Joystick Commands

ACTION JOYSTICK COMMAND
Bank (ailerons).. Move stick left or right Pitch (elevator). Move stick forward or backward Yaw (rudder). Twist stick (if feature available) View direction.. Move hat switch Pan/Snap To view (toggle). SCROLL LOCK Fire guns and cannon. (Trigger) Button 1 Fire cannon.. Button 2 Release ordnance.. Button 3 Cycle ordnance.. Button 4 Flaps down. Button 5 Flaps up.. Button 6 Next target.. Button 7 Padlock on/off.. Button 8
Combat Flight Simulator 3

Battle For Europe

Microsoft

HAT SWITCH

TACTICAL AIR POWER IN THE ETO

UNC LA FI SSI ED

OAN NOT L DO

Prepared by

THROTTLE
ASSISTANT CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF

INTELLIGENCE

HISTORICAL DIVISION

1002 Part No. X09-25720

Get the strategy guide from Sybex!

Safety Warning

About Photosensitive Seizures
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Table of Contents

The Tactical Air War. 3 Whats New to This Theater?.. 7 Preparing for Combat. 9 Installing Combat Flight Simulator 3. 10 Starting Combat Flight Simulator 3.. 12 Calibrating your joystick. 13 Setting game options. 14 Learning to fly and fight. 15 The Main Screen: Four Game Modes. 17 Quick Combat.. 17 Missions. 24 Campaign. 25 Multiplayer.. 27 On the Fly.. 29 Tips and Tricks. 30 Additional Resources.. 33 Handbooks.. 33 Online Help.. 35 Combat Flight Simulator Web site. 36 Technical Support Options. 37
Air Force Historical Research Agency Photo

The Tactical Air War

So you thought you were going to be a knight of the air, jousting high in the clean blue sky, far above the mud and squalor of the war on the ground. Instead you find yourself in a fighter-bomber, scraping over hostile territory at 200 feet with the terrain rising to meet you. Youre flying down the muzzles of antiaircraft guns to attack the enemy. If cannon fire doesnt get you, the blast and debris from your own low-level bombing and strafing can bring you down. In this kind of war, theres more danger and less glory.

WELCOME TO THE TACTICAL AIR WAR, PAL!
Youre going to use planes like the P-47 Thunderbolt, the Fw 190, and the Hawker Tempest V to stop the enemys advance by destroying his entire arsenal. If you destroy enough targets, you can change the shape of the front line and even find yourself in the cockpit of a super-secret plane that has not yet entered service. The enemy means to dominate the European Theater of Operations (ETO), and we cant let that happen. Theres a lot to do in this war-lets get to it!

LETS GET TO IT!

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THE MISSION OF THE TACTICAL AIR FORCE
THREE CRITICAL FACTORS FOR FIGHTER-BOMBER PILOTS
.strafing passes. bring out three critical factors in a fighter-bomber pilots war. One, any misjudgment, target fixation, or too-late attempts at aiming corrections will send the airplane into the target, ground, or nearby trees or other obstructions. Two, if the target is a load of ammunition or other explosives, it can--and very likely will--explode right in the pilots face, sending up a fireball, truck parts, slabs of highway, still-to-explode ammo, and other debris right into the path of the airplane. Three, if a pilot is seriously hit by flak in [a] low-altitude attack, his chances of ever reaching enough altitude to allow a bailout are slim indeed. -From Bill Colgan, World War II Fighter-Bomber Pilot
MISSIONS.. THE MISSION OF THE TACTICAL AIR FORCE CONSISTS OF THREE PHASES OF OPERATIONS IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER OF PRIORITY: FIRST PRIORITY.TO GAIN THE NECESSARY DEGREE OF AIR SUPERIORITY. THIS WILL BE ACCOMPLISHED BY ATTACKS AGAINST AIRCRAFT IN THE AIR AND ON THE GROUND, AND AGAINST THOSE ENEMY INSTALLATIONS THAT HE REQUIRES FOR THE APPLICATION OF AIR POWER. SECOND PRIORITY. TO PREVENT THE MOVEMENT OF HOSTILE TROOPS AND SUPPLIES INTO THE THEATER OF OPERATIONS OR WITHIN THE THEATER. THIRD PRIORITY.TO PARTICIPATE IN THE COMBINED EFFORT OF THE AIR AND GROUND FORCES, IN THE BATTLE AREA, TO GAIN OBJECTIVES ON THE IMMEDIATE FRONT OF THE GROUND FORCES. * * * -from War Department Field Manual FM 100-20: Command and Employment of Air Power (21 July 1943)
the Tactical Air War, a handbook in
PDF format found on the Combat Flight Simulator 3 compact disc.
B-26 MARAUDERS OVER FRANCE.
Read more about the war in Understanding
Whats New to This Theater?
Previous versions of Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator focused mainly on the deadly aerial ballet of dogfighting. This time around, its you versus the entire ground army: their guns, hardware, and planes. The tactical air war is messy, personal, and very dangerous. To fight this war, you can choose from 18 aircraft (with variants, you get a total of 34 planes). The Aircraft section on page 19 of this manual has more information about planes, as does the Machines of War handbook included on the compact disc. To view this handbook, click the Options tab, click Handbooks, and then click Machines of War. Whether youre a rookie or a veteran, youll find an appropriate plane for any mission you undertake. You also get to take on new roles, like gunner and bombardier. Some of the bigger ships, like medium bombers, have gun positions and people need to man those guns--people like you. Use the F8 key to hop to the different gunner positions on a plane. Or, use the F7 key to jump into the bombardiers seat. Whatever you do, dont drop bombs on your own troops! Ready? Good! Lets get you in the air!

LET EM HAVE IT

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Preparing for Combat

Getting into the war is easy--follow the steps below to ready your gear and flying skills for battle. 1. Install Combat Flight Simulator 3. 2. Start Combat Flight Simulator 3. 3. Calibrate your joystick. 4. Select or adjust hardware and software settings. 5. Learn how to fly and fight with the handbooks, movies, and missions provided with CFS3. These steps are discussed on the pages that follow. Read on.
PILOT BRIEFING IN FRANCE, 1944.

WERE IN TO WIN

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INSTALLING COMBAT FLIGHT SIMULATOR 3
Before you can gun down planes and save your troops from the enemys advance, you need to get squared away with the latest tools, namely, Combat Flight Simulator 3.
Compact or full installation?
How big is your pack? Do you want to carry around your entire kit or go light and have just the essentials? You can choose from these installation options: Compact Install: Installs the minimum number of files needed, but yields slower performance. Full Install (default): Installs all of the files for the game and provides faster performance. When setup completes, you will be given the option to customize your video configuration. Normally you will want to keep the default settings, but the configuration utility will warn you if it has detected any incompatibilities with your video card or your current drivers. If you change your computers video card or experience video problems, you can always re-run the configuration utility from the Start menu: click Start, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Games, point to Combat Flight Simulator 3, and then click CFS3Config.
If your computer has automatic install
1. Insert the Combat Flight Simulator 3 compact disc 1 into your CD-ROM drive. 2. Follow the on-screen instructions.
If your computer doesnt support automatic install
1. Insert the Combat Flight Simulator 3 compact disc 1 into the CD-ROM drive. 2. Click Start, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel. (For Microsoft Windows XP, click Start, and then click Control Panel.) 3. Double-click Add/Remove Programs. 4. In the Add or Remove Programs dialog box, click Add New Programs, and then click the CD or Floppy button. 5. Follow the on-screen instructions.

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STARTING COMBAT FLIGHT SIMULATOR 3
The war is on, flyboy! Its time to get your butt into a cockpit and start pushing the front line toward the enemy. Double-click the Combat Flight Simulator 3 icon on the desktop and youre good to go. Or, click Start, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Games, point to Combat Flight Simulator 3, and then click Combat Flight Simulator 3. Once you start CFS3, use the Quick Combat, Missions, Campaign, and Multiplayer tabs on the lower left to get in the fight. Or, use the Options tab on the upper right to access the handbooks and online Help or to set various game and hardware settings.
CALIBRATING YOUR JOYSTICK
You can fly with either a joystick or your keyboard, and you can adjust their settings. If you try flying with a joystick that isnt calibrated, you may find yourself chewing grass at 200 m.p.h. instead of bearing down on a train like you wanted. To calibrate your joystick, click Control Options on the Options tab (on the upper-right corner of the Main screen), and then click Calibrate. After youve calibrated your joystick, jump into the cockpit and enjoy the most realistic and accurate combat flight experience available.

