Cleaning the CD Slot

As dust can accumulate in the CD slot, clean it occasionally. Your CDs can get scratched if you put them in a dusty CD slot.

Handling Compact discs

Playing a CD that is dirty, scratched or warped can cause the sound to skip and the unit to operate incorrectly, resulting in worsened sound quality. Take the following precautions to prevent your CDs from getting scratched or damaged. Handling CDs
Do not touch the recorded side of the CD (i.e., the side opposite the label) when holding it.

Storing CDs

Do not store CDs in areas exposed to direct sunlight such as a car seat or above the fascia panel (dashboard) or other hot places. A CD-R or CD-RW is more susceptible than a music CD to damage from high temperatures and humidity, and in some cases, may become unusable if left in the car for long periods of time. Remove CDs from the unit when not listening to them for a whilst, and put them back in their cases. Do not stack CDs that have been removed from their cases or prop them against something.
Checking New CDs for Burrs
When playing a new CD for the first time, check that there are not any burrs stuck to the perimeter of the disc or in the central hole. CDs with burrs stuck on them may not load properly or may skip whilst playing. Remove burrs using a ballpoint pen or a similar utensil.

Burrs Burrs

Cleaning CDs
If a CD has become dirty, wipe it off gently using a commercially available cleaning cloth or a soft cotton cloth, starting from the centre of the disc and moving outward. Do not clean CDs with conventional record cleaners, anti- static formulas, or chemicals such as paint thinner or benzene.
The reflective film on a CD-R or a CD-RW is
more fragile than that on an ordinary music CD, and may peel off if scratched. Fingerprints on a CD-R or CD-RW are also more likely to cause skipping when the disc is played. For these reasons, handle the disc very carefully. Detailed handling instructions will appear on the CD-R or CD-RW package: read this information carefully before using the disc.
Do not stick tape on either side of the CD.
Do Not Load CD Accessories in Slot
Do not use commercially available CD accessories that can be loaded into the CD slot, such as stabilisers, protective sheets, or CD cleaning discs, since they can cause the unit to malfunction.
Do Not Use Special Shape CDs
Be sure to use round shape CDs only for this unit and do not use any special shape CDs. Use of special shape CDs may cause the unit to malfunction.

Do Not Use CDs with Sticker on the Labelled Side
Do not use the CD with the label sticker stuck on it. Using such a CD may cause the CD to be deformed and the sticker to peel off, resulting in malfunction of the unit.

Removing the CD

Only remove the CD from the machine in a horizontal direction. You may damage the surface of the CD if you try pulling it down as it ejects.
Be sure to use CDs with disc mark only for this unit. CD-Rs and CD-RWs which have not undergone finalization processing cannot be played. (For more information on finalization processing, refer to the manual for your CD-R/CD-RW writing software or CD-R/CD-RW recorder.) Additionally, depending on the recording status, it may prove impossible to play certain CDs recorded on CD-R or CD-RW.
Notes on playing MP3 files
This unit can play MP3 files. Note, however, that the MP3 file recording media and formats acceptable are limited. When writing MP3 files, pay attention to the following restrictions.
Entering file and folder names
When entering file and folder names, use the alphanumeric characters described above only. If you use any other character for entry, the file and folder names are not displayed correctly. They may neither be displayed correctly depending on the CD writer used. The unit recognizes and plays only those MP3 files which have the MP3 filename extension (.MP3). MP3 files should therefore be saved with the MP3 extension.

Acceptable media

The MP3 file recording media acceptable to this unit are CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW.
Acceptable medium formats
The medium formats acceptable to this unit are ISO 9660 Level 1 and Level 2 excluding the extended formats. When reading an MP3 file written in a format other than ISO 9660 Level 1 or Level 2, the unit may fail to play the file normally or display the file or folder name correctly. The major specifications of ISO 9660 Level 1 and Level 2 are as follows: Maximum number of directory levels: 8 Maximum number of files and folders per directory level: 253 (files and folders in total) Characters available to file and folder names: A - Z, 0 - 9, _(underscore) Maximum number of characters in file names : Level 1: 12 (including a separator "." and a 3-character extension) Level 2: 31 (including a separator "." and a 3-character extension)
Writing files into a medium
When a medium containing MP3 data is loaded, the unit checks all the files on the medium. If the medium contains a lot of folders or non-MP3 files, therefore, it takes a long time until the unit starts playing MP3 files. In addition, it may take time for the unit to move to the next MP3 file or a file search or folder search may not be performed smoothly. You should not write non-MP3 files or unneeded folders along with MP3 files on the medium.

