iSafe PRO

Powerful access management
Technology Administration of badges, access rights, events and other data through an internet connection using Explorer and transmission of data by encoding in the badges or by wired transmission using RS485 (2-wire bus). Encoding badges with an encoder connected to the PC via USB. Badges with read-write protection using A and B encryption keys (Mifare ISO 14443/A technology). Access rights with loss indicators by dating: the date of a new badge causes previous badges for the same user to be invalidated Data stored in a MySQL database on a server protected with 128-bit SSL encryption. Each door is fitted with a badge reader using Mifare technology connected to an ACU (control unit), the ACU is then connected to a 12V DC power supply.
Immotec Systems, Inc. 415 Oakdale Rd, Suite 221, Toronto, ON M3N1W7 Tel: 1-416-741-4555 Fax: 1-416-741-4556 E-mail: info@immotec.ca

www.immotec.ca

Operation The following information is entered into the iSafe Pro software: Specifying Local time zone (GMT), date, time and daylight saving time shifts Creating user groups (up to 64 groups per site) Creating weekly timetable menus (up to 16 menus per site with two time periods per day for each day of the week) Creating doors (up to 65000 doors per site with no limit on number of sites) Encoding badges (up to 125000 per site) with allocation of a group to each badge, validity time & date limit and optional My Door Feature. Unit controls (ACU) are configured at start by presenting a configuration badge in front of each reader to transfer the following elements to it: Site code Time zone and daylight saving time shifts Door number Authorized user groups associated with timetable menus (for each group, one timetable menu from among the 16 possible menus) Event management: 5000 events recorded by the control unit in FIFO mode Transfer events to PC using Service badge (by groups of 400) or by RS485 The database can be exported to Excel format Advantages Scheduling updates are made both by the badges (a new badge deletes the old one once it is presented to the door) Or by the RS485 bus. It is therefore possible to have doors connected to the management PC by the RS485 bus while others are managed in disconnected mode by the badges. Timetables are allocated to groups individually for each door. The same badge can hence be authorized for each door according to different timetables (permanent access for the parking lot, from 8:00 to 17:00 for the work area and from 11:00 to 14:00 for the cafeteria). If the timetables for a group of people are to be changed, all that is required is to take action on the door in question, with the change being affected for the entire group. Upcoming Features The option to specify main door and secondary doors; employees will need to go through the main door first to validate their tag in order to gain access to secondary doors. A time stamp allows automatic cancellation of a lost badge on all doors through the main door. An iSafe PLC version which will communicate on the existing electric grid without wiring and will include a door lock power supply. A fingerprint reader will be integrated in our reader to check tag user identity; this will give an added layer of security for more security sensitive applications.
Technical Specifications Reader:
Mifare 13.56 MHz Electronic drowned in epoxy resin IP 65 Green and red two-tone Led Connection by 4 wire cable, default length 2M. Dimensions : 148x44x15 mm Weight : 110 G Badge : Standard Mifare format card or key Fob (dimension 60x30x5 mm)

Control unit:

Mifare 13.56 MHz Power supply 12 Vdc 1A Data safeguarded in EEPROM Ports RS232, RS485, Alarm I/O Relay opening: breaking capacity 5A 250 Vdc Buzzer, leds, buttons reset and parameter setting Dimensions : 85x65x25mm Weight: 90 G

Besides these R&D-oriented areas two additional areas for activities have been identified: The standards/regulations related activities subsume the global harmonisation of the UHF RFID band allocations, harmonised EU regulations, improved vendor interoperability, fallback procedures as well as peer-review encryption techniques.
The data security/data protection/privacy-related recommendations list both R&D and organisational topics, e.g. privacy-by-design architectures like the kill-tagfeature and the prevention of unnoticed tag reading, increased public acceptance by better information, concise guidelines for RFID users, and the improvement of network data security. In this way, RFID contributes to the preservation of European values.

