The Welcome Page will be displayed while the unit conducts a self test. Once testing is complete, the Welcome Page will be replaced by the Status Page and the unit will begin acquiring satellite data. While the GPS 45 is acquiring satellite data, relax and browse through the rest of the Getting Started section of the manual. If youre new to GPS navigation, be sure to review the GPS Overview and Basic Navigation Terms on pages 2 and 3.

Welcome Page

To prevent accidental battery power loss, the GPS 45 will automatically shut off 15 minutes after the last keystroke if the unit is not tracking at least one satellite and has never acquired a position x.

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The GPS 45s Status Page provides a visual reference of satellite acquisition and position. As the receiver locks onto satellites, a signal strength bar will appear for each satellite in view, with the appropriate satellite number (1-32) underneath each bar.
Status Horizontal Accuracy

Status & Position

Battery Indicator

Satellite Sky View

Satellite Number
Signal Strength Indicators
The satellite sky view shows a birds eye view of the position of each satellite relative to the units last known position. The outer circle represents the horizon (north up); the inner circle 45 above the horizon; and the center point directly overhead. Once sufficient signals have been acquired, the Status Page will be replaced with the Position Page. The Position Page shows you where you are, what direction youre heading and how fast you are going. The graphic display at the top of the page indicates your cardinal heading (only while youre moving) with the track and speed indicated below.
The graphic compass display is designed to show your current track and does not serve as a true magnetic compass while youre standing still.
The sky view will help you determine if a satellite signal is being blocked by buildings, mountains or other obstructions. As satellites are locked onto, the sky view indicators will change from a reverse-video highlight to a standard display. If you encounter difficulty acquiring satellite signals, try facing another direction or walk towards a clearer view of the horizon.
The rest of the page shows your current position in three dimensions: latitude, longitude and altitude. The GPS 45 uses this basic information to mark exact positions as waypoints, which help guide you from one place to another.

Position Page

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Marking a Position

Getting to know your new GPS is as easy as taking a quick stroll around an open outdoor area. To get the most out of this tutorial, make sure to walk for at least the time noted for each step. This way, youll reduce the chances of staying within the receivers margin of error. Youll also get a much better indication of the units visual guidance and mapping capabilities. Once youve acquired a position, mark it as a waypoint for future reference.
1. Press the M key to capture and hold your present position.
The Mark Position Page appears, showing the captured position and a default 3-digit waypoint name. Lets change the default name to something thats a little more meaningful.
1. Press theU key twice to move the eld highlight from the save eld to the name eld. 2. Press the E key to begin entry of your waypoint name. 3. Press and hold theU key to scroll through the alphabet until the letter H appears. 4. Press the R key once to move the character highlight to the next character space. 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the word HOME is displayed. 6. Press E to complete entry of the name. 7. Press theD key once to return the eld highlight to the save eld. 8. Press the E key to conrm that you want to save the position as a waypoint named HOME.
The Mark Position Page will be replaced by the page displayed prior to pressing the M key.

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Now that youve marked a position, its time to take off on a brisk walk and put your GPS 45 through its paces.
1. Walk in a straight line for 2-3 minutes at a fast pace and watch the Position Page. You can time your distance with the on-screen clock.

Heading Display

Moving Map Basics
Speed over Ground Position Coordinates

Current Track

Time of Day

Altitude

Map Page
The direction you are moving (your track) and your speed are displayed on the upper part of the screen, just below the graphic compass display. The latitude, longitude and approximate altitude of your position are continuously displayed in the center of the screen, with the time of day (in UTC time, computed from the satellites) displayed below. Now lets change the display to the Moving Map Page and watch the track of our trip:

The line down the middle of the highway represents your desired track. As you navigate toward a waypoint, the highway will actually move, indicating the direction youre off course, relative to the position diamond on the CDI scale. To keep your vessel on the desired course, simply steer toward the center of the highway. If you do get off the desired course by more than 1/5th of the selected CDI range, the exact distance you are off course will be displayed where the CDI scale setting normally appears (see the example at right). As you approach a waypoint, a horizontal nish line will move toward the bottom of the highway. When the nish line reaches the CDI scale, youve arrived at your destination. Whenever the GPS 45 has something it needs to tell you, a message indicator box will ash on screen. When you are less than one minute from reaching your HOME waypoint, the message box will begin ashing.
1. To view a message, press the P key when the message indicator appears. 2. Press P to return to the previous page.
In this example, you are off the desired course to the right by 0.19 n.m. To get back on course. steer left to center the position diamond on the highway.
This example shows you are off the desired course to the left by 0.08 n.m. To get back on course. steer right to center the position diamond on the highway. 9