Settings for your MP3 encoder and CD writer
When you use your MP3 encoder to compress audio data to an MP3 file, set the transfer bit rate of the encoder to fixed 128 kbps. When you use your CD writer to record MP3 files up to the maximum disc capacity, disable additional writing. For recording on an empty disk up to the maximum capacity at once, check Disc at Once.
When playing MP3 files on a medium which also contains non-MP3 files or folders, observe the following precautions. Loading such a medium may produce loud noise to break the speakers. Do no attempt to play a medium containing a non-MP3 file with the MP3 extension. The unit mistakes non-MP3 files for MP3 files as long as they have the MP3 extension. Do not attempt to play a medium containing non MP3 file.

MP3 file playing order

When selected for play, folder search, file search, or for folder select, files and folders are accessed in the order in which they were written by the CD writer. Because of this, the order in which they are to be recorded does not match the order in which they are played. You may be able to set the order in which MP3 files are to be played by writing them onto a medium such as a CD-R with their file names beginning with play sequence numbers such as "01" to "99", depending on your CD writer.

Entering ID3 tag

Displayable ID3 tag is ID3 version 1 and 1.1; the character code is ASCII (see A List of Codes).
For example, a medium with the following folder/file hierarchy is subject to folder search, file search, or folder select as shown below.

Folder File

Virtual folder
When a folder search is executed with file

being played.

Example of a medium's folder/file hierarchy (For a file search or folder search)
Medium's virtual folder/file hierarchy for a folder select
When a folder search is executed with file currently being played, the unit selects folders as shown below, starting with folder.

Current folder number

Operation of the button FM Button

AM Button

When folder select is selected with file to move from folder to folder.

being played

During folder select, a virtual folder is created one hierarchical level below each folder. The hierarchy is displayed as if the MP3 file recorded in each folder were placed in that virtual folder. When the unit enters the folder select mode with file being played, it selects folders as shown below, starting with folder (virtual folder ).

Operation of the button

4 Button

Button

FM Button

Level 1 Level 2

Level 3

Level 5 Level 4

Level 1 Level 3 Level 5 Level 2 Level 4
When a file search is executed with file

Theft Deterrent Faceplate
The faceplate can be reversed to hide the control panel or detached form the unit, helping to deter theft.

Clock display

Changing the Clock Display: Each time you press the CLK button, the display switches between the clock and each mode display.
Removing the Faceplate: 1 When the control panel is visible: Press the release button. When the control panel has been hidden: Press the upper side of the faceplate.
2 Holding the centre part of the faceplate, pull it out.
The clock indicator lights whilst the clock is displayed.

TEL Mute

Shut down the audio system temporarily whenever an incoming call is received.
3 Push back the bottom of the faceplate bracket until it locks.
The function will not work if a cable is not connected to the car
Do not apply excessive force to the faceplate bracket without attaching the faceplate. Doing so will cause the faceplate
bracket to be deformed. Do not touch the connector on the faceplate bracket after removing the faceplate. Touching the connector may cause damage to the unit.
The faceplate is a precision piece of equipment and can be damaged by shocks or jolts. For that reason, keep the faceplate in its special storage case whilst detached. Do not expose the faceplate or its storage case to direct sunlight or excessive heat or humidity. Also avoid places with too much dust or the possibility of water splashing. Reattaching the Faceplate: 1 Hold the faceplate so that the control panel faces the front toward you and set the left side of the faceplate in the faceplate bracket.
The panel cannot be reversed when the faceplate is not attached. Opening the control panel: 1 Press the upper side of the faceplate. The faceplate will open.
2 Push the bottom of the control panel and close the faceplate.
Whilst the control panel is sliding, only available buttons are 0, ATT, v, w and SRC.
Do not set the right side of the faceplate in the faceplate bracket first, when reattaching the faceplate. Doing so may cause the connector on the faceplate bracket to malfunction.
2 Press the right side of the faceplate until it locks. Hiding the control panel: 1 Press the release button and slide open the faceplate. 2 Push upward the back of the control panel and reverse the

panel.

