A Alternate Derivation of Cusp Losses

List of Figures

1-1 Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement.. 28 1-2 Addition of Polyhedral Cusp Magnetic Field.. 1-3 Acoustic Wave Compression of IEC Plasma Core. 1-4 Direct Electric Conversion.. 3-1 Density and Potential Well Profiles..

Chapter 1

Introduction
Inertial-electrostatic confinement (IEC) involves the creation of deep electrostatic potential wells within a plasma in order to accelerate ions up to energies sufficient for fusion reactions to occur. These potential wells can be created and maintained by a slight excess of electrons in a certain region of the plasma or by electrostatic grids. Typically such systems are arranged in a spherical geometry, as illustrated in Figure 1-1, taken from [1]. Some of the earliest work on such systems was performed by Elmore, Tuck, and Watson [2], Farnsworth [3, 4], and Hirsch [5, 6]. A slightly different implemention has been described by Barnes, Nebel, and Turner[7]. Recently the fundamental IEC concept has been modified by Bussard [1, 8] to include a surrounding polyhedral cusp magnetic field in order to improve electron confinement; this type of system has been analyzed by Krall and Rosenberg [9, 10] and is depicted in Figure 1-2 (from ref. [1]). Another recent suggestion by Bussard [11], as well as Barnes and Turner [12], is to use driven acoustic standing waves to increase the average density in the core of the device. Such a process is illustrated in Figure 1-3 as originally presented in [11]. Following the convention of Bussard, this technique will be referred to as the inertial-collisional

EACTION RODUCTS

ELECTRIC

OTENTIAL

-200 keV (TYPICAL)
Inertial-electrostatic confinement: deep negative
electric potential well () traps positive ion fuels () in spherical radial oscillations () until they make fusion reactions ().
Figure 1-1: Inertial-Electrostatic

Confinement

SOURCE

ELECTRON GUN

JECTED

CTRONS

MAGNETIC

FIELD LINES

Inertial-electrostatic confinement: trapping well
formed by energetic electron injection ) into cusps of polyhedral magnetic fields () and ions fall into well and remain until reacted (3).
Figure 1-2: Addition of Polyhedral Cusp Magnetic Field
compression effect, or the ICC effect. It has been suggested [1, 10] that IEC can maintain non-Maxwellian ion distributions at fusion reactor parameters; it has been further suggested in [1] that the two ion species may be kept at significantly different energies. Both of these properties would confer the ability for the fusion device to exploit resonance peaks in fusion cross sections more fully than other systems can. Such a machine would then be highly suitable for use with advanced fuels like D-3 He and p-'1 B. Reactions using these fuels have the advantage of producing virtually all of their power in the form of charged particles which can be directly converted to electricity at very high efficiencies, as depicted in Figure 1-4 (from [1]). Since few neutrons are produced by burning these advanced fuels, radiation shielding requirements and the activation of structural materials become much less worrisome problems. In addition to being able to use advanced fuels efficiently, IEC-based reactors might be able to offer higher power densities and simpler engineering designs than other fusion approaches. If these many advantages could be realized, IEC would overcome the objections that have been raised concerning more conventional fusion schemes [13]. The object of this paper is to examine various critical physics issues in as general a fashion as possible, so that the results will apply to a wide range of IEC systems and related variants. In particular, the potential problems which are analyzed include ion thermalization, ion losses, electron losses, bremsstrahlung emission, and synchrotron radiation losses. The following conventions are adopted throughout the paper, except where it is explicitly stated otherwise. Temperatures and energies are in eV and all other quantities are in cgs units. If a species j is monoenergetic then Tj Ej.

number of ions, which is being held constant as the fuel mixture is changed. The total charge is limited in general by the structure and strength of the confining electric and magnetic fields. For the purpose of comparisons with other characteristic times in the device, the characteristic fusion time of a test i ion with a member of the i2 ion species is readily defined (here nifef is the effective ion density seen by the test ion as it transits the system):

ni2 elf <

Energy Equilibration Between Ion Species
It is worthwhile to check whether one ion species can be maintained at a significantly lower energy than the other ion species. To do so, it will be assumed that the i species is more energetic than the i2 species and that (at least to a first approximation) the standard Spitzer-type expression for interspecies energy transfer may be applied to this problem. As discussed in Glasstone and Lovberg [14] and Book [15], the heating of the i2 species by the il ions may be described by

dT + (_il T (2.2 -, i2)

(milTi2m 2Til)3 / 2 +
in which all quantities are in cgs units. Converting all temperatures and energies to eV and evaluating the constants, one obtains:

A (mmTa m 2 TIn)/ 2 2

(MilT,.2 + Mi2Til )312

(Tl - Ti2).

Because of the presumed Maxwellian distribution of i2 ions, the power density transferred to them by the i ions is

Pil-i2

= 2i21.75 102

(milTi

Z2z22n1Aili2

(Ti - Ti2)

+ Mi 2 Ti1) 3 /2
It is now possible to consider two distinct cases. In the first case, Ti2 is determined by balancing this heat transfer rate from il ions with the cooling effect due to the replacement of fused i2 ions with cold i2 ions. The second case is the situation in which the i2 ions are somehow actively refrigerated to insure that they remain at very low energies. Proceeding with the evaluation of the first case, the cooling rate of i2 ions due to the replacement of fused ions is:
Pcoo = Ti2 nlni2 < av >.
The equilibrium temperature of the i2 species is determined by setting the total amounts of heating and cooling equal to each other. Since both the heating and cooling expressions have the same dependence on the ion densities, integrating them over the region of interest has no effect on the ratio between them. Solving for the equilibrium temperature and defining the ion mass as a multiple of the proton mass mp, mi produces the result: imp,

Ti2 = Ti [1 + 7.40. 106 <
v > (ilTi 2 + Pi2 Ti)/21 /~ 2Z 1 Z 2 In Ail -i2 ~
For the fuels of interest (D-T, D-3 He, p-11B, etc.) typical values of the parameters are < ov >10-16 - 10 - 15 cm 3 /sec, T
- 6 - 105 eV, and In Ail-i

15 - 20.

By inserting any values within this range of parameters into the above formula, it is clear
.95Til < Ti2 < Til.
Therefore from the evaluation of this first case it does not appear possible to keep one ion species at a significantly lower temperature or energy than the other without providing additional means of cooling the i2 species. Moving on to the second case in which a large temperature difference between the ion species is maintained by somehow actively refrigerating one species, it can be shown that the energy transfer rate required to sustain the nonequilibrium state would be prohibitively large. For this purpose assume that Til > Ti2, so that the collisions between the two ion species occur at a velocity v - ~/Vj3Jilij. Coulomb collisions will then
transfer energy between the species at the rate calculated above. Dividing this energy transfer rate by the fusion power, one obtains:
Pil-i = 1.20. 10-13 (mil i2

nAi -i2

(2.10)

CO'QTil

For a numerical estimate it is illustrative to use the case of p-1B reactions, for which it would be desirable to have high-energy protons (il species) and low-energy boron ions (i2 species). The peak of the fusion cross section, a - 8 10-25 cm2 , occurs for a proton energy of about 620 keV, or Ti = (620,000 eV). Estimating the Coulomb logarithm as
approximately 15, the power ratio is found to be:

Pl-i 2 _ 1.4.

