ENTER SELECT SET UP MENU CANCEL OSD A.MONITOR SLOW SKIP SEARCH PROGRESSIVE
Page Switch to operate TV or VCR or DVD 20,38 Power on/off 20 Display menu of DVD software 51 Locating desired scene 49 Remove DVD set up menu 38,53 Open or Close the tray 39 Change the front Display mode 29 Set Subtitle of a DVD disc 51 Digital AUTO TRACKING 28 Change playback angle of a DVD disc 48,51 Reset the counter to 00:Index for DVD 41 Stop the tape when the counter reaches 00:Select playback mode 42,43 Sets the tape speed for recording 30,32 Zoom (DVD/VCD) 41,48 Select title of a DVD disc 51 Repeat playback between A and B (DVD/CD) 42 Direct channel selection of TV 22,30 Input setting 41,43 Enter a password 52,53 Set the unit to start recording at a preset time. 33,34 Switches between TV and VCR 20,31 Turn the connected TV on or off 10,12 Switch the connected TV to external mode 10,12 Adjust the connected TVs volume 10,12 Rewind/Review playback 27,28,40 Playback 27,39 Fast Forward/Forward search playback 27,28,40 Recording 30,32,36 Stop 27,39 Still picture/Recording pause on/off 28,31,36,40 Skip chapter to forward or reverse direction 40,45 Search for the INDEX mark of a tape 29 Select channel of the connected TV or VCR 10,30,32,36 Cursor buttons Setting buttons 33,34 Manual tracking buttons in playback mode 28 Cursor buttons - To move Up in the VCR menu you press the. To move Down in the VCR menu you press the. Enter information in the menu Select option in the menu Display menu of setup 20,21,38,46-47,54-58 Delete Timer program 34 Cancel input data in the setting mode 25,33,41,43 Display VCR or DVD operation status 31,58 Switches sound between mono and stereo 35 Change sound track language of DVD 50 Slowmotion playback 28,40 Skip the unwanted short material of a tape 28 Set the progressive scanning mode to active 60

Inserting Batteries

Open the battery compartment cover in the direction of the arrow.
2 Install two AA batteries (supplied), 3 paying attention to the polarity
diagram in the battery compartment.
Replace the compartment cover.

Battery precautions

The precautions below should be followed when using batteries in this device: 1. Use only the size and type of batteries specified. 2. Be sure to follow the correct polarity when installing the batteries as indicated in the battery compartment. Reversed batteries may cause damage to the device. To avoid a potential short circuit, insert the end first. 3. Do not mix different types of batteries together (e.g. Alkaline and Carbon-zinc) or old batteries with fresh ones. 4. If the device is not to be used for a long period of time, remove the batteries to prevent damage or injury from possible battery leakage. 5. Do not try to recharge batteries not intended to be recharged; they can overheat and rupture. (Follow battery manufacturers directions.)

1 Press2.and hold VCR on the remote control until you finish the step
one 2 Presspress of the following buttons to enter the desired code, then ENTER. 1: 2: 3: 4: sets the remote control code to A sets the remote control code to b sets the remote control code to C sets the remote control code to d
3 To turn off the unit, press POWER on the front panel. on the front panel seconds. 4 Press PLAY of the unit appearsfor 5the display.The current setting code on
STOP remote transmit5 Press the uniton theblinks forcontrol.4The new code is display, ted to and about seconds on the then the clock time appears.
the remote control. is 6 Press POWERisoncomplete. If the unit isWhen the uniton,turned on, the setting NOT turned repeat from step 1.

Basic connections

If you are using an antenna system, follow these instructions. If you are a cable (CATV) subscriber, skip ahead to page 16 for the proper connections.
ANTENNA TO DVD/VCR CONNECTION
The DVD/VCR must be connected between the antenna and the TV. First, disconnect the antenna from the TV and connect it to the DVD/VCR. Then connect the DVD/VCR to the TV. Below are 3 common methods of connecting an antenna system to a DVD/VCR. Find the type of antenna system you are using and follow the connection diagram.
Combination VHF/UHF Antenna with 75 ohm Coaxial Cable

DVD/VCR

IN (ANT)

75 ohm Coaxial Cable

OUT (TV)
Combination VHF/UHF Antenna with 300 ohm Twin Lead (Flat) Wire
Matching Transformer 300 ohm Input 75 ohm output (not supplied) 300 ohm Twin Lead (Flat) Wire
Separate VHF and UHF Antennas
Combiner 75/300 ohm Inputs 75 ohm output (not supplied) 300 ohm Twin Lead (Flat) Wire
75 ohm Coaxial Cable NOTE: If both VHF and UHF antennas have 300 ohm twin lead (flat) wires, use a combiner having two 300 ohm inputs and one 75 ohm output. NOTES: A clear picture will not be obtained by the DVD/VCR unless the antenna signal is good. Connect the antenna to the DVD/VCR properly. For better quality recording, an indoor antenna or a telescopic antenna is not recommended. The use of an outdoor type antenna is required. If you are not sure about the connection, please refer to qualified service personnel.

DVD/VCR Splitter A/B Switch
ALLOWS: * * * PREVENTS: * *
Recording of one channel while watching another. Using the programmable timer to record only the channel selected at the converter box. Recording of all channels through the converter box. Watching scrambled channels while recording another channel. Using the DVD/VCR tuner to select channels. DVD/VCR TV

Splitter

VHF/UHF

Converter/ Descrambler

A/B Switch
ALLOWS: * * * * PREVENTS:
Recording of nonscrambled channels. Recording of one channel while watching another. Watching premium channels through the converter while recording nonscrambled channels. Using the programmable timer. Recording scrambled channels.
DVD/VCR Splitter Converter/ Descrambler
ALLOWS: * Recording of all channels through the converter box. * Recording a scrambled or unscrambled channel while watching another (scrambled or unscrambled) channel. * Using the programmable timer to record only the channel selected at the converter box. PREVENTS: Using the DVD/VCR tuner to select channels.

