC mode

N/A d / 180 * PI r / PI * 180
N/A d / 180 * PI (PI must be defined) r / PI * 180 (PI must be defined) x=r * COS , y=r * SIN r=SQR(x*x + y*y), =ACOS(x / r)
x=r * COS , y=r * SIN r=SQR(x*x + y*y), =ACOS(x / r) Keyboard function in TI-74 CALC mode. N/A In MATH Module N/A
CINT, CDBL, CSNG convert between integer, double or single precision.

Page 14

LOG10(x) LOG(x) LOG(x + 1)
LGT(x), LOG10(x) LN(x), LOG(x) LOGP1(x) 10 ^ x EXP(x)

LOG(x) LN(x) LN(x + 1)

LOG(x) / LOG(10) LOG(x) LN(x + 1) 10 ^ x EXP(x)
EXP(x) 1 INT(LGT(ABS(x))) SQR(x)
EXPM1(x) EXPONENT(x) SQR(x), SQRT(x) x ^ (1/3), x 0 x ^ (1 / y) x*x x^3 SIN(x), COS(x), TAN(x)
EXP(x) 1 INT(LOG(ABS(x))) for x <> 0 SQR(x)
EXP(x) 1 INT(LOG(ABS(x))) for x <> 0 SQR(x) x ^ (1/3), x 0 x ^ (1 / y) x*x x^3 SIN(x), COS(x), TAN(x)
Exponent part of number Square root x Cube root x General root yx Square x2 Cube x3 sin x, cos x, tan x sin-1 x
ASIN(x) ACOS(x) ATAN(x) SEC(x), CSC(x), COT(x)
ASN(x), ASIN(x) ACS(x), ACOS(x) ATN(x), ATAN(x) ANGLE(x,y)

ASN(x) ACS(x)

ASIN(x) ACOS(x) ATN(x)
ATN(x / SQR(1 x*x)) ATN(x / SQR(1 x*x)) ATN(x) 1 / COS(x), 1 / SIN(x), 1 / TAN(x) ATN(y / x), result probably in wrong quadrant (EXP(x) EXP(-x)) / 2 (EXP(x) + EXP(-x)) / 2 12*EXP(x)/(EXP(x)+EXP(-x)) LOG(x + SQR(x*x + 1)) LOG(x + SQR(x*x 1)) LOG((1 + x) / (1 x)) / 2 All angles are in radians and must be converted in advance.

cos tan

1 / COS(x), 1 / SIN(x), 1 / TAN(x) ATN(y / x), result probably in wrong quadrant SINH(x) COSH(x) TANH(x) ASINH(x) ACOSH(x) ATANH(x) (EXP(x) EXP(-x)) / 2 (EXP(x) + EXP(-x)) / 2 12*EXP(x)/(EXP(x)+EXP(-x)) LN(x + SQR(x*x + 1)) LN(x + SQR(x*x 1)) LN((1 + x) / (1 x)) / 2 DEG RAD GRAD

OPEN "0:name" AS #chan FIELD #chan,len AS var$,. (Record size is 256 bytes) LSET/RSET var$=string CVD/CVS/MKD$/MKS$ PUT/GET #chan,record > 0

Special I/O functions

EOF(channel) tests for end of file.
EOF(channel) tests end of file. EOF(channel) tests end of file. LOF(channel) returns length of file or LOC(channel) returns next record number. chars left in input buffer. LOF(channel) returns number of records.

Page 20

Commands Commands
Vendor PC-1210 PC-1211 PC-1212 PC-1245 PC-1246 PC-1247 PC-1248 PC-1251 PC-1401 PC-1421 PC-1260 PC-1261 PC-1262 Sharp PC-E220 PC-G820 PC-E500 PC-E500S

