6-28 Data Collection

13. Take a final side shot to point 1 (to be stored as point 11). We want this final shot for angle closure, to tie in all the corners. Move the rodman to point 1. Point the prism and press SIDS.
For manual entry: 297.0440 RT 86.2055 Z 96.24 SDIST The instrument will take the reading, after which the HP48 will prompt you to enter a description for point 11. Press ON to clear the display, then key in OLD POINT ONE and press ENTER. The display will show the data in the side shot screen.
Youre finished! Well, youre almost finished. With SMI, its also easy to check your work. Well do that now. with distance and angle closure.

Data Collection 6-29

Check distance closure
Check distance closure by inversing between point 9 and point 2. Key in 9 P - P (the X key). SPC 2 and press
Note that the distance between point 9 and point 2 is only.0356 feet. Thats a good distance closure! Also note that the delta elevation is.29ft. This is because we did not set the rod to the same height of the instrument as we surveyed.

Check the angle closure

We can check angle closure by inversing between points 2 and 1, and then between points 9 and 11. Key in 2 SPC 1 and press P - P.

Now key in 9

The display shows the inverse between points 9 and 11.

6-30 Data Collection

As you can see, the azimuths computed by the two inverses differ by only 20 seconds. Good job!
Compute bearings and distances around the perimeter
Well start with point 3 and move clockwise. Press SETUP. Key in 3 and press OCPY. Key in 7 and press PTRA (the R key).

Key in 8 and press

The HP48 displays the bearing and distance from point 7 to point 8. Next, key in 8

10 and press

The HP48 displays the bearing and distance from point 8 to point 10.

Data Collection 6-31

Finally, key in 3 and press
The HP48 will display bearing and distance from point 10 to point 3. Note that you can get the area now by pressing AREA.
However, this is not the recommended method. To get the area press Key in 3 SPC 7 SPC 8 SPC 10 SPC 3, ENTER and AREA.
The reason the random point area method is better is that you can see and check your points in the random point file before and after you compute the area. Using PTRA it is easy to forget to occupy the first point. This is essential because it zeros any old acreages. It is also easy to key in a wrong number using PTRA. There is no way to check it except by keying them in again.

Servo Menu

A servo positioning menu is assigned to the that has servo ability can use this menu.

key. Any driver

Stops the turning of the instrument and turns off tracking mode. FINE / CRS The same Coarse and Fine measure mode keys used in the INSTR menu. LTOFF / LTON Toggles between the track light being ON and OFF. STAKE is a shortcut for this key. A Z Enter an azimuth to turn the instrument to or two numbers that define a direction. The zenith angle is assumed to be 90. BRG Enter a bearing to turn the instrument to. The zenith angle is assumed to be 90. Toggle key to control if the instrument will turn to the F S / FS foresight point when FSPT or F S keys are used. This flag is turned on every time an instrument driver that has servo ability is

Robotic Functions 8-5

selected. Note that if elevations are off the instrument will turn to a zenith angle of 90. If the difference in elevation between the occupied point and foresight point is requires a zenith angle greater than 45 degrees up or down, the zenith angle is set to 90.

Other Features

Two Point Free Station ( 2PFS ), Mean backsight ( MBS ), Trig Leveling ( TRIG ), and Benchmark ( B M ) all turn the instrument to the correct face STAKE will toggle the Track when taking direct and reverse shots. light on and off.

8-6 Robotic Functions

Leica TCM/TCA Drivers

Setting up the HP48

To install the driver in the 48, press SETUP NXT NXT INST NXT LEICA TCA. You will be asked for a delay time. The delay time is how long the 48 waits for the instrument to initialize itself after turning it on. You will also be asked if you want to leave the instrument on. If you want to save battery power by having the 48 turn on and off the instrument before and after each shot press NO. Setup is the same whether connecting to the instrument via cable or radio modems.
Setting up the Leica Instrument
To prepare the Leica to communicate with the 48, set the GSI baud rate to 9600, the protocol to GSI, parity to NONE, Terminator to CRLF, 8 data bits. On the TCA1100 the following keys are used to set the communications: Main Menu: SETUP Rec. device: RS232 SET GSI comm. param. Baud rate 9600 Protocol GSI Parity NONE Terminator CR LF Data bits 8 Stop bit 1 Main Menu: EXTRA Remote control - OFF If the 48 is going to be used to turn on the Leica, the instrument should start up ready to use GSI.

