Demo paper: Conscientious Objector
Dan Pinchbeck / thechineseroom
University of Portsmouth, Hants, UK

Introduction

Conscientious Objector started life as a simple question: is it possible to build an FPS that removes the ability of the player to actually kill anything whilst retaining the fundamental playability of the game? FPS games are dened by both the miminal representation of an avatar, and by the essential act of lining up objects with the centre of the screen and delivering an input. This function generally removes the object from the environment. Play thus becomes a process of simplifying the environment until it reaches a critical point, triggering progression. Put more simply, when there is nothing left to kill and no buttons left to press, its time to move on. All FPS games work to this basic template, whether agents are released en masse in an arcade style, such as Painkiller [10], or there are attempts to model a more realistic set of agent-environment relations, like S.T.A.L.K.E.R. [12]. We wanted to attempt to break this normal template and produce an environment that becomes progressively more complex as play progresses. The most obvious way of doing this has the equally interesting side-eect of breaking the other fundamental rule of FPS play, which is killing anything that moves. Stopping the player from acheiving this thus does two things at once: subverts the normal politics of the genre on one hand and establishes a radical new ludic structure on the other.
Rubber Bullets in UAC Admin
Several pre-existing levels of the commercial game Doom 3 were re-congured for the mod. These were stripped of triggers, agents and objects in preperation for the new gameplay to be levered in. UAC Admin, Mars City and Mars City Underground were chosen as they were small and linear, with the kind of enclosed spaces with limited visibility that would play to the strengths of gameplay designed to engineer as much panic in the player as possible. Without introducing additional items, enough disparity could be introduced into these levels to maintain a sense of progressive gameplay. Additionally, we removed the oxygen from Mars City to introduce a temporal constraint on the players activities: they were forced to run from oxygen cylinder to cylinder. Using known levels also enabled us, through voice-overs and embedded PDAs, to play a new political dimension o the already existing backdrop of corporate greed and fetishisation of the military. The damage capacity of the shotgun was reduced to zero, whilst retaining its ability to knock down agents (a simple re-jig of the normal getting up animation
found on the basic zombie model). The time this sequence took to run, alongside a reduction in the bounding box and the knock-back eect of a succesful hit, meant that zombies could be eectively blown out of the players way, giving them time to avoid the agent. Clearly, we are not the rst to utilise non-lethal force (NLF) objects in an FPS game: Duke Nukem 3D had both Shrink and Freeze rays [4], Half Life 2s gravity gun occupies a central place in gameplay [8] and, famously, Deus Ex can allegedly be completed using NLF alone [5]. However, in all of these cases, NLF is a supplementary gimmmick to core gameplay, rather than a centralised option. Indeed, in the case of Half Life 2, the gravity guns main use is to hurl distinctly lethal objects like buzzsaw blades, barrels and cars, so it arguably doesnt really count. Likewise, Duke Nukems ray guns are really there as a means to inicting a fun coup-de-grace by stamping on or shattering enemies respectively, the latter revived recently by Bioshock [1]. Deus Ex does oer a way for the player to opt for NLF but it may be argued, that this is a niche conguration of gameplay at most. Thus, Conscientious Objector stands as the rst FPS system to anchor gameplay directly to NLF. Further, although it may be argued that the mod does not represent a full game, the potential for drawing upon the range of NLF objects already existing in the genre is self-evident, and their addition would easily provide enough diversity of play to maintain the conceit. Indeed, we hope to one day extend Conscientious Objector to the entire of Doom 3 to prove just this. At this stage, however, we will settle for the proof of concept.

Politics and Pacism

We can discuss the politics of FPS games on two levels - the surface and the underlying. In the former case, there is certainly more diversity now than there perhaps used to be. Avatars are still dominantly individualistic libertarians, ghting beaurocracy as much as aliens and demons, and the big businesses and industrial-political complexes and corporations are still corrupt and treacherous, but titles such as Bioshock, S.T.A.L.K.E.R. and Blacksite [2] are attempting to broaden the political spectrum. Although there is yet to be a return to the more open political and moral choices of the Deus Ex series, Bioshock oers the player the choice of killing or saving the Little Sisters, and Far Cry 2 [7]embeds the consequences of player actions in its world. Likewise, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.s range of seven endings is based upon political choices the player makes during the game, although to be fair, most of these are not obvious during play. One could also argue that whilst saving the world is nothing new, and revenge following a betrayal by a key non-player character (KNPC) is close to ubiquitous, advances in AI and storytelling have personalised the actions of the player. Half Life 2: Episode Two sees the player ghting to save not millions of lives, but just one; the KNPC Alyx Vance. The very fact that the player is given clear and umambiguous indictions that they are supposed to care about Vance and her father is a long way down the road from the faceless, nameless and dispensible masses populating earlier games such as Halo (however, it should be noted that alongside saving