(2.11)
If it were possible to operate the reactor with boron ions maintained at very low energies, the boron ions would siphon off more power froli. the energetic protons than would be produced from the nuclear reactions. In order to keep the system operating precisely at the resonance peak of the reaction cross section, it would then be necessary
to renew the protons' energy and refrigerate the boron ions; otherwise, the temperatures of the two species would rapidly equilibrate as in the first case. The task of continually adding so much energy to one species, subtracting it from the other, and extracting the resulting entropy from the system appears daunting at best. Thus both from the derivation of the natural energy equilibrium between ion species and from the calculated energy transfer required to keep the system in the nonequilibrium energy state, it does not appear to be possible to maintain one ion species at a significantly higher energy than the other. Even if both species can still be kept monoenergetic (but at approximately the same energy), the fact that < av > must be averaged over all collision angles then implies that it is impossible to exploit the resonance peaks of fusion cross sections (eg. the sharp peaks in the p-l 1 B cross section) as fully as might be hoped.

Ion Thermalization

The ions will begin to evolve from their assumed initial monoenergetic distribution toward a Maxwellian distribution on a timescale characterized by the ion-ion collision time [16]:
3v=3m 8wrZ2e4nilf InAil ef

=I.4.=i Z 10

fT /1 2

(2.12)

Z-ilni eff In Ai-i(2.12)
The collision time may be compared with the fusion time, such that

Til-il = 1.4 107

r n(i2) 1Z4>.nil Zi n Ail-il nil

/2 <

(2.13)
Once again using the typical values of < av >_ 10 - - 10 - 15 cm 3 /sec, Til
eV, and In Ail_-il 15 - 20, one finds that

10_3_ 10-2

(2.14)
Thus in the vicinity of the initial ion velocity, the ion distribution will begin to assume a Maxwellian form on a timescale which is two to three orders of magnitude faster than the fusion time. Of course the high-energy tail will require several collision times to fill in, but even so it is apparent that the ion distributions will be essentially Maxwellian. It is also worth noting that the distribution will be truncated at the well depth energy, since the energetic tail can escape from the confining potential well. Because the ion distributions are Maxwellian to a good approximation, all of the fusion cross sections must be Maxwellian-averaged. One must therefore make do with the same < v > values as are used in other fusion devices, and resonance peaks in the cross sections cannot be utilized more efficiently than in other types of reactors. In fact, because the high-energy tail of the Maxwellian is truncated at the well depth, the average fusion reactivities will actually be somewhat lower than truly Maxwellian-averaged quantities.

Ion Upscattering Losses

The ion losses due to radial energy upscattering can now be calculated. Ions can be lost either by completely escaping from the system or by climbing high enough in the well that the strong magnetic field near the plasma boundary deflects them into useless orbits. Both of these effects require that the ions be upscattered by a certain increment in energy. Consider the upscattering of a test il ion with charge Zil by field ions of both species. (The derivation that follows is an expanded version of an original derivation by M. Rosenberg and N.A. Krall [17].) Sivukhin [18] gives suitable velocity-space diffusion coefficients for test ions (denoted by subscript t) amid a background of field ions which have an isotropic velocity distribution. The diffusion coefficients for monoenergetic background ions and Maxwellian

in which the ion masses have been expressed in multiples of the proton mass, mi = pimp, temperature is still in eV, and density is in particles/cm 3. As derived by Rosenbluth [23], there is a correction factor to this expression for ionelectron heating; the correction is caused by partial depletion of the electrons with veloc-
ities smaller than the ion thermal velocity,with the net result that

V actual- V

1 k35/4

(27r2 Zinime T

(2.28)
Furthermore, Dawson [22] notes that for relativistic electrons the ion-electron heating must be modified by a factor of (1 + 0.3Te/mec 2 ). After incorporating the corrections of Rosenbluth and Dawson, the heat transfer rate becomes

'= 7.610-2n

10-28.T ( 1 + mc

ZeZnin A [

5 ZTOi

2/31 -Ye)w

(2.29)
The equilibrium electron temperature is found by equating the power transferred to the electrons by ion-electron heating with the power lost by the electrons due to bremsstrahlung, synchrotron radiation, ion-electron cooling in the edge of the device, loss of electrons from the system, and other effects. The maximum possible bremsstrahlung rate may be obtained by neglecting all loss mechanisms except bremsstrahlung, thus producing the highest possible equilibrium electron temperature. In this approximation Pi = P,. (In the next chapter both synchrotron radiation and edge ion-electron heat transfer will be shown to be negligibly small compared with the bremsstrahlung and heating effects considered here, so this approximation should come close to the actual answer.) Since the ion-electron heating and the bremsstahlung cooling both have the same dependence on the densities (with the exception of the Coulomb logarithm, which slowly varies from about 15 to approximately 20 over the range of the system), integrating over the system volume has essentially no effect. As a result, the equilibrium electron temperature (in eV) can be determined from the general equation:

4.+ (1

(Ti - T)

=TA Zfi [1+.7936

2 + 1.874 T)

(2 30)

After finding the equilibrium electron temperature, it may be used to calculate the
fraction of the gross fusion power output which is radiated away by bremsstrahlung:

P= = 1.06.10

-{ZIff[l1+.7936T-- + 1.874(T- )2]+ 3 T

< >Q z(2.31)

As stated earlier, these values for the electron temperature and bremsstrahlung have been calculated assuming that bremsstrahlung is the dominant mechanism for cooling of the electrons. This assumption is justified because most of the other possible cooling effects (such as electron cusp losses) would introduce even greater power losses while cooling the electrons and reducing the bremsstrahlung power loss. Although cooling of hot electrons by cold ions in the edge would be a beneficial effect which would not cause further power losses, the very low densities in the edge region stipulate that the total electron cooling there will be much less than the total electron heating in the center of the device.

Chapter 3

Design-Dependent Physics Issues
Included in this section are effects that depend on the specific density, density profiles, and confinement system (eg. magnetic cusp, grids, etc.) which are employed. The first section will outline the specific assumptions made about the spatial density and energy profiles of the devices, and subsequent sections will use these profiles to calculate the magnitude of the various effects.

Spatial Profiles

3.1.1 Devices with Convergence-Limited Core Densities
In the simplest IEC concepts, the core density is determined solely by the convergence of the spherical flow in the potential well. In the following calculations, it will be assumed that the device employs a single potential well. The theoretical analysis may be simplified by dividing the interior of the machine into three regions: the core ( < r < re), the mantle (rT < r < re), and the edge (r, < r< R). Typically R ~ 100re and r, - 50 - 80r. The < following approximate forms for the particle densities and energies are assumed.
Both the electron and ion densities are constant in the core, then because of conservation of particles in the nearly flat part of the potential well, they drop off like 1/r 2 in the mantle, and they finally reach a constant value in the edge:
(nc)e,i nei = (nc),i(rc.r)

0 < r < rc

rc < r < r,,
2 (nc),ci(rc/r,) ,, < r <R.
A graph of the density is given in Figure 3-1, taken from [9]. Electrons in the core and mantle are heated enough by Coulomb friction with the energetic ions that they will tend to form a Maxwellian distribution with a temperature of Teo. As the electrons travel from the center to the edge of the well, they acquire additional energy corresponding to the well depth, so that the electron energy distribution is given by

Ee = i

3T,. +Ef(r)
0 < r < r, < r <r < R,
for which f(r) is some rapidly increasing function of r such that f(re) = 0 and f(R) = 1. Similarly, the ion energies have the following spatial variation:

0 < r < re

Ti - EZ f (r)

re < r.