Playback connections

The exact arrangement you use to interconnect various video and audio components to the DVD/VCR is dependent on the model and features of each component. Check the Owner's Manual provided with each component for the location of video and audio inputs and outputs.
Connect to a TV with Audio/Video Output
You can enjoy playback by simply connecting the unit to a TV. Connect the unit to a TV equipped with stereo audio input and video input jacks using the supplied audio/video cable. TV

Video Output

Audio (L) Output Audio (R) Output
To Video Input AUDIO/VIDEO cable (supplied)
To Audio (R) Input To Audio (L) Input
Connect to a TV with S-Video Output (for DVD/CD playback)
If your TV has an S-VIDEO input, you can get better quality by connecting it with the S-VIDEO output of the unit using the S-video cable instead of connecting the video input of the TV to the VIDEO jack of the unit.
S-Video cable (not supplied)
Audio (L) Output Audio (R) Output To S-Video Input S-VIDEO/COMPONENT Video selector switch S-Video Output To Audio (R) Input AUDIO cable (not supplied) To Audio (L) Input
Connect to a TV with Component Video Output (for DVD/CD playback) You can enjoy high picture quality by connecting the units COMPONENT VIDEO OUT jacks to the COMPONENT VIDEO IN jacks of your TV with the COMPONENT video cables (not supplied).

select your 3 Press thenorpresstothe ENTER. Time Zone,
STANDARD TIME ATLANTIC CENTRAL PACIFIC HAWAII AUTO

EASTERN MOUNTAIN ALASKA

Daylight Saving Time setting
You can set the Daylight Saving Time automatically or manually. Preparation: Turn ON the TV. When a TV is connected with an audio/video cable, select the video input mode on the TV. When a TV is connected only with an antenna cable, set to the video channel 3 or 4. Then select VCR position with TV/VCR. Make sure TV/VCR/DVD switch has been slided to VCR/DVD. Then press VCR to select the VCR mode. (The VCR indicator will light.)
1 Repeat the step 1 on page 23 or to select and press
DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME, then press ENTER.
select one of 2 Press or thentopress ENTER. the options, for manual setting (forward one hour) OFF: for manual setting (back one hour) AUTO: for automatic setting (read XDS in the signal) ON:
DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ON OFF AUTO
When you want to set the Daylight Saving Time manually, on the first Sunday in April you set to ON, and on the last Sunday in October you set to OFF.
NOTES: When shipped from factory, the DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME option is set to AUTO position. When the clock is not set, Daylight Saving Time setting is not available. When there is no Daylight Saving Time in your area, always select OFF position in step 2.

Manual clock setting

You must set the date and time manually for timer recordings and Daylight Saving Time if the Auto Clock process did not set them correctly. Preparation: Turn ON the TV and set to the video input mode. Make sure TV/VCR/DVD switch has been slided to VCR/DVD. Then press VCR to select the VCR mode. (The VCR indicator will light.) EXAMPLE: Setting the clock to 8:30 AM March, 26 (WED), 2003.
1 Press SET UP MENU. The VCR menu screen will appear. 2 Press or to select the SYSTEM SETUP menu, then

press ENTER.

MENU TIMER REC SET AUTO REPEAT ON OFF ON OFF SAP CH SETUP SYSTEM SETUP
or to select the 3 Press SET option, then press CLOCK ENTER.
to Press 4 then pressorENTERset the month, button.

MONTH DAY YEAR TIME

(SAT) : 00AM

+//ENTER/CANCEL/MENU

To make corrections any time during the process Press CANCEL repeatedly until the item you want to change blinks, then press or.
5 Set the day, year and time as in step 4.

(WED) : 30AM

NOTE: After a power failure or disconnection of the power, the timer settings will be lost. In this case, reset the present time.
setting the clock, 6 Afterstarts functioning date and time automatically.

8 : 30AM WED

Loading and Unloading a cassette tape
Use only video cassette tapes marked
Cassettes marked VHS (or S-VHS) can be used with this video cassette recorder. However, S-VHS recording is not possible with this model. This model is equipped with SQPB (S-VHS QUASI PLAYBACK) that makes it possible to play back S-VHS recordings with regular VHS resolution. HQ VHS is compatible with existing VHS equipment.

Loading

Push the center of the tape until it is automatically inserted. Insert the cassette tape with its labeled side facing up and the erase prevention tab positioned at your left. An inverted cassette tape cannot be inserted.
Erase prevention tab Automatic power ON When you insert a cassette tape the VCR power will turn ON automatically. Automatic playback When loading a cassette tape without an erase prevention tab, playback will start automatically.

Unloading

Press EJECT on the unit.
Remove the cassette tape.
Automatic tape eject This VCR will automatically rewind the tape when the tape has ended. And when the tape is rewinded to its beginning, the cassette tape will be ejected automatically.
To prevent accidental erasure
Remove the erase prevention tab with a screwdriver. Screwdriver

To record again

Cover the hole with a piece of adhesive tape.

Erase prevention tab

Adhesive tape
Tape speed and maximum recording time
Tape Speed SP (Standard Play) EP (Extended Play) Video cassette tape T-160 2-2/3 hours 8 hours T-hours 6 hours T-90 1-1/2 hours 4-1/2 hours T-hour 3 hours T-minutes 1-1/2 hours

Cassette tape playback

Preparation: Turn ON the TV and set to the video input mode. Make sure TV/VCR/DVD switch has been slided to VCR/DVD. Then press VCR to select the VCR mode. (The VCR indicator will light.) prerecorded tape 1 Load a loading a cassette tape (When without the erase prevention tab, playback will start automatically).
2 To start playback Press PLAY.
Playback will start. will appear on the screen for about 4 seconds.

To stop playback

Press STOP once. The tape will stop but remain fully loaded and ready to play. will appear on the screen for about 4 seconds.
To rewind the tape or forward it rapidly
Stop the playback or recording with STOP. To rewind the tape: Press REW. To forward the tape: Press FF.
To stop the tape-winding, press STOP. To switch to playback directly (without STOP), press PLAY. NOTES: This VCR selects the playback tape speed SP or EP automatically. The Cassette tape and DVD disc can be played back simultaneously. If you press VCR or DVD, the tape playback and DVD playback alternate with each other on the screen.

Forward/Reverse picture search mode
When the tape is being winded, you can switch to picture search mode (see next page). To do this, press REW or FF and hold it down. The unit will resume the tape winding as soon as the button is released.

Special playback

Picture Search
Reverse picture search function Press REW x 1 or x 2 during the playback. Forward picture search function Press FF x 1 or x 2 during the playback. To return to playback: Press PLAY.

Repeat playback

The entire video tape will be played until its end.The tape will then automatically rewind to the beginning and the playback will be repeated.
1 Press SET UP MENU. Press
or to select AUTO REPEAT.

Still Picture

Press PAUSE during playback. To resume normal playback: Press PLAY.
2 Then press ENTER to select ON or OFF.
If ON is selected, the playback will be repeated endlessly.