References A-39

EXIT HROD
Enter a change in elevation from the last shot to existing ground to simulate another shot. Use on sloped ground. Enter a change in elevation from the last shot to existing ground to simulate another shot. Use on flat ground. Return to CONST V menu. Change the height of rod.
Reference Point Menu Press to take a shot on the reference point. SHOT Saves shot information to the cutsheet. CUTS Stores last shot. STOSH STOSH stores point being staked. Store new distance for the Reference Point. REFPS Key is blank when elevations off. HROD Return to CONST V menu. EXIT Shows Cut/Fill and distances from the catch point to the BRKC breakpoints. Shows Cut/Fill and distances from the reference point to the BRKR breakpoints. Shows Cut/Fill, distances and intervals from the catch point to the BRKI breakpoints. Catch Menu Press to take a shot on the catch point. SHOT Saves shot information to the cutsheet. CUTS Stores last shot. STOSH STOSH stores point being staked. The Reference Point Stake menu. If a distance is on the stack REFP when pressed, that distance is used as the reference point distance. Will turn servo driven instruments to the catch point. Key is blank when elevations are off. HROD Return to CONST menu. EXIT Shows Cut/Fill and distances from the catch point to the BRKC breakpoints. Shows Cut/Fill and distances from the reference point to the BRKR breakpoints.

A-40 References

Shows Cut/Fill, distances and intervals from the catch point to the breakpoints.

Chain Menu

NEW OLD TOPC TO48 DELET EXIT COPY
Create a new chain. Select a chain to become the current chain. Transfer a chain to a PC. Transfer a chain from a PC. Delete a chain. Return to CONST V menu. Copy the current chain into a chain with a new name.

Cut Menu

VIEW PRINT TOPC DELET EXIT
View the cutsheet for the current chain. Print the current cutsheet. Send the current cutsheet to a PC. Delete the current cutsheet. Return to CONST V menu.

TL OFSET

Enter an offset to be staked. The default is 0.
SHOT Manual or electronic entry of shot info. Changes to shot screen (go/ come left/right). SHOT (robotic only) Shot screen infromation constantly updated. SHOT Shows the shot screen using the last shot without taking another shot. This is useful to tell the rodman where to go from the previous foresight point instead of a direction and distance from the instrument.
Stores point being staked. STOPT stores last shot.
/ CHORD Toggles between staking tangent length and offset and staking chord lenth offset. This toggle key changes the setting of the TL / CHL soft key and the second line of the display. The display toggles between showing TL (Tangent Length) and TOFF(Tangent Offset) for the TAN option and CHL (Chord Length) and COFF (ChordOffset) for the CHORD option.

References A-51

CURVES
(BCE+) Keystroke: (the S key) DOT: CURVE (the W key) Purpose: Allows you to perform curve computations. The Curves functions are now even more flexible. As before, you can choose in the CHG menu whether you wish to work with Arc Definition Curves or Chord Definition Curves. The default is Arc Definition Curves. To change this setting press CHG NXT MODE ARC and you will see CHORD (or if CHORD is displayed, pressing CHORD will display ARC ). New in Version 6: While traversing from PI to PI you can now insert a curve at each PI. Press TRAV and traverse to the PI of a curve (or you can press SETUP and occupy the PI point and backsight a point along the tangent then press TRAV ). Enter the direction to the next PI (angle right, azimuth, bearing or deflection angle). This automatically computes the delta for the curve you wish to insert. Press IC@PI (insert curve at PI). You will see what appears to be the first soft key page of the curve menu. Use any of these options except delta, since delta is already computed. Key in a value and press the appropriate key. The curve data for the curve you are about to insert will be displayed. and you will see the second page of the Traverse soft keys displayed. Key in the information to move you to the next PI point(like horizontal distance). The PC, RP, and PT points will be stored as well as the next PI point. And you will be occupying the next PI point ready to traverse to another PI, and while doing so insert another curve at this PI if you wish. The PI direction keys on the third page of the curves menu have been removed. The same function can be performed using the IC@PI menu in the Traverse menu.