Figure 3-1 (from [9]) presents a graph of the potential well shape. To a first approximation bremsstrahlung, fusion, and ion-electron heating in the edge may be neglected because of the low densities and ion energies there. Using the fact that re > r, the following useful integral over the core and mantle regions is found:
n24rrdr s !irnc2r fo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 3~nr

> a)

C 9, 0L 110
/ ; ; I,.;,i/ I I' " "
__-~~~~~'''_ j'',,:.,; ' ''-j :
i: --Potential ,;,; --- Density / , Density

-. ', !',-l !:::!!

los grid

(3.29)
fus Because of the overwhelming power losses and cooling problems associated with grids, it appears preferable to use a different confinement technique such as the magnetic cusp system.
3.7 Electron Thermalization
Equation 3.21, the electron loss time for a cusp device with convergence-limited core density may be compared with the electron-electron collision time from [16]:

25.8/sii 16r32en

e ne ef In A,,,ne ff

= 3.2 10

eflf In A.'

(3.30)

where n,ef
is the root mean square density experienced by an electron circulating
through the plasma. If the density profile may be approximated by Equation 3.1 with R lOOr, neff will be about an order of magnitude smaller than the core density. It can be determined whether the electrons will be significantly thermalized by considering the ratio of the two times,

Ce cusp los

o1013 ToNklAEwe3 In lnAe effR 3 B 2

(3.31)

For the typical parameters N = 8, kH = 2, A
EweU 104 - eV, lnAee 15 - 20, ne e ff~

1.5, To

- 1.eV,
1016 - 1017 cm-3, R = 150 - 300

cm, and B

104 - 10I Gauss, the ratio is found to be in the range

re loss cusp

- 10 - 3

(3.32)

Thus it is readily apparent that electrons in the center of the IEC device will form an essentially Maxwellian distribution.
Synchrotron Radiation Losses
In calculating the electron temperature and bremsstrahlung losses in the previous chapter, the effects of synchrotron radiation were assumed to be negligibly small. This assumption will now be justified. The power density of emitted synchrotron radiation is given in [16] as:
= 4e4 B2 n ( Te 3m2c3 (mec2! [

2 mec2)*

Evaluating the constants, defining Vyn, to be the plasma volume which is under the influence of the magnetic field and emitting synchrotron radiation, and letting f represent the fraction of the radiation which is actually lost (not reflected back into the plasma and reabsorbed there), the synchrotron power becomes
2 ( = 6.21. 1O- B2neT 1 + 2

fV,, Watts.

(3.34)
In a diamagnetic IEC plasma, synchrotron radiation will only come from the outer layer of the plasma. Electron diamagnetism prevents the external magnetic field from penetrating more than a few electron gyroradii into the plasma [26]. Using the fact that in this outer layer B 2 /8.r = neTe and defining the layer's thickness to be kHre, the synchrotron power is found to be

Pyz = 2.50l*

38fT 2

edge[ +

e]dge e47R2 kHre Watts.

(3.35)

The condition that B 2 /87r = neTe allows the electron gyroradius to be rewritten in terms of the density:

r = 2.38

cm = 3.75 105

(3.36)

With the aid of the relations (nedge e/nce) = (re/re) 2 and Te edge = E,,,l, the ratio of the total synchrotron power to the total bremsstrahlung power may be estimated:

of the Maxwellian temperature, the reactivity can be well approximated to within a few percent by the Maxwellian-averaged reactivity; hence the Maxwellian-averaged < av > values are used for simplicity. Cross section data is drawn from references [28], [29], and

Parameter Ewell Tio

60 keV

D-3 He

210 keV

300 keV

20 keV

18 keV

1017 cm

70 keV

56 keV

5.1017 cm-3

100 keV

76 keV

Fuel mixture

Trc (ln A)ave,.ag

1.5 cm 16

2.5 cm 16

< au >fus

(10-16 cm3 /s) Q

17.6 MeV

18.3 MeV

3.7 MeV
Pfus l/Pfus Pneutrons PremlPfus

Pe loss cusp/Pfus

4.2 GW(t) 0.80 0.008

0.11 0.47 D: 5 10-3

2.2 GW(t) 0.01 0.24

1.32 5.76 D: 3 10-3

3He: 3 He:

3.5 GW(t) 0.36 0.52

1.42 6.39 9. 10 -

(from Eq. A 5)

(from Eq. 3.17)

ri loss/TIfus

T: 4.10 Tii/Tfus

loss Te,/7e cusp

3.10-2 2.10

D: 1.10-3

T: 2 10-3

D: 2.10 - 3

3 10-5

2.10 - 3

Table 4-1: IEC Reactors Utilizing Deuteron-Based Fuels

Parameter

EWu._ Tio

900 keV 300 keV

1.5 MeV 500 keV

To nce B Fuel mixture

(ln A)average

138 keV

206 keV

1. 1018 cm

8.5 T 5:1 p:1 iB

15.5 T 3:1 p:6 Li

v >fus Q Ncup,

2.39 8.7 MeV 8

1.1 4.0 MeV 8

(10 -16 cm 3 /s)

1.9 GW(t)

2.7 GW(t) 5.36

15.1 92.5

/Pfus Pneutrons

Pem /Pfus

< 1031.73

10.6 61.1

(from Eq. A.5)

Pe osscusp/Pfus
(from Eq. 3.17) ri loss/rfu

rii/rfu,

Tee/e loss cusp

p: 2. 10- 2

p: 4. 10- 2

p: 11B 9- 10- 4 B:

p: 1. 10-2

3-10 - 3

Table 4-2: IEC Reactors Utilizing Proton-Based Fuels
The tables also compare the time required for ions to be lost via upscattering into the high-energy tail with the time required for them to fuse. Since Eio = Ewe,/2, Z = 1 ions will be lost when AEt/Eo = 1. With the exception of ions such as l1 B and 6Li which see a well much deeper than twice their initial energy, the ions will escape from the system far more rapidly than they will fuse. Typically between 30 and 300 ions will escape for every ion that fuses. As has already been noted, even if charge exchange can solve the problem of ion losses, it will create the difficulty of the loss of fast neutrals and compound the problem of rapid ion thermalization.
Because both of the ion species are nearly Maxwellian with equal temperatures, the averaged fusion cross sections will be considerably smaller than they would be if the ions could be kept monoenergetic at the resonance peak energy. In fact, since the high-energy ion tail escapes from the system, the average reactivities of fuels in an IEC device will be somewhat less than those in a fusion reactor which can confine the hot ion tail of the Maxwellian. For simplicity, Maxwellian-averaged reactivies were used in calculating the fusion power, but it must be remembered that the true reactivity will be smaller and so the power loss fractions will be somewhat larger than shown. While the bremsstrahlung power loss is quite small for D-T and more or less tolerable for both D-D and D-3 He, it is found to be prohibitive for the other fuels, since the high ion energies in the center of the device lead to high electron temperatures there as well. Because of the truncated Maxwellian ion distributions, the bremsstrahlung/fusion ratios will be roughly equal to or perhaps even worse than those of other reactors burning these fuels. The strength of the cusp magnetic field is calculated assuming that / = 1 at the outer plasma surface [26, 27], or B 2 = 8SrnedgeeEweii with E,,eU in ergs. As given in Equation