Slow Motion

During playback press SLOW. To return to playback: Press PLAY or SLOW. Slow tracking and vertical lock adjustment If noise bars appear in the picture during slow motion, press the SET + or to reduce the noise bars. If the still picture jitters excessively, press SET + or to stabilize the still picture.
If you press OSD, will appear on the screen. press PLAY. 4 To start the playback,repeated endlessly. The playback will be To cancel repeat mode: Follow the above step 1, then press ENTER to select the OFF position. Press SET UP MENU to return to the TV.

Frame by Frame picture

Press PAUSE during playback. Press SLOW one by one: The picture advances frame by frame. To return to playback: Press PLAY or PAUSE.
Adjusting tracking condition
Automatic tracking adjustment Whenever you insert a tape and start playback, automatic tracking starts working and continuously analyzes the signal to enable optimum picture quality during playback. Manual tracking adjustment If automatic tracking cannot eliminate noises well during playback, press SET +/ to eliminate the noises. MANUAL TR. will appear. Press it briefly for a fine adjustment, or press and hold for a coarse adjustment. Press A.TRK to reactivate automatic tracking again. AUTO TR. will appear. NOTES: The audio output is muted during SPEED SEARCH, STILL, FRAME ADVANCE and SLOW MOTION. During picture search mode there will be noise bars which are caused by the system. The Special Playback will automatically change to playback after approx. 5 minutes to protect the video tape against excessive wear.

Skip Search

Each time you press SKIP SEARCH while a tape is playing, the unit will fast-forward ahead 30 seconds on the tape. You may press the button up to six times in a row to move 180 seconds (three minutes) ahead. For example: 1 press: 30 seconds of tape 2 presses: 60 seconds of tape 3 presses: 90 seconds of tape
ZERO RETURN function/Video Index Search system

ZERO RETURN function

This function makes tape-rewinding stop at the counter 00:00:00 position automatically.
OSD. 1 Presscounter display shows the tape The running time during playback or recording.

8 : 47AM MON HI - FI

00 : 04 : 38 SP
the desired tape po2 Press C. RESET at display will be reset sition. The counter to the 00:00:00 position (e.g. the begining of recording).

00 : 00 : 00 SP

3 Press STOP when playback or recording is finished. Press ZERO RETURN.
The tape will be rewinded or fast forwarded and automatically stop at the 00:00:00 position.

The DISPLAY-button

Press DISPLAY. The clock and tape counter alternate with each other in the display.
NOTES for Counter Display: If you rewind the tape beyond 00:00:00, a minus sign () will be displayed in front of the time counter. When you load a tape, the counter will reset to 00:00:00. The counter does not function on nonrecorded (blank) sections of the tape. When you rewind, fast forward or play tapes through blank sections, the counter stops. NOTES for Video Index Search system: When you record an INDEX mark at the very beginning of the tape, the mark may not be found. During INDEX search, the tape may stop and begin to play at a slightly different location. INDEX may not function properly with old or worn out video tapes. INDEX marks may not be found if it is extremely close to the point where the search began. In recording, if you stop recording temporarily, the INDEX mark is not recorded on the tape.
Video Index Search system
This function enables you to locate the beginning of any recording made on the VCR. Recording an INDEX MARK The Index Search function automatically records an INDEX mark on the tape whenever a recording is initiated.

The current day (Friday) One month later minus one day WKL-WE (Weekly Wednesday)
Confirmation / Cancellation of the timer recording
has been activated, to 1 If the timerthe timer. The clock press TIMERwill deactivate symbol ( ) disappear. Then press VCR to change to VCR mode. To 2 At confirm timer program: picture 1 on the previous page select the TIMER REC SET option and press ENTER. Then the timer program list as right will appear on the screen. program: 3 To cancel timeror to Press SET + select the unnecessary program, then press CANCEL to cancel the program.
SU-SA (Sunday to Saturday) MO-SA (Monday to Saturday) MO-FR (Monday to Friday) WKL-TH (Weekly Thursday)

WKL-WE

4 Press SET UP MENU repeatedly until the TV-picture appears.
In case timer programs-overlap
Do not overlap timer programs as portions of the conflicting programs will be lost. The first recording time has priority over the next recording time as shown in the diagram below. NOTES: If there are other timer record programs remaining, TIMER must be pressed to reactivate the timer, otherwise the remaining timer record programs will be ignored. You cannot confirm the timer program during timer recording operation. You can also correct the programmed setting in program confirm mode. At step 2 above, press ENTER to enter the program input mode. Then press ENTER repeatedly until the item you wish to correct blinks. Then correct the data : : : : with SET + or. : : : : Then press SET UP MENU : : : : repeatedly until the TV : : picture appears.

DATE START END CH

8 : 00 Program 1 Program 2

9 : 00

10 : 00

11 : 00

Deleted Parts Program 3
Non Recorded Portion Parts
Recording Control Settings

Prog.1

Prog.2

Prog.3

NOTES: The daily/weekly recording can be made continuously until the recording is canceled or the tape reaches the end. During timer recording the automatic rewinding mechanism does not function.
Stereo recording and playback/Separate Audio Program (SAP)
Stereo Recording and Playback
The VHS Hi-Fi audio system permits high fidelity recording of MTS STEREO TV broadcasts.
When a MTS STEREO broadcast is received, the word STEREO will appear on the screen for about 4 seconds and the program can be viewed or recorded in stereo. The Hi-Fi STEREO recording procedure is the same as for normal recordings.
NOTE: When using a CATV system, stereo TV programs may be transmitted over a mono cable channel. In this case the word STEREO will not appear and the sound will be in mono.

Output selection

When viewing an MTS STEREO TV program, or playing a prerecorded VHS Hi-Fi STEREO videotape, press A.MONITOR to select how the audio will be heard through the speakers. Normally set to the Hi-Fi STEREO position, this button can be set to the MONO position if the stereo broadcast or videotape audio is of poor quality. The R and L positions allow the audio from the Right or Left Hi-Fi channel to be heard over both TV speakers. This button has no effect when viewing a MONO videotape or TV program. Each time when you press the button, OUTPUT SELECTION display appears on the screen for several seconds. Refer to the chart below.

OUTPUT SELECTION STEREO L ch R ch MONO SOUND HEARD ON BOTH SPEAKERS STEREO LEFT CHANNEL AUDIO RIGHT CHANNEL AUDIO MONO
Separate Audio Program (SAP)
Your VCR is fitted with a SAP broadcast system which enables you to switch to a separate audio program when viewing a selected channel. This function applies only when the program is broadcast in multi-languages through the SAP broadcast system.
1 Press SET UP MENU. Then press 2 Then press ENTER to select ON.
Then press SET UP MENU until the menu screen is cleared.

to select SAP.