References A-71

Choosing to use the elevation from the first point (A), the second (B) or the mean elevation from both points: In 2PFS if elevations are on, you will also see: MNEL:, ELFA:, and ELFB in a column with values after them. ELFA is elevation from point A (the first point). ELFB is the elevation From B (the second point), and MNEL is the mean elevation from A and B. The value at the top is the one that is used by the program. The default is MNEL. That is why you see MNEL first then ELFA then ELFB. To change the order, press NXT and press MNEL. The soft key will toggle to ELFA. Note that ELFA is now above ELFB and MNEL. Press ELFA and it will toggle to ELFB. Note that ELFB is now above the others. Whichever value is on top of the others is the elevation that will be used when you press STORE. If you have been toggling these values, you will need to press NXT , NXT to find STORE on the soft key. Note that each value is displayed after the shots are taken giving you a feel for which elevation might be best to use. Once you have taken a reading on a point (A or B), the HP 48 remembers the point number that was used. From then on, if you need to take another reading on one of these points you can remember the point as just A or B. Taking a reverse shot on A or B is not necessary but can greatly improve the accuracy of the elevation. If you go to SETUP , STAKE , SIDS or another program, and wish to go back to 2PFS without loosing your previously shot data, press SETUP , NXT and 2PFS. If your points are stored as State Plane Scaled Coordinates, press the REAL soft key. The soft key name will toggle to SCALE and the scale factor will be computed and stored. The instrument point or points stored will be state plane coordinates and the points collected will be state plane coordinates, yet the points staked will be real world points. If you are on a project where you need to move the instrument a lot, we recommend that you set two prisms semi-permanent where they can be viewed from many of instrument positions. Store these prism points by point number. Call one Prism A and the other Prism B.

Mean Backsight

A-90 References
MEAN POINTS (Random Points Menu)
Purpose: For calculating the mean coordinates of a group of points. Useful for averaging several shots made to the same point or averaging several Free Station shots. One value of this function is that you can find the midway point between two points. After MEAN is pressed, the points are averaged and shown on the screen. MNER shows the MEAN ERRORS display, WORS shows the point that is the furthest from the average. Menu:
MNER WORS MEAN STORE EXIT
Shows the mean errors display. Shows the worst point display. Shows the mean coordinates display. Stores the mean coordinates to a point. Returns to the random points menu.
Procedure: Press RPTS , type in 1 Press

Mean Points

References A-91
You can now press press STORE ).
to store a point there (or enter a point number and
Another value of mean is that it allows you to use 2PFS (2-pt free stationing) to store points from several sets of points and mean the position along with the elevation, and store it. Using S C Point 15: , enter points (15, 16, 17).

Point 16:

A-92 References

Point 17:

To mean the above points, press Press NXT and MEAN.

, key in 15.17 and press

to get mean error of points.

to get the worst point.

If were satisfied with everything we see, we can press STORE. Stores as next available point number. Or you can key in a point number and press STORE.

References A-93

MEMORY CLEAR
Hold ON and press A and F to clear the internal memory of your HP48. The display will ask TRY TO RECOVER MEMORY? Press NO to clear the memory. This will erase all job data stored on the HP48.

METRIC MODE

Purpose: Toggles between feet and meters. All distances are assumed to be in meters when in meters mode. Meters mode affects how stations, precisions, areas, volumes, degree of curvature, earths curvature, and distances are used and displayed.