PC-1403

PC-1350

PC-1360

Labels Syntax for branch targets besides line numbers ON. GOTO/GOSUB IF. THEN. IF. THEN. ELSE. Program flow Nested IF Multiline IF. ENDIF WHILE. WEND REPEAT. UNTIL SWITCH. CASE. ENDSWITCH FOR I=1 TO 2 STEP -1 NEXT I Variable name on NEXT Available
Alphanumeric(7) with " ". Optional colon. "A", "S", "D", "F", "G", "H", "J", "K", "L", "Z", "X", "C", "V", "B", "N", "M" + some more are reachable with DEF key (SHFT in DEF mode on PC-121x). "Label" Line number or label may be expression. GOTO expression Available. Target expressions must not contain commas. THEN is optional. PC-121x allows THEN only as an alias for GOTO with a jump target. If the first statement is an assignment, LET must be used. ELSE is N/A. Allowed. Unambiguous because ELSE is not available.
Alphanumeric(20) with " " or preceded by *. Optional colon. *Label or "Label" Targets are constant. Available.
Available. Allowed, nearest ELSE belongs to nested IF.

Available.

PC-E500S only
Loop executed once, I=0 after loop.
Loop executed, I=1 (!) Limit and step integer in the range +/-1000. Mandatory
Loop not executed, I=1 after loop. Optional
Local procedure definition besides GOSUB/RETURN Return from procedure Subroutines

Set a label. RETURN

GOSUB "Label" Recursion is possible. Local variables must be emulated by arrays.

GOSUB *Label

ON ERROR GOTO ERL, ERN N/A RESUME, RESUME NEXT, RESUME target ON ERROR GOTO 0 ARUN, AUTOGOTO Power on auto start ARUN, AUTOGOTO Power on auto start

N/A Virtual screen with clipping CE-515P (pen plotter) with CE-516L. Any serial printer through RS-232 with level shifter.
CE-150 (pen plotter, contains ROM with BASIC commands)

CE-122 (matrix)

No other printer available
Any serial printer through RS232 with level shifter.
LLIST/LPRINT N/A GRAPH TEXT (CE-150) COLOR, CSIZE, GLCURSOR, LINE, RLINE, ROTATE, SORIGIN
Switch on CE-122. Disables some LIST functionality. N/A

CONSOLE n

Printer commands in graphics mode
See PC-1475. Only CE-515P supported. OPEN and CLOSE are mandatory.

LF, LCURSOR, TAB, TEST

Page 22

Beeper Frequency range

BEEP count,frq,time or ON/OFF Duration depends on time and frq. Frequency 1.3E6/(166+22*frq) 0: 7kHz, 129: 440Hz, 255: 230Hz
BEEP count Only a single pitch available. PC-1246 is mute.
BEEP count,frq,time Duration depends on time and frq. Syntax like PC-1500. Same as PC-E500 Frequency = 256000/(90+4*frq) Buzzer is not connected on G820 My PC-1280 seems to have a speed up installed and beeps higher. 0: 2844,4Hz, 123: 440Hz, 255: 230,6Hz and G850 models. INPUT"prompt",variable(s), "prompt";variables(s)
INPUT"prompt",variable(s), "prompt";variables(s):more statements
Comma forces prompt to be cleared on first key press, semicolon leaves prompt in display. "?" is only displayed if no prompt is specified or after input errors. Numeric expression or unquoted string. Values are separated by ENTER. Empty input lines leave numbers and strings unchanged and skip the rest of the program line. INPUT acts as a conditional statement! Numeric expression or unquoted string. Values are separated by ENTER. Empty input lines leave numbers and strings unchanged.
Allowed input values and keys
CL/CLS/C-CE clears input field or error condition. DOWN single steps. UP suspends execution. Shift-CA stops program. BRK/BREAK interrupt programs (can be resumed with CONT). On some machines INPUT has some display problems with multiple prompts or in error situations if the prompt is not positioned in first column. A$=INKEY$, returns "" if no key pressed. A$=INKEY$, returns code repeatedly as long as key is down. N/A ENTER=13, UP/DOWN=11/10, LEFT/RIGHT=8/12, F-Keys=17.22, SHIFT=1, SML=2, no combined codes.
ENTER and other special keys do not return codes.
ENTER=13, UP/DOWN=4/5, LEFT/RIGHT=15/14, 2nd/SHIFT=16, no combined codes. Most special keys return codes below 32 or above 127.
See left for INKEY$. INPUT$ returns CHR$(00)+code for some special keys (see manual). N/A
Read display contents as input DATA/READ/RESTORE See right
AREAD var Must be first statement directly after a label that can be reached with the DEF key. Program must be started with DEF+label, ignored otherwise. N/A Data elements are quoted strings, string expressions or numeric expressions. The line number in RESTORE may be an expression.