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SETTING GAME OPTIONS

What good is a new plane if you cant see out of your goggles or fly straight-and-level? Theres a lot to sort out to make sure you can fight this war effectively. Before you get your wheels rolling, adjust the display, sound, and realism options. Adjust your Display Options and Sound Options from the Options tab (on the upper-right corner of the Main screen) to best match the hardware in your computer. You can also adjust how true-to-life your Combat Flight Simulator experience is with Realism Options. By making your plane easy to fly and selecting unlimited ammunition, you can give yourself an edge if youre a novice pilot. Or, you can adjust these settings for a more realistic taste of the tactical air war. The game displays a percentage score showing you how real the experience is. The higher the percentage, the more difficult, but realistic, the flight will be when you go on a mission. From the Options tab, you can also adjust Multiplayer settings or use the Flight Recorder. For more information about all of these settings, consult online Help.

LEARNING TO FLY AND FIGHT
Sure, you can just jump into a plane and take off after the enemy--but youre probably not going to return home. Before you set out, read the handbook, watch the movies, and fly the training missions. Follow this program and you might make it back alive. The Flight School handbook has a great deal of information about how to fly and how to perform air combat maneuvers safely. Read that handbook: click the Options tab, click Handbooks, and then click Flight School. The training movies show examples of some air combat maneuvers, such as the Split-S and other lifesaving maneuvers you need as a tactical air combat pilot. To watch the movies, see Training Materials in online Help. The training missions allow you to practice the flying and combat skills that you read about in the handbook and watched in the training movies. They provide a safer arena for you to practice before you commit to a campaign. For more information about these missions, consult online Help.

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The Main Screen: Four Game Modes
Now that youve learned how to fly and fight, its time to experience the war through four different game modes: Quick Combat, Missions, Campaign, and Multiplayer.

QUICK COMBAT

Cant wait to obliterate the enemy? The Quick Combat game mode puts you right where you want to be immediately, whether its intercepting a bomber or strafing ground targets. Before you start flying, use the Flight Type, Aircraft, Location, Pilot, Skill, and Objective options on the Quick Combat tab to select the specifics of your next fight. Also, be sure to specify your pilot name and attributes.

Flight Type

Flight types are short combat situations you can put yourself in before undertaking a mission or a campaign. These include Free flight, Dogfight, Intercept, Escort, and Ground Attack. Free Flight lets you roam the skies without enemies or specific targets. Use this opportunity to become familiar with flying the different aircraft or strafing targets. Dogfight puts you close to an enemy thats trying to kill you. Shoot him down before he shoots you down. Sounds simple enough, doesnt it? This flight type is great for learning how the enemy flies and practicing aerial combat maneuvers.

BACK EM UP

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Intercept has you destroy the enemys medium bombers before they drop their bombs. You must also stop fighter-bombers before they menace your troops. Escort teams you with bombers on their way to a target so you can protect them from enemy fighters and flak by any means you know. Ground Attack is where your attention is going to be most of the time. You must be able to destroy tanks, trucks, guns, ships, and anything else before theyre brought to bear on your troops. When it comes to bombing, you have to use your own reckoning--experience is the best teacher. What you learn here will be especially useful when you fly missions in the Campaign mode.

Aircraft

Before you fly a quick combat or mission, choose the right aircraft for the job, because if you dont, youre not making it back home. If youre going after a bridge, you might want the P-47. Flying a long way to bomb a few buildings? Maybe the Maurauder is right. If youre not sure what mission is coming next, try the all-purpose Fw 190. You have 18 aircraft (with variants, 34 total planes) to choose from. Your choices even include planes that havent seen service, like the Go 229, the German jet-powered flying wing, and the American Shooting Star jet fighter. How do you decide which plane to fly? Consult the Machines of War handbook (click the Options tab, click Handbooks, and then click Machines of War) for descriptions of each of the planes--including their strengths and weaknesses and how much ordnance they carry.

To choose a flight type

1. On the Quick Combat tab, click Flight Type. 2. On the Flight Type tab, click the flight type you want to use. 3. Click the Fly button to start your Quick Combat session.

To select an aircraft

1. On the Quick Combat tab, click Aircraft. 2. On the Aircraft tab, click the flag of the country you want to pick a plane from, and then click the name of the plane you want to fly. After you choose an aircraft, you control its fuel and ammo load, loadout (the configuration of bombs, fuel tanks, and rockets), and number of wingmen. To change your fuel or ammunition load, click the corresponding red bar and slide it left for less load, right for more. To select the loadout and number of wingmen, use the drop-down menus. Note that Clean means no bombs or extra fuel tanks.

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Location

You can choose where the battle takes place. Change the location based on where you would prefer to fight and practice.
Assigning pilot attributes
In CFS3, you can adjust your vision, g-tolerance, and health. Vision influences how far away you can spot enemies. If you cant see the bad guys, youre going to lose the advantage right from the start when they line up their attack on you. With better vision, you can see more information displayed about foes at a greater range. G-tolerance dictates how extreme you can fly without blacking out. You remember those books from flight school with fancy arrows showing you which way to jerk your aircraft when you get into trouble? If you cant take the Gs, you might as well stay on the ground reading about it. Health controls how much damage you can withstand while inside the cockpit. Lets face it: Youre going to be flying low enough for a one-eyed cook with a carbine to put a slug into your knee--and then you have to make it back to the base without bleeding out. Not to make you nervous, but you could die painfully on one of these missions. Health is the only thing you have to keep that from happening. If you have skill points available, you can increase one or more attribute values without taking a hit on the others; if not, you can still adjust the attribute values. If youre serious about doing the job and making it back alive, decide for yourself which attributes youll need most.

As a pilot in CFS3, youre more than some name sewn onto a fancy flight jacket. You have attributes associated with human qualities, such as vision and how many Gs you can pull. Adjust these qualities to be the type of pilot you prefer, be it an eagle-eyed flyer, a toughas-nails gunner, or someone who can pull out of any kind of dive. You can also choose your nationality and see how the other side is fighting the war.

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To flesh out your pilot attributes, go to the Quick Combat, Missions, or Campaign tab, and then click Pilot. On the Pilot tab, click the name of the pilot you want to fly as. To adjust an attribute, slide its red bar to the left or right to decrease or increase it.
Not everyone flies the same and thats true of the enemy. You can choose your enemys skill level and their position relative to you by clicking Skill on the Quick Combat tab. Your enemies can be rookies, veterans, or aces. Rookies perform, well, like you. Veterans shoot straight and can make more extreme maneuvers with their planes. Aces are expert veteran pilots and present the most serious threat. For dogfights, fighter position determines the enemys position relative to your own. You have three options: disadvantaged, equal, and advantaged. Select disadvantaged to start behind the enemy, select equal to go head-tohead, or select advantaged to start with a bogey on your tail and firing at you. Good thing you have high health and g-tolerance, right?

Viewing your dossier

The government loves paperwork and tracks how many medals youve won, your ratio of kills to the number of times youve died, the number of enemies youve killed, and so on. To see this information, click your name on the Pilot tab, and then click the Stats tab. The bombing, gunnery, and rocketry ratings reflect how accurate you are with your countrys ordnance. The sole reason youre in Europe is to deliver this firepower onto the enemy, got it? If you cant shoot straight, theres really no point in getting in the cockpit in the first place.

Fighter and Bomber

When you choose a new mission or quick combat, you can select your objective, such as bombing a bridge or strafing a train. On the Quick Combat tab, make this choice under Ground; on the Missions tab, make it after clicking Mission. See online Help for more information about ground targets in Quick Combat.

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MISSIONS

The Missions game mode, selected from the Missions tab on the Main screen, lets you choose from Historical, What If, and Training missions. Historical missions are scenarios that occurred in history and are based on accounts of actual pilots and official records. What If missions are missions that might have been if events had played out differently in the war. For example, what if the Germans had been able to deploy more of their jet planes sooner? Training missions are designed to help you become familiar with the tasks you will have to perform during your military-sponsored stay in scenic Europe. To go on a mission, select the mission title, and then click Go To Briefing. The briefing describes what your targets are and where theyre located. Consult online Help for more information about items in the briefing. The Missions tab also has Aircraft, Pilot, and Skill tabs, which are described in this manual on pages 19, 20, and 23, respectively.