3.1, nedgee = nce(rc/re) 2. For the purposes of these calculations, it has been assumed
that re = 50rc. There are two different ways to calculate the electron power losses. Equation 3.17 gives more pessimistic results than Equation A.5, but the latter equation is based on many assumptions about the potential well and density profiles, whereas the former is not. The tables give the ratio of electron loss power to fusion power as determined by each method; in using Equation A.5, it was assumed that A = 1.5 and R = 2re. Even by using the more optimistic answer and adding direct converters with 50-60% efficiency, the electron losses appear to be intolerably large for fuels other than D-T. It should also be noted that this calculation was based on the optimistic assumptions that
kH could be kept as small as 2, the effective cusp number would not be larger than 8,
very high core densities could be achieved, and Ohmic power losses in the field coils could 44
be neglected. Under actual conditions, the losses will probably be even more severe than those calculated here. (It would be possible to reduce the electron cusp losses if the outer layer of the diamagnetic plasma could be maintained in equilibrium with Pi < 1, so that higher magnetic field strengths could be used. However, the behavior of the outer sheath of the diamagnetic plasma is poorly understood, and the plasma might simply adjust itself to keep fi = 1, as assumed in [26]. In any event, the magnetic field strengths indicated in the tables are already quite large, so it would be rather difficult to increase them much more.)

Chapter 5

Conclusions
The suitability of various implementations of inertial-electrostatic confinement (IEC) sys1 tems for use as D-T, D-D, D- 3 He, p-l B, and p- 6 Li reactors has been examined. It has
been shown that while an IEC reactor would have the advantages of high power densities and relatively simple engineering design when compared with other fusion schemes, it suffers from several flaws. These problems are ion thermalization and upscattering, bremsstrahlung, and electron cusp losses.
Ion Thermalization and Upscattering
The problem of ion thermalization and upscattering can be described in a straightforward manner. A test ion is injected into the well at the desired energy and begins to oscillate

depth. With the appropriate choice of parameters, and provided that the above-stated
optimistic assumptions hold, the cusp power losses for D-T are tolerable, because a well depth of only a few tens of keV is required. However, the significantly greater well depths required for all other fuels cause their electron power losses to be prohibitively large. Future IEC research should more closely examine the diamagnetic "whiffle ball" and sheath effects in magnetic cusp confinement systems, as these phenomena are poorly
understood at the present time. If the outer plasma sheath can be kept at if < 1, the
electron confinement could be somewhat better than predicted here. On the other hand, if the loss hole radius cannot be made as small as a couple of electron gyroradii, the electron confinement will be much worse than was calculated. If electrostatic grids are used instead of magnetic cusps, the electron losses should be orders of magnitude worse, large numbers of ions would also be lost by collisions with the grids, and the severe problem of grid heating would also arise. While grids are convenient
for small-scale experiments, they do not appear to be desirable in actual IEC reactors.
Acoustic-Wave Compression of the Core
Although the use of acoustic standing waves to increase the core density and/or alter the density profile has been proposed in both [11] and [12], it appears that such a phenomenon could do little to improve the fundamental problems noted above (and it may even have a detrimental impact). For example, the ratios of ion thermalization and upscattering times to the fusion time are independent of both the core density and the spatial profile of the density in the reactor, and so they would remain unaffected by the so-called ICC effect. Likewise the ratio of bremsstrahlung power to fusion power would also remain the same. As noted previously, one might think that using the ICC effect to increase the core density relative to the edge density would improve the ratio of cusp losses to fusion power, since the cusp losses occur at the edge and fusion occurs in or near the core. Yet as it was shown, the constraint that 3 = 1 at the outer plasma boundary removed the dependence of the power loss fraction on the edge density, and thus on the density profile. The only critical parameter is the core density, which may be created via the ICC effect or simply by unaided ion flow convergence at the center of the device. Obviously the primary effect of altering the core density will be to change the fusion power density and total fusion power. Even if it were quite desirable to employ the ICC effect, it is far from certain that the acoustic waves will work as expected to compress the core. If the ICC effect does indeed occur, it is highly questionable whether it can achieve the necessary many-fold compression without simultaneously degrading the central ion convergence and defeating the purpose of its use.

Other Potential Problems

There are several other issues which were not examined in this paper but which would need to be carefully considered in future IEC work. These areas include determining the limitations on maximum core density and more closely scrutinizing the rate of core spreading due to angular momentum buildup. One would also have to perform analyses of counterstreaming and Weibel instabilities, taking into account the fundamental nonlinear, nonlocal nature of the problem. Another question is whether part or all of the potential well will eventually fill in due to background neutrals and other effects. In addition to these physics issues, there are serious technological problems which must be explored, such as finding suitable techniques for accurately fueling deep inside the well and designing direct converters appropriate for the spherical geometry of IEC devices.
In conclusion, it is hoped that discussion of these apparent problems will in the future lead to the discovery of methods which can circumvent them, allowing IEC devices to maintain energetic non-Maxwellian ion populations with relatively cold electrons and to offer a good power balance even for advanced fuels.

Appendix A

Alternate Derivation of Cusp

Losses

An alternate way to derive the power loss due to electrons leaking through the magnetic cusps is to make use of no,,, the characteristic loss time of the electrons, as given in Equation 3.21. If the total electron population in the machine is Ne and the energy per lost electron is Eell (in ergs), then the power loss due to escaping electrons is

Pe loss cusp -

NeEwell
Using the density profile of Equation 3.1, the total electron population is found to be

N = 7rncecr [2 (1

C + (_)
For typical length ratios within the machine, re/re << 1, so it may be neglected compared with the other two terms within the brackets.
Putting the above equations together and expressing Ewel in eV, one obtains

Pelos cusp= 3.98. 10-A

(r )2 [2+

2 E Nk(

Setting
= 1 at the plasma edge so that B 2 = 8rnedge eEwell, and using nedgee =
nce(rclre)2, the cusp power loss becomes
Pe loss csp = 0.988A [+ 2

) ]Nk2Eu V

/IT Watts.
The ratio of the electron loss power to the fusion power of an IEG device with
convergence-limited core densities is

7 Pelos cusp= 3.A

V> <av
Several factors in this expression are determined by the shape and depth of the electrostatic well. Using typical values of A t 1.5, re/R x 0.5, and Teo : E,,1l/3, Equation A.5 reduces to