Memory Clear

Procedure: Simply press CHG NXT MODE and FEET to toggle to metric mode. will now be displayed on the softkey. METR

A-94 References

Keystrokes: MORE (the Z key) Purpose: Lets you carry out miscellaneous functions, including compute angle right, compute volume, contouring (ACE+), and triangle solutions, etc. New in Version 6: Two-wire and three-wire levels, latitude and departure, vertical curves greatly improved. Procedure: In the more menu, soft key options will vary depending on the card you are using; press NXT to scroll the menu screens. Menu #1: CAR (Compute Angle Right) is used to compute the angle right from the back bearing and the foresight bearing, or from the back azimuth and foresight azimuth. (You also can use azimuth values to compute angle right.) This function assumes you are occupying the point where the 2 lines meet.CAR makes it easy to get an angle right from 2 lines (defined by 2 points on each line), or by 2 azimuths defining direction of the 2 lines. This key accesses a submenu that lets you key in the appropriate data values: BKBR enters the backbearing. BKAZ enters the back azimuth or two points that define the back azimuth. FSBR enters the foresight bearing. FSAZ enters the foresight azimuth or two points that define the foresight azimuth.

Note Table

A-100 References

NOTES (4 Way Toggle)

(DOT) (ACE+) Keystrokes: DOT ACE+ 4 toggles four times Purpose: This overlay function allows you toggle on and off the note prompt (and last note recall). Procedure: Press this key to toggle between three settings: note prompt on, last note recall on; note prompt on, last note recall off; note prompt off, last note recall off. The display will confirm your selection. When notes are selected (on), the number 4 will appear at the top of the display to indicate that this function is active. (These also may be toggled using the CHANGE/DEFAULTS menu).

References A-101

OCCUPY A POINT
(BCE+) Keystrokes: (the M key) Purpose: Function key. Allows you to occupy a given point. Procedure: Key in the desired point number and press occupied in the current job. 1

. This point will now be

Occupy A Point

A-102 References

OFFSET

NXT OFSET

Purpose: Soft function key, lets you store a point at an offset distance from any intersection. Procedure: To demonstrate this function, well use the following illustration:

OFFSET POINT 3

Well create an intersection 50 north of the line defined by points 3-4, and 75 east of the line defined by points 1-2. Press [ ] for the intersections menu. Press NXT to scroll the soft key menu. The display will show:

Offset

First, enter the offset distance from line 1-2. Key in 75 and press The display will then prompt you for: POINT ON LINE?

OFSET.

References A-103
Key in 1 and press ENTER. The display will show the menu to further define line 1:
Key in 2 and press POL1. The display will now prompt you to define line 2:
First, enter the offset distance from line 2. Key in 50
The offset distance is entered as a negative value because the offset point occurs to the left of the line.
The display will now prompt you for: PT ON LINE 2? Key in 3 and press ENTER. The display will show the menu to further define line 2:

A-104 References

To store your new intersection as a new point, key in a point number and press STORE. Thats it!

PERPENDICULAR OFFSET

Keystrokes: (the T key)

Purpose: Allows you to determine distance from a point to a line. Procedure: See INTERSECTIONS.

Perpendicular Offset

References A-105

POINT INVERSE

Keystrokes: PINV (the P key) Purpose: Function key. Lets you inverse (compute the direction and distance) from the occupied point to another point in the current job. Procedure: Starting from the desired occupied point (see OCCUPY A POINT), key in the value for the point you are inversing to and press PINV. The display will show the inverse from the occupied point. A point inverse submenu presents additional options: BKPT enters backsight point number. OCPY occupies the next available point. Or key in a specific point number before pressing this soft key to occupy that point. PINV executes another point inverse from the current occupied point to any other point in the job. The display will prompt you to enter the inverse to point. PTRA executes a point traverse from the current occupied point to another point in the job. The display will prompt you to enter the traverse to point. AREA Shows the area traversed since the last time a point was occupied.

Point Inverse

A-106 References

POINT ON GRADE

PT ON GR
Purpose: Computes additional points along a grade between two stored points; elevations must be on. Procedure: This function computes the grade and distance between two stored end points, and stores new points at a predetermined interval (or stores a predetermined number of points) between those two end points. The display will prompt you to enter both end points. Key in the points (separated with a space) to define your line and press ENTER. A soft key menu will then give you options for creating new points along the line (and grade).
INTRV enters a distance interval for the new points. For example, 25 INTRV creates and stores points every 25 feet along the grade until the end point is reached.
enters a number of points to be inserted. For example, 3 # PTS creates and stores 3 equidistant points along the grade between the end points.