NOTES: When playing back a tape that is not recorded in Hi-Fi stereo mode, the audio will automatically be monaural. When listening to a VHS Hi-Fi video tape or MTS broadcast through the VHF/UHF jack (Audio/Video cable not connected), the sound will be monaural.

Listening to SAP

When the VCR is turned on or a channel selection is made, make certain the letters SAP appears on the screen for about 4 seconds. This means that the Separate Audio Program broadcasting is available.

STEREO SAP

Duplicating a video tape/Duplicating a disc material onto a video tape

Duplicating a video tape

If you connect the VCR to another VCR or camcorder, you can duplicate a previously recorded tape. Make all connections before turning on the power. a tape with the recording VCR 1 Loadtabblank cassette recording the erase preven- 4 Press REC on REC, press PLAY.or on the Remote. tion intact into the VCR. While holding Load a previously recorded tape into the playback VCR or CAMCORDER. Then press PAUSE.
Press PLAY button on the playback VCR or 2 Press SP/EP to select the desired tape speed SP 5 CAMCORDER, then press PAUSE button. or EP. It is recommended that you set the speed to the PAUSE on both the VCRs SP mode on the recording VCR for best results. 6 Press the duplicating process. simultaneously to begin or to 3 Press VCR CH +appearselect AUDIO/VIDEO input position. L will in the display.
Connection with second VCR

Playback VCR

Connection with Camcorder

Playback Camcorder

To AV Jack

To VIDEO OUT

To AUDIO (R) OUT Recording VCR To AUDIO (L) OUT
AUDIO/VIDEO cable (supplied) Recording VCR To AUDIO (R) IN To AUDIO (L) IN To VIDEO IN To VIDEO IN To AUDIO (R) IN To AUDIO (L) IN AUDIO/VIDEO cable (not supplied)
For duplicating a previously recorded tape from a camcorder, follow the camcorder manufacturers instructions. A typical camcorder dubbing hookup is shown above.
Duplicating a disc material onto a video tape
You can record disc material in DVD, Video CD, Audio CD, etc. onto a video tape with this DVD/VCR only. If the DVD disc has a Copy-guard feature, the duplicating is not possible. A symbol mark will appear on the screen for approx. 4 seconds. See page 39 for more information about the DVD playback. Preparation: Load a cassette tape with the erase prevention tab intact. Select the tape speed (SP or EP) in the VCR mode. Load a disc you wish to duplicate. disc on the VCR or 3 Duringholdingplayback, press RECon the Remote. while REC, press PLAY The duplicating will start. NOTES: You can set the duplicating time using the ITR-function. At step 3 above press REC repeatedly until the desired duplicating time appears on the screen (see page 32). When the scanning mode is set to the progressive mode, you cannot duplicate a disc material onto a video tape. When REC is pressed, the PROGRESSIVE on the display window will flash and indicator Off will appear on the screen. Please Set

MP3/WMA CD playback

OPEN/CLOSE. 1 Pressdisc tray will open. The Place a disc on which MP3 or WMA files have been recorded onto the tray. Press OPEN/CLOSE or PLAY. 2 disc tray closes automatically. OnThe the TV-screen, Reading will appear. Reading will take as much time as the number of file.
MP3/WMA/JPEG CD information
Limitations on MP3/WMA/JPEG CD playback MP3/WMA/JPEG CD is the disc that is standardized by ISO9660, its file name must include 3-digits extension letters, mp3, wma, jpg. The directory and file names of the MP3/WMA/ JPEG CD must be correspond to the ISO standardized files. This unit can read 200 files per disc. If one directory has more than 200 files, it reads up to 200 files, the remaining files will be omitted. The unit is able to recognize up to a maximum of 50 directories per disc. MP3/WMA CDs cannot be used for playback for the purpose of recording. If the CD has both audio tracks and MP3/WMA/ JPEG files, only audio tracks are played. It may take more than one minute for this unit to read MP3/WMA/JPEG files depending on its structure. Music recorded by Joliet Recording Specification can be played back, the file name is displayed (within 16 letters) on the screen Long file names will be condensed. The music files recorded by Hierarchical File System (HFS) cannot be played. The unit can play back baseline and progressive JPEG files. Limitations on display The maximum number for display is 16 letters. Available letters for display are the following: capital or small alphabets of A through Z, numbers of 0 through 9, and _ (under score). Other letters than those above are replaced in hyphen. Notes on MP3/WMA/JPEG files To play back MP3/WMA/JPEG CD in the recorded order, 1. Use MP3/WMA/JPEG software that records data alphabetically or numerically. 2. Name each file including two-digit or threedigit number (e.g. or 001 002). 3. Refrain from making too many sub-folders. CAUTION: Some MP3/WMA/JPEG CDs can not be played back depending on the recording conditions. The CD-R/RW that has no music data or nonMP3/WMA/JPEG files can not be played back.
A 3 thefile menu screen will appear on TV screen. Press / to select folder.
-/72 --:-Pops 8 Japan 9 Bay Bridge CLOSE MY EYES 10 DIVE TO BLUE Honey 13 BLUE EYES 14 Blurry Eyes flower Lies and Truthwinter fall Rain Strawberry Welcome party Thailand

/0-9/Enter/Play Mode

4 Press file.
or Number keys to select the desired or

/Enter/Cancel/Marker
2 Select. the blank Marker using /
Then press ENTER at the desired scene. Repeat this procedure to set the other 2 scenes.
3 Press MARKER to remove this display.

Returning to the scenes

1 Press MARKER during playback or stop mode.

2 Press 1-3.

to select the Marker
Marker Marker Marker 25 31
3 Press ENTER. from the marked scene. Playback starts

To cancel the mark

NOTES: Some discs may not work with the marking operation. The marking is canceled when you open the disc tray or turn the power off. Some subtitles recorded around the marker may fail to appear.
1 Press MARKER. 2 Press / to select the Marker 1-3. 3 Press CANCEL.display, press MARKER. To remove this
Changing soundtrack language/Karaoke playback
Changing soundtrack language
You can select the language when you play a multilingual disc.
1 Press A.MONITOR playback.
2/8 Fra Dolby Digital Spatializer Off
The current soundtrack language will appear.
A.MONITOR repeatedly 2 Pressthe desired language is until selected. The on-screen display will disappear after a few seconds.
1/8 Eng Dolby Digital Spatializer Off
In case of VIDEO CD playback
Audio type changes as follows each time you press A.MONITOR.