CAMPAIGN

The Campaign game mode, selected from the Campaign tab on the Main screen, allows you to fly consecutive missions and earn medals and promotions if you perform well. The options associated with flying a campaign are documented in online Help.

Changing the front line

Campaigns are all about pushing the front line right back to the enemys capital. Your actions on the field of battle directly affect the position of the front line. The better you perform, the more ground the enemy loses and the more we gain--its ultimately that simple. Campaigns begin with a look at the map of the European Theater of Operations (ETO). This map shows your air bases, enemy air bases (and other targets), and locations of interest. The map also includes the front line, which shows the progress of your fellow troops in the ETO. The front line is influenced by your performance: if you win a battle, the front line moves to reflect your victory, and likewise, if the enemy wins, it reflects his gain.

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Earning medals and promotions
Push the enemy back far enough and you might earn a medal. Heres the lowdown on the awards and how you can earn them from the three air powers--U.S. Army Air Force (USAFF), British Air Force (RAF), and German Air Force (GAF): Award 1--First air kill or fourth ground kill. USAAF: Distinguished Flying Cross RAF: Air Force Medal GAF: Iron Cross Award 2--Three air kills or twelve ground kills in a single mission. USAAF: Legion of Merit RAF: Distinguished Flying Cross (officers), Distinguished Flying Medal (enlisted) GAF: German Cross Award 3--Ten air kills or forty ground kills. USAAF: Silver Star RAF: Distinguished Service Order GAF: Knights Cross Award 4--Fifteen air kills or sixty ground kills. USAAF: Distinguished Service Cross RAF: Victoria Cross GAF: Knights Cross with Oak Leaves Ace Award--Five air kills or twenty ground kills. USAAF, GAF: Letter of Commendation RAF: Mention in Dispatches Wounded Award--Pilot wounded. USAAF: Purple Heart GAF: Gold Wound Badge (severe injuries), Silver (serious), Black (minor injuries)

MULTIPLAYER

You and your buddies can fight the war over the Internet or a local area network (LAN). Consult online Help for more information about how to set up a multiplayer game.

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On the Fly

When youre flying, you must use your planes instruments and watch for enemy aircraft. Instruments are vital to completing any mission. Your onboard instruments display crucial information like altitude and air speed. As you become more experienced with dropping bombs and strafing, youll learn which altitudes and speeds are best for each type of attack. For information about an instrument, move your mouse cursor over the instrument to view rollover Help. The Virtual Cockpit (turned on and off with the F3 key) allows you to look around your aircraft freely using the hat switch on your joystick. Your instrument panel works in this view. Press the NUM LOCK key to toggle between panning and snap-to views with the hat switch. When youre flying a fighter-bomber, you can shoot and drop bombs from the cockpit, but when youre in other planes, you must jump to the bombardier seat (press F7) or gunner position (press F8) to perform these tasks. To jump back to the pilot seat, press F6. In the bombardier position, you can use a bombsight for more accurate bombing, and you can make minor flight path corrections, but nothing extreme. In the gunner position, however, you cant make any flight corrections, so unless you want to watch your plane crash, get it flying straight-and-level before you leave the cockpit.

IN THE OFFICE

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TIPS AND TRICKS

Your missions are dangerous and the only way to get through them all is to fly, shoot, and bomb well. Here are some tips you can use when you climb into the cockpit. Read. Watch. Do. You can learn how to fight effectively in this theater through three resources: handbooks, training movies, and training missions. The handbooks provide you with all of the information you need to know. The training movies show you a few key maneuvers you need to learn. The training missions let you practice these skills. Access the handbooks through the Options tab, the movies through online Help, and the training missions through the Missions tab. Know your aircraft. Understand the strengths and weaknesses of the planes you fly and those of the enemy as well. Some aircraft are particularly good or bad for any particular mission. The Machines of War handbook on the compact disc is an excellent resource for this information. Recognize their aircraft. Dont shoot your buddy! Planes can look alike, especially from a great distance. Use the Machines of War handbook to learn how to distinguish an Fw 190 from a Thunderbolt, a Mustang from an Me 109, and a Ju 88 from a Mosquito. Dont get shot. If your plane is taking hits from another plane, youre doing something wrong. Nothing is worse than getting shot so youre free to try anything to shake the enemy loose, no matter how risky. If you practice, practice. If you plan on flying with the flight model set to Hard, then do not practice on a setting lower than

Medium. Practicing on a lower setting teaches you bad habits that can get you killed when combat starts. Dont be a cowboy. Tactical combat is a tough job and not every mission is going to be winnable the first time you fly it. Its better to live to fight another day, so instead of fighting to the death, bug out of a deteriorating combat situation that could cost the lives of too many of your fellow pilots. Get some distance if you can, regroup, and aim to win the campaign, not the battle of the moment. Keep an eye out. When focusing on a bomb run or making sure you can find your target, its easy to forget that there are enemy planes in the sky whose only purpose is to shoot you down. Watch whats behind you as well as whats in front. Avoid fixation. Its easier than you think to forget about the ground and then fly right into it. Dont focus on a target so closely that you neglect to leave yourself enough altitude to pull out of a dive. Set trim. Set your engine power to 70% (press the 7 key), and then let go of your joystick to see if your plane climbs or dives on its own. If it does, the trim may not be set properly, which can be a problem when youre flying ten feet off the ground. Use the 1 and 7 keys on the numerical keypad to set the trim so your plane flies level on its own. Know your computer. Theres a lot to tweak on your computer to make the game run smoothly. Experiment with the settings in CFS3 to see which options create the most satisfying game experience for you.

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Additional Resources

Combat Flight Simulator 3 has three main information sources to help you fight better: handbooks, online Help, and the Combat Flight Simulator Web site.

HANDBOOKS

The Combat Flight Simulator 3 compact disc includes three in-depth handbooks in PDF format: Machines of War, Understanding the Tactical Air War, and Flight School. These handbooks cover the planes and weapons, the war, and flight instruction. To look at any of these handbooks, click the Options tab, and then click Handbooks. To view or print these documents, you need Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is included on the compact disc. Heres the lowdown on what youll learn in each of these handbooks.

Machines of War handbook

This handbook includes intriguing historical notes about each of the 18 planes you can fly and the technical data you need to fly them. Plus, youll find information on the weapons youll use and the enemy vehicles youll blow up.
Understanding the Tactical Air War handbook
The tactical air war was, for its time, a whole new way to wage war, and there were many theories as to how to put the limited number of planes and pilots available to the best use. Some felt that air power should operate independently; others thought it should be under the command of the army. This handbook gives you

KEEP EM FLYING

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a historical perspective on how the tactical air war was fought.

ONLINE HELP

Online Help details the procedures for using the settings and features of Combat Flight Simulator 3. In addition, you can easily access a list of key commands in-game or use mouse rollover Help to learn the function of all of the cockpit instruments.

Flight School handbook

This handbook illustrates the basics of flying as well as air combat maneuvers, and it has instructions for accessing the training material in CFS3. The handbook begins with the basics of flying aircraft. You may want to read through this section, even if youre familiar with flying in general, because flying aircraft in this theater and situation requires you to remember details like the importance of using trim when flying at low altitudes. After the basics, the handbook covers combat maneuvers. Every pilot should know these maneuvers cold. By reading about them, you will understand how they work and know what to do when something goes wrong right in the middle of executing a maneuver. With the information in the handbook in mind, youre free to turn your attention to the training movies and missions.

To access online Help

- Press F1 (or click Help from the Options tab).
To see a list of key commands

- Press F2.

To use mouse rollover Help
- Put your mouse cursor over an instrument or other object in the cockpit to learn about its function. Some instruments (such as the altimeter) deliver constantly updated information.

