FALL 2009

SANTA CRUZ ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWSLETTER

CCATP Alumni Stella DOro

Life after Cabrillo
Ste!a DOro ~ Her favorite hat.
The Santa Cr uz Archaeological Society would like to congratulate Stella DOro on the recent completion of her Masters Degree in Applied Anthropology from San Jose State. Her thesis entitled Native Califor nian Prehistory and Climate Change in the San Francisco Bay Area tests a Southern California Model which documents settlement disruption, increased violence, malnutrition, and intensication of resources during a period of drought called the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA) which occurred during the Middle/Late Transition Period in California (1,B.P.). Her data demonstrate that similar phenomena did not take place in this study area. She proposes that
prehistoric populations in the Southern Bay Area were not significantly impacted by the MCA. Stella will present her thesis ndings in January 2010 to the Society at the Sesnon House. Stella received her A.S. in Multimedia from Cabrillo College in 1999, her Certification in Archaeological Technology in 0 5, a n d h e r B. A. i n A n thropology from UC Santa Cruz in 2005. She has also earned a GIS Certicate from San Jose State. Ms. DOro is an active member of the Santa Cruz Archaeological Society and the Society for California Archaeology. Stella has worked for Albion Environmental, Inc. in Santa Cruz since 2004. In the course of her
duties, she has excavated at Los O s o s , Pa s o Ro b l e s , C a m p Roberts, Santa Cruz, and at Santa Clara University, in addition to working as a eld monitor. In the oce, Ms. DOro spends much of her time applying her skills in Adobe Illustrator, PhotoShop, Ima ge-Ready, and HTML to compiling graphics and maps for ongoing projects, a s wel l a s designing and maintaining the A l b i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l , In c. website. She also produces illustrations for site records and professional reports using both computer graphics and traditional media. When she is not digging, she sings jazz standards with her band, Stella by Barlight, and creates websites for local musicians, artists, and companies.
Skeleton unearthed on Monterey's Cannery Row

By LAITH AGHA

Reprinted from the Santa Cruz Sentinel May 31, 2009
MONTEREY ~ As soon as construction crew members working next to the Sardine Factory realized they had unearthed human remains, the back hoe was turned off and a call was placed to the Monterey Police Department. Turns out the skeleton found under the parking lot near Cannery Row was that of woman, perhaps thousands of years old and probably a member of the Esselen Indian tribe. The remains were found Wednesday as a ditch was being dug behind the restaurant. A skull and about half a skeleton came up in the back-hoe scoop. "We immediately stopped the job," said Frank Donangelo, vice president of planning and development for the Cannery Row Company, which owns the property. After the police department received word of the bones on Wednesday, officers secured the scene and a coroner and pathologist arrived to assess whether a crime was committed. Once the bones were determined ancient and not to be investigated as the remains of a crime, a call was made to representatives of the Esselen Nation, which has local ancestral roots. Louise Miranda Ramirez, who chairs the Ohlone Costanoan Esselen Nation, has been onsite overseeing the excavation. The Esselen people prefer to leave remains where they are found, but if that is not an option, the remains are removed and buried elsewhere, Ramirez said. That is the
plan with the skeleton found Wednesday. When and where that will be has not been determined, she said. "We want them to be reburied with a ceremony and make sure they don't show up on a shelf somewhere in a museum," said Ramirez, a former Peninsula resident who lives in San Jose. Ramirez declined to allow the remains to be photographed by The Herald. She named the Esselen ancestor "Ichi Kolo," which means "Sister Love" in the Esselen language. Archeologist Susan Morley, who lectures at CSU Monterey Bay, is leading the excavation. She worked Thursday and Friday on it and plans to continue the dig on Monday. "Archaeology is about trying to learn about human behavior," Morley said. "We are trying to carefully document this individual to find out anything about when she was buried." Morley said she could not estimate how old the remains are, but Indian remains found on the site in the past have been dated from 2,000-to 6,000-years-old. The skeleton found Wednesday was about four feet deep, which is a clue to the age of the bones, Morley said. Sea shells found during the dig a layer above the skeleton are probably 500 to 1,300 years old, she said. Besides the bones dug up by the back hoe, no more have been removed and very little has been uncovered.