Table of Contents

1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.3.2.1 2.4 4.1 4.1.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 Approach... 21 Definition of work package topic.. 21 Structure of work package topics.. 22 RFID technologies state-of-the-art... 22 RFID Technologies international R&D activities.. 23 RFID Technologies bottlenecks and R&D approaches.. 23 Relevant stakeholders.. 24 Stakeholder group Research & Development.. 24 Stakeholder group RFID technology suppliers.. 25 Stakeholder group business associations.. 27 Stakeholder group government & governmental institutions. 28 Stakeholder group standardisation organisations.. 28 Stakeholder group quasi-autonomous and non-governmental organisations... 28 Stakeholder group RFID end user companies.. 29 Contribution... 29 Methodology... 31 Assessment criteria... 31 Methods... 32 State-of-the-art and Analysis.. 34 Application View... 35 RFID vs. barcode and OCR... 35 Mapping to the RFID Reference Model.. 37 RFID Reference Model.. 39 Application examples... 42 Logistics, supply chain management at Metro Group.. 42 Identity management, security, access control.. 42 Contactless smart card Mifare.. 43
4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.3.10 4.3.11 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3
Contactless smart card FeliCa.. 45 -chip... 46 Animal identification... 46 Automation, production management, manufacturing. 47 Automotive.... 47 Smart drug cabinet... 48 Medical, pharmaceutical, health care... 48 VeriChip... 48 Niche applications.. 49 Tree identification.. 49 Identification of bees... 50 Railroad car identification.. 50 Mapping to the RFID Reference Model.. 50 Transponder Classes View... 52 EPCglobal classes... 52 Passive tags... 53 Semi-passive tags.. 54 Active tags.... 54 Mapping to the RFID Reference Model.. 55 ISO/OSI Network Model View.. 58 Tag/reader interface... 61 Reader/edge server interface.. 65 Edge server/integration server interface.. 66 Integration server/integration server interface.. 67 Mapping to the RFID Reference Model.. 69 Technological View... 72 Air interfaces... 72 Inductive coupling.. 72 Electromagnetic field coupling... 74 Mapping to the RFID Reference Model.. 82

Table 16 shows the mapping of the air interfaces (<135 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz, 840-960 MHz, 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz) to the subcategories of the RFID Reference Model (see chapter 4.2). Y means: Yes, this air interface is used in the corresponding subcategory.

840-960 MHz

433.92 MHz

13.56 MHz

<135 kHz

2.45 GHz

2.45 GHz Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

5.8 GHz

Y Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

D: Access control and tracking & tracing of individuals E: Loyalty, memb. and payment F: eHealth care G: Sports, leisure and household H: Public services

Table 16

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Mapping air interfaces to the RFID Reference Model
5.8 GHz Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

7.1.3.1

The low frequency (LF, <135 kHz) air interface uses magnetic coupling that provides only limited reading ranges (usually a few centimetres). There is an air interface standard for RFID systems on this band (ISO/IEC 18000-2 [78], [79]). The tags use mainly hard tag enclosures like coins, fobs, wedges, bars, etc. Label, sticker, card and flexible type tags are very rare on LF. The LF air interface is used in many logistics applications, except where label, sticker, card and flexible tags are used (open logistics, manufacturing logistics, archive systems, fast moving consumer goods, textile goods, fresh/perishable foods, pharmaceutical, customer information systems, loyalty and membership cards, rental systems). Smart home systems tend not to use LF. Road tolling systems cannot use magnetic coupling (LF, HF) because high reading ranges are required here.

7.1.3.2

The high frequency (HF, 13.56 MHz) air interface uses magnetic coupling that provides only limited reading ranges (< 1 meter). There are air interface standards for RFID systems on this band (ISO/IEC 18000-3 [78], [79]), EPCglobal HF [81]). The tags use almost all forms of tag enclosures. HF is a very popular air interface, used in almost any subcategory. Only in road tolling systems HF cannot be used due to the limited reading range and data transfer rate.

7.1.3.3

433 MHz
The 433 MHz (UHF) air interface uses electromagnetic field coupling. It is not usable worldwide. This air interface is not usable worldwide. There is an air interface standard for active RFID systems on this band (ISO/IEC 18000-7 [78], [79]). Passive RFID rarely use this ISM frequency. Most current usage correlates with applications that may need active RFID systems, because of high reading ranges or the combination with sensors: in-house and closed loop logistics, dangerous goods logistics, facility management, vehicles, aeroplanes, automation/process control, fresh/perishable foods, implants, smart home, road tolling systems. Subcategories where 433 MHz is currently not in use, but could also be used if the high costs of an active RFID system are justified: open logistics, postal applications, asset management, food and consumer goods, hospital management.