Data elements are quoted or unquoted strings or numeric constants. Restore target may be *label. "name" (8 chars) with CSAVE, CLOAD, etc. "CAS:name" with OPEN. Name part can be omitted and defaults to unnamed or first file found Serial I/O: Serial I/O: "COM:" (not with "parameters" LOAD/SAVE, OPEN only) RAM/Pocket disk: RAM disk: "name8.ext" (not with "d:name8.ext" d=F/X OPEN) CSAVE "name" N/A "name" (8 chars) with CSAVE, CLOAD, etc. "CAS:name" with SAVE, LOAD, MERGE, CHAIN, OPEN. Name can be omitted and defaults to unnamed or first file found Serial I/O: "COM:parameters" RAM/Pocket disk: "d:name8.ext" d=E/F/X Name defaults to serial I/O if omitted. CSAVE "name" COPY source TO destination with wildcards from RAM disk to pocket disk.
"name" (16 chars). -1 can be appended to the command name to specify secondary remote jack. Name can be omitted.
"name" (7 chars). Name can be omitted and defaults to unnamed or first file found.
Pocket disk: "X:name8.ext" CSAVE "name" Format is comaptible. N/A
Serial I/O: "parameters" PC-1360 only: Pocket disk: "X:name8.ext"
RAM/Pocket disk: "d:name8.ext" d=F/X

CSAVE "Name"

CSAVE "name" CSAVE@ "name" saves in older format. No RAM disk or multiple areas COPY source TO destination with wildcards from RAM disk to pocket disk.
CSAVE "Name","Password". Saving is disabled if password is set in memory. Compatibility see CSAVE. See PC-1360 Set (password) protection CSAVE "Name","Password". Saving is disabled if password is set in memory. N/A No file system SET "file pattern","P" Makes file(s) readonly. " " removes the protection. N/A Pocket or RAM disk: SAVE "d:name" Serial I/O (not PC-1280): OPEN followed by SAVE. SAVE "d:name",A (Pocket disk only) SAVE to serial I/O (not PC-1280) is always in ASCII N/A SAVE "name" RAM disk only. Use TEXT menu. Only way to save to serial I/O. CLOAD "name" COPY source TO destination with wildcards from pocket disk to RAM disk. N/A LOAD "name" RAM disk only. Use TEXT menu. Only way to read from serial I/O. Use TEXT menu, ASCII mode, serial I/O SET "file pattern","P"/" " Sets/removes write protection. SAVE "name" SAVE "name",A SAVE to serial I/O CLOAD "name" COPY source TO destination with wildcards from pocket disk to RAM disk. LOAD "name",R R starts program. Format is detected. CLOAD@ "name" CSAVE@ "name" saves in older format.

Alphanumeric(8) with ' ': Same syntax as file names. N/A 'LABEL', LABEL Available THEN is mandatory. Available. Only after ELSE. Allowed, nearest ELSE belongs to nested IF.
Loop not executed, I=1 after loop. Mandatory Executable command anywhere in program. Closes all local files and deallocates local variables. Substitutes END SUB in subroutine. Returns from CALLed external Executable command anywhere in program. Closes all open files. Allowed even program. after SUBEND. Executable from keyboard. HP-75 : not executable from keyboard. Use DEF FN or external file. END, END FN Parameters of FNX() and variables in external program are local. X=FNY(.) CALL 'file' ON ERROR command ERRL, ERRN SUB name(params) Name follows label syntax. END SUB, END or next SUB. Variables are local. Files are local, if no parameter list is defined. CALL name(R,A,(V),#C ) CALL file Fully implemented. ON ERROR GOTO/GOSUB ERRL, ERRN, ERRM$ SUB name(params) Name follows variable syntax. SUBEND. SUBEXIT returns early. All variables are local. ATTACH/RELEASE name,. handle preallocation and allow variable persistence.

All variables are local.