"I can see part of a foot," Morley said after wrapping up her work on Friday. Morley said the land under the parking lot, which is between Foam Street and Wave Avenue, was excavated in 1980 and found to be the site of a "major village" from pre-colonial times. "When they tore down the houses" that used to be where the parking lot is, "they found lots of burials," she said. While discovery of Indian burial sites are not rare, Morley said, "findings like this are random." Ramirez said she is grateful that the Cannery Row Company is allowing the excavation. Donangelo said the project has been halted until the excavation is completed, possibly by early next week. "They have all of our cooperation," Donangelo said. "We have the highest respect for what they are doing and we will support them in any way." Ancestral remains are considered sacred by Esselen Nation members, which is why Ramirez is working to preserve them. "These are our people and we need to respect them," Ramirez said. "None of the nonnative people who have been brought into this area would want their families to be disturbed in this way." While the remains are sacred to local Indians, they should be appreciated by all local residents, Ramirez said. "It's Monterey history, life before the missions," she said. "Our rich culture should be honored and enjoyed."

Calendar

All General Meetings are held at Sesnon House Cabrillo College 6500 Soquel Drive, Aptos, California at 7:30 p.m. unless otherwise indicated.
SCAS website ~www.santacruzarchsociety.org
September 19 Saturday, 10am October 3 October 15
Ohlone Day at Henry Cowell State Park in Felton, CA (831-355-7077) Celebrate the Ohlone People of the past with those of the present at Ohlone Day. You will see traditional dancers and Ohlone demonstrators will share traditional crafts, language and history. SCA Southern California Data Sharing Meeting, Pomona College, Claremont Contact Southern Vice President: colleen.delaney@csui.edu Our speaker this evening will be Dr Ruben Mendoza, CSUMB "The

Earliest Chapel: Archaeology and Discovery at the Royal Presidio of Monterey."
SCA Northern California Data Sharing Meeting, USACE Bay Model Facility, Sausalito, Contact for more info: Northern Vice President: jfarquhar@albionenvirnmental.com San Lorenzo Valley Museum, at the Senior Center Highland Park - Ben Lomond, presents a Historical Talk - Floods, Fires, and Earthquakes of SLV - Emergency Preparedness by Consultant Pat Jocius. Photos from SLV disasters going back to the 1950s. Donation of $5 per family requested. 24th Annual California Indian Conference The conference is an annual event for the exchange of views and information among academics, educators, California Indians, students, tribal nations, native organizations and community members. It will be held at California State University, East Bay, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd., Hayward. Charlene Duval, will speak on "The Current Status of the Los Coches Adobe near Soledad This evenings speaker will be Rae Schwadeder, CalParks, Monterey, Reevaluation of CA-MNT-12, The Hudson Mound near the Carmel River. CCATP alumni, Stella D'Oro will report on her Masters thesis, "Climate Change and People in the San Francisco Bay.
October 17, 2009 October 18 Sunday
October 29~31 November 19 December 17 January 21st