Ambient intelligence Y Y

AA: Inhouse logistics AB: Closed loop logistics AC: Open logistics AD: Postal applications AE: Dangerous goods logistics AF: Manufacturing logistics Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
CA: Fast mov. cons. goods CB: Electronic goods CC: Textile goods CD: Fresh/perishable foods CE: Pharmaceutical CF: Customer info. systems Y Y
D: Access control and track. & tracing of individuals E: Loyalty, emb. and payment F: eHealth care G: Sports, leisure and household H: Public services

Table 24

DA: Access control systems DB: Animal tracking DC: Personal tracking EA: Loyalty cards EB: Membership cards FB: Hospital management FC: Implants GB: Rental systems GD: Smart home HB: Road tolling systems HC: Banknotes Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Mapping advanced systems to the RFID Reference Model
Robust systems Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Except robust systems all current advanced systems require an additional energy source (active RFID with a battery). Sensors RFID systems that use tags with integrated sensor functions can be used in all subcategories of the fields: logistical tracking & tracing and production, monitoring and maintenance. Cost-effective usage is limited to only a few current subcategories where sensor functions are mandatory. E.g. objects that need temperature monitoring may use temperature sensor tags to record temperature profiles during the objects lifecycle. This example might be extremely important for dangerous goods (e.g. chemicals) that must not exceed a maximum temperature on transportation. Localisation RFID systems that use tags with additional localisation functionality can be used in all subcategories of the fields: logistical tracking & tracing and production, monitoring and maintenance. Cost-effective usage is limited to only a few current subcategories where localisation functions are needed. Especially tracking, process control, and smart home applications may benefit from localisation functionality. In applications where many tagged objects may be identified in one read (long range multitag reading), the position of the tags might be necessary to find a single object. Dangerous goods might have to keep predefined distances to certain positions inside a building or to other dangerous goods. RFID localisation may help to enforce and monitor such requirements. Ambient intelligence RFID systems that combine a number of additional sensor and networking functions may build an ambient intelligence system. Such systems are mainly used in more static applications where the tagged objects stay within defined areas, as in the subcategories: facility management, automation/process control, smart home. Possible use may be extended to other subcategories. Networks RFID systems that build networks between a set of tags and readers are closely related to ambient intelligence systems. So they cover the same set of subcategories: facility management, automation/process control, smart home. Possible use may be extended to other subcategories. Robust systems Robust RFID systems provide operation under special environments or requirements. They are often used in the same static arrangements as for ambient intelligence or network systems, as in the subcategories: automation/process control,

Sensor standards

RFID systems that include sensor functions can be used in closed loop systems where the importance of standardisation is low. If they shift to open loop systems (e.g. temperature sensors for perishable foods) the demand for international standards for such sensor systems increase. ISO/IEC 24753 ([78], [79]) is an example for an international standard under development. It defines rules for encoding and processing for an active RFID system for item management using sensors and batteries. The IEEE 1451 [80] group develops standards for smart sensor networking and integration. The IEEE 1451, a family of smart transducer interface standards, describes a set of open, common, network-independent communication interfaces for connecting transducers (sensors or actuators) to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, and control/field networks. The key feature of these standards is the definition of transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS). Many applications and products, including supply chain integration, pharmaceutical products, and defence applications, require sensor data integrated with RFID data. The ISO committee SC31 [78] is considering the current IEEE 1451.4 standard [80] for possible integration with ISO RFID standards.
Table 28 shows the mapping of RFID standards to the subcategories of the RFID Reference Model (see chapter 4.2). Y means: Yes, this group of standards is relevant for the corresponding subcategory.
Data structure standards Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Table 28