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Page Sequence and Menus
Now that youve arrived HOME, scroll through the main pages of the GPS 45.
1. Press the P key to scroll through the ve main pages in sequence. 2. Press the Q key to scroll through pages in the opposite direction.
Use the Page and Quit keys to continuously scroll through the main pages in either direction.
The Menu Page allows you to view waypoint or route information and customize various functions of the GPS 45. To get a feel of how the Menu Page works, lets set the time of day for your location.
1. Press the P or Q key until the Position Page appears. Note the longitude of your current position (the bottom position value). 2. Press the P or Q key until the Menu Page is displayed. 3. Press the U or D key until operation setup is highlighted. 4. Press the E key. 5 Press the D key until offset is highlighted. 6. Press the E key.
Refer to the appendix C for the appropriate UTC offset for your longitude. Remember to add 1 hour if you are in Daylight Savings Time. Once youve found the appropriate time offset, enter it in the offset eld.

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To enter the time offset:
1. If you are entering a negative offset, press the L key to move the character highlight to the +/- eld. Press U to select a negative offset. 2. Press the R key to move to each character position, and use the U or D keys to enter an offset value in each position. 3. Press the E key to conrm your time offset. 4. Press the P key to return to the Menu Page.
Time Offset and Power Off

Because time zone boundaries do not follow exact meridians of longitude, there may be some instances where the offset indicated does not result in the correct time for your position. Simply add or subtract the difference from the offset for the correct time.
Youve now gone through the basic operation of your new GPS and probably know a little more than you think about how it works. We encourage you to experiment with the GPS 45 until it becomes an extension of your own marine navigation skills. If you encounter any problems using the unit or want to take advantage of the GPS 45s advanced features, refer to the operation owcharts and the reference section of this manual. To turn the GPS 45 off:
1. Press and hold the B key for 3 seconds.
Thank you for choosing the GARMIN GPS 45. We hope that it will be a valuable navigation tool for you, wherever your course may take you.
The power off countdown appears right on screen while you hold the power button. This countdown helps prevent accidental shutoff and loss of data.

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Keypad Usage
The GPS 45s two-speed thumbkey allows convenient, one-handed entry of information. Press on a particular arrow key once to scroll through data options slowly, press and hold an arrow key for faster scrolling. Use the up and down arrow keys to select alphanumerical UD menu choices and to move the eld highlight from eld to characters and eld.
Use the left and right arrow keys to move the selected character eld and to move the eld highlight from eld to eld.
key changes the display to with G The GOTOhighlighted. Pressing GOTOthe Navigation PageMOB the waypoint eld twice activates the mode.
The POWER key turns the unit on and off and activates screen backlighting. To turn the unit off, press and hold the POWER key for 3 seconds.
you Q The QUIT key returnsvalue.to a previous page, or clears data entry, restoring a data elds previous The PAGE key scrolls through main P display from a submenu page to the data pages in sequenceItand returns the previous page viewed. also displays the message screen when a message alert appears.
The MARK key captures a position and displays the Mark Position Page.
ENTER key entry E The also activatesconrms dataelds toand on-screen responses. The ENTER key highlighted allow data entry.

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POWER ON POWER OFF

Operation Flowchart B B

Hold key for 3 seconds

Comment Field Route Number
If youre heading out on the water without a planned route to navigate, the GPS 45 route feature can still provide a helping hand back home. Create a series of waypoints with the mark key and save them to an open route from the Mark Position Page. When you are ready to head back to port, simply activate the route you created in inverted order (see page 30). This method is especially useful when youre in unfamiliar waters or you are simply running out of daylight.
Route Waypoint Sequence Route Action Fields

Route Leg Distance

Desired Track of Leg
The route number eld is displayed at the top of the page, with a 16 character user comment below. If no user comment is entered, the eld will display the rst and last waypoint in the route. The waypoint list in the middle of the page accepts up to 30 waypoints for each route, with elds for desired track and distance between legs. Below the waypoint list are the route page function elds which let you copy, clear, invert or activate the displayed route. Routes 1-19 are used as storage routes, with route 0 always serving as the active route you are navigating. If you want to save a route currently in route 0, be sure to copy it to another open route, as it will be overwritten by the next route activation.