Point On Grade

lets you continue storing points beyond the end point for a specified distance. For example, 50 XTND will continue storing point(s) for 50 feet beyond the end point. When a soft key is pressed, the calculations are automatic, and the new points are stored.

References A-107

POINT TO POINT INVERSE
Keystrokes: P-P (the X key) DOT: [ PT-PT ] Purpose: Function key. Inverses between any 2 points in the current job. Used to check distance and direction (azimuth and bearing, delta elevation, and grade) between 2 points. New in Version 6: P-P inverses between points and puts the distance and angle on the stack. P-P now only displays the inverse. Nothing is left on the stack. Procedure: Key in the point numbers, separated by a space (the SPC key), and press P - P. The display will show the inverse between the 2 points, including distance, bearing and azimuth. SCE and above: If elevation is on when you store points and inverse between 2 points, you will get bearing and distance, and change in elevation and % grade between the 2 points.

v References A-115

Random Points
Once enter is pressed, youll see a menu of functions that can be used with the current random point file. These functions also are found in the more menu. is used to edit the points in the current random point file. You may edit and add/delete points to the file using the standard editing keys. The points will be used from the current job.
SCE+ cards can save multiple random point files. Thus, youll be asked to name the file to be saved or ENTER to save the file as TEMP.R.
(SCE+) creates a menu of old random point files to select. When the corresponding soft key is pressed, the old file becomes the current random point file. The current random point file is then used by all functions that require a valid random point file for their computations.

OLD CX

is used to perform transformations (see TRANSFORMATIONS). is used to compute area (see AREA).
PREC is used to compute acreage, square feet, perimeter and precision. (see AREA).
is used to plot lines on the HP48 display; lines are oriented so that north appears at the top of the display, and they are scaled to fit on the screen. Curves defined by PC RP PT will also be plotted.
to access the second menu of softkeys: is used to compute points from a line with break points.

XPLOT AA

plots cross section area by point number. (see XPlot) performs an angle adjustment. is used to make a compass rule adjustment (see Compass Rule Adjust-

ment).

A-116 References
copies the points listed in the Random Point file to another job or a different location in the same job. You will be prompted for the destination job then the beginning point number. The default beginning point number with which you are prompted is the same as the first point number in the Random Point file. If you want to renumber the points, enter a new beginning point number.

COPYP MEAN

means the North, East and Elevation values in the Random Point list.
NXT again to access the third menu of softkeys: (SCE+) is used to compute a predetermined area using the hinge HINGE method (see PREDETERMINED AREA).
adjusts the elevations in a traverse similar to the way the compass rule adjustment adjusts the north and east coordinates.
ELADJ STAK is used to stake points within a certain distance of the occupied point. Will stake all points listed in the Random Point File. If you would like to prespecify the points you would like to stake you may place them in the random point file and when you occupy a point and backsight a point, go to stake and simply press FSPT. To back up to a previous point press FSPT

SMI tries to predict the point number and the face(direct or reverse) you will be shooting next(NN DIR 23 REV 22). If you wish to take a reading to a point that SMI does not predict correctly, key in the point number before pressing SHOT.
4. Flop the scope(to direct), point 22, key in 22, and press
5. Turn to point 23, key in 23, and press SHOT. 6. Flop the scope(to reverse), point 23, key in 23, and press 7. Turn to point 24, key in 24, and press SHOT. 8. Flop the scope(to direct), point 24, key in 24, and press
9. Turn to point 25, key in 25, and press SHOT. 10. Flop the scope(to reverse), point 25, key in 25, and press Press
(the softkey will then change to
1. Point the backsight (point 2) direct and press BS. 2. Reverse the scope, point the backsight and press BS. 3. Turn to point 22, key in 22, and press SHOT. 4. Flop the scope(to direct), point 22, key in 22, and press

References A-133

9. Turn to point 25, key in 25, and press SHOT. 10. Flop the scope(to reverse), point 25, key in 25, and press
Additional sets may be taken as needed by pressing SET2 (SMI will increment to SET3 ), and repeating the above steps. When satisfied with the results, press EVAL then STPTS and each point will be stored as a sideshot. To traverse from the occupied instrument position to one of these points, key in the point number and press PTRA ( and the R key). At any time while taking shots we can press EVAL and see the results of our angles. We can press
and the point number will increment.
Press SHOW now to increment to 25 then back to 22. To show a specific point number, key in the point number before pressing SHOW.
Pressing ERROR shows the errors in angles and distances for each point. Press ERROR again to increment back to point 22.