CALL name(Reference,Array(),Matrix(,),(Value)) N/A ON ERROR line number CALL ERR(CODE,TYPE,FILE,LINE) RETURN, RETURN NEXT, RETURN line number ON ERROR STOP ON WARNING PRINT/NEXT/ERROR ON BREAK STOP/NEXT/ERROR BREAK/UNBREAK line,line,. set or clear breakpoints. BREAK (STOP acts like END) CON/CONTINUE line number
RETURN if command is GOSUB. OFF ERROR ON TIMER #n,seconds,commands OFF TIMER #n N/A DEFAULT ON/OFF/EXTEND, TRAP handle math exceptions.
TRACE FLOW/VARS/OFF turn tracing on/off. PAUSE (STOP acts like END) CONT target N/A CONT or SST key

Page 25

Clear display Output to display Behavior of comma PRINT ends with ; or , Default display mode Continue after PRINT DISP, PRINT
DISP CHR$(27)&"E" DISP, PRINT, implied DISP
PRINT or DISPLAY ERASE ALL DISPLAY (extended syntax), PRINT Tabulate (15 chars) Allowed, disables clearing of rest of line. Continuous with selectable PAUSE CLR or ENTER key PRINT TAB(n) Columns start at 1.
Tabulate (21 chars), 5 items on display. Allowed Continuous with selectable DELAY ENTER key

PRINT/DISP TAB(n) Columns start at 1.
DISPLAY AT(n) SIZE(s), TAB(x) TAB(x) is relative to AT(n).
DELAY seconds Accurate to 0.1s
DELAY line secs, scroll secs Sets both line and scroll delay. Values 8 are infinite, fractions of a second allowed.
PAUSE seconds or PAUSE ALL Accurate to 0.1s. Must be set in program. Inherited by procedure. Changes are local to procedure. PRINT/DISPLAY USING "### ###.##";A$;X USING works for current statement only. Text uses same format characters as numbers. Constant text is allowed. Format can be put on IMAGE line and referenced by line number.
DISP USING"3A, 3D.DD";A$;X. Special HP-format instructions. Format can be put on IMAGE line and referenced by line number. N/A FIX d, SCI d, ENG d set default display precision for numbers. N/A 132x8 GDISP$ returns complete display. CHARSET$ returns defined characters.
N/A Draw (filled) rectangle N/A N/A Draw line or polygon GDISP string set pattern in display. CHARSET string defines characters. String is taken as binary data. Can be installed More graphics commands (x,y) outside screen area N/A CALL CHAR(c,"hex(16)") Defines char c 6. Patterns are horizontal. CALL INDIC(indicator,state) sets the display indicators. N/A PC-324 (matrix, id 12, DockBus) HX-1000 (pen plotter, id 10, HexBus) Printer 80 (matrix, id 16, HexBus) HX-3000 (serial/parallel, ids 20/50, HexBus) HexBus devices need adapter cable for TI-74. DockBus devices need adapter cable for CC-40. LIST"12" (12 is PC-324) OPEN#channel,"12",OUTPUT:PRINT#channel. Specify with OPEN: OPEN#channel,.,VARIABLE n OPEN#channel,"10",OUTPUT:PRINT#channel,CHR$(x) x=17: text mode, x=19: graphics mode (HX-1000)
HP-IL printer. There are HP-IL interfaces to HP-IB or RS-232. Any printer supporting these interfaces can be connected.
Redirected PLIST, LIST, PRINT or DISP PRINTER/DISPLAY IS 'device', '*' resets to display PWIDTH n
Use PRINT#channel,. to send plotter commands.
Settable options in OPEN after device number: OPEN#1,"10.S=0",OUTPUT sets small print.