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To create a route in the GPS 45:
1. Press E to begin route number selection. 2. Use the U or D key to enter a route number. 3. Press the E key to conrm the route number. 4. Press E to begin entry of a route comment. (Note that the default (rst and last waypoint) comment will only appear if the comment eld is blank). 5. Enter your comment and press the E key. 6. Highlight the No. 1 waypoint eld and press E. 7. Enter the name of the rst waypoint of your route and press E. 8. Continue entering the rest of your waypoints in order, using the E key to start and conrm each eld entry. The list will automatically scroll down as needed to enter up to 30 waypoints. 9. After you have nished entering all your waypoints, press P to return to the Menu Page.
Creating and Copying Routes
The route denition page is also used to copy a route to another route number. This feature is useful when you make changes to the active route and want to save the new route and the original route. To copy a route:
1. Press E to begin route number selection. 2. Enter the route number to be copied and press E. 3. Move the eld highlight to the copy eld and press E. 4. Scroll through the available routes and select a destination route number. Only open routes will be available as choices. Press the E key to copy the route. 5. Press the P key to return to the Menu Page. 29

The second function eld on the Map Page is the pan eld, located at the top right of the screen. The pan function allows you to move the map with the four arrow keys to view areas outside the current map. To activate the pan function:
1. From the zoom eld, use the R key to highlight the pan eld. 2. Press the E key to activate the pan function. 3. Use the arrow keys to move the map in any direction.
As you begin to move the map, a crosshair will appear. This crosshair will now serve as a target marker for the moving map. The distance and bearing to destination will now be replaced by the distance and bearing from your present position to the target crosshair. As you pan around the moving map display, youll notice that the target crosshair will snap to on-screen waypoints and highlight the waypoint name. Once a waypoint name is highlighted, you can review its waypoint denition page or execute a GOTO function right from the Map Page.

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To review the denition page for a waypoint highlighted in the map eld:
1. Press the E key. 2. To return to the Map Page, press E.
Moving Map: On-Screen Waypoints
To GOTO a waypoint highlighted in the map eld:
1. Press the G key. 2. Press the E key to conrm the destination. 3. To return to the Map Page, press the Q key.
To stop the panning function and return to your present position:

1. Press the Q key.

The last eld on the Map Page is the map itself. From the zoom or pan elds, the cursor highlight may be moved into the map display by pressing the down arrow key. The arrow keys will now move the highlight through the map and point at on-screen waypoints. To point at a displayed waypoint:
1. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor highlight from the zoom eld into the map eld. 2. Once you are in the map eld, use the four arrow keys to scroll through on-screen waypoints. The arrow key you use will determine the direction of your scroll. Once you have scrolled through all the waypoints, the cursor will move back to the zoom or pan function eld.
Once a waypoint has been selected in the map eld, its distance and bearing from your present position will be displayed in the destination eld. You can also review its waypoint denition page or select it as a GOTO destination by following the same steps outlined above for waypoints highlighted on the map eld.

1. Highlight the record track eld and press E. 2. Select yes or no and press E.
The stored track criteria determines how often positions are stored in the track log. The default setting is automatic, which stores track based on resolution. This setting gives you the most efficient use of track memory. To change the criteria to record points based upon a specic time interval:
1. Highlight the criteria eld and press E. 2. Use the U or D key to select time interval and press E. 3. Press E to begin entry of the interval. 4. Enter a value in hours, minutes and seconds in the eld and press the E key.
The rest of the track log setup page displays the percentage of available memory currently used to store track log data and a function eld to clear the track log memory. To clear the track log:
1. Highlight clear track log? and press E. 2. A warning page will appear, asking you to conrm your actions. Use the L key to move the eld highlight to the yes eld and press E.
The map setup page lets you select map orientation and specify what items are displayed. The map may be oriented to north up, the direction of current travel (track up) or the direction of an active route leg (desired track up). The default setting is track up. To change the map orientation:
1. Highlight the orientation eld and press E. 2. Use the U and D keys to toggle through and select the desired setting and press E. 42

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The rest of the map setup page lets you specify what items are displayed or plotted on the Map Page. The rst 4 plot items may be turned on or off by selecting yes or no in the appropriate eld: The rings selection will display the 3 present position range rings on the map. The route selection will plot the straight leg lines between waypoints of an active route and display all route waypoint names. The nearest selection will display the nine nearest waypoints to your present position (not to the target cursor on the map). The names selection will display the waypoint name for the nine nearest waypoints. To turn a plotted item on or off:

1. Highlight the conrmation (yes or no) eld for the plotted item and press E. 2. Use the U and D keys to select yes or no and press the E key.