AA: Inhouse logistics AB: Closed loop logistics AC: Open logistics AD: Postal applications AE: Dangerous goods logistics AF: Manufacturing logistics BA: Archive systems BB: Asset management BC: Facility management BD: Vehicles BE: Aeroplanes BF: Autom./process control BG: Food and cons. goods CA: Fast mov. cons. goods CB: Electronic goods CC: Textile goods CD: Fresh/perishable foods CE: Pharmaceutical CF: Customer info. systems DA: Access control systems DB: Animal tracking DC: Personal tracking EA: Loyalty cards EB: Membership cards FB: Hospital management FC: Implants GB: Rental systems GD: Smart home HB: Road tolling systems HC: Banknotes
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Mapping RFID standards to the RFID Reference Model
Sensor standards Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Air interface standards The existing air interface standards are used for almost all subcategories. Standardised systems provide interoperability and reduce costs. For banknotes, no existing air interface standard has been used yet, although possible. Application standards Application standards exist for many subcategories of the RFID Reference Model. The exceptions are: fresh/perishable foods, customer information systems, road tolling systems, banknotes. Standards for test methods Standards for test methods have been developed for compliance to air interfaces and for general performance tests. They apply to many subcategories of the RFID Reference Model except: fresh/perishable foods, customer information systems, road tolling systems, banknotes. Data management standards Data management standards exist mainly for logistics and goods applications. The application fields A to C of the RFID Reference Model can be applied with two exceptions: fresh/perishable foods (no standards for the handling of sensor data), customer information system (proprietary data processing). Data structure standards For the data structure standards the same mapping as for the data management standards applies. Sensor standards Sensor standards are currently under development. There are no applications using sensor standards at present. When the new standards are available, typical sensor applications can use them: dangerous goods logistics, vehicles, automation/process control, fresh/perishable foods, pharmaceutical, implants, smart home.

Public interest The processing of individual-related data is necessary for the performance of a task in public interest. Legitimate interests The processing of individual-related data is necessary for legitimate interests of the data collector, unless fundamental rights and the freedom of the affected person are impaired.

European values

There is an ongoing discussion about the common essential shared values within the growing European Union. The European Values Study has been initiated by the European Value Systems Study Group (EVSSG) in 1978 in order to investigate and monitor the development of common values shared by European citizens (see [83]). The study is intended to be repeated every ten years. While the study currently focuses the topics like religion and morality, politics, work and leisure and primary relations, the discussion is often extended to other social and environmental values as well, e. g. dignity, liberties, equality, solidarity, citizenship, justice, respect for nature and life, responsibility. With increasing dissemination and acceptance of information society technologies topics like data security, data protection and data privacy becomes more and more important in order to retain and reach other social values. Many vital regulations as the European Charter of Fundamental Rights (2001), the Amsterdam Treaty, the European Convention on Human rights (1951), as well as the EU general DataP Directive (95/46/EC) are directly influenced by all these values and principles. The implementation and usage of RFID technologies might affect data privacy and data security issues as other information technologies do as well. In cases where data that can be related to individuals are handled, processed and/or stored in components of RFID systems (e.g. tags, readers, backend systems) data protection and data privacy issues apply. While in principle this property may apply to all application subcategories of the RFID Reference Model, Table 29 shows the applications where data protection and privacy issues usually apply. In these cases the appropriate measures and principles outlined in chapter 9.1 and 9.2 have to be followed in order to meet data protection and data privacy requirements.

Safety-related issues

At first glance, safety-related issues do not appear to be directly linked to data processing questions. On the other hand, while discussing security issues accompanying RFID applications, many safety aspects might emerge as well. In health- or even life-threatening situations some of the already discussed security issues may lead to serious and dangerous physical threats.