Page 26

Beeper Frequency range Best accuracy is in the range 100.1400Hz. Default duration is 0.1s. INPUT "prompt",default string;variable(s) Only one prompt and default string allowed. Comma separates default string from prompt. "?" appears if no prompt is given. Default string fills input buffer and can be edited by user. A comma seperated list of quoted or unquoted strings, numbers or expressions. Allowed input values and keys END LINE enters one or more values (if separated by comma.) CONT leaves values unchanged. N/A

Set (password) protection
SAVE "n.name",PROTECTED A protected file is execute only. SAVE "n.name" n=100 for PC interface. LIST "20.options" to serial interface. LIST "101.name" to PC interface. OLD "1.name.NM" N/A OLD "n.name" n=100 for PC interface. TI-BASIC cannot load an ASCII format BASIC program directly. Use TIC74.EXE on PC with PC interface to create a binary file from source and load it with OLD"101.name". OLD "1.name"
Load "foreign" program

Page 27

MERGE source,first line,last line Destination is the current file. Lines are replaced, file types must match. CHAIN file RUN file,line number or label Same internal files have special names: Special file KEYS stores keyboard APPT stores the active appointments, definitions. It is a standard filename and KEYS stores the keyboard definitions. can be used with or without quotes. These are unquoted keywords. Automatically prompted for during write to card. RENAME source TO destination PURGE file COPY source TO destination CAT device INITIALIZE device,dir size ASSIGN #channel TO 'name',type CAT device / CAT$(number,device) INITIALIZE volume device,dir size CREATE type name,size,reclen ASSIGN #channel TO name File type on CREATE is one of LIF1/TEXT/DATA/SDATA (see reference manual for details). #channel is #1.255 RESTORE #channel,large value sets pointer to eof for append.
N/A RUN "n.name" Executable from program. Use LOAD.PGM delivered with PC interface to load machine language subroutines. CALL LOAD("n.name") loads machine language programs.
VERIFY "n.name" N/A DELETE "n.name" / CLOSE#channel,DELETE USE OLD/SAVE User program with CALL IO. FORMAT device (numeric id) OPEN#channel,"n.name",access,type,VARIABLE n,mode #channel is #1.255, #0 is display or keyboard and always open. access is RELATIVE or defaults to sequential. type is DISPLAY or INTERNAL. n is the maximum record size. mode is one of INPUT/OUTPUT/APPEND/UPDATE. Defaults depend on the selected device. Options can appear in any order. CLOSE #channel,DELETE DELETE purges closed file (device dependent.) PRINT #channel,print items DISPLAY files support formatting with comma, USING or TAB. INTERNAL files treat comma and semicolon the same and don't allow TAB. Features and exact format are device dependent. If the list ends with a delimiter, the output is pending. INPUT #channel,var1,var2,. LINPUT #channel,var$ Validity checking and features are device dependent. If the list ends with a delimiter, the input is pending. RESTORE #channel resets file pointer to first record. EOF(channel) tests for end of file. OPEN#channel,"n.name",RELATVE,VARIABLE n,other options Each record is n bytes long. Record numbers range from 0 to 32767. PRINT #channel,REC rec,print items INPUT #channel,REC rec,var1,var2,. LINPUT #channel,REC rec,var$ RESTORE #channel,REC rec EOF(channel) checks for end of file. CALL IO(device,status) performs control functions on HexBus/DockBus devices. "device" can be a number or a 12 byte string (control block.)

File type is BASIC or TEXT, default is BASIC. #channel is #1.9999 BASIC files translate to a list of DATA statements with line numbers.

Close channel

ASSIGN #channel TO * (or '*' or empty string) A file is closed if the channel is assigned to another file. PRINT #channel;print items TEXT files and some devices use standard PRINT formatting.
No matrix support in output statements. HP-IL needs option ROM.
OUTPUT HP-IL device;print items Print items on both statements can be arrays A() or matrices M(,).
READ #channel;var1,var2,. Read data sequentially No matrix support in input statements. HP-IL needs option ROM. ENTER HP-IL device;var1,var2,. Variables in both statements can be arrays A() or matrices M(,).
PRINT #channel,record;. READ #channel,record;. RESTORE #channel,record Records are line numbers 1.9999. File type must be BASIC. Record numbers are 0 to 1048575 Record size is defined by file.
Checking for end of file must be performed with either a user defined EOF record or with an ON ERROR handler. HP-IL knows many more I/O commands, some of which need a special ROM on the HP-75. The HP-IL commands in the HP-71B come with the interface.