Pe lo,,,, c

+( 4.sp 107

< av > Qn2 3

[15] D. L. Book, NRL Plasma Formulary. Revised 1987, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington. [16] K. Miyamoto, Plasma Physics for Nuclear Fusion, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,
[17] M. Rosenberg and N.A. Krall, Ion Loss by Collisional Upscattering. Krall Associates Report KA-90-39, January 1991. [18] D.V. Sivukhin, in Reviews of Plasma Physics, Vol. 4 (ed. by M.A. Leontovich), Consultants Bureau, New York, 1966. [19] W.M. MacDonald, M.N. Rosenbluth, and W. Chuck, Relaxation of a System of Particles with Coulomb Interactions. Physical Review, 107:350-353, July 15, 1957. [20] S. Maxon, Bremsstrahlung Rate and Spectra from a Hot Gas (Z=1). Physical Review A, 5:4:1630-1633, April 1972. [21] J.R. McNally, Jr., Physics of Fusion Fuel Cycles. Nuclear Technology/Fusion, 2:9-28, January 1982. [22] J.M. Dawson, Series Lecture on Advanced Fusion Reactors. Research Report IPPJ623, Institute of Plasma Phsyics, Nagoya University, Japan, January 1983. [23] M.N. Rosenbluth, Energy Exchange Between Electrons and Ions. Bulletin of the
January 1976. American PhysicalSociety, 21:1:1114-1115,
[24] H. Grad, Containment in Cusped Plasma Systems. in Plasma Physics and Thermonuclear Research Vol. 2, C.L. Longmire, J.L. Tuck, and W.B. Thompson, eds. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1963. [25] W. Grossmann Jr., Particle Loss in a Three-Dimensional Cusp. Physics of Fluids, 9:2478-2485, December 1966. [26] O.A. Lavrent'ev Electrostatic and Electromagnetic High-Temperature Plasma Traps. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 251:152-178, May 8, 1975. [27] N.A. Krall, private communication, June 7, 1993. [28] G.H. Miley, H. Towner, and N. Ivich, Fusion Cross Sections and Reactivities. University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, 1974. [29] R. Feldbacher, The AEP Barnbook DATLIB, INDC(AUS)-12/G. IAEA International Nuclear Data Committee, Vienna, October 1987.
[30] J.R. McNally, Jr., K.E. Rothe, and R.D. Snarp, Fusion Reactivity Graphs and Tables for Charged Particle Reactions. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Report ORNL/TM6914, 1979.

Digital Answerer User's Guide
We bring good things to life.
EQUIPMENT APPROVAL INFORMATION
Your telephone equipment is approved for connection to the Public Switched Telephone Network and is in compliance with parts 15 and 68, FCC Rules and Regulations and the Technical Requirements for Telephone Terminal Equipment published by ACTA. 1 Notification to the Local Telephone Company On the bottom of this equipment is a label indicating, among other information, the US number and Ringer Equivalence Number (REN) for the equipment. You must, upon request, provide this information to your telephone company. The REN is useful in determining the number of devices you may connect to your telephone line and still have all of these devices ring when your telephone number is called. In most (but not all) areas, the sum of the RENs of all devices connected to one line should not exceed 5. To be certain of the number of devices you may connect to your line as determined by the REN, you should contact your local telephone company. A plug and jack used to connect this equipment to the premises wiring and telephone network must comply with the applicable FCC Part 68 rules and requirements adopted by the ACTA. A compliant telephone cord and modular plug is provided with this product. It is designed to be connected to a compatible modular jack that is also compliant. See installation instructions for details. Notes This equipment may not be used on coin service provided by the telephone company. Party lines are subject to state tariffs, and therefore, you may not be able to use your own telephone equipment if you are on a party line. Check with your local telephone company. Notice must be given to the telephone company upon permanent disconnection of your telephone from your line. If your home has specially wired alarm equipment connected to the telephone line, ensure the installation of this product does not disable your alarm equipment. If you have questions about what will disable alarm equipment, consult your telephone company or a qualified installer. 2 Rights of the Telephone Company Should your equipment cause trouble on your line which may harm the telephone network, the telephone company shall, where practicable, notify you that temporary discontinuance of service may be required. Where prior notice is not practicable and the circumstances warrant such action, the telephone company may temporarily discontinue service immediately. In case of such temporary discontinuance, the telephone company must: (1) promptly notify you of such temporary discontinuance; (2) afford you the opportunity to correct the situation; and (3) inform you of your right to bring a complaint to the Commission pursuant to procedures set forth in Subpart E of Part 68, FCC Rules and Regulations. The telephone company may make changes in its communications facilities, equipment, operations or procedures where such action is required in the operation of its business and not inconsistent with FCC Rules and Regulations. If these changes are expected to affect the use or performance of your telephone equipment, the telephone company must give you adequate notice, in writing, to allow you to maintain uninterrupted service.

INTERFERENCE INFORMATION

This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference; and (2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna (that is, the antenna for radio or television that is receiving the interference). Reorient or relocate and increase the separation between the telecommunications equipment and receiving antenna. Connect the telecommunications equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiving antenna is connected. If these measures do not eliminate the interference, please consult your dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for additional suggestions. Also, the Federal Communications Commission has prepared a helpful booklet, How To Identify and Resolve Radio/TV Interference Problems. This booklet is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Please specify stock number 004-00000345-4 when ordering copies.
US NUMBER IS LOCATED ON THE CABINET BOTTOM REN NUMBER IS LOCATED ON THE CABINET BOTTOM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EQUIPMENT APPROVAL INFORMATION.. 2 INTERFERENCE INFORMATION.. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS... 3 MODULAR JACK REQUIREMENTS. 4 INSTALLING THE BATTERY. 4 BEFORE YOU BEGIN.. 4 PARTS CHECKLIST... 4 INSTALLATION.. 5 INSTALLATION INFORMATION.. 5 IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS FOR MOVING THE ANSWERER.. 6 SETUP... 6 RECORDING THE GREETING. 6 REVIEWING THE GREETING. 7 ERASING THE GREETING.. 7 RETURNING TO THE DEFAULT GREETING. 7 REVIEWING THE SETTINGS.. 7 CHANGING THE SETTINGS.. 8 SETTING THETIME.. 8 TO SET THE HOUR.. 8 TO SET THE MINUTES.. 8 TO SET THE DAY.. 8 SETTING THE RINGS TO ANSWER. 9 TOLL SAVER.. 9 SETTING THE INCOMING MESSAGE LENGTH.. 10 SETTING THE SECURITY CODE. 10 ADJUSTING THE VOLUME.. 11 ANSWERER OPERATION.. 12 GREETING INDICATORS.. 12 ANSWER ON/OFF INDICATOR. 12 MESSAGES COUNTER.. 13 MAILBOX INDICATORS.. 13 PLAYING MESSAGES. 14 WHILE PLAYING MESSAGES.. 14 MESSAGE MOVE.. 15 MESSAGE SCAN... 15 WHILE SCANNING MESSAGES.. 16 ERASING ALL MESSAGES IN A MAILBOX. 16 LEAVING A MEMO.. 17 TWO-WAY RECORD.. 17 SCREENING CALLS (AUTO DISCONNECT FEATURE).. 18 REMOTE ACCESS.. 19 GENERAL PRODUCT CARE.. 20 SERVICE.. 20 TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS. 21 INDEX.. 22 LIMITED WARRANTY... 24