Roots of Humanity

Vast Language, Gene Study Unveils Our History
By David Perlman, Chronicle Science Editor Reprinted from the San Francisco Chronicle
American scientists working with colleagues in six African nations and Europe have been boldly tracing the genetic roots of all humanity for the past 10 years, and their rst results have just started coming in. The eort - the most ambitious of its kind ever undertaken - is an attempt to learn in detail how remarkably diverse humans are; how our varied genes make some of us susceptible to deadly diseases and some immune; and just where in Africa our human ancestors rst moved out of the continent more than 50,000 years ago to populate the world. The researchers examined the genes and historical linguistics a m o n g t h o u s a n d s o f r e m o te African tribal peoples, carrying on a long and once-controversial study begun more than 50 years ago by Stanford geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and continuing today in partnership with Stanford mathematician Marcus Feldman. Geneticist Sarah A. Tishko of the University of Pennsylvania is leading the latest project with support from African researchers in Cameroon, Mali, Tanzania, Kenya, Nigeria and Sudan. The first results were reported Thursday in the online journal Science Express. Over the past decade, the researchers analyzed the genes and languages of more than 3,000 people in 121 population groups across the most isolated regions of Africa, plus 60 in Europe, and four groups of African Americans in various states across the United States. All of the participants volunteered blood samples for gene analysis, the scientists said. Tishko s team also combined clues f rom the most ancient languages of Africa with their knowledge of the 2,000 languages now spoken on that continent. The scientists also examined the genomes of all the individuals they studied, and from all of that drew a picture of historic migration patterns among the many African population groups, linking them to the origins of African Americans in greater detail than ever before. New insights into Africa One of Tishko s colleagues, Dr. Muntaser Ibrahim, a molecular biologist at the University of Khartoums Institute of Endemic Disease in Sudan, said in a phone interview from Khartoum that the project has revealed spectacular insights into the history of African populations and indeed the origins of all mankind. Because such projects in the pa st required drawing blood samples from so many thousands of African hunter-gatherers in isolated tribes, some scientists had branded them as unethical. But Ibrahim said that wont be an issue this time. These remote people are unique genetically, and they have b e e n v e r y, v e r y c o o p e r a t i v e because they too would like to know about their past, he said. The notion that these remote people are not interested in genetics is not at all true. Christopher Ehret, a noted specialist in African historical linguistics at UCLA and a member of Tishko s team, said his analysis of tribal languages revealed striking patterns of migration across Africa. When people move, they borrow words from the people where they settle, he said. Those new words inserted into older languages, he said, can tell us when the newcomers arrived. For example, Ehret said, the click langua ge stil l spoken among people as varied as the San of South Africa, the Pygmy tribes of Central and West Africa and the Hadze people far to the east. Scott M. Williams of Vanderbilt University, who searched for disease-causing genes among the most remote African populations, said he found genetic evidence of ancient susceptibility to disorders as varied as hypertension, prostate cancer and the lactose intolerance that is common today both among African Americans and other American ethnic groups. The ancient migration patterns t h a t t h e s c i e n t i s t s f o l l o we d indicated to them that the very first tr ue humans must ha ve emerged on the evolutionary scene n e a r l y 0, 0 y e a r s a g o somewhere in southern Africa, (Continue on page 8)

California's Channel Islands Hold Evidence Of Clovis-age Comets
Reprinted from ScienceDaily

July 21, 2009

ScienceDaily (July 21, 2009) A 17-member team has found what may be the smoking gun of a much-debated proposal that a cosmic impact about 12,900 years a g o r i p p e d t h r o u g h No r t h America and drove multiple species into extinction. In a paper appearing online ahead of regular publication in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, University of Oregon archaeologist Douglas J. Kennett and collea gues from nine institutions and three private research companies report the presence of shock-synthesized hexagonal diamonds in 12,900y e a r- o l d s e d i m e n t s o n t h e Northern Channel Islands o the southern California coast. These tiny diamonds and diamond clusters were buried deepl y below four meters of sediment. They date to the end of Clovis -- a Paleoindian culture l o n g t h o u g h t t o b e No r t h Americas rst human inhabitants. The nano-sized diamonds were pulled from Arlington Canyon on the island of Santa Rosa that had once been joined with three other Northern Channel Islands in a landmass known as Santarosae. The diamonds were found in association with soot, which forms in extremely hot res, and they sug gest associated regional wildfires, based on nearby environmental records. Such soot and diamonds are rare in the
geological record. They were found in sediment dating to m a s s i v e a s te r o i d i m p a c t s million years ago in a layer widely known as the K-T Boundary. The thin layer of iridium-and-quartzrich sediment dates to the transition of the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, which mark the end of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. The type of diamond we have found -- Lonsdaleite -- is a shocksynthesized mineral dened by its hexagonal crystalline structure. It forms under ver y high temperatures and pressures consistent with a cosmic impact, Kennett said. These diamonds have only been found thus far in meteorites and impact craters on E a r t h a n d a p p e a r to b e t h e s t r o n g e s t i n d i c a to r y e t o f a signicant cosmic impact [during Clovis]. The age of this event also matches the extinction of the pygmy mammoth on the Northern C h a n n e l Is l a n d s , a s w e l l a s numerous other North American mammals, including the horse, which Europeans later reintroduced. In all, an estimated 35 mammal and 19 bird genera became extinct near the end of the Pleistocene with some of them occurring very close in time to the proposed cosmic impact, first reported in October 2007 in PNAS. In the Jan. 2, 2009, issue of the journal Science, a team led by