A-134 References

Shots Menu (

, SHOTS )

ZERO is used to set the horizontal angle in the instrument to zero. Zeroing the instrument is optional.

Note 1: Do not use

DELPT This function lets you delete an entire point from the list of points on which you are taking readings.
This function lets you enter the rod height for each point. To go to a specific point, key in the point number before pressing PTROD.

A-138 References

When all angles are turned and acceptable, press this key and the mean of each angle and distance to each point will be used to convert to coordinates and stored as side shot points.
After STPTS is pressed when you go to Shots, the angle and distance values for each set will be deleted. If you wish to go back to Shots without deleting these values, press SHOTS. Before STPTS is pressed just pressing old values. If you have not pressed values anyway, press

STPTS SHOTS

retains the
and you wish to clear old

References A-139

SIDE-SHOT
Keystroke: SIDS (the H key) DOT:

[ SIDSHOT ]

Purpose: Function/menu key. Allows you to electronically or manually take a single horizontal angle, zenith angle and slope distance to a point, convert to coordinates and store by point number without changing the occupied point and backsight point. Procedure: When an instrument is not chosen If you have not chosen an instrument, manual entry.
will display soft keys for

Side-Shot

When an instrument is chosen If you have chosen an instrument, SIDS will electronically collect the horizontal angle, zenith angle and slope distance, convert to coordinates and store by point number. After the data is collected in the electronic mode, the setup menu is displayed on the soft keys for additional data entry options. Choosing an instrument To choose an instrument (DCE+), press SETUP NXT NXT INST choose your brand. You may need to press NXT to find your instrument brand. Choose the model by pressing the appropriate soft key. For further information about instruments, see Appendix B.

A-140 References

Three ways to switch from electronic data collection to manual input. After you have chosen your instrument there are three ways to do manual input of data in the sideshot mode: 1. Press

for manual entry.

2. Press 5 (for DOT overlay press 5). This turns the instrument flag (flag 5 at the top of the display) off. Now press SIDS for manual entry. To turn the instrument (flag 5) on again press 5 ( for the DOT overlay press 5). SIDS will now electronically collect again. 3. Press SETUP NXT NXT INST and MAN 1 or MAN 2. SIDS is always manual now. If you are using MAN 2 , when you press SIDS youll be prompted for slope distance, zenith angle, and angle right. Key in the appropriate values (separated by a space the SPC key). Press ENTER to convert the angles and distance to coordinates stored by point number. Changing MAN2 order of input The order of data entry can be changed by pressing CHG NXT INPUT and DZH. The soft key toggles to HZD. Now instead of being prompted for SDIST, ZENITH ANGLE, and ANGLE RT, you will be prompted with ANGLE RT, ZENITH ANGLE, and SDIST. If you are using manual entry method #1 (MAN1), pressing SIDS will present the soft key options shown below, depending on the card you are using.

To use the last vertical angle, press V before entering a value; the last value used will be shown on the command line. Press ENTER to save the value as the current vertical angle.

References A-145

SOUTH-EAST BEARING
Keystrokes: S-E (the 2 key) SE (the 2 key) DOT: Purpose: Converts southeast bearing to azimuth format. Procedure: Key in the bearing and press S-E. The display will show the value in bearing format. (If an azimuth is entered in the southeast quadrant, converts it to a S-E bearing.)

South-East Bearing

A-146 References

SOUTH-WEST BEARING

(the 3 key)
DOT: SW (the 3 key) Purpose: Function key. Converts southwest bearing to azimuth format. Procedure: Key in the bearing and press S-W. The display will show the value in azimuth format. (If an azimuth is entered in the southwest quadrant, S-W converts it to a bearing.)