Map and I/O Setup

The track log sets the number of points the unit will attempt to plot. The maximum setting is 768 points. Once youve reached the maximum number of track points, the older points will be lost as new points are added. To enter a log setting:
1. Highlight to the track log eld and press E. 2. Enter a value in the 3-digit eld and press E. If you do not want to display a track, enter 000.
The last GPS 45 setup page is the I/O setup page. This page lets you specify the interfacing formats for connecting external devices. There are ve I/O options available: GRMN/GRMN, None/None, None/NMEA, RTCM/None, and RTCM/NMEA. Each designation lists the input format rst, followed by the output format. To select I/O format:
1. Highlight the I/O eld and press E. 2. Use the U and D keys to toggle through and select the desired setting and press E.

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I/O and DGPS Setup
The GRMN/GRMN setting is a proprietary format that lets you exchange information such as waypoints, routes and track logs between two GPS 45s or a PC with an optional GARMIN PC kit. During data transfer, the number of packets being exchanged will be displayed on screen. To select a transfer option:
1. Highlight the host eld and press E. 2. Use the U and D keys to select the desired setting and press E.
To disable all GPS 45 interfacing capabilities, select the None/None setting. If you want to output NMEA data to compatible external devices without any differential input capability, select the None/NMEA setting. Once a NMEA output setting has been selected (with or without RTCM input), the NMEA eld will become highlighted. To choose an NMEA format (0180, 0182 or 0183 version 1.5 or 2.0):
1. Press E to begin a NMEA selection. 2. Use the U and D keys to select the desired setting and press E. 3. The baud rate will be selected automatically.
The last two format settings allow the GPS 45 to accept RTCM DGPS corrections in RTCM 104 version 2.0 format. The RTCM/NONE format will allow connection to any manually tuned beacon receiver with the proper output interface, with the baud rate selectable from the GPS 45. The RTCM/NMEA selection controls the GARMIN GBR-21 beacon receiver. Once a RTCM setting has been selected, the GPS 45 will automatically try to tune the last frequency and bit rate you selected or will switch to the default frequency of 304.0 kHz with a bit rate of 100 bps if no previous beacon has been tuned. You may also enter your own frequency and bit rate if desired.

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To enter a DGPS beacon frequency:
1. Highlight the freq eld and press E. 2. Enter the desired frequency and press E. 3. Highlight the rate eld and press E. 4. Use the U and D keys to select the desired transmission rate. 5. Press the E key to conrm your entry.

Beacon Receiver Data

When the GPS 45 is receiving DGPS corrections from the GBR-21, the beacon receiver section of the I/O setup page will display the beacon frequency and signal strength, as well as the distance from the transmitter to the beacon receiver. At the bottom of the beacon receiver eld, a status message will constantly keep you informed of DGPS activity: A tuning message will be displayed while a beacon signal is being tuned. Once the beacon signal has been tuned, the status message will display a receiving message. If a beacon signal is tuned and no corrections are being received, a no data message will be displayed. If a beacon signal cannot be tuned, a no status message will be displayed. The GPS 45 will also display alert messages concerning DGPS operation through the message page. Three DGPS messages may appear: No DGPS Position indicates that not enough data is available to compute DGPS position. No RTCM Input indicates that the beacon receiver is not properly connected or the baud rates do not match. RTCM Input Failed indicates that DGPS data was being received but has been lost.

Beacon Receiver Status

The GARMIN GBR 21 is the recommended beacon receiver for use with the GPS 45. Other RTCM 104 v. 2.0 receivers are compatible with the GPS 45, but may not provide complete on-screen status or tuning control. 45

8/4/98 11:11 AM

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Simulator Mode

The GPS 45s simulator mode lets you practice all aspects of its operation without active satellite acquisition. You can also plan and practice trips, enter new waypoints and routes and save them for use during normal operation. The simulator mode is activated from the Menu Page, with vessel speed and heading controlled from the Position or Navigation Pages. To activate the simulator mode:

1. From the Menu Page, highlight the mode eld and press the E key. 2. Use the U or D keys to scroll through and select the simulator mode. 3. Press the E key to conrm simulator mode. 4. Press P to return to the Menu Page.
Once the simulator mode has been activated, use the Position or Navigation Page to set your speed and track. You may also enter a new position if you desire (only from the Position Page). To enter track, speed and position:
1. Highlight the track eld and press the E key. 2. Enter a track heading and press E. 1. Highlight the speed eld and press E. 2. Enter a speed and press E. 1. Highlight the position eld and press E. 2. Enter a position and press the E key.
The GPS 45 does not track satellites in simulator mode. Although you can create and save waypoints and routes while using the simulator mode, never attempt to use the simulator mode for actual navigation. The GPS 45 will always power up in the last selected satellite mode.