Kennett reported the discovery of b i l l i o n s o f n a n o m e t e r- s i z e d diamonds concentrated in sediments -- weighing from about 10 to 2,700 parts per billion -- in six North American locations. This site, this layer with hexagonal diamonds, is also associated with other types of diamonds and with dramatic environmental changes and wildfires, said James Kennett, paleoceanographer and professor emeritus in the Department of Earth Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. There was a major event 12,900 years ago, he said. It is hard to explain this a ssembla ge of materials without a cosmic impact event and associated extensive wildres. This hypothesis fits with the abrupt cooling of the atmosphere as shown in the record of ocean drilling of the Santa Barbara Channel. The cooling resulted when dust from the high-pressure, high-temperature, multiple i m p a c t s w a s l o f te d i n to t h e atmosphere, causing a dramatic drop in solar radiation. The hexagonal diamonds from Arlington Canyon were analyzed a t t h e U O s L o r r y I. L o ke y Laboratories, a world-class nanotechnology facility built deep in bedrock to allow for sensitive microscopy and other high-tech analyses of materials. The analyses (Continued on page 11)
(Ed. note: This article wi! be continued in the Winter issue of SCAN due to its length and great graphics.)

Let there be Light.

By Ray Iddings

August 2009

Throughout time the phenomena of light has integrated the human experience with the interpretation of landscape and religion. After all, it is by light that we perceive our world. The sun illuminates, gives us warmth, brings the seasons, renews the annual cycle, and bridges all humanity (Weightman 1996:59). Throughout the ancient world, humans exploited natural formations or constr ucted observatories by which to watch the sky and interpret meaning from the heavenly progression. Monuments like Stonehenge in England, the Temples at Konarak in India and Macchu Picchu in Per u are wel l-known ear thl y artifacts dedicated to the sun. Not only did ancient people revere the phenomena of light, but today we continue to obser ve the interplay of l i ght through o b s e r v a to r i e s and we seek to harness the s u ns c o s m i c power at places l i ke Global Solar Energys photovoltaic array in Tucson, Arizona. It is at these places, where the power of divine is seen breaking into a seemingly ordinary world, that we nd sacred centers of the world (Eliade 1968:20-29). Of course, light is not the onl y supernatural messenger; water, thunder and even geologic features, such as caves or pinnacles also stimulate human dialog with the supernatural world (Bean 1975). These are sacred places where the physical and spiritual worlds intersect, places where doctors, shaman, and spiritual leader commune and receive power or protection from the supernatural world (Hudson et al. 1979:51-52). Native California ancestors were also well attuned to the supernatural world that regulated environmental cycles and their and used their knowledge to regulate a host of cultural activities. Many of their leaders and healers believed that they acquired power from the sun (Hudson 1988:8; Hudson et al. 1979:40) and often undertook difficult journeys to mountain observatories to participate in the supernatural intercourse that controlled and destined their world. One such place is located in the southern Diablo Range overlooking the San Joaquin Valley. It is a place where massive rock outcroppings create a mystical landscape where the spirits of l i g h t , w i n d , r a i n , a nd s o u n d inuence the minds of people who visit. Follow me to this place as I