CAUTION:

RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT OPEN THE LIGHTNING FLASH AND ARROW HEAD WITHIN THE TRIANGLE IS A WARNING SIGN ALERTING YOU OF DANGEROUS VOLTAGE INSIDE THE PRODUCT. CAUTION: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE COVER (OR BACK). NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL. THE EXCLAMATION POINT WITHIN THE TRIANGLE IS A WARNING SIGN ALERTING YOU OF IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS ACCOMPANYING THE PRODUCT.
WARNING: TO PREVENT FIRE OR ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARD, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS PRODUCT TO RAIN OR MOISTURE.
SEE MARKING ON BOTTOM / BACK OF PRODUCT

BEFORE YOU BEGIN

CAUTION: When using telephone equipment, there are basic safety instructions that should always be followed. Refer to the IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS provided with this product and save them for future reference.

PARTS CHECKLIST

Make sure your package includes the following items:
M G SYSTE SAGIN MES TAL DIGI

VOICE TIME /DAY STA MP

TING B A GREE

MESSAGES

ON O FF

PREVIOUS

PLAY PLAY
MODULAR JACK REQUIREMENTS
You need an RJ11 type modular jack, which is the most common type of phone jack and might look like the one pictured here. If you dont have a modular jack, call your local phone company to find out how to get one installed.

INSTALLING THE BATTERY

In the event of a power loss, a 9-volt battery (not included) enables the answerer to retain greetings and messages stored in memory. To install the battery: 1. Remove the battery compartment door on the bottom of the unit by loosening the screw with a Phillips screwdriver. Lift the door. 2. Connect a fresh 9-volt alkaline battery (not included). The large and small contacts on the battery clip and the battery will interlock. Once connected, place the battery inside the battery compartment. 3. Replace the battery compartment door and tighten the screw. NOTE: If the battery is low or not installed, the unit announces Low Battery at the end of message playback.

A SC O/ AY M ME O W TW

PLAY 1

Answerer

AC power supply Wall plate Modular telephone line jack Battery compartment door

Battery clip

Battery

INSTALLATION

1. Plug the telephone line cord into a modular wall jack.

INSTALLATION INFORMATION

2. Connect the telephone line cord from your telephone into the jack on the back of the answerer marked PHONE. (You dont have to connect your telephone in order for the answerer to record incoming messages.)
Never install telephone wiring during a lightning storm. Never touch uninsulated telephone wires or terminals, unless the telephone line has been disconnected at the network interface. Use caution when installing or modifying telephone lines.
3. Connect the small end of the power supply into the POWER 9V AC jack on the back of the answerer. Plug the other end into an AC power outlet. The unit beeps 3 times and is ready for setup or to answer calls with the default greeting and settings.
CAUTION: Only use the ATLINKS USA, Inc. 5-2434A (white)/5-2418A (black) power supply that was packed with this unit. Using other power supplies may damage the unit.
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS FOR MOVING THE ANSWERER
To move the answerer to a different location in the house, follow these instructions: 1. Disconnect the phone line or any phones you may have connected to the unit. 2. Install a battery, if you have not already done so. This will ensure that your messages are not lost. See Installing the Battery. 3. Go to the electrical outlet and unplug the power supply. DO NOT UNPLUG THE POWER JACK CONNECTED TO THE UNIT. If you do, all memory will be erased. 4. Move the unit and phone line to the desired location. 5. Plug in the power supply into an electrical outlet. 6. The MESSAGES indicator shows that the messages have not been erased. 7. Connect all necessary phone lines.

RECORDING THE GREETING

Before using your new answerer, you should record a greeting (the announcement callers hear when your answering system answers a call). Two greetings can be recorded. If you don't record a greeting, callers hear a default greeting which says, "After tone, record message." You can record two types of greetings, one to use only one mailbox, or one to direct callers to leave messages in specific mailboxes. This is especially useful for active families or small businesses. When recording the greeting, you should be about 6 inches from the unit. This ensures the best recording quality. Eliminate as much background noise as possible. Both types of greetings are recorded by the following: 1. Prepare your greeting. Sample Single Mailbox Greeting: Hi, this is (use your name here). I cant answer the phone right now, so please leave your name, number, and a brief message after the tone, and Ill get back to you. Thanks for calling. NOTE: You can direct callers to leave messages in a specific mailbox by having them press the desired mailbox (1-4) after the greeting plays. If no mailbox is selected, the incoming messages automatically go into mailbox 1.

NOTE: The greeting must be 2 seconds or longer to be valid.
Default Mailbox for incoming messages Mailbox 1
Sample Multi-Mailbox Greeting: Hi, this is (use your name here). We cant answer the phone right now, so please press 1 to direct your message to (name1), press 2 to direct your message to (name2), press 3 to to direct your message to (name3), press 4 to direct your message to (name4). Leave your name, number, and a brief message after the tone, and well get back to you. Thanks for calling. 2. Hold down the desired GREETING button. The unit displays o1 for greeting A record and o2 for greeting B record. 3. After the tone, say your greeting. 4. Release GREETING A or B when you finish.
M G SYSTE SAGIN MES ITAL DIG

REVIEWING THE GREETING

To review the greeting, press and release GREETING A or B.

ERASING THE GREETING

There are two ways to erase your greeting. 1. To erase your greeting while listening to it, press and hold ERASE until the unit announces, Greeting Erased. Then record your new greeting. 2. To re-record your greeting from any point, press and hold GREETING A or B. After the tone, say your greeting. Release GREETING A or B when you finish.
ERASE button GREETING buttons and indicators
RETURNING TO THE DEFAULT GREETING
To return to the answerer's default greeting after you've recorded one, press GREETING A or B for 3 seconds. Continue holding until after the unit beeps. You can also press and hold ERASE when the greeting is playing.
Default Settings Time 12 a.m. Sunday Rings to Answer 4 Message Length 2 minutes Security Code 0123

REVIEWING THE SETTINGS

This function allows you to review the current time/day, number of rings before the unit answers a call, incoming message length, and the security code. Press and release the SET button to review the current settings. The unit announces the current setting.
NOTE: To exit review, press and release STOP.

SET button

CHANGING THE SETTINGS
Press and hold the SET button to enter the change mode. The unit announces the current time and day. To change, press NEXT or PREVIOUS. To set and go on to the next item, press SET. NOTE: To scroll from one setting to the next, press and release SET. To exit the change list, press STOP.

SETTING THE TIME

For each message received, a time/day stamp is added at the end of the message.

TO SET THE HOUR

1. Press and release NEXT or PREVIOUS until the unit announces and displays the correct hour. 2. Once the hour is set, press SET to enter the minutes menu.