DISP SRC
Tuning 1 Press the SRC button repeatedly until the tuner mode is

IN indicator

Do not attempt to insert a CD into the slot if another one is already there. The unit can only play 12-cm (5-inch) CDs. If you insert an 8-cm (3-inch) CD, it will get stuck inside and can cause the unit to malfunction. When the faceplate has been slid open, it might interfere with the gear lever or something else. If this happens, pay attention to safety and move the gear lever or take an appropriate action, then operate the unit. Do not use the unit with the faceplate in the open condition. Doing so will cause breakdown.
Switching Display for Discs
Switch the display that appears whilst discs are playing.
When you load a CD and eject it right away, the next time you try to insert the CD may not load. In such a situation, take the CD out for a moment and then reinsert it. Whilst the control panel is sliding, only available buttons are 0, ATT, v, w and SRC.
Switching Display for Discs: Each time you press the DISP button, the display during disc play switches as follows:
Track time Disc name (DNPS) (only when being preset)

Playing Other Disc mode

This function permits the connection of optional players and the playing of discs other than the loaded CD (in the current unit).
Disc title (Units featuring CD text/MD only) Track title (Units featuring CD text/MD only)
Playing Discs: Press the SRC button repeatedly to select the external disc control mode. The disc will start playing.
The external disc control mode will differ, depending on the unit that is connected. Mode Display Examples "CD2".when a CD player is connected "DISC".when a disc changer is connected "DISC-1" , "DISC-2".when two disc changers are connected Pausing and Restarting Disc Play: Press the 38 button to make the disc pause. Press the same button again to start play again.
You can give names to discs through the presetting disc name function (page 24). Note that depending on the unit, display may not be possible. If you try to display the name of a disc that does not have one, "NO NAME" is displayed instead. When there is an attempt to display the title of a disc for which the disc title/track title has not been recorded, "NO TEXT" is displayed for CD and "NO TITLE/NO NAME" is displayed for MD. If you attempt to display disc title/track title when connecting the CD changer not supported for CD text feature, caution messages such as "NO TEXT" or "Reading" may be displayed. Depending on the type of characters of the CD Text, some characters may not be displayable.

When one disc has finished playing its last track, the next disc in the changer starts playing. When the last disc in the changer has finished, the player returns to the first disc and starts playing it. Disc #10 is displayed as "0".
Fast Forwarding and Reversing Disc Play
Fast Forwarding Disc Play: Hold down on the button. Release your finger to play the disc at that point. Reversing Disc Play: Hold down on the 4 button. Release your finger to play the disc at the point.
Disc Search (Function of disc changers) Search forwards or backwards through the discs in a disc changer until you reach the one that you want to listen to.
Making a Reverse Disc Search: Press the AM button to display the desired disc number. Each time the button is pressed, the displayed disc number decreases by one. Play starts at the beginning of the displayed disc. Making a Forward Disc Search: Press the FM button to display the desired disc number. Each time the button is pressed, the displayed disc number increases by one. Play starts at the beginning of the displayed disc.
You cannot use reverse play between tracks depending on the model being connected. Instead, the reverse play function is cancelled when it reaches the beginning of a track, at which point normal play automatically resumes.

Track Search

Search forwards or backwards through the tracks on the disc until you reach the one that you want to listen to.
"Load" is displayed when discs are being exchanged on the disc changer.
Making a Reverse Track Search: Press the 4 button to display the desired track number. Press once to search back to the beginning of the current track, twice to search back to the beginning of the previous track, and so forth. Play starts at the beginning of the displayed track number.
NOTE (For disc changers) Pressing the 4 button whilst listening to track 1 only searches back to the beginning of that track. The reverse search is not "recycled" to the last track on the disc. Making a Forward Track Search: Press the button to display the desired track number. Press once to fast forward to the next track, twice to fast forward to the track after that, and so forth. Play starts at the beginning of the displayed track number. NOTE (For disc changers) You cannot make a forward track search when listening to the last track on a disc.

Track / Disc Repeat

Repeat playing the current track or disc.
Turning Repeat Play Function On/Off: Press the REP button to switch the repeat play function on and off as follows :

Track Repeat ON

Disc Repeat ON (Function of disc changers)
Repeat OFF "Repeat ON"/"T-Repeat ON" is displayed and the track number blinks in the display when track repeat is on. "D-Repeat ON" is displayed and the disc number blinks in the display when disc repeat is on.
Repeat play is cancelled when you eject the disc.