Phenomenon of Light on the Distant Hi! as Evening Fa!s
religious rituals. They carefully visit two sites. monitored celestial progressions
Phenomenon of Light on the Distant Hill as Evening Falls
June 20 The hot June air is cooling as I sit on the summit looking o toward the open expanse of the San Joaquin V a!ey. The sun sets behind me and the shadows engulf the landscape before me. A single distant hi! grips tightly to the light. I watch as that hi! slowly releases the last of the daylight to the darkness of night. The bats arrive, uttering above me. A coyote ca!s. Sitting in the coolness of that evening, I wondered why the ancestors came to this place. Did they make medicine in these bedrock mortars because that distant hi!s ability to hold the light gave power to this place? When were they here? Did they come during the summer solstice as I have? Did they come during the period of cross-quarter that halfway point between equinox and summer solsticewhen the morning sun rises over that same distant hi!?
Is there something more than just coincidence between this hills evening illumination during the s p r i n g a n d s u m m e r, a n d i t s o r i e n t a t i o n to c r o s s - q u a r te r sunrise? The native people must have thought so because the obser vation point contains bedrock mortars, a cupule panel, and a cli-top mortar/cupule site all testimony to activity that o n ce b u s i e d t h i s n o w s i l e n t landscape. This site is located near the southern end of a ridge at a narrow point with a 325 vista of t h e S a n Jo a q u i n Va l l e y a n d surrounding land. Looking northeast from this site during the time of sunset in the summer a viewer observes the phenomenon of light on a hill located about 4800 meters away (). Cropped between two lateral ridges, this hill is the last feature to remain illuminated as the sunset shadows drift across the San Joaquin Valley.
Perhaps adding to the signicance of this place is the recognition that the position of this feature as viewed from this location also coincides with spring and summer c r o s s - q u a r te r s u n r i s e. Cr o s s Quarter is the center period between the solstice and equinox. There are two parameters associated with this period: one is the middle of the chronological number of days and the other is the physical center of the distance between summer and equinox sunrise locations, that dierence is about six degrees. The phenomenon, as viewed for this observatory site is graphically illustrated in. The compass in, adjusted to true north, illustrates azimuth between summer solstice sunrise at 60 and equinox at 90. Solar icons are inserted to represent two dierent sunrise locations: one for the physical center at 75, and the other for the chronological center

Continued on page 8

Roots of Humanity (Continued from page 4)
Northern Portion of Observatory Site Showing Location of Features
at 69, the dierence caused by the apparent slowing and reversal of the solar progression during solstice. The interesting point here is that by a quirk of nature the difference between the physical center and the chronological center also brackets the illuminated hill that fades into darkness much slower than the surrounding background. The site actually consists of three denable features, which may represent dierent utilization periods, or perhaps ritual variances in the site. The light phenomenon is observable from each of the features that dene this site, yet each feature is unique. The BRM feature consists of a 2.5-meter tall boulder with ve mortars on top and one mortar on a nature stone
shelf near the base. The cupule panel feature, located about 50 meters north from the BRM, is a highly eroded panel at the base of a 30-meter high south-facing cli (). A large crevice on the cli face provides access to the top of the cli. The cli summit surface is relativel y flat rock with two bedrock mortars at the south edge, above the cupule panel. Heat-modied red-oxide patina covers much of the stone surface suggesting that a large bonfire once burned here. (To be continued FALL~SCAN)
near where Nambia is now, Tshko said. A n d w h i l e m o s t o f to d a ys A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n a n c e s to r s originated f rom West Af rica during the infamous slave trade, Ehret and Tishko found strong evidence that many of those West African people came from groups t h a t h a d m i g r a te d f r o m t h e continents eastern areas. Stanford project led way Stanfords Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman spent decades on what they called their Human Genome Diversity Project, and it continues today at Stanfords Morrison Institute. The two Stanford leaders paved the way for scientists like myself, said Tishko. They were the first to characterize global patterns of genetic variations and to show correlations between genetic and linguistic evolution, she said. This is just the beginning of even more detailed studies of genetic variation in African and African American populations. In a telephone interview from Italy on Thursday, Feldman said the new report reinforces in a strong way the tremendous diversity and variability of population groups in Africa. And the Tishko teams nding of such varied historical migration patterns in West Africa surely means any attempt by African Americans to learn the true origin of their earliest ancestors in Africa will be dicult, Feldman said.