South-West Bearing

References A-147
Keystroke: STAKE (the Q key) Purpose: Menu key. Allows the user to stake a point, stake a line, stake a curve, get a cut or fill, store a cutsheet, use the instrument crosshairs to store an elevation at a point and a few other functions. Procedure: The soft key menu along the bottom of the display includes several stake functions. Press NXT to scroll the soft key menu. If elevations are off here is the first soft key page :
If elevations are on here is the first soft key page:
Note that in the first case you have BKPT and OCPY on the soft keys. If elevations are on you have H I and HROD on the soft keys.

A-148 References

If you have elevations on and want to occupy a point or backsight a point: 1. Go to SETUP or 2. Press NXT
BKPT is used to enter a backsight point. Key in the back-sight point number and press BKPT.

OCPY OCPY

is used to occupy a point. Key in the occupied point number and press.
is used to enter the height of the instrument. Key in the distance from the point under the instrument to the axis of the instrument and press H I. The SMI software adds the elevation of the occupied point to the HI value to get the total elevation of the instrument.
is used to enter the height of the rod. Measure the distance from the bottom of the rod to the center of the prism. Key this value into the 48 and press HROD.
A discussion about using HI and HROD to do trig leveling. There are times when it is very acceptable, and a great time saver, to leave the HI and HROD both set to zero and still do very accurate trig leveling. Other times the rod should be measured and entered into SMI as HROD. Still other times both the HI and HROD should be measured and entered. The following discussion might help you decide your policies regarding measuring and setting these values using SMI. If you can avoid measuring and entering the HI and H ROD it may be a big time saver. The elevations may be even more accurate than when you measure up. When it is OK to use HI and HROD set to zero. 1. When using a prism on a rod to shoot a benchmark and you use the same rod to take readings to other points whether staking or collecting the elevation will be transfered from the benchmark to these other points.

Purpose: Function/menu key, used when shooting two corners of a building and measuring the third side. Procedure:. You are prompted Shoot two corners of the building and press with a menu showing CLK (clockwise) and CCLK (counter-clockwise). Select the key that indicates direction for your shots. Youll then be prompted for the length of the last (missing) side. Key in the distance and press ENTER. Three points will be stored: the two points not shot, and the first point you shot. By storing the first point shot, the PC can automatically plot the four sides of the building.

Two - Corner Shot

A-178 References
(for units catalog menu) (for units command menu)
Purpose: Provides access to HP units application and menu. Procedure: This HP units application contains a catalog of 147 units that you can combine with real numbers to create unit objects. This lets you: convert, factor, and calculate between different units of measurement. This is an HP-supported function. For information, refer to your HP 48GX Users Guide.

References A-179

USER / SMI
Keystrokes: USER (the key) Purpose: Function key. Allows you to exit SMI overlay functions. Procedure: Instead of USER you now normally see SMI at the top of the HP 48 display. To exit SMI and be entirely in the calculator mode press or ON. To go back to SMI press K ENTER or to go to the new menu system press M ENTER. When you use CUSTOM to assign keys the SMI label at the top will automatically change to USER. For a more detailed explanation of SMI and USER see Chapter 2.

User / SMI

A-180 References

VERTICAL CURVES

Purpose: Lets you access the vertical curve equation menus; these use the equation solver programming built into the HP 48GX. Procedure:
As you see from the display you have two options: Lets look at PVC (Point of Verticle Curve) first.

Vertical Curves

STA: 3+00 EL: 120

Vertical Curve

STA: 6+00

References A-181

Example: Use the information in illustration on the previous page to find elevations at 50 foot increments. Press MORE , VC , and PVC. Press ON to clear the display. Key in 300 (the station number) and press ENTER. Key in 120 (the PVC elevation) and press PVCEL. Key in 3.45 and press % IN. Key in 4.6, press +/- and press %OUT. Key in 600 and press PVT. You will see the first station interval (3+00) and the elevation at that station. Key in 50 (for a 50 foot interval) and press INC.