Spatializer Off

Karaoke playback
When playing back a DVD KARAOKE disc, you can turn the vocal on or off.
1 Press A.MONITOR during DVD KARAOKE disc playback.
Press or 2 vocal setting. Press 3 Off. NOTES: The vocal output feature is used during playback of Dolby Digital (multi-channel) recorded DVD KARAOKE discs. This feature allows you to turn off vocal audio tracks, or restore them for background accompaniment. When playing Karaoke, connect appropriate audio equipment such as an amplifier to the DVD/VCR. or to select Karaoke
1/8 Eng Dolby Digital Off

to select On or

On: The primary vocal is output when it is recorded on the disc. Off: The primary vocal is not output.
Subtitles/Changing angles/Title selection/DVD menu

NOTES: Some discs may not be played back with the progressive scanning mode correctly because of the disc characteristics or recording condition. There are some progressive TV and High-Definition TV sets that are not fully compatible with the unit, resulting in the unnatural picture when playing back a DVD VIDEO disc in the Progressive scanning mode. In such a case, use the Interlaced scanning mode. To check the compatibility of your TV set, contact your local JVC customer service center. You cannot make the progressive scanning mode active in following cases. The unit is in the VCR mode. The disc is played back in the DVD mode. The S-VIDEO/PROGRESSIVE video selector swich is set to S-VIDEO positon.

Language code list

Enter the appropriate code number for the initial settings Audio, Subtitle and/or Menu (see pages 5456).
Language Name Code Language Name Code Language Name Code Language Name Code Abkhazian Afar Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Assamese Aymara Azerbaijani Bashkir Basque Fiji Finnish French Frisian Galician Georgian German Greek Greenlandic Guarani Gujarati Hausa Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Interlingua Irish Italian Japanese Javanese Kannada Kashmiri Kazakh Kirghiz Korean Kurdish Laothian Latin Lingala Lithuanian Macedonian Malagasy Malay Malayalam Maltese Maori Marathi Moldavian Mongolian Nauru Nepali Norwegian Oriya Panjabi Pashto, Pushto Persian Polish Portuguese Quechua 2731 Singhalese Slovak Slovenian Somali Spanish Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Tibetan Tigrinya Tonga Turkish Turkmen Twi Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek 3136
Bengali; Bangla 1224 Bhutani Bihari Breton Bulgarian Burmese Byelorussian Cambodian Catalan Chinese Corsican Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Esperanto Estonian Faroese 1530 1625
Rhaeto-Romance 2823 Romanian Russian Samoan Sanskrit Scots Gaelic Serbian Serbo-Croatian Shona Sindhi 2914
Vietnamese 3219 Volapk Welsh Wolof Xhosa Yiddish Yoruba Zulu 3631

Latvian, Lettish 2232

Problems and troubleshooting
Use the following check list for troubleshooting when you have problems with your unit. Consult your local dealer or service outlet if problems persist. Be sure all connections are properly made when using with other units. SYMPTOMS DVD/VCR Make sure the power cord is plugged in. Try another AC outlet. Power is off, check fuse or circuit breaker. Unplug unit, then plug it back in. Select the DVD or VCR mode before operating. Make sure TV/VCR/DVD switch has been slided to VCR/DVD. 5 5 20,38 20,38 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS PAGE

ACCESSORIES

To purchase accessories for your JVC product, you may contact your local JVC Dealer. From the 48 Continental United States call toll free: 1-800-882-2345 or on the web at www.JVC.com
Dont service the product yourself.
To prevent electrical shock, do not open the cabinet. There are no user serviceable parts inside. Please refer to qualified service personnel for repairs.
WARRANTY (Only in U.S.A.)
LIMITED WARRANTY CONSUMER VIDEO 1-90 JVC COMPANY OF AMERICA warrants this product and all parts thereof, except as set forth below ONLY TO THE ORIGINAL PURCHASER AT RETAIL to be FREE FROM DEFECTIVE MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP from the date of original retail purchase for the period as shown below. (The Warranty Period)
THIS LIMITED WARRANTY IS VALID ONLY IN THE FIFTY (50) UNITED STATES, THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND IN COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO.

WHAT WE WILL DO:

If this product is found to be defective, JVC will repair or replace defective parts at no charge to the original owner. Such repair and replacement services shall be rendered by JVC during normal business hours at JVC authorized service centers. Parts used for replacement are warranted only for the remainder of the Warranty Period. All products and parts thereof may be brought to a JVC authorized service center on a carry-in basis except for Television sets having a screen size 25 inches and above which are covered on an in-home basis.
WHAT YOU MUST DO FOR WARRANTY SERVICE:
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Making animal sound recordings
An introduction to the science--
and art--of recording and annotating
bird and other animal sounds

by Richard Bradley

Introduction
B IOACOUSTICS, sounds, the focus relatively amphibians,andbirds.A quicktally of papers study animal has come into activeof
recently. Although some valuable work was 1940s, most of the research in this field
Nearly all early work in bioacoustics, as well as much of the current literature, deals with three major groups; insects, anuran
done on a variety of species prior to the beganwith the introduction easilyportable of soundrecordingequipmentin the mid-1950s.
dealingwith acousticcommunication birds in demonstrates the rapid growth in this field (Fig. 1). With the tape specimensin hand, workerscan carefullyand objectivelyanalyze acoustic signalsused by animals for communication. Currently, work in bioacoustcs
is expanding almosttaxon rapidly every into
and most environments. New recording equipment has opened up the underwater
acoustic environment as well as the ultra-
sonic and subsonic ranges. Amateurs as well as professionals are producingan increasingnumber of new recordings,many of which have great potential value. Unfortunately, few workers are careful to include all pertinent data necessary to complete a specimen. This paper is meant to serve as a guide for both the
serious student and the casual recordist to
insure that their recordings are valuable scientificspecimens. Many people are familiar with recordings
44-48 49-53 54-58 59-63 64-68 69-74
of animal sounds now available

on commer-

cially publishedphonograph discs. Although
x Associate in Natural Sciences, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Fla 32611
Figure 1. Growth in bird song research as indicated by the numberof technicalpaperspublished