http://www.lfte.de [24] 12.4.1.2.2 Ferroxtag
Within EUREKA (a pan-European network for market-oriented, industrial R&D), the project FERROXTAG aims to optimise tags at 13.56 MHz for identifying pharmaceutical products with metallic packaging. Currently Ferroxtag (Ferroxcube) offers passive tags which can be mounted on metal and still have a reading range of about 30 centimetres. The tag dimensions are 25 x 12.5 x 5 mm. http://www.ferroxtag.com [25] 12.4.1.2.3 PolyIC, Bartsch
Within the PRISMA (printed smart RFID Labels) project (Project coordinator: PolyIC; funded by BMBF; BMBF Bundesministerium fr Bildung und Forschung Germany's Federal Ministry of Education and Research; 8.2 M), low cost polymer
RFID tags are developed and evaluated. At the Organic Electronics Conference, 24th-26th September 2007 in Germany, the consortium announced a test of the first printed low cost organic tickets developed by the PRISMA Project. http://www.prisma-projekt.de/home http://www.polyic.com [23] 12.4.1.2.4 Impinj
Impinj Inc., founded in May 2000, is privately held and has raised over $98 Million in funding mostly from venture capital firms. The fabless semiconductor company is active in the development of UHF RFID tag chips (families Monza and Monaco) and UHF RFID readers (EPCglobal-certified reader Speedway). Impinj holds numerous patents on the company's core technologies (Self-Adaptive Silicon) and is a leading contributor to the RFID standards for high volume supply-chain applications worldwide. They claim to provide the industry's only EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 standard tag chips (families Monza and Monaco) that: Feature dual antenna ports for maximum flexibility in pallet, case, and item level tagging Demonstrate high-performance for item-level tagging Deliver a 100% tested solution
According to Impinj, the field-proven Monza and Monaco chip families exhibit: High receptivity (high sensitivity combined with interference rejection) Controlled read range for item-level applications Ability to be read on liquid-filled items and objects high in metallic content Excellent depth (ability to be read even when buried deep within a pallet of tagged goods)
(see also chapter 12.4.2.2) http://www.impinj.com [26]

12.4.1.2.5

Hitachi
Hitachis central research laboratory in Tokyo presented the prototype of an RFID chip with a size of 0.05 mm 0.05 mm 5 m. The chip contains a 128-Bit-ROM to which an ID is written at production time. At 2.45 GHz the reading range is about 30 centimetres. Serial production is supposed to start 2009. In 2007 Hitachi intends to bring the " -chip", with a size of 0.4 mm 0.4 mm to market (see also chapter 4.3.5). http://www.hitachi.co.jp [27] 12.4.1.2.6 FEC International

Interrogator technology
The next section of technology aspects of the International R&D activity regards interrogator (reader) related technologies. Activities presented here are considered by the work package partners to be relevant for the various RFID system subtopics. This list is not meant to be exhaustive. The activities are examples of most important contributions to RFID reader technologies.

12.4.2.1

Infineon Technologies Austria AG / Graz University of Technology
Under the Austrian programme FIT-IT (Forschung, Innovation und Technologie fr Informationstechnologien Research, Innovation and Technology for IT) the project ReadRF with its partners Infineon and Graz University of Technology is working on reader technology employing new modulation and coding schemes. Promising solutions are realised as prototypes and their feasibility is proven by manufactured monolithic chips.

12.4.2.2

Impinj develops high-performance UHF reader antennas featuring form factors and RF properties, suited to highly specialised applications, such as pharmaceutical manufacturing and fill-line applications, smart shelves, smart racks, and automated point-of-sale terminals. The EPCglobal-certified Speedway reader, a key element of Impinj's GrandPrix RFID solution, is the first high-performance reader designed from the ground up (not merely upgraded) to support the EPCglobal UHF Gen 2 standard in its entirety (see also chapter 12.4.1.2.4). http://www.impinj.com [26]

12.4.2.3

Sirit is developing LF (134 kHz), HF (13.56 MHz) and UHF (915 MHz) readers and systems. Possible applications are: vehicle identification, supply chain automation, asset tracking, medical applications, people tracking, manufacturing, retail tracking, animal tracking, sports event timing. http://www.sirit.com [37]

12.4.2.4

Feig electronic has developed readers at LF, HF, and UHF for many areas of usage, such as: access control (persons and vehicles), ticketing systems, electronic locking systems and identification of goods in material management, manufacturing, inventory control and supply chain. http://www.feig.de [38]