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The GPS 45 provides 10 hours of operation in normal mode and up to 20 hours of operation in battery saver mode on 4 AA alkaline batteries. Rechargeable Ni-Cad or lithium batteries may also be used. Note that the battery level indicator is calibrated for alkaline batteries, and Ni-Cad and lithium batteries will only show battery life at partial scale. No other functions will be affected.
Battery and Antenna Installation

Battery Installation

To install batteries:
1. Remove the battery cover by turning the thumb loop 1/4 turn counter-clockwise. 2. Insert batteries into position. The battery pole you can still see should match the symbol marked on the case 3. Replace the battery cover by turning the thumb loop 1/4 turn clockwise.
Antenna Installation The GPS 45s antenna may be removed to attach an optional external marine or automobile antenna. To remove the antenna: Rotate the knurled knob (located at the bottom left of the antenna) toward the front of the unit one-quarter turn. Pull the antenna gently away from the unit. To install the antenna or an external antenna lead, mate the BNC connector notches with the mounting posts and turn the knurled knob onequarter turn toward the back of the unit. 47
Never store your GPS 45 without batteries. A builtin capacitor will save almanac and waypoint data while you are changing the batteries, but will only save data for a period of time (a few hours). If youre storing the unit for the season, put in a fresh set of alkaline batteries to help prevent loss of stored data.

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Received an Invalid WPTA waypoint was received during upload transfer that has an invalid identier. Receiver has FailedA failure in receiver hardware has been detected. If this message persists, do not use the unit and take it to an authorized dealer for repair. Route is FullYou have attempted to add more than 30 waypoints to a route. Route is not EmptyYou have attempted to copy into a route already in use. Route Waypoint Cant be DeletedThe waypoint you are trying to delete is part of a route. You must rst delete the waypoint from the route before striking it from memory. Route Waypoint was DeletedA route waypoint entered does not exist in the database and has been deleted from the route. RTCM Input has FailedDGPS data being received has been lost. You are no longer receiving the beacon signal. Searching the SkyThe GPS 45 is in searching the sky for almanac data or the unit is in AutoLocateTM mode. Stored Data was LostAll waypoints, routes and almanac data has been lost due to battery failure. Transfer has been CompletedThe receiver is nished uploading or downloading information to the connected device. WPT Memory is FullYou have used all 250 waypoints in the GPS 45. Delete unwanted waypoints to make room for new entries.

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Appendix C

Time Offset

The chart below gives the UTC time offset for the various longitudinal zones. If you are in daylight savings time, add one hour to the offset. Longitudinal Zone
W180.0 to W172.5 W172.5 to W157.5 W157.5 to W142.5 W142.5 to W127.5 W127.5 to W112.5 W112.5 to W097.5 W097.5 to W082.5 W082.5 to W067.5 W067.5 to W052.5 W052.5 to W037.5 W037.5 to W022.5 W022.5 to W007.5 W007.5 to E007.5 E007.5 to E022.5 E022.5 to E037.5 E037.5 to E052.5 E052.5 to E067.5 E067.5 to E082.5 E082.5 to E097.5 E097.5 to E112.5 E112.5 to E127.5 E127.5 to E142.5 E142.5 to E157.5 E157.5 to E172.5 E172.5 to E180.0

Offset

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -11 12

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Appendix D

Map Datums

The following list shows the 102 map datums available for the GPS 45. Menu Page abbreviations are listed rst, followed by the corresponding map datum name and area.
Adindan Afgooye AIN EL ABD 70 Anna 1 Ast 65 ARC 1950
ARC 1960 Ascnsn Isld 58 Astro B4 Sorol Astro Bcn E Astro Dos 71/4 Astr Stn 52 Astrln Geod 66 Astrln Geod 84 Bellevue (IGN) Bermuda 1957 Bogata Observ Campo Inchspe Canton Ast 66 Cape Cape Canavrl Carthage CH-1903 Chatham 1971 Chua Astro Corrego Alegr Djakarta
Adindan- Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal, Sudan Afgooye- Somalia AIN EL ANBD 1970- Bahrain Island, Saudi Arabia Anna 1 Astro 65- Cocos Isl. ARC 1950- Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ARC 1960- Kenya, Tanzania Ascension Island 58Ascension Island Astro B4 Sorol Atoll- Tern Island Astro Beacon E- Iwo Jima Astro Dos 71/4- St. Helena Astronomic Stn 52- Marcus Island Australian Geod 66Australia, Tasmania Island Australian Geod 84Australia, Tasmania Island Efate and Erromango Islands Bermuda 1957- Bermuda Islands Bogata Obsrvatry- Colombia Campo Inchauspe- Argentina Canton Astro 1966- Phoenix Islands Cape- South Africa Cape Canaveral- Florida, Bahama Islands Carthage- Tunisia CH 1903- Switzerland Chatham 1971- Chatham Island (New Zealand) Chua Astro- Paraguay Corrego Alegre- Brazil Djakarta (Batavia)- Sumatra Island (Indonesia)