Track Scan

Successively play the beginning of each track on a disc until you find the track that you want to listen to.
NOTE (For disc changers) When all the tracks on a certain disc have been played using the random play function, the next disc on the changer starts playing (with the random play function still turned on).
Starting the Track Scan: Press the SCAN button. "Scan ON" is displayed and the first 10 seconds of each track are played, and the tracks are played in order. The track number currently being heard blinks in the display. Stopping to Listen to the Track Being Scanned: Press the 38 or SCAN button again to stop the scan and keep on listening to a track normally.
2 To change the track being heard, press the button.
Another track is selected and played.
Random play is cancelled when you eject the disc.
The track scan function is cancelled when you eject the disc. The track scan function only scans each track on a disc once.

Random Play

Play all the tracks on the current disc in random order.
1 Press the RDM button to switch the random play function on
and off. "Random ON" is displayed when random play is turned on. The display of the track number changes continuously as the next track is being selected. When the track has been selected, play starts. The selected track number blinks in the display as it is being played.
Magazine Random Play (Function of disc changers) Play the tracks on all the discs in the disc changer in random order. 1 Press the M.RDM button to switch the magazine random play
function on and off. "M.Random ON" is displayed when magazine random play is turned on. The display of the disc and track numbers change continuously as the next track is being selected. When the disc/track has been selected, play starts. The selected disc/track number blinks in the display as it is being played.
3 Press either the 4 or button to move the cursor to the
desired position. The 4 button moves the cursor to the left, and the button to the right.
4 Each time the 38 button is pressed, the characters to be
entered change as listed below. Press the FM or AM button to display the desired character. Characters that can be displayed are as follows. Alphabet (upper case): A ~ Z Alphabet (lower case): a ~ z Numerals and symbols: 0~9 @ ` % & +-=,./\<>[]

Adjust the time manually.
The time is not adjusted when the RDS station you are tuned to is not transmitting a time signal. Choose another RDS station in such a case.
This adjustment is available only when the automatic time adjustment is set to off. (page 33) Display and setting: 1 Select the display "Clock Adjust" during the selecting function in the menu system.
2 Hold down either the 4 or button for one second or
more to enter the Manual time adjustment mode. The time display will blink.

3 Adjusting the hours

Press the FM button to advance the hours, or press the AM button to make the hours go back. Adjusting the minutes Press the button to advance the minutes, or press the 4 button to make the minutes go back.
4 Press the MENU button to end the Manual Time Adjustment
mode. Exiting the Manual Time Adjustment mode would start the clock counting.

Selectable Illumination

You can switch the colour of the button illumination between green and red.

Dimmer

You can dim the display.
Display and setting: "Button Green" : The colour of the illumination is green. "Button Red" : The colour of the illumination is red.
The dimmer function is not available for units if the dimmer cable is not connected. Display and setting: "Dimmer ON" : The dimmer setting is on. (Default setting) "Dimmer OFF" : The dimmer setting is off.
Switching Graphic Display
This function allows you to turn off the lower part of the display if there is too much information in the display.

External Amp Control

Adjust the bass boost level of the external amplifier using the main unit.
Display and setting: "Graphic ON" : The display will turn on by using the whole part of the display. (Default setting) "Graphic OFF" : The display will turn on by using only the upper part of the display and the IN indicator.
Display and setting: "AMP Bass FLT" : Bass boost level is flat. (Default setting) "AMP Bass +6" : Bass boost level is low (+6dB). "AMP Bass +12" : Bass boost level is high (+12dB).

Contrast Adjustment

This adjustment permits easy viewing of the display.

Restricting RDS Region (Region Restrict Function)
You can choose whether or not to restrict the RDS channels, received with the AF function for a particular network, to a specific region. When the Region Restrict Function is on, the region is restricted.
Display and setting: "Regional ON" : The Region Restrict Function is on. (Default setting) "Regional OFF" : The Region Restrict Function is off.
Recalling a Preset Station: Press the preset station button (#1-6) for the desired station. The number of the recalled station is displayed.
Sometimes stations in the same network broadcast different programmes or use different programme service names.