Utah Town Unsettled by Doctors Suicide and an Inquiry on Indian Artifact Looting

By William Yardley

Reprinted from the New York Times June 21,2009
BLANDING, Utah For 30 years Dr. James Redd was always on call to care for the Mormon and American Indian families who share the remote canyon lands here in southeastern Utah. Upon his death on June 11, people found themselves mourning a man who provided not just medicine but a measure of common ground.
The New York Times Ive been in his oce when it was clear full of Native Americans, Robert Carroll, who is 77 and a member of the Mormon Church, said after attending an emotional funeral service for Dr. Redd at a Mormon center here last week. He took everybody. Yet even as residents of Blanding h a v e j o i n e d i n g r i e f, t h e circumstances of Dr. Redds death have shocked this tidy little town
and threatened the delicate crosscultural balance here that he helped preserve. Dr. Redd, 60, was found dead of a suicide a day after federal prosecutors charged him, his wife and 22 others with stealing, selling and trading Indian artifacts from the ancestral lands that stretch out from here in every direction. On Friday, a second defendant, Steven L. Shrader of Santa Fe, N.M., was found dead of two selfinicted gunshot wounds behind an elementary school in DeKalb County, Ill., according to the authorities there. Mr. Shrader, 56, had turned himself in to law enforcement officials in Albuquerque after being served a warrant in the case.The events have resonated deeply here in Blanding, the home of 16 of those charged and the site of a federal raid in the case. Many defendants h a v e s u r n a m e s Ly m a n , Shumway, Redd that have been prominent here since Mormon pioneers explored the area in the 1880s with plans to bring their education system to Indians. Re s e n t m e n t o f t h e f e d e r a l government has long run deep among whites and American Indians here, for many reasons, but the arrests have prompted a particularly sharp backlash. Many whites say Blanding, which had been raided before, has been unfairly singled out in a region where universities and museums
once paid residents to dig up artifacts. Residents, including Mr. Carroll, often grew up collecting objects as a hobby and still stumble upon arrowheads. (Mr. Carroll said he stopped collecting more than 30 years ago.) Many expressed outrage that residents were being portrayed as grave robbers. Some say the government ginned up the trouble by sending an informant to pay cash for objects like ancient clay vases, burial effigies and sandals.This is a special place, said Connie Swenson, a friend of one defendant, Harold Lyman, 78, a grandson of Blandings founder. We do a lot of good for a lot of people, including the Indians, but were just being crucied. Blanding was the site of a raid in the 1980s, and in the 1990s the Redds were charged in state court with stealing ar tifacts. They eventually paid $10,000 to settle a related civil suit. This time, said Bruce Adams, the San Juan County Commission c h a i r m a n , d i d t h e h e a v y handedness of the federal government in making the arrest contribute to the death of a doctor? His wife told me they handcued him and shackled his legs, Mr. Adams continued. They were yelling and screaming at him that he was a liar, that he would never practice medicine again.

The Justice Depar tment ha s portrayed the arrests as evidence of the Obama administrations commitment to justice for A m e r i c a n In d i a n s. B r e t t L. To l m a n , t h e Un i t e d S t a t e s attorney for Utah, expressed sympathy for Dr. Redd and Mr. Shrader but said the arrests went according to procedure. He disputed the notion that anyone was treated aggressively and said agents had their weapons drawn in some instances because several defendants were known to own rearms and some had arrest records. These are sacred artifacts that we should all care about, Mr. Tolman said. Instead what were talking about are the frustrations of those that are accused of these crimes. I think that is a tragedy. While many Indians expressed sympathy for Dr. Redd and some questioned the arrests, others said they were upset that people they had known al l their lives including Dr. Redd, who delivered many of their children and cared for their elderly parents could be guilty of stealing what they consider sacred. Some said they suddenly felt like targets. I hear people whispering in the grocer y store now, saying bad things about Native Americans, said Marrietta Scott, a Navajo who attended Dr. Redds funeral. Its all because of you. Theyre blaming us. Blanding, a modest grid of about 3,000 residents, once thrived on ranching and uranium mining and now bills itself as a Base Camp to Adventure into canyon country and the Four Corners area, where Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah meet. It is in San Juan County, the rst county in Utah to e l e c t a n In d i a n to a co u n t y commission, in 1986. In areas like education, there is much interaction in Blanding among Indians and the Mormons who dominate the white population. The local campus of the College of Eastern Utah has made a point of recruiting Indian students. About a third of all residents are Indians, and the number has risen as more move in from reservations for jobs, schools or other services. Many Mormons characterized relations as peaceful, while several In d i a n s s a i d t h e r e c o u l d b e tension. Aaron Keith, a welder who is Navajo, said, Theres a lot of prejudice. Mr. Keith said he was saddened by the death of Dr. Redd but glad the government had taken action. He said he had been struck by the complaints about the arrests. I d o nt s e e w h a t t h e y r e co m p l a i n i n g a b o u t w i t h t h e handcus and everything, said Mr. Keith, 54, adding that his son had run into trouble with the police that he felt was related to the fact that he is Indian. Thats what happens when you get arrested.