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Appendix G

Installation

The GPS 45s optional mounting bracket allows xed installation on any at surface or bulkhead, and permits easy removal for portable use. The mounting kit can be installed with or without the swivel base. To install the bracket on a at surface or on a bulkhead without the swivel base, mount the L-bracket directly to the surface desired with three #8 athead screws (not included). Once the L-bracket is installed, the viewing angle may be adjusted by loosening the knob at the bottom right of the bracket. For swivel base installation, mount the swivel base directly to a at surface with three #8 athead screws. Install the L-bracket onto the swivel base using the knob provided (see diagram below). The swivel angle may also be adjusted by loosening the knob.

Swivel Adjustment Knob

L-Bracket

Angle Adjustment Knob

Swivel Base

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Using the mounting bracket without the swivel base.
The GPS 45 power/data cable can be connected to the mounting bracket for hard-wired xed-mount use. To attach the power/data cable, slide the cable connector into the mounting slot on the bracket (see below).
To insert the GPS 45 into the bracket, snap the unit into place from the front of the bracket and press rmly. If you are using the power/data cable, make sure you install the power/data connector in the mounting bracket before inserting the unit in the bracket. 57

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Appendix H

A Active Waypoints...27 Active Route...28 Active Route Page...30 Altitude Entry..17 Antenna Installation..47 Audio Setup..39 AutoLocateTM Mode..38 Auxiliary Functions..37-46 B Backlighting On/Off..39 Backlight Timer..39 Battery Installation..47 Battery Saver Mode..38 Beacon Receiver Setup..44-45 Bearing..48 C Capabilities..iv CDI Scale Setup..41 Contrast Setting..39 Course Made Good (CMG)..48 Cross Track Error..8-9 D Denitions..3,48 Desired Track (DTK)..9 DGPS Setup..44-45 Distance and Sun Calculation..37 E Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA).31 Estimated Time Enroute (ETE)..9,31 G Glossary...48 GOTO Function..25 GPS Overview...2 Ground Speed...48 H Heading Selection...41 I Installation (wiring)..55 Installation (bracket).56-57 Interface Formats..55 I/O Page..43-45 Interval, track storage..42
K Keypad Usage..12 Keypad Tone...39 L Local Time Offset...38,51 Losing Satellite Coverage..15 M Magnetic Variation..41 Maintenance..54 MOB Function...26 Map Datum List..52-53 Map Datum Selection..40 Map Orientation..42 Map Page...33 Map Functions...34 Map Panning and GOTOs..35 Map Zooming and Scales..36 Menu Page..37 Messages..37 Message Page...37 Message Descriptions..49-50 N Navigation..3,48 Navigation Page..8,9,25 Navigation Setup..40,41 Navigation Units..41 Nearest Waypoint Page..19 NMEA Selection..43,44 NMEA Output Formats..55 Normal Mode..38

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Setup Pages..38-45 Simulator Mode..46 Sky View Display..5,15 Steering Guidance..8,9,25 Sun and Distance Calculation..37 T Time Setup...38,51 Tone Setup...39 Track...48 Track Log Setup..48 Track Recording..42 U Units of Measure..41 UTC time..38,51 UTM Coordinates...40,48
O Offset, local time..38,51 Operating Mode Setup..37,38 Operation Setup..38,39 Output Setup..43-45 P Packing List..v Page Sequence...10 Page Flowcharts..13-14 Panning...35,36 Position Entry..17 Position Page...17 Power Off...11 Power On..4 R Range Rings..33,43 Reference Waypoints...22 Relative Bearing Pointer.8,9 Resolution, track storing.42 Routes...27 Active Route Page..31 Creating and Copying..29 Clearing and Activating..30 Inverting Routes..30 Editing Routes..32 On-Route GOTOs...32 S Satellite Status...15,16 Satellite Status Page..15,16 Searching the Sky...16
V Velocity Made Good (VMG)..48 W Waypoints..18 Waypoint Denition Page..21 Waypoint List Page..20 Nearest Waypoint Page..19 Marking Waypoints..18 Creating Waypoints..21 Naming Waypoints..18 Deleting Waypoints..24 Editing Waypoints..23 Renaming Waypoints.23 Welcome Page...4 Wiring Installation..55