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COMBAT FLIGHT SIMULATOR WEB SITE
As a CFS3 pilot, you will want the latest intelligence. The best place to get this information is the CFS3 Insider Web site at http://www.cfsinsider.com. Go to the CFS3 Insider Web site for all kinds of information about the game including: - The latest news and information about Combat Flight Simulator 3 - Campaign information and historical details - Air combat techniques that will help you fly and fight better - News, hints, tips, and tricks to enhance your success in single- and multiplayer arenas - Information and materials on the history of the game, including interviews with pilots who fought this campaign and lived to tell the tale - Additional information on the multitude of aircraft models and variants in CFS3 - Add-ons, technical data, and SDK (software development kit) information for those who want to get into the guts of the game

TECHNICAL SUPPORT OPTIONS
For all of our support offerings, visit http://microsoft.com/support/. In Canada, visit http://microsoft.ca/support/. To get started, try the following: - For articles targeted at specific issues, visit the Microsoft Knowledge Base at http://microsoft.com/support/. - To work with a Microsoft Support Professional over the Internet, submit your issue at http: //support.microsoft.com/directory/onlinesr.asp. - For your products general support policy, visit http://support.microsoft.com/directory/ productsupportoption.asp. * * *
Phone Support: In the U.S., call (425) 637-9308.
In Canada, call (905) 568-3503 (toll charges may apply). These numbers are for technical issues only-do not use them to request game hints, codes, or cheats. TTY Users: Microsoft text telephone (TTY/TDD) services are available at (425) 635-4948 in Washington State, (800) 892-5234 in the U.S., and (905) 568-9641 (toll charges may apply) in Canada. Worldwide: Support outside the U.S. and Canada may vary. For regional contact details, visit http://microsoft.com/support/. Conditions: Microsofts support services are subject to then-current prices, terms, and conditions, which are subject to change without notice.

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Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator 3.0
Air Force Historical Research Agency Photo
UNDERSTANDING THE TACTICAL AIR WAR

handbook

Subject: CONTENTS

Contents

o ration Phot rds Administ es and Reco onal Archiv Nati
Welcome to the Tactical Air War!. 1
Air Force Historical Research Ag ency Photo
Events and People in the Tactical Air War.. 7 Key Players in the Tactical Air War: The CFS3 Hall of Fame.. 21 Acknowledgements. 30 Recommended Reading. 32 Glossary. 36
ES MEN AND MACHIN REMEMBER: OUR LOT LIKE LOOK A ON THE GROUND RS. THEI
A B-26 MARAUDER FLIES OVE R THE NORMANDY INVASION FLEET.
Agency Photo Air Force Historical Research
UNDING BY AFTER A PO RAIL CARS S. TER BOMBER ALLIED FIGH
Authorized licensees of this game may print (or have printed at their expense) a single copy of this manual for their personal home use in conjunction with the play and use of the game on this CD.
Subject: TACTICAL AIR WAR
Welcome to the Tactical Air War!
So you thought you were going to be a knight of the air, jousting high in the clean blue sky, far above the clouds and even farther from the mud and squalor of the war on the ground. Instead you find yourself in a fighter bomber, scraping over hostile territory at 200 feet with the terrain rising to meet you. Youre flying down the muzzles of massed antiaircraft guns and dodging small arms fire to attack enemy airfields, trains, tanks, trucks, and troops. Performing masthead-level attacks on enemy shipping adds its own thrills and threats. Some of your targets have more and bigger guns than a whole formation of bombers. If enemy fire doesnt get you, the blast and debris from your own low-level bombing and strafing can bring you down. In this kind of war theres more danger and less glory for everyone. Welcome to the tactical air war, pal!

Schlachtfliegerei

Schlacht means slaughter. Schlachtfliegerei means ground attack, the most dangerous and least glamorous part of wartime flying. There is no room here for romantic illusion, no pretense of chivalry; one is down on the deck where the targets (people, vehicles, installations, and fortifications) may be clearly seen. The ground attack pilot is exposed to every bit of flak, every machine gun, every rifle, every pistol. Denied him is the acclaim accorded fighter pilots. The chances of winning fame as a Schlachtflieger are as slim as those of survival.
--From Jay P. Spenser, Focke-Wulf 190: Workhorse of the Luftwaffe
WE TOOK A BIT OF A BEATING ON THE GROUND BUT BOY DID WE DISH IT OUT IN THE AI R. --General Elwood Pete Quesada
on the tactical air war WHAT REALLY HAPPENED: The lowdown
SETTLED BY MID-1943 THE AIR WAR IN EUROPE HAD PILOTS ON BOTH INTO A DEADLY PATTERN FOR FIGHTER EGIC AIR WAR; SIDES. MOST WERE INVOLVED IN THE STRAT THEIR PRIMARY ROLE, ESCORTING OR ATTACKING BOMBERS WAS 0 TO 30,000 AND COMBAT IN THE FRIGID SKIES AT 20,00 FEET WAS THE NORM. OF AS THE POSSIBILITY OF AN ALLIED INVASION THE TACTITHE CONTINENT TOOK ON GROWING CERTAINTY, EMPHASIZED A CAL AIR WAR IN THE WEST HEATED UP AND SUPPORT. THIS DIFFERENT PILOT ROLE--FLYING CLOSE AIR THE DECK FOR A ROLE PUT WOULD-BE HIGH FLYERS DOWN ON ROUND TEAMDIFFERENT KIND OF WARFARE BASED ON AIR-G OF THE ARMY WORK. FIGHTER-BOMBER PILOTS WERE PART T THE ADVANCE TEAM, WITH DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY TO ASSIS KEEPING ENEMY OF FRIENDLY FORCES ON THE GROUND, WHILE BULLETS, BOMBS, TROOPS AND SUPPLY LINES REELING UNDER AND ROCKETS. POWER AS THE GERMAN ARMY HAD ALWAYS VIEWED AIR D. CLOSE AIR SUBORDINATE TO THE FORCES ON THE GROUN ADVANCE OF SUPPORT, USING AIRCRAFT TO ASSIST THE D, WAS A CENTROOPS AND MOBILE FORCES ON THE GROUN E BETWEEN 1939 TRAL PART OF THE BLITZKRIEG ACROSS EUROP OF COMBAT IN AND 1940. IT WAS ALSO A BASIC FEATURE THE WAR IN THE THE CAULDRON OF THE EASTERN FRONT. AS THE ALLIED INVAWEST INTENSIFIED, ESPECIALLY AFTER THE GERMANS SION OF FRANCE COMMENCED IN JUNE 1944, TACTICAL SERPRESSED MORE AND MORE AIRCRAFT INTO IGN AGAINST VICE EVEN AS THE STRATEGIC BOMBING CAMPA FOR HIGH-ALTIGERMANY INCREASED THE LUFTWAFFES NEED S HAD TO TUDE INTERCEPTORS. BF 109 AND FW 190 PILOT FLOOD OF STRAFE AND DIVE BOMB TO STOP OR SLOW THE S. JU 88 MEDIUM MEN AND MATERIEL OF THE INVADING ARMIE NG ALTITUDE BOMBERS SWOOPED DOWN FROM NORMAL BOMBI DO THE MOST TO PLACE THEIR ORDNANCE WHERE IT WOULD EVEN THE NEW GOOD: RIGHT IN THE LAPS OF THE ENEMY. CAL AIR WAR. GERMAN JETS SAW SOME SERVICE IN THE TACTI THE THE ALLIES TOOK LONGER TO FULLY EMBRACE COMBAT AIRCRAFT, POTENTIAL OF A TACTICAL ROLE FOR 1943 AND 1945 BUT PERFECTED CLOSE AIR SUPPORT BETWEEN TO THE TACBY ADDING NEW TECHNOLOGICAL VARIATIONS TED BY AIR TICAL THEME. ALLIED PILOTS (BEING DIREC D TO ENEMY GROUND FORCE LIAISON OFFICERS ON THE GROUN ESCORT, TARGETS, FRIENDLY FORMATIONS IN NEED OF A BLITZKRIEG OF OR INCOMING BANDITS) CARRIED OUT IN THE ENEMY THEIR OWN AGAINST ANYTHING THAT MOVED , MUSTANGS, TYPHOONS, SECTOR. THUNDERBOLTS, LIGHTNINGS R DUTY TEMPESTS, AND SPITFIRES FLEW FIGHTER BOMBE WHILE MITCHELL, TO SUPPORT THE WAR ON THE GROUND, FORMIDABLE MARAUDER, AND MOSQUITO BOMBERS ADDED THE AND CANNON TO THE STRAFING POWER OF MULTIPLE GUNS DESTRUCTIVE FORCE OF THEIR BOMBS. LINE FOR BOTH SIDES, DETERMINING THE PRECISE A FLUID AND BETWEEN FRIENDLY AND ENEMY TERRITORY IN CULTIES TACCLOSE-FOUGHT SITUATION ADDED TO THE DIFFI TICAL PILOTS ALREADY FACED.

