Chronology of Ancient Philosophy Thales (c.625- c.547; fl. 585) Anaximander (612-545) Anaximenes (6thc.; fl. 545) Xenophanes (c.570-c.475) Pythagoras (?570-?495) Heraclitus (537-480; fl.c.500) Parmenides (early 5thc.) Anaxagoras (500-428) Empedocles (c.492-432) Hippasus of Metapontum (6th 5th century) Zeno of Elea (?485-?430) Ion of Chios (?485-?425) Protagoras (c.490-c.420) Hippias (5thc.) Prodicus of Ceos (5thc.) Gorgias (c.483-c.380) Antiphon (c.480-411) Melissus (5thc.; fl. 441) Philolaus (c.470-390) Archelaus (5th c.) Hippocrates (5th c.) Alcmaeon of Croton (5th c.) Hippon(ax) (5th century) Socrates (469-399) Cratylus (younger contemporary of Socrates) Thrasymachus (fl. c. 430-400) Leucippus (fl. 440) Diogenes of Apollonia (470-362) Democritus (c.460-c.370) Thucydides (?458-399?) Critias (c.460-403) Antisthenes (mid.5thc.-mid.4thc.) Isocrates (436-338) Xenophon (c.430-c.350) Plato (427-348) Archytas (f. c.400-350) Aristippus of Cyrene (5thc.4thc.) Speusippus (c.407-339, scholarch of Academy 347-339) Diogenes of Sinope (c.412/403-c.324/321) Anaxarchus (4thc.) Aristotle (384-322) Theophrastus (371-287, scholarch of Peripatetics 322-287) Xenocrates (4th c., scholarch of Academy 339-314) Aristippus of Cyrene (5thc.4thc.) Theodorus (4th c.) Hegesias (fl.c.290) Anniceris (4thc.) Crates (c.368/365-288/285) Diodorus Cronos (d. 284), scholarch of Dialecticians, teacher of Zeno of Citium
Pyrrho(n) of Elis (c.365-275) Epicurus (342-270) Polemon (scholarch of Academy 314-270), teacher of Zeno of Citium Crantor (c.335-275), student of Xenocrates Metrodorus (c.331-278) Hermarchus (4thc.-3rdc., scholarch of Garden after 271) Polyaenus (4thc.-3rdc., d. before 271) Straton (scolarch 287-269) Zeno of Citium (335-263) Cleanthes (331-232), scholarch of Stoa 263-232 Timon (c.320-230) Arcesilaus (315-241), scholarch of Academy 268-241, founder of Middle Academy Lyco (300/298-226/224), scholarch of Peripatetics 269-225 Pythocles (3rdc.) Ariston of Chios (student of Zeno of Citium) Chrysippus (c.280-206), scholarch of Stoa 232-206 Ariston of Ceos (scholarch of Peripatetics 225-c.190) Carneades (213-128), founder of New Academy, scholarch <155, Academic emissary to Rome 156-155 Diogenes of Babylon (c.240-152), scholarch of Stoa <152, Stoic emissary to Rome 156-155 Critolaus (2ndc.), scholarch of Peripatetics, Peripatetic emissary to Rome 156-155 Panaetius (c.185-109), succeeds Antipater as scholarch of Stoa 129 Philo(n) of Larissa (159-84), last undisputed scholarch of Academy 110-88, teacher of Cicero Poseidonius (c.135-c.51), taught by Panaetius Antiochus of Ascalon (130-69), taught by Philo of Larissa, founder of short-lived Old Academy Cicero (106-43) Andronicus of Rhodes (1st c.), scholarch of Peripatetics in Athens, editor of Aristotelian corpus Lucretius (91-51) Philodemus (1st c. BC) Quintus Sextius (b. 70 BC), Neopythagorean, Cynic Aenesidemus of Knossos (fl. 43 BC) Potamon (age of Augustus) Philo(n) Judaeus of Alexandria (c.20 BC 40 AD) Jewish Neopythagorean, anticipates Neoplatonism Eudorus of Alexandria (fl. 25 BC) Seneca the Younger (c.1-65) Dion Chrysostom (40 AD-?) Epictetus (mid 1st2nd c.) Demonax (2nd c. AD), student of Epictetus, Cynic Plutarch of Chaeronea (<50->120) Hierocles (fl. during Hadrians rule (117-138), Stoic Marcus Aurelius (121-(161)-180) Diogenes of Oenoanda (2nd c. AD) Apuleius (b. c.125) Nicomachus of Gerasa (fl. c.100), Neopythagorean Atticus (c.150-c.200), Platonist Celsus (fl. c. 180), Platonist opponent of Christianity Maximus of Tyre (2nd c.), Middle Platonist Albinus (2nd c. AD), Platonist, teacher of Galen Galen (129-199/216) Saturninus (2nd c.), Pyrrhonian Skeptic Sextus Empiricus (2nd c. AD) Albinus (2nd c. AD)
Numenius of Apamea (2nd half of 2nd c. AD), Platonist/Neophytagorean, influence on Plotinus & Origen Diogenes Laertius (1st half of 3rd c. AD) Ammonius Saccas (1st half of 3rd c. AD), teacher of Plotinus & Origen Origen the Christian (184-254) Plotinus (204-70) Amelius Gentilianus (pupil of Pltotinus 246-269) Porphyry (232-304) Iamblichus (d. c. 330) Aedesius (d. c.355), student of Iamblichus Calcidius (1st half of the 4th c.), translator of Timaeus into Latin for the Middle Ages Maximus Chrysanthius (tutor of Julian) Sallustius (consul to Julian 363) Julian the Apostate (322-(361)-363) Marius Victorinus (4thc.) Latin Christian Neoplatonist Hypatia of Alexandria (d. 415) Augustine (354-430) Plutarch of Athens (d. c. 431), teacher of Proclus Syrianus (scholarch of Academy 431-437), teacher of Proclus Hierocles of Alexandria (fl. >420), Middle Platonist Macrobius (5thc.), Latin Christian Neoplatonist Proclus (410/412-485), scholarch of the Academy 437-485 Marinus (scholarch of Academy after Proclus) Asclepiodotus (2nd half of 5thc.), commentator on Plato and Aristotle Ammonius (2nd half of the 5thc.), commentator on Plato and Aristotle Olympiodorus (2nd half of the 5thc.), commentator on Plato and Aristotle Boethius (480-524), Latin Christian translator and commentator on Aristotle John Philoponus (490-570s), Christian Neoplatonist, Aristotelian commentator Damascius (last scholarch of the Aacdemy 520-529), teacher of Simplicius Simplicius (6th c. AD), Pagan Neoplatonist, Aristotelian commentator