humanity, the Master Chief is on an equally personal mission to save Cortana in the nal installment of the trilogy). Personal motivation, particularly of the protective type, demonstrate a more mature political instinct at work than in early FPS games such as Doom, Quake and Duke Nukem. However, behind all this increase in sophistication, FPS genres are constructed around a very simple and unexible political core determined by the central act of gameplay. As John Carmack succinctly put it: You can dress it up in many ways, but the game still comes down to: go here, touch this, go there, ght. [3]. Rather than becoming wrapped up in the politics of violence and the endless discussions of social and psychological impact, the fact remains that FPS games are predicated around the removal of objects from a simplifying environment. Every action in the game is based upon this ludic format. By removing the players ability to kill - that is, remove - anything, this template is fundamentally shifted, and with it the underlying politics of the game. Once again, it is hoped that with this practical example, we have proved it can be done in a way which critiques the normal surface whilst retaining high focus on gameplay. In other words, it may be a gimmick, but it is a highly playable one.
These changes naturally led to the third axis of experimentation in the mod, an abrupt shift to the normal relationship between player and KNPC. There are a number of expected features of this relationship one nds across the genre. Some, like the betrayal of the avatar by the KNPC are functions of extended gameplay, operating as a device enabling both revised interpretation of prior action (thus extending the narrative range of the game) and, in some cases, enabling a virtual increase in complexity without requiring additional assets to be generated. For example, Doyles betrayal in the last section of Far Cry [6] means that whilst more or less exactly the same course of action is followed by Carver, the emphasis has changed from escape to revenge, the target of the goal has moved from Kreiger to Doyle, and there is a (fake) temporal constraint created by the infection of Carver and Val with the Trigen mutagen. None of this is of couse real, unlike the actual countdown of The Maw, Halos last level [9] but it does enable players looking for a deeper ludic reality something to get their teeth into. However, regardless of betrayals, KNPCs such as Cortana, or Alyx Vance tend operate as both orientation devices and feedback systems, letting the player know where to go and whether they are acting eectively. This naturally leads towards certain semantic representations, archetypical characters and avatar-KNPC relationships. In Conscientious Objector, we saw an opportunity to subvert these expectations as well. Hence, the game opens with the aggressively cheerful morning dickhead! and ends with Carl, the KNPC triggering the cranial implant that will kill the player as soon as they acheive their goal (he meets the players success and forces what would normally be considered a failiure outcome upon them). Carl operates as the normal political voice of FPS games: reminding the player frequently that they have no power or ability to

make decisions, that killing things is both easy and rewarding and pointing out how much more dicult not being able to carry this normal activity out makes the process. Because of his antagonistic position, it also gave us the opportunity to explore pushing the KNPC into as hostile a position as possible. Carl taunts and mocks a succesful act as much as a failed one; when the player misses a zombie, they are berated as useless, when they hit one, Carl is quick to point out how little eect it has. In doing so, the frustrations of gameplay nd a locus in Carl, the irony being that by the end of play the urge to really, actually shoot someone has been personalised in his direction. Rather than a betrayal creating a forced nemesis, revenge becomes a distinctly localised matter. And, of course, the fact that Carl is openly repellent, coupled with his constant insistence thatif only the player acted like an avatar in a normal FPS game would - by killing everything that moved - creates a much more interesting political dynamic in the mod.

Conclusion

Conscientious Objector aims to radically break the normal template for FPS play by removing the core act of play: removing objects from the environment. From this deceptively simple start, a range of interesting shifts to expected play naturally fall into line. The underlying politics of gameplay is questioned and thrown into relief, and a new type of player-KNPC relationship is created. But perhaps above all of these experiments, the overriding concern was to create a mod that both explores research questions in a way that simple theorising cannot, and remains a highly playable experience. That is to say, it also stands as an argument that gameplay and research are wholly compatible. Conscientious Objector was created as part of thechineseroom development project, funded by the Arts & Humanities Research Council, UK. http://www.thechineseroom.co.uk

References

1. 2K Games Bioshock 2K Games. (2007) PC 2. Midway: Blacksite: Area 51 Midway. (2007) PC 3. Kushner, D: Masters of Doom. Piatkus. (2003) 4. GT Interactive: Duke Nukem 3D 3D Realms. (1996) PC 5. Ion Storm: Deus Ex Eidos Interactive. (2007) PC 6. Crytek: Far Cry Ubisoft. (2000) PC 7. Ubisoft Montreal: Far Cry 2 Ubisoft. (2008) PC 8. Valve: Half Life 2 Valve. (2004) PC 9. Bungie: Halo: Combat Evolved Microsoft Game Studios. (20072) XBox 10. People Can Fly: Painkiller. Activision. (2005) PC 11. Valve: Portal Valve. (2007) PC 12. GSC Game World: S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl THQ / GSC. (2007) PC 13. Looking Glass Studios System Shock 2 Irrational Games. (1999) PC
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