Page 28

Vendor Tandy Radio Shack Canon
Labels Syntax for branch targets besides line numbers ON. GOTO/GOSUB IF. THEN. IF. THEN. ELSE. Program flow Nested IF Multiline IF. ENDIF WHILE. WEND REPEAT. UNTIL SWITCH. CASE. ENDSWITCH FOR I=1 TO 2 STEP -1 NEXT I Variable name on NEXT Executable command anywhere in program. Executable from keyboard. Loop executed once, I=0 after loop. Optional Executable command anywhere in program. Closes all files. Executable from keyboard. N/A N/A
Available THEN is mandatory except before GOTO. Available Allowed, nearest ELSE belongs to nested IF. N/A Available N/A Loop not executed, I=1 after loop.
Call and parameter passing Recursion ON ERROR Error line and error code Return from error handler Error handling Disable error handler ON KEY GOSUB line number list ON COM/MDM GOSUB line number ON TIME$="time" GOSUB line number KEY/COM/MDM/TIME$ ON/OFF/STOP IPL "file.BA" defines startup program. N/A STOP CONT ON ERROR GOTO ERL, ERR RESUME, RESUME NEXT, RESUME line number ON ERROR GOTO 0 CONSOLE@1 enables alarm. ALM$="yyyy/mm/dd/day/HH/MM" sets alarm; each component can be omitted; day is a bit mask with 64=Sun.1=Sat. START$=+"startup sequence" Monitor can set startup key sequence with K command.

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CLS Text display scrolling clears graphics.
CLS Graphics is scrolled with text. PRINT, ? Tabulate (15 chars) Allowed. ";" between items is optional. Continuous output

LPRINT, LLIST, PRINT#1,. after OPEN"LPT:" FOR OUTPUT AS #1 OPEN either "LPT:" or "LCD:" N/A; LPOS returns current position. Depends on printer.
LPRINT, LLIST, PRINT#1,. after OPEN"O",#1,"LPT0:" OPEN either "LPT0:" or "SCRN:" WIDTH "device", n N/A COPY prints text and graphic screen on built in printer. Only the visible area is printed. SAVE"LPT0:" is the same as LLIST.
Send commands with LPRINT. LCOPY copies the text screen. SAVE"LPT:" is the same as LLIST. LPOS returns current column. LPRINT[size,color]. (see PRINT) size: 1.16 color: 0.3

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BEEP, SOUND pitch,duration Duration of 50 is 1 second. 0.16383 (useful: 220.16383) Frequency=4915680 Hz / pitch 5586: 880 Hz
BEEP pitch,duration Duration of 20 is 1 second. 0: pause 1.48: halftones starting from "do" 49.4095: frequency=19200 Hz / pitch. INPUT "prompt";variable(s) Only one prompt allowed.
SOUND pitch,duration Duration of 10 is 1 second. 1.28: tones C to B in 4 octaves 29.59: halftones, 0: pause 13: 880 Hz
Comma is not allowed. "? " is always added to the prompt. Number or (quoted) string. Unquoted strings are stripped on left end.
Comma suppresses "?" after prompt. Number or (quoted) string. Unquoted strings are stripped on both ends. Values are separated by commas. Empty input causes ?Redo message except for a single string variable.
Allowed input values and keys Values are separated by commas or ENTER. Empty input leaves values untouched. Input A$=INKEY$, returns "" if no key pressed. INIT#1,"KBD:" opens keyboard as file. A=INP(#1) waits & returns ASCII code. A=SNS(#1) returns 0 or ASCII code. A=STICK(0) returns status of cursor keys. A=STRIG(0) returns status of space bar A=STRIG(1) returns status of F6. ENTER=13, LEFT/RIGHT=29/28, UP/DOWN=30/31, HOME/CLR=11/12 F-Keys return strings. STICK(0) gives a value from 0 to 8 (up=1, up+right=2,.). A=SCREEN(x,y) returns ASCII code.
ENTER=13, LEFT/RIGHT=29/28, UP/DOWN=30/31, BS=8 Use ON KEY to read function keys. N/A
ENTER=13, LEFT/RIGHT=29/28, UP/DOWN=30/31, BS=8, CLR=12 PF-Keys return strings. N/A
Data elements are quoted or unquoted strings or numeric constants. "name" (6 chars) with CSAVE, CLOAD, etc. "CAS:name" with SAVE, LOAD, MERGE, OPEN. Name can be omitted on load and defaults to first file found. "name" (6 chars) with CSAVE, CLOAD, etc. "CASO:name" (output) or "CASI:name" (input) with SAVE, LOAD, INIT. Name can be omitted on load and defaults to first file found. "CAS0:name" (8 chars for name). "CAS1:name" for external tape. Prefix CAS0: can be omitted. Name can be omitted on load and defaults to first file found. ROM cartridge: "PAC0:name" Serial I/O: "COM:(RBPSF)" Floppy: "d:name", d = A/B/C/D File name convention for floppy is unknown. SAVE"name"