PREVIOUS button

NEXT button

TO SET THE MINUTES

1. Press and release NEXT or PREVIOUS until the unit announces and displays the correct minutes. 2. Once the minutes are set, press SET to enter the day menu.
Range of Settings Time Hour Minute Day Rings to Answer Message Length Security Code 12 a.m. - 11 p.m. 0 - 59 Sunday - Saturday 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, toll saver 1, 2, 3, 4 minutes 0, 0 - 9, 0 - 9, 0 - 9

TO SET THE DAY

1. Press and release NEXT or PREVIOUS until the unit announces and displays the correct day. 2. Once the day is set, press SET. The unit announces the time/day, then enters the rings to answer menu. NOTE: The days of the week show in the display as numbers. For example, Sunday shows as 0.
SETTING THE RINGS TO ANSWER
This feature is used to set the unit to answer a call after a specific number of rings. The unit announces the rings to answer. To change, press NEXT or PREVIOUS. To set and go on to the next item, press SET. 1. Press and release NEXT or PREVIOUS until the unit announces and displays the correct number of rings for the answerer to pick up. 2. Once the rings to answer is set, press SET. The unit announces the rings to answer, then enters the incoming message length menu. SET button

TOLL SAVER

The toll saver is the final setting in the Rings to Answer menu. This feature allows you to know if you have new messages when calling the machine from a remote phone. If you have new messages, the unit will ring twice before answering. If you dont, it will ring four times. This allows you to hang up before the machine answers so that you dont have to pay toll charges. NOTE: The message counter displays 00 for toll saver.
SETTING THE INCOMING MESSAGE LENGTH
The message length is the length of time (in minutes) the caller has to leave a message. The unit announces and displays the current message length. To change, press NEXT or PREVIOUS. To set and go on to the next item, press SET. 1. Press and release NEXT or PREVIOUS until the unit announces and displays the correct incoming message length. 2. Once the length is set, press SET. The unit announces the message length, then enters the security code menu.
SETTING THE SECURITY CODE
The security code is a programmable 4-digit code which can be used to access remote functions. IMPORTANT: The first digit is factory set at zero and cannot be changed. The unit announces the current security code. To change, press NEXT or PREVIOUS. To set and exit press SET. 1. Press and release NEXT or PREVIOUS to choose the second digit (the first digit is not programmable). The unit announces all 4 digits, but only the selected digit will change. 2. Once you have the desired second digit, press SET to save it and move on to the third digit. 3. Press and release NEXT or PREVIOUS to choose the third digit. Only the third digit will change.

4. Once you have the desired third digit, press SET to save it and move on to the fourth digit. 5. Press and release NEXT or PREVIOUS to choose the fourth digit. Only the fourth digit will change. 6. Once you have the desired fourth digit, press SET to save it. The answerer repeats all the settings. NOTE: To exit any menu, press and release STOP. Also, setup will cancel if no buttons have been pushed within 30 seconds. IMPORTANT: The setup settings will not be erased even after a power outage.
SET button VOLUME buttons

ADJUSTING THE VOLUME

Use the VOLUME + and - buttons to increase the volume up and down. The unit beeps when it is not announcing a setting or playing a message. It also beeps 3 times when the maximum or minimum volume is reached.

ANSWERER OPERATION

ANSWER ON/OFF button
GREETING buttons and indicators

GREETING INDICATORS

The GREETING indicators let you know what greeting will be used to answer a call. GREETING A indicator is on Greeting A will be used. GREETING B indicator is on Greeting B will be used.

ANSWER ON/OFF INDICATOR

The ANSWER ON/OFF indicator lets you know whether your answerer is on or off. When the answerer is off, it answers calls after 10 rings but doesnt play the greeting. The answerer doesnt take messages when it is off. Indicator is on Answerer is on and will answer calls according to the Rings to Answer setting. Indicator is off Answerer is off, but you might still have messages. NOTE: You can play messages, review/change settings, and review/change the greeting even if the answerer is off.

MESSAGES COUNTER

The MESSAGES counter gives you a numeric display of how many messages you have. MESSAGES counter has a number displayed (not flashing) No new messages. Shows total of old messages. MESSAGES counter has a flashing number displayed There are new messages. Shows total of new and old messages. MESSAGES counter has bars (--) Unit is off. MESSAGES counter has an F flashing on the display Memory is full. NOTE: While the messages are playing, the MESSAGES counter will display the messages in the order they were received. MESSAGES counter

ERASING ALL MESSAGES IN A MAILBOX
1. When the answerer isnt playing or recording messages, press and hold ERASE. The answerer will ask you to select a mailbox. 2. Press and release the mailbox button you want to erase. The answerer announces the messages have been erased. TIP: You can stop the unit from erasing all the messages in a mailbox by pressing the button for the mailbox you just tried to erase. You must do this before attempting any other function. NOTE: If there are unheard messages in a mailbox, they will not be erased by Erase All. If there are only new messages in a mailbox, the unit will announce Zero messages erased.

LEAVING A MEMO

This feature allows you to leave a memo for someone in a specific mailbox. 1. Press and release the MEMO/ TWO WAY button. The unit shows Lc on the display and asks you to select a mailbox. 2. Press and hold the desired mailbox button. Record after the tone. 3. Release the mailbox button when you finish. The unit treats the memo as a message, as the MESSAGES counter and mailbox indicator show. NOTE: The length of time for recording a memo depends on how many messages are currently stored by the answerer.

MEMO/ TWO WAY button

TWO-WAY RECORD
Two-Way Record allows you to record both sides of a phone conversation. 1. Pick up an extension phone or answer a call before the machine answers the call. Please note, a phone must be off the hook. 2. Press and hold MEMO/ TWO WAY. Release after the announcement. The unit shows Lr on the display and asks you to select a mailbox.
3. Press and release the desired mailbox button. The conversation starts recording after the tone. To stop two-way record, press and release STOP or MEMO/TWO WAY. The unit treats the 2-way recorded conversation as a message, as the MESSAGES counter and mailbox indicator show. NOTE: The length of time for recording a conversation depends on how many messages are currently stored by the answerer.
SCREENING CALLS (AUTO DISCONNECT FEATURE)
You can screen incoming calls by listening as the caller leaves a message. If you want to talk to that caller, pick up any extension phone.

STOP button

REMOTE ACCESS
You can access your answerer from any touch-tone phone by entering your 4-digit security code (the default security code is 0123). The remote functions do not work with rotary or push-button pulse-dialing phones. You can cut out the wallet-size remote card near the back of the Users Guide so you know the touch-tone commands when you're picking up messages from another location. To access your answerer: 1. Call your telephone number. 2. After you hear the beep that follows the greeting, enter your 4-digit security code. To bypass the greeting, you can enter your 4-digit security code at any time while the greeting is playing. 3. The unit plays the remote menu after the correct security code has been entered. Menu selections can be made at any time while the menu is playing. NOTE: The unit answers on the 10th ring when it is turned off or the memory is full. To access the answerer, enter the 4-digit security code after the beep. If memory is full, play messages and erase some of them to restore memory. If the answerer is off, press 2 to turn it on. NOTE: After the unit plays the remote menu, it will wait several seconds for a command, then disconnect.