SCAS Board Members ~ 2009
Lyn ONiel Rick Morris Cathy Phipps Ellen Albertoni Pat Paramoure Judi A Cole Cat Nichols Rob Edwards President Vice President Treasurer Secretary Membership Co-Newsletter Editor Co-Newsletter Editor Professional Advisor 831-338-9738 831-338-1092 831-465-1335 831-753-0205 831-465-9809 831-427-3295 831-246-0907 lmwo@earthlink.net
rick_a_morris@yahoo.com archecat@comcast.net ellena92002@yahoo.com patsunicorn@sbcglobal.net judicole_95060@yahoo.com cat@kellyinspections.com RobEdwardsAACC@gmail.com
Continued.om page 5) were done in collaboration with FEI, a Hillsboro, Ore., company that distributes the highresolution Titan microscope used to characterize the hexagonal d i a m o n d s i n t h i s s t u d y. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopes were used in the extensive analyses of the sediment that contained clusters of Lonsdaleite ranging in size from 20 to 1,800 nanometers. These diamonds were inside or attached to carbon particles found in the sediments. These ndings are inconsistent with the alternative and already hotly debated theor y that overhunting by Clovis people led to the rapid extinction of large mammals at the end of the ice age, the research team argues in the PNAS paper. An alternative theor y has held that climate change was to blame for these mass extinctions. The cosmicevent theory suggests that rapid climate change at this time was possibly triggered by a series of small and widely dispersed comet strikes across much of North America. The National Science Foundation provided primar y funding for the research. Additional funding was provided by way of Richard A. Bray and Philip H. Knight faculty fellowships of the University of Oregon, respectively, to Kennett a n d U O c o l l e a g u e Jo n M. Erlandson, a co-author and director of the UOs Museum of Natural and Cultural History. The 17 co-authors on the PNAS p a p e r a r e D o u g l a s Ke n n e t t , E r l a n d s o n a n d B r e n d a n J. Culleton, all of the University of Oregon; James P. Kennett of UC Santa Barbara; Allen West of GeoScience Consulting in Arizona; G. James West of the
FALL 2009 University of California, Davis; Ted E. Bunch and James H. Wittke, both of Northern Arizona University; Shane S. Que Hee of the University of California, Los Angeles; John R. Johnson of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Histor y; Chris Mercer of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History and National Institute of Materials Science in Japan; Feng Shen of the FEI Co.; Thomas W. Staord of Staord Research Inc. of Colorado; Adrienne Stich and We n d y S. Wo l b a c h , b o t h o f DePaul University in Chicago; and James C. Weaver of the University of California, Riverside. (A note for SCAN readers, B ra n d o n Cu l l e t o n w a s a g ra d u a t e o f U C S C a n d a s t u d e n t i n t he Ar c h, Te c h. Program at Cabri!o.)

Please join us in our efforts to preserve the Past for the Future
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Mail to SCAS P.O. Box 85, Soquel, CA 95073

A REMINDER!

The membership will be voting for a new Vice President in September as our current VP, Rick Morris, has decided he wants to concentrate on his studies in preparation for graduate school. The SCAS Nominating Committee is pleased to have Karen Johannsons name on the ballot for the position of Vice President.
Current Treasurer, Cathy Phipps, has agreed to serve for another term and the SCAS Nominating Committee is very pleased to have her on the ballot for Treasurer.
Members in good standing will receive a ballot in their September SCAN. Just mark or write in your choice for Vice President and Treasurer, fold and seal the pre-addressed ballot, put a rst class stamp on it and drop it in the mail. Or you can bring your marked and sealed ballot to the September 17th general meeting and lecture at Sesnon House on Cabrillo College Campus, 7:30 p.m.
SCAS Ocers serve for a term of 2 years. The President and Secretary, and the Vice President and Treasurer, are elected on alternate years. This insures there is continuity in the Societys Board.
SCAS welcomes students and the interested persons who are members in good standing to come forward and indicate their willingness to serving on the Board. In fact, we would appreciate input on any of the things the Society does. We will also be voting for your favorite archeology Bumper Sticker. Do you have suggestions for lectures, eld trips, etc.? Let us know--this is your Society and we need your ideas and help.

Lyn ONiel, President

~ SCAN ~ Santa Cruz Archaeological Society
P.O. Box 85 Soquel, CA 95073