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1994 GARMIN INTERNATIONAL 9875 Widmer Road, Lenexa, KS 66215, USA Part Number 190-00070-00 Rev. B

MacGPS 45 Garmin GPS 40/45 Communications for the Rest of Us
Development Version 0.1 September 16, 1994
I wrote this program so that I could quickly save and restore waypoints and routes, and capture track logs, using my Macintosh computer with a Garmin GPS 45. Although not complete, I think that it could be a useful tool for others to do the same with their GPS 40/45 receivers. I have tested the program with a GPS 45, and I believe that the 40 and 45 use the same protocol, but have not been able to test for this compatibility. I don't know if the protocol of other Garmin receivers is compatible with that of the GPS 45. Hardware Interface This is the hardest part of getting your Macintosh to talk to the GPS receiver. You may need to enlist the aid of the neighborhood nerd to accomplish the wiring task. The GPS receiver must be connected to the Macintosh modem port. Garmin sells a power/data cable (P/N 4520, $30 list) which may be wired to a Macintosh mini-DIN connector. Connect the wires as follows (see Inside Macintosh, Volume IV, page 248 for Macintosh connector details): GPS 45 Data Out (Brown) Data In (White) Ground (Black) Macintosh Receive Data - (5) Transmit Data - (3) Ground (4)
The GPS 45 data out is a 0 to 5 volt signal which will drive an RS-232 port (RS-232 transition levels are typically about 1 to 2 volts). The Macintosh will not respond to this signal if the Receive Data + (8) line is grounded. I've had good results leaving the Macintosh Receive Data + open, but this may not work with all computers. It may be necessary to bias the Receive Data + line at some positive voltage. If anyone has any problems with this, let me know and I will try to work up some sort of scheme that will work. While youre at it, you can also connect a DC power supply (5 to 40 volts DC) between the Garmin Power (red) wire and the Ground (black) wire, and save your batteries. Radio Shack has quite a selection of AC adapters which will work. I am using a 12 volt, 500 mA AC adapter (Radio Shack P/N 273-1652B), but any adapter rated at 6 volts or more with an output current of 250 mA or more should work. Program Features Upload and download waypoints, routes, track logs and satellite almanac data. All but the almanac data are saved in a editable, tab-delimited text files, allowing easy entry of waypoints and routes using a text editor. The waypoint, route and track log files may be easily imported into a graphing/analysis program, such as Igor, for graphical display.
User selectable map datum, allowing coordinate conversions to the same set of 102 map datums within the GPS 45. User selectable output file position format, with latitude and longitude in degree/minute/second, degree/decimal minute, or decimal degree format, or UTM grid coordinates. Latitude and longitude values are shown as negative values for southern latitudes and for east longitudes. Limited NMEA 0183 data capture utility. This function works with the application in the foreground, but the program needs more work to capture data in the background. Apple Menu/About MacGPS 45 The buttons in this dialog may be reminiscent of an ancient operating system, rumored to be still in use. These buttons actually operate in much the same manner as similar commands did in that operating system. File Menu/Preferences Selecting the Preferences menu brings up the following dialog box:
Selected Datum Select the desired map datum from the list. The following information is displayed for the selected map datum: a = semi-major axis of reference ellipsoid, meters f = ellipsoid flattening x,y,z = offsets from the WGS84 ellipsoid center, meters The selected datum affects the position data in the waypoint, route and track log files; the NMEA data is referred to the map datum selected in the GPS 45.
Output File Position Format Select one of the four available file formats for position data. These buttons determine the format of the data stored in the waypoint, route, track log and NMEA files. The degree/minute/second and the degree/decimal format contain the punctuation as shown, and thus probably cannot be imported into other programs. The UTM format does coordinate conversions for the northern hemisphere only, up to 84 North latitude. UPS conversions for the polar regions are not yet supported by the program, and the program does not yet correct for the false northing added in the southern hemisphere. Data File Creator The output data file has a type of 'TEXT', but the creator is user selectable. Some common creators are 'ttxt' for TeachText, 'QED1' for QUED/M, 'R*ch' for BBEdit, etc. UTC Offset Enter the difference between your local time and UTC, or set this value to zero if you want to use UTC time stamps in the data files. This offset corrects the UTC time to local time for time stamps in the waypoint, route, track log and NMEA files. Communications Menu/Download to GPS 40/45 Almanac Routes Track Log Waypoints Communications Menu/Upload from GPS 40/45 Almanac Routes Track Log Waypoints Select one of these hierarchical menu items to transfer data from a file to the GPS 45, or to transfer data from the GPS 45 to a file. When any of these hierarchical menus is selected, the program reminds you to set the GPS 45 to the correct protocol:

Almanac The almanac data is presently stored as ASCII hexadecimal characters representing the data stream actually sent to/from the GPS 45. I have yet to figure out the GPS 45 almanac
format. This is presently not too useful to anyone with the possible exception of GPS 45 hackers. Route Each route is identified by route number and name, followed by the waypoints comprising that route. When downloading route information to the receiver, new waypoints are created as necessary, and existing waypoints are overwritten if the new waypoint has the same name. Track Each of those points in the map display is a time stamped position. When downloading a track log to the GPS 45, the receiver ignores the time stamps. Waypoint Each waypoint includes the name, position, description and time stamp indicating the waypoint entry time. NMEA 0183 v2.0 Select this item to capture real-time position data from the GPS 45 to a file. When this item is selected, the program reminds you to set the GPS 45 to the correct protocol:
File Formats Each almanac, waypoint, route and track log file starts with the following header line, which contains three fields which are used by the program when downloading the file information to the GPS 45. The format field ("DDD") may be either "DMS", "DMM", "DDD", or "UTM", depending upon the format of the file position data. The UTC time offset ("-6.00") is used to correct file time stamps to UTC, and the datum number ("061") is used to correct file coordinates to WGS84 coordinates for transferring data to the GPS receiver. When editing the file, this line should not be altered.
Format: DDD UTC Offset: -6.00 hrs Datum[061]: NAD27 CONUS
The route file contains both route and waypoint records. The route record starts with the letter 'R', followed by the route number and the route name. Each field is separated by a tab (indicated by the '_' letter below). If the route has not been explicitly named (i.e., the
route name is the default "START TO END" waypoint route name), the name is stored as 16 underscore characters.

R_1_________________

The track log file contains track records in the following format, with the '_' character designating a tab character. Each track record starts with the letter 'T'. This example shows each of the four position formats that may be selected in the Preferences menu. Note that the UTM zone number and letter are separated by a tab, as are the other fields. The date and time in the time stamp field are separated by a space.
T_09/09/1994 T_09/09/1994 T_09/09/1994 T_09/09/1994 20:03:49_40.1780207_-105.0901666 20:03:49_4010.681'_-10505.410' 20:03:49_4010'40.9"_-10505'24.6" 20:03:49_13_T_0492323_4447310
The waypoint file contains waypoint records in the following format, with the '_' character designating a tab character. Each waypoint record starts with the letter 'W'. This example shows each of the four position formats that may be selected in the Preferences menu. Note that the UTM zone number and letter are separated by a tab, as well as the other fields. The date and time in the time stamp field are separated by a space. The name field may be up to 6 letters, the description field up to 16. All letters must be upper case.
W_HOME_123 W_HOME_123 W_HOME_123 W_HOME_123 SNOWMASS SNOWMASS SNOWMASS SNOWMASS PL_07/28/1994 PL_07/28/1994 PL_07/28/1994 PL_07/28/1994 20:12:54_40.1777471_-105.0892654 20:12:54_4010.665'_-10505.356' 20:12:54_4010'39.9"_-10505'21.4" 20:12:54_13_T_0492400_4447279
The almanac file includes 32 records, each with 42 bytes represented in ASCII hexadecimal format, containing the satellite almanac data. Check the file if you are interested in hacking the format. If anyone is successful in decoding this, let me know, and I will add a function to the program to save more usable data. Future Directions There is a conflict with After Dark, resulting in a system crash if the screen saver is activated when the Preferences dialog is displayed. Ill try to get it fixed soon. Southern hemisphere UTM coordinates. Yeah, I know, its just simple addition. I didnt do it yet because of my lack of any near-term plans to travel to the southern hemisphere. Look for this in the next version. NMEA data logging. Complete the program so that NMEA data logging can be done as a background task. Waypoint and route editor. The routines used to read these files are not very robust, and simple mistakes in the text files can cause weird errors. I am planning to add waypoint and route editors sometime this winter. Add UPS grid coordinates. As I am not a polar explorer, I personally don't have much need for this, but if someone needs it, let me know and I will add it. ---
I hope that you enjoy using this program as much as I have enjoyed writing it. Send any suggestions or comments to: John Waers 123 Snowmass Place Longmont, CO 80501 Internet: jfwaers@csn.org