GENERAL PRODUCT CARE

To keep your answerer working and looking good, follow these guidelines: Avoid putting it near heating appliances and devices that generate electrical noise (for example, motors or fluorescent lamps). DO NOT expose to direct sunlight or moisture. Avoid dropping answerer and/or other rough treatment. Clean with a soft cloth. Never use a strong cleaning agent or abrasive powder because this will damage the finish. Retain the original packaging in case you need to ship it at a later date.

SERVICE

If trouble is experienced with this equipment, for repair or warranty information, please contact customer service at 1-800-448-0329. If the equipment is causing harm to the telephone network, the telephone company may request that you disconnect the equipment until the problem is resolved. This product may be serviced only by the manufacturer or its authorized service agents. Changes or modifications not expressly approved by ATLINKS USA, Inc. could void the users authority to operate this product. For instructions on how to obtain service, refer to the warranty included in this guide or call customer service at 1-800-448-0329. Or refer inquiries to: ATLINKS USA, Inc. Manager, Consumer Relations P O Box 1976 Indianapolis, IN 46206 Attach your sales receipt to the booklet for future reference or jot down the date this product was purchased or received as a gift. This information will be valuable if service should be required during the warranty period. Purchase date _________________________________________________________________________ Name of store _________________________________________________________________________

TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS

Problem
Doesnt answer, or answers on 10th ring

Explanation/Solution

Make sure answerer is turned on. Memory is full, erase some messages. Check AC power and phone line connections. Was an extension phone picked up? The caller left a message that is longer than the message length you set during setup. Memory is full. You accidentally pressed a mailbox button when you were playing the messages. Must use touch-tone phone. Must enter correct security code. Did unit hang up? If you take no action for a period of time, it automatically hangs up. Unplug power cord from the electrical outlet and plug it back in to reset the answerer. If that doesnt work, unplug the power cord from the back of the unit and plug it back in. This is a complete reset. Adjust volume control. Install a new 9-volt alkaline battery. You must play message for at least 5 seconds before pressing PREVIOUS button. Memory is full. Erase messages. Was the AC power supply unplugged from back of unit? This is normal operation. Auto disconnect is delayed for 2 seconds after the unit answers a call. If you are near the unit, press STOP to stop the greeting.
Incoming messages are incomplete
Wont respond to remote commands

Answerer doesn't work

Can't hear messages Unit announces Battery Low Can't restart message Messages indicator flashes rapidly Battery good but messages were lost Greeting continues to play even after an extension phone is picked up
Adjusting the Volume 11 Answer On/Off Indicator 12 Answerer Operation 12
Leaving a Memo 17 Limited Warranty 24
Mailbox Indicators 13 Message Move 15 Message Scan 15 Messages Counter 13 Modular Jack Requirements 4

Before You Begin 4

Changing the Settings 8
Feature) 18 Service 20 Setting the Incoming Message Length 10 Setting the Rings to Answer 9 Setting the Security Code 10 Setting the Time 8 Setup 6
To Set the Day 8 To Set the Hour 8 To Set the Minutes 8 Toll Saver 9 Troubleshooting Tips 21 Two-Way Record 17
Equipment Approval Information 2 Erasing All Messages in a Mailbox 16 Erasing the Greeting 7
Parts Checklist 4 Playing Messages 14
Recording the Greeting 6 Remote Access 19 Returning to the Default Greeting 7 Reviewing the Greeting 7 Reviewing the Settings 7

General Product Care 20 Greeting Indicators 12
While Playing Messages 14 While Scanning Messages 16
Important Instructions for Moving the Answerer 6 Installation 5 Installing the Battery 4 Interference Information 2
Screening Calls (Auto Disconnect

Press:

Play messages.. 1 Play previous message.. 7 (during message playback) Skip to next message.. 9 (during message playback) Erase message. 0 (During message playback) Turn on answerer.. 2 Turn off answerer.. 3 Leave a memo.. 4 (press 6 when finished) Record greeting.. 5 (press 6 when finished) Stop function.. 6 (or hang up during menu playback) To set rings to answer and message limit.. 7 Play greeting.. 8 To set greeting.. 9 Erase message.. 0
Dial phone number of the answerer.
Cut out this remote access card so that you can take it with you to help you use the remote features.
Write your 4-digit security code here. (First digit is factory set to 0)

4. 3. 2.

Enter 4-digit security code during greeting or after the beep. Digital Answerer 2-9869
Enter touch-tone command.

Hang up.

LIMITED WARRANTY
What your warranty covers: Defects in materials or workmanship. For how long after your purchase: One year, from date of purchase. (The warranty period for rental units begins with the first rental or 45 days from date of shipment to the rental firm, whichever comes first.) What we will do: Provide you with a new or, at our option, a refurbished unit. The exchange unit is under warranty for the remainder of the original products warranty period. How you get service: Properly pack your unit. Include any cables, etc., which were originally provided with the product. We recommend using the original carton and packing materials. Proof of purchase in the form of a bill of sale or receipted invoice which is evidence that the product is within the warranty period, must be presented to obtain warranty service. For rental firms, proof of first rental is also required. Also print your name and address and a description of the defect. Send via standard UPS or its equivalent to: ATLINKS USA, Inc. c/o Thomson 11721 B Alameda Ave. Socorro, Texas 79927 Pay any charges billed to you by the Exchange Center for service not covered by the warranty. Insure your shipment for loss or damage. ATLINKS accepts no liability in case of damage or loss. A new or refurbished unit will be shipped to you freight prepaid. What your warranty does not cover: Customer instruction. (Your Owners Manual provides information regarding operating instructions and user controls. Any additional information, should be obtained from your dealer.) Installation and setup service adjustments. Batteries. Damage from misuse or neglect. Products which have been modified or incorporated into other products. Products purchased or serviced outside the USA. Acts of nature, such as but not limited to lightning damage. Product Registration: Please complete and mail the Product Registration Card packed with your unit. It will make it easier to contact you should it ever be necessary. The return of the card is not required for warranty coverage. Limitation of Warranty: THE WARRANTY STATED ABOVE IS THE ONLY WARRANTY APPLICABLE TO THIS PRODUCT. ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED (INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE) ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED. NO VERBAL OR WRITTEN INFORMATION GIVEN BY ATLINKS USA, INC., ITS AGENTS, OR EMPLOYEES SHALL CREATE A GUARANTY OR IN ANY WAY INCREASE THE SCOPE OF THIS WARRANTY. REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT AS PROVIDED UNDER THIS WARRANTY IS THE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY OF THE CONSUMER. ATLINKS USA, INC. SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS PRODUCT OR ARISING OUT OF ANY BREACH OF ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY ON THIS PRODUCT. THIS DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITED WARRANTY ARE GOVERNED BY THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF INDIANA. EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT PROHIBITED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ON THIS PRODUCT IS LIMITED TO THE APPLICABLE WARRANTY PERIOD SET FORTH ABOVE. How state law relates to this warranty: Some states do not allow the exclusion nor limitation of incidental or consequential damages, or limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts so the above limitations or exclusions may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you also may have other rights that vary from state to state. If you purchased your product outside the USA: This warranty does not apply. Contact your dealer for warranty information.

101 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, IN ATLINKS USA, Inc. Trademark(s) Registered Marca(s) Registrada(s)