12.5.9

Plefo Ab / Mannings
Plefo Ab (Sweden) and Mannings (UK) worked together on the project ARTSAFE (within EUREKA). The ARTSAFE project is developing data collection and communication services for protecting and monitoring high-value or hazardous objects. The ARTSAFE system combines four major components: a wireless RFID tag; a wireless tag reader; a control computer; and an alarm communication system. ARTSAFE can keep track of the actual location of items that are not supposed to leave assigned areas, and the system can be configured to record an automatic log of events. http://www.eureka.be [33]
12.5.10 Philips Semiconductors / Graz University of Technology
PROACT is an initiative of Philips Semiconductors and Graz University of Technology to promote RFID-related topics in teaching and research. Major activities of PROACT will include intensifying training for students in RFID-related topics promoting research in several fields connected with RFID systems installing a professorship ("Stiftungsprofessur") at the Graz University of Technology serving as a communication platform between academia and industry
Development of an UHF passive reader to expand the market with an UHF reader geared towards industrial logistic solutions and compatible with the latest computer chip technology. Partners are Tracetel (France) and Asicentrum Spol.S.R.O.(Czech Republic). http://proact.tugraz.at/about/index.htm [48]
12.5.11 Traffic Supervision Systems A/S
Traffic Supervision Systems A/S (Denmark) together with IfB (Institut Fr Bahntechnik Gmbh Germany), Mav Co. Ltd. (Hungarian State Railways), Iarnrod Eireann Suburban Rail (Ireland), Danske Stats Baner Materiel Teknik (Denmark) developed technology for a Train Position Locator For Electric Railways (TRAPOLO; within EUREKA). The system uses RFID technology to enhance future train positioning. http://www.eureka.be [33]
12.5.12 Immotec Systems / Homenet
Immotec Systems (France) and Homenet Com Ltd. (Israel) developed an innovative site security solution with localisation of people and objects simultaneously. Based on smart card, access control and surveillance elements integrated with an expert supervision system. The project is called HISS and was accomplished within EUREKA.

http://www.autoidlabs.org/the-labs/stgallen [60] 12.6.2.11.5 Auto-ID Lab at Keio University (Japan) The Auto-ID Centre at Keio University is a Japan-based affiliate of the AutoID Centre at MIT Focus on the development of the network aspects Outline of research activity plans: Real-space internet Study on real-space identifiers Establishment of an information management body for objects Study of mark-up language for objects Technology for supporting interpersonal communication
System applications Consideration and modification of ID resolution system Study and improvement of mark-up language for objects Study and improvement of system software
Development Run experiments Standardisation of Auto-ID technology Study on information distribution security
http://www.kri.sfc.keio.ac.jp/en [61] 12.6.2.11.6 Auto-ID Lab at Adelaide University (Australia) The Adelaide Auto-ID Lab is a part of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, which is based within the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Adelaide. The lab focuses on research and providing technical and educational services. The lab is involved in the following activities: Core research: hardware and software development Applied research: integration and applications Technical services Education
http://autoidlab.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au [62] 12.6.2.11.7 Auto-ID Lab at ICU (Korea) Presently, the labs are involved in more than 100 research projects which can be classified into 3 categories: hardware projects that deal with RF and chip design
software & networking projects that involve the development of a more advanced network and system architecture to support future business processes business projects that focus on business case studies, industrial applications, and privacy and security issues.
ICU's Auto-ID Lab will leverage Korea's RFID technologies through collaboration Personnel exchanges and research partnerships with other Auto-ID Labs will allow ICU to cultivate more internationalised talent moving ICU closer to its goal of becoming a global institution with the world's best research capabilities
http://www.autoid.or.kr [63]
12.6.2.12 inHaus Thematically and organisationally unique and integral concept in the field of product-oriented innovations for a networked life. The basis of the project is the inHaus facility in Duisburg which includes a residential home, a workshop, a networked car and a networked garden. 17 prominent national and international companies, which hold five-year contracts with the Fraunhofer Institute, are involved in this project.
http://www.inhaus-zentrum.de [64]
12.6.2.13 DHL Innovation Centre The centre supports the development of cutting edge innovations in the field of global logistics, including the mail and express segments. Development work will focus on RFID technology, geo-data technology for optimising travel routes and networks, as well as logistics-related GPS applications.