Auto TP Seek Function

When the TI function is on and poor reception conditions are experienced when listening to a traffic information station,
another traffic information station with better reception will be searched for automatically. This function is on, when unit is first powered on.
Switching the MP3 title information display <in MP3 mode>
You can switch what you want to display for an ongoing tune.
Display and setting: "ATPS ON" : The Auto TP Seek Function is on. If the traffic information station you are tuned to experiences poor reception, this function automatically seeks another TP station. (Default setting) "ATPS OFF" : The Auto TP Seek Function is off.
Display and setting: "ID3 DISP A" : Filename "ID3 DISP B" : ID3 tag song title and its artist name (Default setting) "ID3 DISP C" : ID3 tag album name and its artist name
If you don't turn the MP3 ID Read ON, the setup items will not be displayed.
Monaural Reception <In FM reception of Tuner mode>
When poor stereo reception is experienced, this function will reduce noise and improve listening conditions.

Text Scroll

This function permits the CD text, MD title, Radio text and ID3 tag(Song title, Artist, Album) to be scrolled and the entire text to be displayed. Switching between manual scrolling and automatic scrolling is permitted.
Display and setting: "MONO ON" : The monaural reception is on. "MONO OFF" : The monaural reception is off. (Default setting)
Display and setting: "Scroll Auto" : Automatic scrolling "Scroll MANU" : Manual scrolling (Default setting)
Reading the MP3 ID3 tag <in MP3 mode>
ID3 tag information in the MP3 file is configured for use.
Display and setting: "ID3 Read ON" : ID3 tag is read. "ID3 Read OFF" : ID3 tag is not read. (Default setting)

If you switch this setting during the play of MP3, the track is replayed from the beginning. If you turn the ID3 tag read ON, beginning of the play is delayed for reading process of each tag for the tune.

Power OFF Timer

Set the time for the OFF Timer function activated when you selected Standby mode. If the predefined time elapses, this unit's power is automatically turned off. Display and setting: "OFF " : Power OFF Timer function is cancelled. "OFF 20min" : Unit's power goes OFF after 20 minutes. (Default setting) "OFF 40min" : Unit's power goes OFF after 40 minutes. "OFF 60min" : Unit's power goes OFF after 60 minutes.
The Power OFF Timer function is enabled only after the security code (page 32) is set up.

Accessories

External view Number of items
The use of any accessories except for those provided might result in damage to the unit. Make sure only to use the accessories shipped with the unit, as shown above.

Installation Procedure

1. To prevent short circuits, remove the key from the ignition and disconnect the -terminal of the battery. 2. Make the proper input and output cable connections for each unit. 3. Connect the cable on the wiring harness. 4. Take Connector B on the wiring harness and connect it to the speaker connector in your vehicle. 5. Take Connector A on the wiring harness and connect it to the external power connector on your vehicle. 6. Connect the wiring harness connector to the unit. 7. Install the unit in your car. 8. Reconnect the - terminal of the battery. 9. Press the reset button.
If your car is not prepared for this special connection-system, consult your Kenwood dealer. Only use antenna conversion adapters (ISO-JASO) when the antenna cord has an ISO plug. Make sure that all cable connections are securely made by inserting jacks until they lock completely. If your vehicle's ignition does not have an ACC position, or if the ignition cable is connected to a power source with constant voltage such as a battery cable, the power will not be linked with the ignition (i.e., it will not turn on and off along with the ignition). If you want to link the unit's power with the ignition, connect the ignition cable to a power source that can be turned on and off with the ignition key. If the fuse blows, first make sure that the cables have not caused a short circuit, then replace the old fuse with one with the same rating. Do not let unconnected cables or terminals touch metal on the car or anything else conducting electricity. To prevent short circuits, also do not remove the caps on the ends of the unconnected cables or the terminals. Connect the speaker cables correctly to the terminals to which they correspond. The unit may receive damage or fail to work if you share the - cables and/or ground them to any metal part in the car. After the unit is installed, check whether the brake lamps, indicators, wipers, etc. on the car are working properly. Insulate unconnected cables with vinyl tape or other similar material. Some disc changers need conversion cables for connection. See the section on "Safety Precautions" for details. If the console has a lid, make sure to install the unit so that the faceplate does not hit the lid when closing and opening. Mount the unit so that the mounting angle is 30 or less.

Connect the cable to the disc changer input terminal on the unit. Clean the CD. Load the CD with the labelled side up. Eject the disc magazine and check the number for the specified disc. Try another disc instead. Remove whatever is touching it. If skipping happens at the same place when the car is stopped, something is wrong with the CD. Clean the CD. Press the reset button on the unit (see page 4).