I dont believe in all this divebombing [stuff], it aint natural.
Many new fighter-bomber pilots longed for the classic fighterpilot role theyd read and dreamed about, in which the ground was for the ground-pounders and the sky above the clouds was reserved for dashing aviators. This made for a difficult adjustment:
.fighter pilots were slow to appreciate the value of close-support operations. One flyer aptly summarized the rank-and-file perception of the new task when he said. I dont believe in all this dive-bombing [stuff], it aint natural. --Thomas A. Hughes, Over Lord: General Pete Quesada and the Triumph of Tactical Air Power in World War II
Agency Photo ical Research Air Force Histor
ROYED IV TANK DEST A GERMAN MK TACK. BY AERIAL AT
Subject: TACTICAL AIR WAR The payoff: Unique satisfactions
So given the catalog of dangers, why would you want to fly close air support missions? Because this job provides some unique satisfactions: - Even if youre a loner--and many fighter pilots are--theres a lot to be said for being part of a team; especially if its a winning team. Protecting your guys on the ground and helping them to advance by suppressing enemy troops and weapons adds real meaning to your part of the struggle. - Theres also a lot to be said instant gratification--and few are as gratifying to a combat seeing a tempting target blow big way. for things pilot as up in a - Theres also plenty of encouragement in knowing that your contribution isnt just emotional--all armies understand that close air support plays an important role in making progress on the battlefield and in the theater of operations. Your missions are a significant part of the bigger picture. What you do or fail to do every day can contribute to the larger success or failure of your nations forces in this war.
The Moral Effect of Attack from the Air
Moral Effect--The moral effect of heavy air attack against land forces can hardly be exaggerated. Not only will air attack lower the morale of the enemy, but the sight of our own aircraft over the battlefield raises the morale of our own troops to a corresponding degree. Seeing enemy aircraft shot down has an encouraging effect. On the other hand, the constant appearance of unmolested enemy aircraft tends to demoralize troops and disorganize plans. Apprehension of heavy air attack restricts military activity by.confining troops to areas that afford concealment, and by preventing movement during daylight. Soldiers are naturally quick to react to the general air situation in their neighbourhood. --Army/Air Operations (British War Office, 26/GS Publications/1127, 1944)
- Seeing close-up the effect of your guns, bombs, and rockets on the enemy does a lot for your confidence and your feeling that the results are worth the risks. Flying close air support also provides a sense of personal power and effectiveness that is only tempered by the fact that the clean blue sky of high-altitude plane-to-plane combat is replaced by distressing glimpses into the hellish landscape of the war on the ground. - Another plus for the tactical pilot is the knowledge that just being there over the front lines gives a real lift to your guys on the ground, while depressing the spirits of the enemy.

Pre-invasion activities

In 1943 the U.S. Ninth Air Force moved from Italy to England, and the RAF created the Second Tactical Air Force (2TAF). These Allied tactical air forces faced two daunting pre-invasion tasks: - To disrupt the German armys ability to transport reinforcements and supplies by road, rail, or river. - To reduce the Luftwaffes ability to seriously impede the planned Allied invasion. For its part, the Luftwaffe had to do its best to resist the mounting tide of Allied air and land forces, and to support the German army. Even in reduced circumstances, the Luftwaffes best efforts remained formidable.
BRIDGE AT BULLAY, GERMANY AFTER ATTACK BY THUNDERBOLT FIGHTER BOMBERS.
Air Force Historical Research Agency Phot o
Subject: EVENTS AND PEOPLE The Mighty Eighth goes looking for trouble on the ground
Even before tactical air forces were in place, fighter pilots of the strategic U.S. Eighth Air Force (the Mighty Eighth) assigned to escort the heavy bombers into Germany were increasingly freed to roam further afield from their lumbering charges in search of enemy fighters. The idea was to find trouble before trouble found the bombers. To meet this threat, more Luftwaffe fighter pilots were ordered to take on the Allied escorts instead of focusing entirely on the bombers. By January 1944, General Jimmy Doolittle, in charge of the Mighty Eighth, made destroying the German fighter force a top priority. To encourage his fighter pilots, Doolittle offered ace status to those who destroyed five aircraft on the ground. Some pilots who had won aerial victories by outflying their opponents complained that this was the easy way to become an ace, but flying into a wall of flak and small-arms fire while attacking an airfield didnt seem so easy to those who tried it. In February, the Eighth Air Force launched its Big Week operation with a series of heavy bomber raids against the German aircraft industry coordinated with medium bomber and fighter bomber attacks on Luftwaffe assets in France, Belgium, and Holland. Throughout the spring, German fighter losses in the air and on the ground mounted; more significantly, the Luftwaffe lost half of its irreplaceable veteran pilots before the invasion began.

ACK AND ING WITH BL P-38 LIGHTN ION STRIPES. AS WHITE INV
o Research Agency Phot Air Force Historical
Subject: EVENTS AND PEOPLE Ending the impasse
Goals set to be attained within days by the Allied command remained out of reach for weeks, and each small gain of ground came at a staggering cost. To end this impasse, the Allies once again turned to air power. Two operations, codenamed GOODWOOD and COBRA, were intended to break the stalemate on the ground by pouring ordnance onto the battlefield from the air. GOODWOOD was designed to help the British break out of the stalemate around Caen and into the open country to the east, where tanks could operate effectively. The operation began on July 18 when 4,500 aircraft from the RAF Bomber Command and the U.S. Eighth and Ninth Air Forces attacked the area held by Panzer Group West. This enormous bombardment, violent enough to flip 60-ton tanks and drive hardened combat veterans into hysteria, allowed the British to force their way onto the Caen-Falaise plain. This forward movement was supported by the tactical air forces, which blasted enemy tanks, suppressed mortar and antitank fire, and delivered ordnance beyond the range of friendly artillery. However, within two days the advance lost its momentum, in part due to this operations success in achieving its secondary goal of drawing German armor away from the American sector, where Bradleys forces were stuck in the bocage. In the American sector, operation COBRA benefited from the British breakout effort. Devised by General Omar Bradley, COBRA began on July 25 with a massive but botched aerial bombardment that blasted holes in the enemy lines and sent German forces reeling, but also killed or wounded hundreds of U.S. troops. Bradley quickly capitalized on these gaps; his First Army forces attacked across a moonscape of bomb craters in an advance that moved four armored divisions almost 35 miles--all the way from the hedgerows around SaintL to the open country near Avranches. As the speed of the assault increased, good weather allowed IX Tactical Air Command fighter bombers, under the command of General Elwood Pete Quesada, to provide devastating close air support. Guided onto targets by Army Air Force liaison officers riding in command tanks, Thunderbolts and Mustangs littered the roads with the burning wrecks of German vehicles. This air-ground teamwork proved to be a winning combination that would come into its own in the Allied dash across France and into Germany.
No Headlines for Tactical Pilots, but High Praise from Omar Bradley
.On June 20, Bradley asked Quesada to thank his pilots for the fine work they have been doing and the close cooperation they have given the ground troops. Their ability to disrupt the enemys communications, supply, and movement of troops has been a vital factor in our rapid progress in expanding our beachhead. I realize that their work may not catch the headlines any more than does the work of some of our foot soldiers, but I am sure that I express the feelings of every groundforce commander, from squad leaders to myself as Army Commander, when I extend my congratulations on their very fine work. --Thomas A. Hughes, Over Lord: General Pete Quesada and the Triumph of Tactical Air Power in World War II

Jack Stafford Follows Orders on His First Mission
Ready for your first show, Staff? asked Woe Wilson. Keep up with me. Ill be busy enough without looking after you--just watch my arse. We took off for the French coast. Woe watched the heading--I watched Woes tail. When we returned the intelligence officer asked if we had encountered much flak. Yes, quite a bit, said Woe. Dieppe was the heaviest but they hosed us a bit from all the other ports. I stood there, my mouth open. Flak! What bloody flak? Good-natured laughter rocked the room. Woe said, He was watching my arse and doing it well. Just then a ground staff man approached with a jagged piece of steel in his hand. This was just removed from your aircrafts spinner, Staff. Veteran fighter pilot and CFS3 historical advisor Jack Stafford