since 1944

Volume 31, Number 3
these discs perform a useful service, they
are of secondaryimportanceto scientific
investigators. Most of them are produced from recordingshoused in various private
and institutional sound archives, and are
stantly changingtheir machinery and techniques to conform to the flux in the "state
of the art" in electronics. This does not
usually presentationsof typical examples of
well documented sounds. Perhaps the most famous sound archive, established by Peter
mean that others limited to less sophisticated equipment cannot produce valuable recordings. On the contrary, excellent recordingscan now be made by the serious amateur on equipment that is readily avadable on the retail market for under $300.
Paul Kelloggand Arthur A. Allen, is housed at the Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University. Many other fine archives exist,
and scientificanimal sound specimencollections have mushroomed in recent years. A
Two basic types of tape recorders are in
preliminary list of sound specimencollections is presentedby Boswall (1974). Sound specimens catalogued the samegeneral are in way as in otherscientific collections. Complete recordingdata are kept with the specimens, including notes on the specific behavioral
context in which the vocalization was given.
The material in sound archives is used
use today. One type uses nalTOW( in.) magnetic tape enclosed in a sealed unit called a cassette (not to be confusedwith a cartridge).Another type usestape threaded between two separate plastic reels, and is usually referred to as open reel or reelto-reel recorder. I will discuss the relative

characteristics of these two groups below. Althoughinvestigatorsoccasionallymake re-
by investigatorsin a variety of fields including ethology, ecology, taxonomy and
evolutionarybiology. Although hundredsof
field recordists have recorded miles of tape
specimens,much basic information remains to be documented.In fact, sound specimens have probably been obtained for fewer than half of the known speciesof birds, the best documentedtaxon. The vocal performances of myriads of tropical insects, amphibians
and mammals are totally undocumented.
Recorded specimens from aquatic animals
are barely represented.Many of these forms have complex and interesting acoustic behavior. Amateurs can perform a valuable service by contributing well documented recordings of animal sounds to scientific

collections.

cordings of their subject in a laboratory, this paper deals with equipment and techniques for work in the field. In addition to the many different tape recorders, an equally confusingalTay of microphones can be used in bioacousfics. The specific type of recorder and microphone appropriatefor any given situation depends upon the type of organism being recorded as well as Its surroundingenvironment. Naturally most workers would like to produce "clean" recordings of an organism's sound, i.e. without extraneous background noise. However, some noise is usually unavoidable. In fact, weak recordings of a rare phenomenonare often more valuable
than beautiful clear tapes of more common sounds. The use of modern laboratory audio
equipment can often transform so-called "useless" recordings into valuable specimens.
[Definitions of technical terms italicized
m the text may be found in the glossary, page 285].

General Methods

Field Notes
RACTICALLY MODERN that as much data as possiblebe SPEAKING ALL work in bioacoustics involves recordportant
lng of animal soundsonto magnetictape. The great variety of tape recordingequipment now available ranges from barely suitable to highly sophisticated.The type of

perhapsthe singlemost importantstep in bioacousticrecording. It is critically im-
UTTINGWITH DATA a specimen is
equipment used depends tipon convenience of operation,portabilityas well as monetary
hnutations. 280 Professional recordists are con-
recorded onto the tape at the time of recording.In this way the actual specimen and associateddata are physically linked and confusion or transcription errors are far less likely. Some identificationinformation
should be included on the tape to avoid confusion, although notes put on a tape may

American Birds, May 1977

often be supplementedby written field notes. Objections to this technique involve "wastlng" tape for voice comments by the recordist, but experience with reels of "no data" recordings has convinced me of the importance of putting data on the original field tape.
The minimum data that should be re-

TapeRecorders

bioacoustics are the cassette and open reel systems. Cassette recorders have been shunned for many years for high quahty recordingsbecause of several inherent problems.
HE TWO BASIC TAPE systems n used
corded on the tape includes: the name of the organism, the location, date, time and weather data where possible. Additionally, it is important to add notes on the context

of the vocal

behavior.
statement like "singing from the top of a bare tree" is sufficient. In other cases a
Early cassettemachineshad several dsadvantages. The most important was the slow tape speed which is used for all cassette recorders--1.5 inches per second(ips). The upperfrequency responsewas usually limited to about 8000 Hz. Tape speed control was
description of a particular display or inter-
action may be more appropriate.The more
relevant data that are included, the more
valuable is the specimen. Most recordists will not wish to 'talk on top of" their recordings. Unless one has the facility for recording a separate voice track simultaneously, it is customaryto wait for a pause

n or the end of a recording for notes. A short note giving the name of the organism s often inserted near the beginning of a particular cut. This will aid during the catalogingprocedure. Use of an organism's scientific name is preferred over its common or vernacular designation. If the vocalizer is not seen, ths should be noted because, at least in
also poorer than open reel machinesoperating at higher speeds. The thin tape used n cassette recorders often resulted in a poor signal-to-noise ratio. These two problems have been largely eliminated in cassette technology,and modem high quality portable
cassette decks are available that yeld superior results. These are often more compact and convenient than the standard open

reel machines.

the case of birds, imitation is often a possible source of misidentification. The locanon should be described as the distance and
drection from a town or city, or other geographiclandmark, or coordinates. The country, state and county should be included where appropriate. Weather data should indicate sky and wind conditions and air or water temperature. In the case of amphibians it is particularly important to take temperature readingsfrom the water ff the subject is partly submerged. For conveniencea shorthandnotation may be used. The location, date, and weather data may be recorded once for a given field tape, often at the beginning. The time of each recording is then added for each cut as well as any notes on changes in the weather. With a little practice, full data can be added to a specimenusing only a few feet of tape.
One important factor in this improvement has been the development of chromium dioxide cassettes. The chief complaint remaining is that cassette tapes are difficult to edit compared to open reel tapes. Open reel machines are usually heavier and less convenient to operate. The finest open reel machines still maintain somewhat superior quality to the best cassettemachines. When selecting a tape recorder one must balancequality and convenienceagainsteconomic factors. In general, inexpensive open reel machines give better performance than inexpensive cassette machines. RelaUvely inexpensive cassette recorders such as the Sony C-108 (ca $150) are probably the

best bet for the occasional recordist. For
more serious investigatorswho wish to have good quality at a reasonable price, the
Uher 4200 (ca $675) and Tandberg II (ca $800) are popular open reel models. Fne professionalquality portable open reel umts such as Nagra IV-SD and Stellavox SP-7
are available for those who can afford to
spend around $4000. For an excellent rewew of the available equipment (recorders, tapes and microphones) consultthe 1976tape eqmpment buyersguidepublishedby High Fidehty magazine(Tynan 1975).