NAME source AS destination KILL "file" FILES "device:" FORMT "d:" OPEN"mode",#channel,"name" DEFFIL reclen,address defines RAM file. Address must be in area defined by CLEAR. I/O/R, #1.16, mode R on disk only. FILNUM n reserves space for up to 15 floppy disk FCBs. RAM files with DEFFIL are unnamed, have random access and must be managed by program. CLOSE closes all channels CLOSE #ch1,#ch2,. closes selected channels.
INPUT/OUTPUT/APPEND, #1.255 Total number of files set with MAXFILES=n CLOSE closes all channels CLOSE #ch1,#ch2,. closes selected channels.
There is no close, just reopen the channel.
PRINT #channel,print items Formatting with comma, USING, SPC or TAB is possible. Write data sequentially Data files N/A OUT #channel,code outputs a single byte INPUT #channel, var1, var2,. LINE INPUT #channel, var$ Read data sequentially var$=INPUT$(count,#channel) A=INP(#channel) reads single byte, waits for input. A=SNS(#channel) reads single byte without waiting. 0 denotes no input. var$=INPUT$(count,#channel) FIELD #channel,len AS var$,. (Record size is 128 bytes) LSET/RSET var$=string CVI/CVD/CVS/MKI$/MKD$/MKS$ PUT/GET #channel,record PUT%/GET% record,var1,var2,.,var$ Write/read RAM file. Only one string allowed at end of list. Special I/O functions EOF(channel) tests for end of file. N/A LOF(channel) returns length of file or chars left in input buffer. LOC(channel) returns current record (mode R) or sector (I/O). N/A

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Special commands and some remarks
Casio FX-730/770/780/785/795P MODE commands

See next page.

Casio VX-4
PEEK/POKE only work in RAM: &H1000.02FFF in segment 0 on machines without RAM extension. MODE110 = CALL
Casio BASIC ROM OM-53B for PC-2000C/AI-1000
The following information was posted in the french MySilicium forum: The differences between PB-1000 BASIC and OM-53B BASIC for the PB-2000C/AI-1000: CALL, TIME$ and DATE$ were removed. 6 commands were added, but 5 of them are hidden behind the SYSTEM command. - RENUM: Well known. - SYSTEM CALL: Identical to CALL on PB-1000. - SYSTEM SET: Writes a sequence of key codes (00-99) into the key buffer. - SYSTEM SW: Calls the RS232C settings menu similar to the VX-4 F.COM>Device>Switch menu. - SYSTEM COPY: Copies a complete MD-100 disk to another disk. - SYSTEM SUM: ROM card sum and xor test.

Sharp display routines

The following information was posted in the french MySilicium forum: The display of the following Sharp PCs goes blank during a calculation: 1210, 1211, 1212, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1250, 1251, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1401, 1402, 1403 Workaround: - 1245, 1250, 1251: CALL &11E0 (with WAIT 0) turns display on (with some stray pixels), CALL &11E5 turns it off. - 1260, 1261, 1262: Display contents stays visible if followed by a ";". - 1401, 1402: CALL &5A2 turns display on, CALL &59E turns it off. (cf. Le Sharpentier #9, page 30.) - 1403: CALL &4B8 turns LCD on, CALL &4B4 turns it off. - 1210, 1211, 1212: Impossible to turn on display. A hidden command # allows some graphics in the first 3 columns. (See l'Ordinateur de Poche #9, page 63 and #13, page 50 for an example).