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Strict radio silence had kept the Germans plans from being intercepted, and the surprise was complete when 24 Wehrmacht divisions crashed through the Allied lines. Twenty-four hundred tactical aircraft had been assembled to support this thrust, and a 60-milewide breech in the Allied line quickly became the westward bulge that gave this battle its name. For three days the Allied air forces fought the Luftwaffe above the cloud cover, keeping the German fighters from carrying out their close-support duties beneath the overcast and claiming 136 victories in the process. The Luftwaffe pilots were hampered not only by bad weather, but also by inadequate training and lack of experience in tactical air support, since by this stage of the war their leadership understandably emphasized air-to-air combat skills to counter the tactical bombing campaign that was reducing German cities to rubble. The Battle of the Bulge took place over some of the roughest terrain in Europe, during the hardest winter in memory. The weather soon deteriorated to the point that, for the four days between December 19th and the 22nd, Allied and German aircraft alike could hardly get off the ground. Once again, the opposing air forces were fighting on equally unfavorable terms. To restrict enemy supplies and slow the German advance, Eisenhowers strategy required U.S. forces to take and hold the crossroads at Saint Vith and Bastogne, an already perilous task that became practically impossible without tactical air support. The bulge soon grew to its maximum depth, extending about 50 miles west of what had been the American lines. U.S. forces soon evacuated Saint Vith, but the 101st Airborne Division hung on at Bastogne.
U.S. SOLDIERS GET SOME CHOW IN THE WINTER LANDSCAPE OF THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE.

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ds Administration Photo National Archives and Recor
Subject: EVENTS AND PEOPLE Pattons weather prayer pays off
Chafing at the uncooperative weather that made life miserable for infantryman and airman alike, General George Patton ordered the Third Army chaplain to devise a weather prayer to be published throughout the Third Army by December 14, two days before the Battle of the Bulge began:

WRECKED THUNDERBOLT ON U.S. AIRFIELD AT METZ, FRANCE AFTER GERMAN ATTACK, JANUARY 1, 1945.
arch Agency Photo Air Force Historical Rese
By January 18, the Battle of the Bulge was over. For Germany, the outcome was a double catastrophe: its last offensive in the west was decisively defeated on the ground, with the loss of 100,000 men and 600 tanks, and the Luftwaffe was finished as an effective fighting force at a time when Allied air power had never been greater. With Russian armies advancing into Germany from the east and British and American armies advancing toward the Rhine from the west, the outlook for the Third Reich was bleak.

To the Rhine--and beyond

In February, the western Allies started their push toward the Rhine. Their goal was to drive the German armies back into Germany and encircle them. To achieve this, forces under Montgomery pushed toward the southeast, while the U.S. Ninth Army drove northeast. To slow the Allied advance north of the Rhine, the Germans had flooded the Ruhr valley (the gateway to the industrial heart of the Reich), but by February 23 the waters had subsided. American armies crossed the Ruhr into Germany, while to the south, the Allies pushed through the remnants of the West Wall into west-central Germany. (The West Wall, also known as the Siegfried Line, was an array of concrete pillboxes and antitank defenses stretching 300 miles from Basel to Cleves.) On March 7, the Americans achieved a major coup by capturing, intact, the Ludendorff bridge over the Rhine at Remagen. Allied OUT WITH THE OLD, IN WITH troops and vehicles poured across THE NEW: THE USAAF OCCUPIES A and soon established a solid GERMAN AIRBASE AT FRANKFURT. bridgehead east of the Rhine. Over the next two weeks, U.S. forces crossed the Rhine and built up their bridgehead to solidify their position. In the last week of March, the British crossed the Rhine at several points north of the Ruhr.
S ON PATROL. EIGHT RAF SPITFIRE

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Subject: EVENTS AND PEOPLE The situation as it was in the spring of 1945.
These aggressive Allied moves in March, supported by tactical and strategic air power, clinched the encirclement of German Army Group B and opened the way for the Allied drive eastward to the Elbe River. On April 25, U.S. and Russian forces linked up at Torgau on the Elbe, effectively splitting Germany in two and ending organized German resistance. With the fall of Berlin to the Russians and the suicide of Hitler on April 30, control of the crumbling Reich fell to the Fhrers chosen successor, Admiral Doenitz. A cascade of regional surrenders--in Italy, Holland, Denmark, and Germany--culminated in the unconditional surrender of all German forces, signed for Doenitz by General Alfred Jodl, on May 7, 1945. west France, in the Normandy campaign and the Allied breakout, in the battle for France, in the Battle of the Bulge, in the fight for the Rhine and the Ruhr, and in the final run to victory or defeat. Along the way you can increase your advantage by earning the privilege of flying advanced aircraft that would have remained out of reach in a strictly historical scenario. While you may be able to take advantage of assets, including personal skill and advanced technology to take lesser objectives or even the enemy capital, one major aspect of the tactical air war as it really happened remains: No matter how good you and your squadmates are, no matter how awesome your aircraft and weapons may be, the grim realities of your job as a tactical pilot never change. Flying at low altitude over masses of enemy troops, guns, and vehicles leaves no room for romantic illusions about the glamour of war. Danger is ever-present, and glory is hard to come by.

Bettmann/Corbis

Hermann Gring.

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Subject: LEADERS IN THE TACTICAL AIR WAR FELDMARSCHALL WOLFRAM VON RICHTHOFEN (1895-1945)
A cousin of Germanys Red Baron, Wolfram von Richthofen became an early exponent and practitioner of close air support in Europe in the 1930s and in WWII. He served in the Imperial army until 1917, and then transferred to the Flying Service. He won eight victories as a pilot in Jagdgeschwader Richthofen, the fighter squadron named for his famous cousin. After the war he earned an engineering doctorate, and returned to the newly reformed Luftwaffe as a technical expert in 1933. In 1936, von Richthofen became commander of a small air force sent to Spain on behalf of the Fascists under Francisco Franco. In 1938 he was sent back to Spain in charge of the much larger Legion Kondor, a force that tested dive-bombing and other close air support techniques that would later be part of Germanys Blitzkrieg, the Lightning War of mobile forces. Once WWII began, von Richthofen served in the Polish, French, Balkan, Greek, and Russian campaigns as commander of Fliegerkorps VIII. In this role he became a foremost promoter and practitioner of close air support using the dive-bombing capabilities of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. During the siege of Stalingrad von Richthofen was tasked with supplying the encircled Sixth Army. By 1942 he rose to command the nearly 2,000 aircraft of a Luftflotte (Air Fleet), and, early in 1943, Hitler made him the youngest field marshal in the German army. He assumed command of Luftflotte 2 in the Mediterranean, but in 1944 was diagnosed with a brain tumor, and ended his active service late that year. He died in July, 1945.
Imperial War Museum Photo

Wolfram von Richthofen.

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Subject: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Acknowledgements

As always, a lot of diligent research has provided the realistic underpinnings for this latest version of Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator. In addition to reviewing some of the huge volume of published materials documenting the WWII air war (see Recommended Reading in this handbook for a sampling), we visited archive and museum venues to conduct research, ensuring that Combat Flight Simulator remains as real as it gets. We thank the following organizations and people for their assistance. * * * Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, USA. Located on Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, the Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA) is the primary repository of Air Force historical materials. This archive contains some 70,000,000 pages of original Air Force documents dating back to 1918, including WWII-era unit histories, combat reports, and period photos. The AFHRA also authors and translates historical studies on many aspects of military aviation, including the WWII air war. Archivists Lynn Gamma, Ronald Myers, Dennis Case, Joe Caver, and Milton Steele provided invaluable assistance in guiding us to documents and photos that have made a significant contribution to the depth, realism, and atmosphere of CFS3. * * * The Me 262 Project, Everett, Washington, USA. We had the rare opportunity to see, photograph, and record the first of the Me 262 Projects newly built replicas of this historic aircraft. Our thanks to Jim Byron, and Bob Hammer, and Chief Pilot Wolfgang Czaia for providing access and information that helped us model our own simulated Me 262 for CFS3. * * * Kalamazoo Aviation History Museum, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA. This museum is currently restoring one of the Curtiss XP-55 Ascender prototypes. Registrar Bill Painter and Executive Director Robert Ellis provided some rare reference material on this exotic aircraft, including copies of the original flight and erection manual and maintenance manuals. Their help has made our modeling of the Curtiss XP-55 Ascender more accurate than it otherwise could have been. * * * Pima Air and Space Museum, Tucson, Arizona, USA. The Pima Air and Space museum maintains an enormous fleet of aircraft and related documentation, including an international archive of data on the B-26 Marauder. Archivist Stephanie Mitchell has been extremely helpful in providing access to copies of Marauder wind tunnel and flight test data, the B-26 erection and maintenance manual, pilot reports, and other details that help make our Marauder as real as it gets in CFS3. * * * Museum of Flight, Seattle, Washington, USA. Craig Spencer, Jennifer Hawkins, and the Restoration Staff of the Museum of Flight have provided access to their archive, and have put us in touch with a number of veteran pilots, including members of Pappy Boyingtons Black Sheep. Information and input from these resources have been instrumental in our efforts to accurately model WWII aircraft and their flight characteristics. * * * - 30 -