The sound skips.

Something is touching the disc changer. The CD is scratched or dirty.
The display shows that the changer is being played, but no sound can be heard. The specified track does not play. Track repeat, disc repeat, track scan, random play, and magazine random play start by themselves. Cannot play CD-R or CD-RW
The computer chip in the unit is not functioning normally.
Random play or magazine random play has been selected. The setting is not cancelled.
Turn off the random play or magazine random play function. The settings for these functions remain on until the setting to off or the disc ejected, even if the power is turned off or the source changed.
Finalization processing is not being conducted for CDR/CD-RW. A non-compatible CD changer is being used to play the CD-R/CD-RW.
Conduct finalization processing with CD recorder. Use a CD changer compatible with CD-R/CD-RW to play.
If the following situations, consult your nearest service centre:
Even though the disc changer is connected, the Disc Changer Mode is not on, with "AUX" showing in the display during the Changer Mode. Even though no device (KCA-S210A, CA-C1AX, KDC-CPS87, KDC-CX87, KDC-CPS85, KDC-CX85, KDC-CPS82 or KDC-CX82) is connected, the AUX Mode is entered when switching modes.
The following messages are displayed when certain problems are occurring in your system. Take the recommended actions.
Eject No disc magazine has been loaded in the changer. The disc magazine is not completely loaded. ] Load the disc magazine properly. No CD in the unit. ] Insert the CD. No disc has been loaded in the disc magazine. ] Load a disc into the disc magazine. No disc has been loaded in the disc magazine. ] Load a disc into the disc magazine. The CD is very dirty. The CD is upside-down. The CD is scratched a lot. ] Clean the CD and load it correctly. Nothing has been recorded on the MD. No tracks are recorded on the MD, although it has a title. The faceplate of the slave unit being connected to this unit has been removed. ] Replace it. The unit is malfunctioning for some reason. ] Press the reset button on the unit. If the "E- 77", code does not disappear, consult your nearest service centre. Something is wrong with the disc magazine. Or the unit is malfunctioning for some reason. ] Check the disc magazine. And then, press the reset button on the unit. If the "Mecha Error" code does not disappear, consult your nearest service center. The protective circuit in the unit activates when the temperature inside the automatic disc changer exceeds 60C (140F), stopping all operation. ] Cool down the unit by opening the windows or turning on the air conditioner. As the temperature falls below 60C (140F), the disc starts playing again. If this indicator blinks, the CD player is malfunctioning. ] Eject the CD and try inseting it again. If the CD cannot be ejected, press the eject button and hold it in until the CD is ejected.

No Disc TOC Error

Blank Disc No Tr Disc NO PANEL E-77 Mecha Error

Hold Error

Specifications Specifications subject to change without notice.

FM tuner section

Frequency range (50 kHz space).87.5 MHz 108.0 MHz Usable sensitivity (S/N = 26dB)..0.7 V/75 Quieting Sensitivity (S/N = 46dB)..1.6 V/75 Frequency response (3 dB)..30 Hz 15 kHz Signal to Noise ratio (MONO)...65 dB Selectivity (DIN) (400 kHz)... 80 dB Stereo separation (1 kHz)..35 dB

Audio section

MW tuner section
Frequency range (9 kHz space).531 kHz 1611 kHz Usable sensitivity (S/N = 20dB)..25 V
Maximum output power..47 W 4 Output power (DIN 45324, +B=14.4V)..29 W 4 Tone action Bass :...100 Hz 10 dB Middle :..1 kHz 10 dB Treble :..10 kHz 10 dB Preout level / Load (during disc play).1800 mV/10 k Preout impedance (during disc play).. 600 Operating voltage (11 16V allowable)..14.4 V Current consumption...10 A Installation Size (W x H x D).162 mm Weight...1.7 kg

General

LW tuner section
Frequency range..153 kHz 281 kHz Usable sensitivity (S/N = 20dB)..45 V

CD player section

Laser diode..GaAlAs (l=780 nm) Digital filter (D/A)..8 Times Over Sampling D/A Converter...1 Bit Spindle speed..rpm (CLV) Wow & Flutter..Below Measurable Limit Frequency response (1 dB)..10 Hz 20 kHz Total harmonic distortion (1 kHz)..0.01 % Signal to Noise ratio (1 kHz)..93 dB Dynamic range...93 dB Channel separation..85 dB