Open Reel Recorders

Cassette Recorders
bewildering variety of styles. One of the mportanteatures must select when one choosingany tape machine is the tape head configuration. Monophonic recorders using standard V4 in. tape now come with two basic configurations. The first, full track,
refers to machines that use the entire V4 in.
PEN TAPE come REELRECORDERS ORTABLE TAPE to in a RECORDE range in CASSETTE price from under $100
elaborate portable professional decks that may cost $400 or more. The cheapestcassette machines are generally not suitable for bioacoustics. These machines are primarily designed dictatingmachines as and are useful for taking field notes. They suffer from rather poorfrequency responsecharacteristics and excessive wow andflutter. They usually have a poor signal-to-noiseratio Medium priced units are available that are sufficientfor many bioacousticapplications, with adequatefrequency responsefor most
uses. Such machines can be used with an
tape width for the signal. With this sort of machine one gets the best possiblerecording characteristics. Since there is only one channelthere cannotbe any crosstalk. Obviously one can use only one side othe tape, since if one turned the tape over to
record the back side, it would erase the
previously recorded signal. The other standard type is called -track. These machines use halt of the V4 in. tape width. This leaves the other half free for recording a second track by turning the tape over and recording on side 2. There is a minor loss of quality due to the narrower signaltrack. Stereo V4 in. tape machines come in several head configurationsalso. The first type, 2-

auxiliary microphoneand are very light and compact.The new high qualityportablecassette decks offer excellent recordingquality and are fairly compact. Examples of these
include the Uher CR-134 and JVC CD-1635
track, is essentially the same as the
track mono system except that both tracks may be recorded simultaneously giving two sgnal tracks in the stone direction. In boacoustics can facilitaterecordingfield this
notes. One can record clean sounds of the
OTH use thin plastic tape coated CASSETTE REEL AND OPEN tape recorders
with a metallic oxide that can be magnetized to storethe signal.Although there are many tape manufacturers and equally as many varieties of tape, there are a few basic concepts about tape that can be usedto select an appropriatekind. The type of film used for the tape is called the backing. Most modern tape is made with a polyester plastic backing often
target organism on one track while putting a narration or voice track simultaneously

on the other track.

In addition, other stereo machines come wth 4 separate tracks. These Va-track machines may record two tracks in one drection (stereo) then the tape is reversed
and stereo is also available on side 2. Some
referredto by its Dupont trade nameMylar
Some recording tape is still manufactured using cellulose acetate ("acetate") backing This is wearer and more likely to break than polyestertape but becauseacetate tape
does not stretch the break will be clean
machines also allow for 4 separate tracks
to be recorded in the stone direction in
quadraphonic. This could be valuable For multiple mike recordings,but it lies outside the realm of amateur recording.
Open reel machines recordat a variety can of tape speeds.Common speedsare presentedin Table 1. The standardcompromise betweenrecording quality(faster speed)and tape economy is 7.5 ips or 19 centimeters per second (cms). Most moderately priced open reel units can be operated at this

speed.

and can be mended. With Mylar tape accidental stress will cause the tape to stretch and it cannot be repaired without removing a section of the recording. The newest Mylar tapes are tensilized or pre-stretched so that this is not likely. Long periods of storage can result in warping, drying or wrinkling of the tape backing. These effects occur more often with acetate-backedtape Open reel and cassettetapes come in three
standardbackingthicknesses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mil.). Obviously the thinner tapes will allow more time on any particular size tape reel. Thin tape has several disadvantages. First, very thin tape (0.5 mil.) is more fragile and breaks or stretches easily. Thin tape often allows more print through than 1.0 or 1.5 mil. tape. A compromisebetween the convenienceof more recordingtime per reel and the disadvantageof thin tape backing is medium thickness tape. Most workers now use 1.0 mil. tape in tensilized Mylar. This yields about 24 minutes of recording
time on a standard 5 in. reel or 48 minutes

Microphones

the aspiring recordist must select a compatible microphone. As with all audio equipment the range of designs and prices
is wide. Several factors are involved in choos-
NADDITION choicea recorder, TO THE of
ing a mike for bioacoustics.
The first is the choice of a mike that s
matched properly to the recorder. Buying an expensive professional quality microphone for use with an inexpensivecassetterecorder is foolish. The microphone selected must have the same impedance as the input for the recorder as well as a sufficient output
level. Be sure to check the manufacturers'
on a 7 in. reel. These times are based upon the use of only one side of the tape. General procedureis to record only on side 1 because
the tape can be cut and splicedfor editing and there is no possibility crosstalk with of

another channel.

specificationson the mike and recorder to assure proper matching. Proper impedance matching means choice of a mike whose impedancerating falls within the range of the
recorder to be used. One should not select a 200 ohm mike for a recorder whose
Backing is not the only differencebetween tapes.The oxide coatingthat carriesthe magnetic signal comes in several types. In gen-

input impedance matchedfor 10,000ohms. is
If the microphone is not properly matched it may not record the signal. Even if it does, the level may be so low that it is nearly inaudible. The output level of microphones varies greatly. The best method of selecting a mike is to try it out with your tape recorder. If this is not possible, choose a mike with a medium or high output level (-57 to -53 decibels) (dB). There are two basic microphone designs
eral, the best tapes are now made with a black-oxide coating. This is usually less
abrasive to the tape recorder heads than the older red-oxide coatings. Modem tapes
also come in low-noise and normal. Low-
noise tape is more expensive and produces cleaner recordings with a superior signalto-noise ratio. It is especially well suited to situations where the signal has a great dynamic range. These differences are most evidentwith high quality recorders. Cassette tapes come in the same three standardthicknessesand one width ( in.). The coatings may be standard ferrousoxide or chromium dioxide. Standard oxide cassettes are available with the low-noise
option. Chromium dioxide coated tapes can be used only with machines designed for these tapes. Such cassetterecordersusually have a switch that indicates the tape type mode as "std" or "CrO2". When possible CrO2 tape is preferred because of its superior quality. Cassettescome in several lengths. Small portable cassette machines often have trouble using the longer cassettes (C-90 and C-120). For field recording the C-60 is a suitable compromise. This lergth allows about 30 minutes recording time on

one side.