Table 48

Mapping software, systems, and networks, as well as socio-economic bottlenecks to the RFID Reference Model
The Internet of Things is a challenging idea, but depending on details of the implementation, it does not affect or apply to all subcategories of the RFID Reference Model. E.g. access control or tracking systems, in-house and closed loop logistics might not need the internet link. Applications where tag data or reading events may be assigned to persons, might want to avoid such internet lookups for security reasons (data protection, privacy).
14 RFID technology roadmap

14.1 Introduction

Work package 1 of the coordination action CE RFID is titled with RFID Roadmap. This technological roadmap is presented based on the previous chapters. All CE RFID participants and the additional contributors for WP1 have been invited to give their inputs. Work package 1 attempts to outline a roadmap for the RFID technologies. Chapter 3 to 11 analysed the current state-of-the-art of RFID technologies. The various technologies summarised as RFID have been beheld from several points of view: Application view (What application examples do really exist? How do they match to the RFID Reference Model?) Transponder classes view (Are there different kinds of transponders (tags)? How can they be classified?) ISO/OSI network model view (What are the components and communication partners of an RFID system? How do they communicate?) Technological view (What technologies and components exist? What are the common parameters and properties of RFID systems? Are there extensions to other technologies?) Standards and regulations view (What are the main international standards and regulations for RFID?) Data processing view (How are RFID data handled? Are there data security, data protection, privacy and safety issues? What kind of technological and other solutions are adequate?) Market view (What systems are on the market? Who are the vendors worldwide? What are the system specifications and properties?) Intellectual property view (How is the current IPR situation in RFID technologies? Are there major IPR stakeholders? Do patent pools exist?).
Chapter 12 looked for relevant international R&D activities with respect to RFID technologies. A database with more than 270 international activities (studies, R&D from academia and industry, etc.) has been collected and classified. Representative examples have been extracted and described concerning technology aspects, application-specific topics, and socio-economic aspects. Out of the presentation of the current state-of-the-art and relevant R&D activities regarding RFID technology, chapter 13 derived still existing bottlenecks and appropriate approaches to overcome these bottlenecks. This chapter attempts to sketch a technology roadmap for RFID containing short, mid, and long-term topics based on the information disclosed in the previous chapters. An organisation that has a tangible conception about their RFID roadmap is EPCglobal, respectively GS1 [81].

Standards bodies Trade associations Industry

Industry

Industry Trade associations

Standards bodies

7. EPC Application Scenarios The implementation roadmap to move pilot trials from the four walls of a company to collaboration with trading partners is complex. Data management structures should be agreed upon and infrastructures established. For example: application scenarios should be defined for the location-tolocation delivery process, and as such an EPC scenario goes outside the four walls of one company, shows how advance ship notices (ASNs) will be sent, how the EPC numbers will be communicated between trading partners, who will own and hold what data, and what levels of data security and integration are required? 8. Tag Specifications The technical development, enhanced functionality, and innovation in the various types of tags are progressing within the industry. As a result, tag specifications should be provided that are open standards-compliant, interoperable and upwardly compatible, as new versions are designed. Manufacturers should be encouraged to develop products that meet the latest specification of these criteria. 9. Reader Specifications In tandem with tags, reader specifications also should be developed that are open standards-compliant, interoperable, and upwardly compatible. Manufacturers should be encouraged to develop products that meet the latest specification of these criteria. 10. Harmonisation of Radio Frequency Clarity of the regulations harmonisation process is required across the industry, and details on what has been already agreed upon should be published. Statements from regulatory groups, e.g., International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) etc., should be obtained to help define what information should be given to CEOs so they can help to influence government and regulatory bodies in this harmonisation process. 11. EPC Software The EPC network is the infrastructure for the adoption of the EPC vision, with the principle building blocks of the savant software, ONS and EPCIS as components of this infrastructure. Technology vendors should be encouraged to provide open standards-based products that work with savant and standard application program interface.
Standards bodies Industry
Standards bodies Industry Hardware providers
Standards bodies Industry Hardware providers Standards bodies Industry
Industry Software providers
12. Quality Assurance & Compliance The availability, performance, and efficiency of tag and reader equipment need to match if not exceed currently available technological solutions. Quality assurance and certification should be encouraged from tag and reader suppliers on their products compliance with technical specifications, including robustness, reliability, read distances, read rates, etc. 13. Public Policy Agree on public policy issues and privacy statements and commit to implementing these.