Our Historical Advisors

No WWII flight simulation can be complete without input from those who flew the real thing, and we have been fortunate to recruit the following two veteran aviators as historical advisors. * * * Jack Stafford left his native New Zealand in January 1943, and was assigned to the RAFs 486 (New Zealand) squadron as a Sergeant Pilot in November. Based at Tangmere, he flew Hawker Typhoons in dive-bombing and ground-attack operations. In 1944 he flew Hawker Tempests on fighter sweeps, shipping strikes, and ground-attack missions before D-Day. He shot down eight V1 buzz bombs over southern England between June 19 and August 29, 1944, including two on the 4th of July. In September 1944 Jack flew fighter cover for the airborne attack to capture the Arnhem and Nijmegen bridges in the Netherlands. As part of the RAF Second Tactical Air Force in Belgium, he attacked locomotives in the campaign against enemy rail transport. On Christmas Day 1944 he shot down a German Me 262 when his squadron intercepted two of the jets. He also shot down a Bf 109 south of Munster, one of a group of seven orbiting over a group of American P-47 Thunderbolts.
And on April 12, 1945 he shot down a long-nosed Fw 190D. For these achievements he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Retired but still vigorous, Jack lives in Rotorua, New Zealand, where he enjoys boating, water skiing, and an occasional flight (now as a passenger) with local pilots.
Photo courtesy Jack Stafford J. Seal Photo
German retreat up the Italian boot) and in Belgium early in 1945. His primary missions were to intercept German nocturnal air activity, and to stop road and rail movement of enemy troops and equipment. After the war Al became a test pilot with Boeing and rose to become Chief Pilot of Flight Crew Training.
Photo courtesy Al Jones Photo courtesy Al Jones
RNZAF Flight Lieutenant Jack Stafford, 1944.
Jack Stafford on Anzac Day, 2000.
USAAF night fighter pilot Al Jones, 1944.
Al Jones on the Boeing 747 simulator.
American pilot Al Jones war started early, when he became a volunteer in the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1940. He was assigned to a squadron in England, then went to North Africa where he flew 40 missions in RAF Wellington bombers. In 1943 Al transferred to the USAAF and was assigned to a night fighter squadron, flying Bristol Beaufighters before switching to the P-61 Black Widow. He flew night intruder missions in Italy in 1944 (during the - 31 -

War Department Field Manual FM 100-20: Command and Employment of Air Power (U.S. War Department, 21 July 1943).
This document sums up what the U.S. Army Air Force had learned about air power and its application up to the middle of WWII. It provides an invaluable understanding of USAAF objectives and the techniques used to attain them. * * *
Heavy bomber contrails mark the way to Germany.
German patrol boat with triple 20-mm antiaircraft guns.

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Wilt, Dr. Alan F., Coming of Age: XIX TACs Roles During the 1944 Dash Across France. http://www.air power.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/ aureview/1985/mar-apr/wilt.html Dr. Wilt prepared this study for the Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. Focusing on Pattons dash across France, supported by Gen. O.P. Weylands XIX Tactical Air Command, it clarifies the missions and doctrines that defined the historic success of XIX in the crucial months of August and September, 1944. * * * Smith, J.R. and Kay, A.L., German Aircraft of the Second World War. Baltimore: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1972. Swanborough, F.G. and Bowers, P., United States Military Aircraft Since 1909. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989. Thetford, Owen, Aircraft of the Royal Air Force Since 1918. Baltimore: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1988. These three volumes cover aircraft flown by the Luftwaffe, U.S. forces, and the RAF in admirable detail. Their drawings, photos, and comprehensive text make them excellent, in-depth research tools. * * * The Osprey Aircraft of the Aces series, which includes the following volumes: Morgan, Hugh, and Weal, John, German Jet Aces of World War 2 (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, vol. 17). London: Osprey Publishing, 1998. Price, Alfred, Late Marque Spitfire Aces 1942-45 (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, vol. 5). London: Osprey Publishing, 1995. Scutts, Jerry, Mustang Aces of the Ninth & Fifteenth Air Forces & the RAF (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, vol. 7). London: Osprey Publishing, 1998. Scutts, Jerry, P-47 Thunderbolt Aces of the ETO/MTO. (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, vol. 24). London: Osprey Publishing, 1998. Scutts, Jerry, P-47 Thunderbolt Aces of the Ninth and Fifteenth Air Forces. (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, vol. 30). London: Osprey Publishing, 1999. Stanaway, John, P-38 Lightning Aces of the ETO/MTO. (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, vol. 19). London: Osprey Publishing, 1998. Thomas, Chris, Typhoon and Tempest Aces of World War 2. (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, vol. 27). London: Osprey Publishing, 1999. Weal, John, Bf 109 F/G/K Aces on the Western Front. (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, vol. 29). London: Osprey Publishing, 1999. Weal, John, Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, vol. 9). London: Osprey Publishing, 1996. This series, published by London-based Osprey Publishing, includes a volume on the aces who flew every major fighter aircraft in each theater of WWII. The authors are leading experts who have published numerous titles, and each volume includes excellent drawings, photos, and color plates of the unique aircraft flown by individual aces. These are great reference books, except that they lack an index, so expect your copies to become well-thumbed as you discover, and rediscover, key information. * * *

Two B-26 medium bombers with invasion stripes to discourage fire from nervous Allied gunners.

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Subject: GLOSSARY

Glossary A

AA, AAA: Antiaircraft fire, antiaircraft artillery. abschuss: (German) A fighter victory; literally a shoot down. Abschwung: (Luftwaffe) An evasion maneuver allowing a pilot under attack to reverse direction, trading altitude for speed. Consists of a half-roll followed by a half loop. (USAAF) Split-S. (RAF) Half-roll. Can also be used to attack an aircraft flying in the opposite direction at a lower altitude. ace: Since WWI, a pilot who has shot down at least five enemy aircraft. aerodrome: (RAF) An airfield or airbase; includes airfield and related facilities. From the French, but adopted into English and sometimes (later) called an airdrome. ailerons: Movable control surfaces on the outer trailing edge of an aircrafts wings that cause it to bank or roll left or right. air force: (USAAF) A fighter unit consisting of 16 fighter groups, ~768 aircraft. airspeed indicator: The instrument that displays an aircrafts speed relative to the air in which it is moving. airspeed: The rate at which an aircraft moves through the surrounding air. Pilots use several types of airspeed during flight. For example, indicated airspeed (IAS) is the speed shown on the airspeed indicator (usually in knots). Pilots use IAS to control an aircraft and manage its performance. Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is IAS corrected for instrument and installation error. True airspeed (TAS) is IAS corrected for changes in atmospheric temperature and pressure. Pilots use TAS to solve navigation problems. altimeter: A highly sensitive barometer which shows an aircrafts altitude above mean sea level by measuring atmospheric pressure. angle of attack: The angle between the wing and the oncoming airflow-the relative wind. The angle of attack is related to the direction in which an aircraft is moving, not to the angle the wing makes with the horizon. As angle of attack increases, so does the amount of lift a wing produces. Ami: (German) Slang for American. angels: Altitude expressed in thousands of feet. Anzac: (British Commonwealth) A military man from Australia or New Zealand (originally a WWI acronym for the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps). API: (U.S.) Armor-Piercing Incendiary ammunition. Ascender: A Curtiss XP-55 rearengine fighter with pusher propeller. ASP: Antisubmarine patrol. ASW: Antisubmarine warfare. augered in: Crashed.
Ground crew attaches a fuel drop tank to a P-47 Thunderbolt.