One, the moving coil or dynamic mke dependsupon a signal being produced by a vibrating coil and a permanent magnet This type of mike does not require an auxiliary power source such as a battery The second type is called a condenser mike. Condenser mikes depend upon an electrical field that is activated by a sound modulated capacitor. This second type of microphone requires a power source The power source may be built into the tape recorder itself or involve a battery pack located in the microphone body. Many of the finest microphones use this condenser design. For most bioacoustic applications

this distinction is not critical, but condenser
mikes and their associated power systems require additional maintenanceand serwce.
A third factor one should consider when
buying a microphone depends upon the organism to be recorded. In most cases, the
Table 1. Tape speedsand their uses. Tape speed

inches/ centimeters/

secondtips)

second(cms)

professional studioquality, superiorfrequencyresponse,facilitatesaccurate editing
standard semi-professional, by somefield recordists, used goodediting
goodtape economywith goodquality, usedin most bioacoustic studies
excellent tape economy, compromiserecording quality on all but better

machines

usefulfor dictation,minimal quality except finest machines,usedby all

cassette systems

(15/16)
usefulfor field notesor conference recordings, poor recordingquality
must be considered. One must choose a site
recordist wishes to (or must) remain a considerable distance from his subject. A directional microphoneis then required. The three basic types of microphonesare omnidirectional, cardiod and super or hypercardiod.
Omnidirectional mikes are sensitive to sound from all directions. Omnidirectional mikes
that is convenientand accessible,yet not too
severely disturbed noise.Largehighways, by
industrial plants and airports are the worst sources of background noise. High wind will cause microphone dropout with most

systems.

pick up "all of outdoors" including the highway behind the recordist. Cardiod mikes are more sensitiveto soundscoming from in front of them and are superior for animal sound recording.The supercardiod shotor gun mikes mayketed somemanufacturers by are very convenient,make better recordings since they can be directed accurately at the subject,are not sensitive background to
sounds even a short distance off mike (to
Timing is often critical when attempting
to record a particular sound. Certain calls may be uttered only when specificweather
conditionsexist or during one phase of the annual cycle. The presence of a recordist
often has an effect on the anima]'s be-

havior, and the recordist should remain as
the side), and unfortunatelyare very expensive The Sennheiser MK 815 hypercardiod mike retails for nearly $600. Omnidirectional
or standard cardiod microphones can be
made directional by mounting them in a curved dish which focuses the incoming sound.The shape thesereflectors usually of is parabolic. Mikes mountedon parabolic reflectors yield results comparableto supercar&od mikes. For most investigators a parabolic reflector with a less expensive car&od mike is the best compromise.One pre-assembledsystem is the Dan Gibson "sonoscope"parabolicmike (about $150).

Making Recordings

far removed as possible within the limitations of the recording equipment. One technique, borrowed from nature photography, is to make preliminary recordingsfrom a distance,then approachgradually.When this is done the progress should be noted on the tape. Later, in the laboratory one might be able to determine if progressivemovement caused any subtle changes in the vocal performance. Recordists have traditionally used playback of preliminary recordings or prerecorded loops to incite an organism to approachor vocalize. For many speciesthis is an effective method of obtaining loud clean recordings. Unfortunately, the character of the vocal performance may be altered by this stimulus. It should always be mentionedin field notes when playback
was used to stimulate an animal. In addi-
rHEN sounds, several factors tion, includecareful notesabout the specific PLANNING FIELD RECORDINGS to the recording. Of animal responsemade
284 American Birds, May 1977

Glossary

Automatic level control (automaticgain control)--This is a feature which makes an automatic correction for different sound levels.
It is not uually used for bioacousticsbecause it tends to increase the background at the expenseof the signal. Cross talk--The tendency of the signal to bleed over onto the adjacent signal track and become audible as a backgroundnoise

there.

Output level--The specificpower level of a particular unit. In the case of microphones it is measuredin -dB. For example -55 dB is a higher output level than -65 dB. Print through--The tendencyfor a recorded signal to magnetize the adjacent tape it s

wound next to. This causes an echo effect
Cut--One continuous recording, from the time the recorderwas engaged until it is shut off ag/n. Decibel (dB)--Decibels are a measure of sound intensity, a Changethat is perceived
as twice as loud as equivalent to a change
since the signalis reproducedwith a fraction of a seconddelay on the tape. Signal-to-noiseratio--The ratio of the sgnal level (intentionally recorded sound) to the background noise. Background noise here includesboth the inherent noisesof the tape
and mechanical or electronic noise Intro-
duced by the recorder. A high signal-tonoise ratio is desirable. Such a condition
of + 10 dB. The decibel scaleis logarithmic,

not linear.

Dropout--A blank or intermittently broken signal due to a poor connection or wind

across the mike face.

Dynamic range--The range in loudnessof a particular recording. A large dynamic range meansthat some soundsare very quiet while

others are loud.

means that the background noise is relatively low and at a volume that is usually inaudible. For most recorder-mike systems a good s/n ratio is about 55 to 60 dB. Ratios lower than 50 dB are consideredpoor. Tensilized--The processby which polyester (Mylar) tape is pre-stretchedso that further stretching is unlikely. Tensilized tape is desirable because the tape is more hkely
to make a clean break that can be re-
Flutter--A type of distortion due to poor speed control where the speed changes rapidly so that a constant pitch sound resembles a tremolo.
Frequency--The pitch of a sound in Hz (Hz stands for Hertz and supercedesthe older measure cycles per second [cps]). Frequency response--The frequency response is given as a range from lowest to highest in Hz. In addition to the range a figure follows such as +2 or +5 dB. This refers to the curve of the frequency response. The number of dB variation from
paired. Warping--The tendency for old tape to change shape and become twisted slightly from one side then the other. Warped tape will not run smoothly across the tape heads and w/ll not record or playback properly.
Wrinkling--This aging effect is similar to warping but only involves the edges of the tape so that a fringe of crinkles appear on
the tape with the same sort of unsatisfactory results as warped tape. Wow--A type of distortion caused by ncorrect tape speed control. This is smllar to flutter except that the pitch changesare

slower so that a wow sound is heard.
a fiat curve is indicated. A unit may have some sensitivityup to 15,000 Hz, but may
be much less sensitive (-5 dB or more) at that frequency. One shouldchoosea machine which meets or exceedsthe actual frequency range to be recorded within the "flat" curve of the recorder and microphone. Impedance--A measure of the resistance of some system to current. For more information on the physics of electronic impedance
consult Burns and MacDonald, 1970.
Ohms--The units of resistance to an electrical current.

Literature

Boswall, Jeffcry. 1974. A preliminary world list
of wildlife sound libraries. Recorded Sound, $4

276-277.

Burns, Desmond M. and Simon G. G. MacDonald
1970. Physicsfor biology and pre-medical students.Add/son-Wesley, London. 614 pp. Tynan, William (ed). 1975. 1976 buyers guide to the world of tape. ABC Leisure Magazines Inc., Great Barrington,Mass. 116pp.

American Brds, May 1977