Figure 53

Short, mid and long term R&D timeframe for RFID systems

14.3.7

Readers/interrogators
Usually readers are designed for operation on one specific air interface (frequency) only. There is a demand for multi-frequency, multi-standard readers for some applications. Readers that can operate on several LF, HF and UHF standards simultaneously may recognise many kinds of RFID tags (ISO, EPC). Reader/edge server interface and parts of the control logic may be used in common for several air interfaces, reducing total cost of reader and RFID middleware. The ongoing miniaturisation of communication devices in general raises a demand for RFID readers or reader modules in mini or even micro format (e.g. CompactFlash, SD-Card, MiniSD-
Card format). E.g. the integration into mobile phones will surely increase the usage and acceptance of RFID technology, as well as enable new applications. New intelligent reader concepts will not only reduce the size but also the cost of the readers to enable large-scale integration in small communication devices. Multiantenna and multi-reader arrangements might improve identification rates and achieve better coverage e.g. at gate systems. Higher reader densities and better interoperability require synchronised readers. New procedures and standards must be developed and introduced to reach this goal. Reader networks may also support inter-tag communication. In some applications a big number of tags within reach of the reader must be identified completely in a short period of time (e.g. single items on a palette). In this situation reading rates are still a challenge. Tag identification rates near 100 % not only require improvements on the tag side but also on the reader side. Anticollision technology, antenna technology and signal processing may help to reach this goal. Variable reading ranges or sector reading would be useful features to reduce multi-tag mix-up reads (see chapter 13.2.2).

Figure 54

Short, mid and long term R&D timeframe for RFID readers / interrogators

14.3.8

Non-silicon technologies

14.3.8.1

Surface acoustic wave devices (SAW)
Silicon-based semiconductor chip technology is usually limited to the temperature range from -40 C up to approx. 200 C. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology is not based on silicon semiconductors (see chapter 7.7.5). It extends the operation conditions for tags into more robust environments. The SAW system offers the following remarkable properties that cannot be implemented by conventional RFID systems: High temperature resistance (400 C) Readable at high velocity (420 km/h) High data rate (1000 queries/sec) Additional sensor features like: temperature, pressure, strain gauge Long range (10 m, fully passive)

14.3.8.2

Polymer electronics
The classic RFID tag manufacturing process comprises the manufacturing of a chip, the contacting the chip onto an antenna structure and the moulding of both components into a tag carrier or directly into the product packaging. In order to reduce the number of production steps and simultaneously the tag costs, new manufacturing methods have to be developed. One way to further, easier mass production and therefore cost reduction is to use new non-silicon based technologies like polymer (organic) electronics and reel-to-reel manufacturing procedures. The antenna and circuitry can be printed and integrated into the packaging with simple processes (see chapter 7.4.3). German company PolyIC reported that it had demonstrated two organic RFID tags one with 32 bits of memory, the other with 64 bits in a clean room. In September 2007, the first really printed RFID tag (at that time still without ID) was presented by PolyIC (http://www.polyic.com/en/press-releases.php). Separately VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland) researchers have printed electric coding with conductive ink that can be read with a sweeping technique, or a contactless read in which a specially created interrogator is placed close to the tag and moved along its entire surface. (see

High performance crypto engines

Low power crypto engines

ICT Architectures
Ambient intelligence systems

Inter tag communication

Socio-economic aspects
Further trust and acceptance of RFID
Environmental compatibility

2020 341

Figure 61 Diagram of the CE RFID Stakeholder Model
17.4 RFID Stakeholder Model

RFID Stakeholder

Basic Research Applied Research Legal and Social Science Logistical Tracking & Tracing Production, Monitoring and Maintenance Product Safety, Quality and Information Access Control and Tracking & Tracing of persons Loyalty, Membership and Payment EHealth Care Sport, Leisure and Household Public Services Manufacturer Solutions Provider System Integrator General SME RFID and IT Specific
RFID Technology Research & Suppliers Development
Business Associations Government and Governmental Institutions

RFID End User Companies

Stakeholders
QuasiAutonomous and Non-Governmental Organisation
International European National
Standardization Organizations
International Organizations National Institutions Commercial Organizations
Data Protection Agencies Consumer Organizations Trade Unions
17.5 RFID Reference Model
The CE RFID Reference Model and a detailed description are separately available on the project website (http://www.rfid-in-action.eu).