Solve:

Background

An introduction to the HP Solve system
The Solve application appears in the form outlined here on the HP 48GX, HP 48G, HP48G+, HP49G, HP48Gii and HP49G+ graphical calculators but many other HP calculators offer a similar facility in some form or other. The Solve aplet finds solutions to equations using successive numerical approximations. Answers are given as decimal approximations rather than as exact values, and only one variable can be solved for at a time (an other application, the multiple equation solver is capable of solving system of multiple equations). In this text buttons which appear on the keyboard are represented as far as possible using images of the button: H or 5. Screen menu buttons such as the one in the image below right are shown as SOLVE. Use The Solve application allows the user to enter and solve for the current equation. The application is started by pressing and selecting SOLVE EQUATION. The screen on the right will be displayed. Enter an equation such as V=U+2*A*D by typing ~vQ2`uQ2+2* ~a*~d` and the screen will now display all the unknown variable of the equation.
An equation is solved by entering known values in all variables except one, the unknown variable, and then solving for the unknown value by pressing SOLV. Only one value can be solved for at a time.
The Solve aplet begins its search for the solution from the value in the highlighted field, known as the initial guess, when SOLV is pressed. Equations with multiple solutions can be solved by supplying different initial guesses. The user can also select a range as a guess by entering 2 number in a list such as { }. Note that these number will be used as initial guess, and that if a solution exists within this interval, the solver is likely to find it, however depending on the complexity of the function, there is no guaranty.
Copyright 2005, Applications in Mathematics
Some introductory examples The examples which follow are designed to illustrate the functioning of the Solve application. Other models operate in a similar fashion1.
Example 1: Exponential growth The population P, in thousands, of a species of frog at time t years after the study began is given by the equation P = 5.3e0.073t + 2.74. Find the population after 10 years and the number of years taken to reach populations of 12,000 and 1500. The equation is entered into the Solve application. Press and select SOLVE EQUATION `. If there are any existing equations then they can be deleted using ! and selecting Delete Value `. Now press ~p5.3*! !.073*~t + 2.74` At this point the screen should appear as shown right.
Enter the known value of t = 10. 10`
Highlight P by pressing and solve for its value by pressing SOLVE. The answer of P = 13.7379 is shown right and translates to a population of 13,738 frogs.
With the highlight still on P, enter the target population of 12 (ie 12,000). The highlight will then be on the T field, allowing us to solve for its value. 12`SOLVE This gives an answer of t = 7.64, which translates to 8 years if whole years are required.
There is, of course, no solution to the final question which you can verify by entering 1.5 for P and solving for T. The calculator will need around 30s to return a result of 9.999999EXP-499, the machine equivalent of infinity. Pressing on INFO will cause the calculator to display the extremum message specifying that the calculator found an extremum, but not a solution to the question. Note: pressing a key while the calculator is trying to solve an equation will make the calculator show the current values tried by the equation solver as on the screen on the right. The 2 values are the 2 values currently used by the solver, the (or +, or ?) sign in front of the number shows that the equation is negative, positive or undefined at that point.
Example 2: Probability distribution functions In this task we will enter the general formula for a cumulative binomial probability and use it to solve the question below: A normal pack or cards is shuffled and a card is drawn at random, recorded and returned to the pack. The process is then repeated to give a total of 20 draws. What is the probability that you will be successful in drawing a Heart at least ten but at most 13 times?
Press and select SOLVE EQUATION `. If there are any existing equations then they can be deleted using ! and selecting Delete Value `.
n! ni p i (1 p ). i = a ( n i ) !i ! Use the sequence of keystrokes below to enter the equation, using V for the value of the resulting probability. The equation we will use is: P ( a X b ) = ~v~i~a~b~ n~2/!!~n~i ~2*~i~2 *~pQ~i* !1-~p Q!~n-~i`
Enter the known values of A=10, B=13, N=20 and P=0.25 using: 10`13`20` 0.25` With the highlight on V, press SOLVE. After a pause, the result will be as shown. This probability may seem incorrect but pressing EDIT will reveal the true result of 1.38349051976E-2 or 0.0138. Changing numeric format in the MODES view to a display using fixed decimal places may give a better result.

Other models of HP calculators differ to a greater or lesser degree in their implementation of Solve. You should consult the manual for your particular calculator for instructions.