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B-25: A North American Mitchell twin-engine medium bomber. B-26: A Martin Marauder twin-engine medium bomber. bail out: To parachute out of an aircraft. bandit: (USAAF) Enemy fighter. bank: The minor rotation of an aircraft about its longitudinal (nose to tail) axis, causing one wing or the other to dip or rise; controlled by the ailerons; see roll. Bf 109: A single-engine fighter designed for the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke by Willy Messerschmitt. bingo: (U.S.) The point in a mission at which remaining fuel dictates an immediate return to base. Blitzkrieg: (German) Lightning war--the highly mobile form of warfare used most successfully by the Wehrmacht between 1939 and 1941. bocage: The Norman hedgerow country, a 20-mile swath of small fields enclosed by towering ancient hedges south of the D-Day invasion beaches. bogey: (USAAF) Slang for an unidentified aircraft.

Jabo: (German) A fighter bomber, from Jagdbomber. jackpot: (USAAF) Air-to-ground attacks on German airfields. Jagdflieger: (German) A fighter pilot. Jagdgeschwader: (German) A fighter unit consisting of ~120 aircraft.
Katschmarek: (German) Slang for wingman, the pilot of the trailing aircraft in a two-plane Rotte who is required to stick with his leader (i.e., following his lead). Literally, a dim-witted recruit.
German halftrack with four-barreled 20 mm Flakvierling can ruin a pilots day.

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landing gear: The wheels, struts, and other equipment that an aircraft uses to land or maneuver on the ground. LCI: Landing Craft, Infantry. LCT: Landing Craft, Tank. lift: The upward force produced by an airfoil such as a wing interacting with the air. Lift acts at right angles to the relative wind or the aircrafts flight path. Lift, one of the four fundamental forces in flight, is opposed by weight. Lightning: A Lockheed P-38 twinengine fighter. loop: An aerobatic maneuver in which an aircraft flies in a complete vertical circle. An outside loop, begun at the top of the circle, is considerably more difficult to perform, because the pilot encounters negative G-forces throughout the maneuver. LST: Landing Ship, Tank. Lufbery: A (WWI) defensive maneuver in which several fighters circle for mutual protection. Because of the power, speed and firepower of WWII aircraft, this maneuver was not very successfully employed in either theater. Luftflotte: (German) An air fleet, consisting of ~350 fighter aircraft and ~1,500 bombers.
Luftwaffe: The German air force. LVT: Landing Vehicle, Tracked.
Mustang: A North American P-51 fighter.
magneto: A device that creates an electric current by rotating a magnet. The crankshaft turns the magnetos, which provide the electrical energy to fire the spark plugs. This arrangement ensures that the spark plugs fire even if the aircrafts battery and electrical system fail. Marauder: A Martin B-26 twin-engine medium bomber. Marsden Matting: Pierced Steel Planking (also called PSP) used to create temporary airstrips; notoriously slick in wet conditions. meatwagon: Slang for ambulance. Me 262: A Messerschmitt Schwalbe twin-engine jet fighter (also built as the Sturmvogel fighter bomber). MIA: Missing in Action. Mitchell: A North American B-25 twin-engine medium bomber. Mossie: (RAF) A nickname for the de Havilland Mosquito bomber, also called the Wooden Wonder for its plywood construction. mush: The tendency for a diving aircraft to keep losing altitude despite being pulled into a noseup attitude. - 41 -

noball: Missions against V 1 and V 2 rocket sites. nose-over: To rapidly lower the nose relative to the horizon; decrease pitch. On the ground, nose over refers to an aircraft tipping forward or doing a somersault.
ops: Shorthand for Operations. Fighter ops refers to fighter operations in general. Each mission is called a Fighter Operation, or F.O. orbit: (RAF) To circle a given point or present position.
P-38: A Lockheed Lightning twinengine fighter. P-47: A Republic single-engine Thunderbolt fighter. P-51: A North American Mustang single-engine fighter. P-80: A Lockheed Shooting Star single-engine jet fighter. pancake: The radio code for land immediately.
pauke-pauke: (German) The fighter code word for Attack! Literally, rat-a-tat. Pfeil: (German) Arrow; the Dornier Do 335 twin-engine fighter. pitch: An aircrafts rotation about its lateral (wing tip to wing tip) axis, determining its nose-up or nose-down attitude; controlled by the elevators. pitot tube: A small metal probe, usually attached to an aircrafts wing, that measures ram air pressure. This data is used to calculate aircraft speed. The pitot tube usually has a heater to prevent ice from blocking the device. (Named after Henri Pitot (1695-1771), a French scientist.) POW: Prisoner of War.
razorback: Describes early versions of the P-47 and P-51 fighters in which the aft fuselage deck rises behind the pilots head and the canopy can provide only limited rearward vision. Eventually these were replaced by bubble canopy versions in which the aft fuselage deck was cut down to the level of the pilots shoulders. relative wind: The speed and direction of air striking an airfoil; that is, the air flow caused by an aircraft or airfoils movement through the air. revetment: A horseshoe-shaped embankment used for protecting parked aircraft against bomb blasts.
rhubarb: (USAAF, RAF) A small-scale harassing fighter operation against ground targets. roadstead: Operations by fighters, or bombers escorted by fighters, to attack by dive-bombing or low-level bombing attacks on ships at sea or in harbor. rockoon: RAF pilot slang for a rocket-firing Hawker Typhoon. rodeo: (USAAF) Offensive sortie without escort responsibilities, used to draw up enemy fighters. (RAF) Fighter sweep. (German) Freie Jagd (free chase). roll: An aircrafts rotation about its longitudinal (nose to tail) axis, controlled by the ailerons. See also: bank. Rotte: (German) A minimum fighting unit of two aircraft; leader and wingman. rudder: The movable control surface on the vertical portion of an aircrafts tail (attached to the fixed portion, or fin); controls the aircrafts yaw, causing the plane to skid left or right. RV: Rendezvous.

PSP: Pierced Steel Planking, also known as Marsden Matting--used to create airstrips; notoriously slick in wet conditions. PTO: Pacific Theater of Operations.
R.A.F.: Britains Royal Air Force. ramrod: (USAAF, RAF) A bomber-escort mission. ranger: Operations of squadron or wing strength (12-36 aircraft), as free-lance intrusions over enemy territory, the main aim being to wear down the enemy fighter force.
German troop carrier with 37 mm antiaircraft gun.

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saddle, in the: (U.S.) Being immediately behind a target aircraft and ready to attack. sandwich: A tactic by which two fighters turn to keep an attacking fighter between them, making the would-be attacker the target. saunter: (RAF) Minimum cruising speed. Schwalbe: Swallow; a Messerschmitt Me 262 twin-engine jet fighter (also built as the Sturmvogel fighter bomber). Schwarm: (German) A four-aircraft formation consisting of two Rotten (see Rotte). scramble: (RAF) To jump up, run to the aircraft, and take off in the shortest possible time. section: (USAAF) A unit consisting of eight aircraft (two four-plane flights). Shooting Star: A Lockheed P-80 jet fighter. Skytrain: (U.S.) The military (C-47) version of the Douglas DC-3 transport. slewing: In Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator and Flight Simulator, a method of rapidly changing aircraft position, direction, location, or altitude without flying there in real time.
sortie: A combat mission; originally an armed attack made from a place surrounded by enemy forces. Spitfire: A supermarine single-engine fighter. splash: (U.S. slang) Enemy aircraft shot down into the water. Split-S: (USAAF) An evasion maneuver allowing a pilot under attack to reverse direction, trading altitude for speed. Consists of a half-roll followed by a half loop. (RAF) halfroll. (Luftwaffe) Abschwung. Can also be used to attack an aircraft flying in the opposite direction at a lower altitude. squadron: A British or American fighter unit consisting of 12 (sometimes 16) aircraft. Staffel: (German) A squadron of 10-12 aircraft. strafing: (RAF/USAAF) To attack a position or troops on the ground with machine gun or cannon fire from a low-flying aircraft. Adapted into English from a WWI German slogan, Gott strafe England (God punish England). strike: Combat flight against ground or sea targets. stud: (USAAF) A dive-bombing mission.