v. 'be healthy' > Vg: T

, K/P/V ,O

, LL , UL/O id. Sm {Jn.}

id.; pOs , {Hl.}

({Hl.} v. 'live' > Ng
) v. 'resuscitate' > Os: V ; En {Cs.}: aor. 1s X ,B

, Kz , Ne T

, Ne O {Lh.} {Ter.} , Slq Tz {KKIH} id., Kms {KD} 1s prs. 'wiederaufleben', 'lebendig', Mt {Hl.} 'live' (Mt: M/T {Mll.} , K {Pl.} , {Mll.} 'vivus') Coll. 1O, UEW 73, SK 37-8, It. LC 184, Lr. #226, Lgc. #856, N III 863-4, Hs. 78O, LG 2O3, Ep. 167, MRS 131, 53, 294, Ht. #185, Hl. rHt 71, Jn. 27, Jn. UK #73, KKIH 11O, Hl. M #34O A: M v. 'live, be healthy' adj. 'healthy', 'sober' > MM [MA] rv|y 'healthy', yLrv|Y 'health', [IM] rLu 'sober',B rvL 'health', Brt 'healthy, sober', Yk id., Ewk NB 'sober'; mt > , whence WrM , HlM
Kl 'healthy' Pp. MA 152, 437, STM II 45O, otherwise Klz. MJ 17 ??a D 'dwelling, house' ( N 'place to stay') > Tm id., 'house, home', Ml 'house, place', Kdg 'man who is a relative' (lit. "house-man", with 'man', cf. Tm 'this man', 'iste vir'), Tl 'house, dwelling', Tu id., 'family', Klm, Nkr , Gnd, '. IS adduces Png, Mnd , Knd , Ku 'house', Kui 'house, dwelling' D #494 Cf. IS I 267-8 s.v. ' words from K, S, B, C, T and M, which have no obvious semantic connections with the meaning 'live' and arouse many doubts (concerning both meaning and phonology). In my opinion, among the words adduced by IS there are reflexes of different N etyma: besides 'dwell, live', there are words going back to N 'clan, tribe' [q.v.], N 'stay, be' [q.v.] and possibly others. 2579. 'fence, border; enclosure' > HS: WS (or S) v. 'surround' > Ar 'surrounding', 'seconde membrane qui sort de lutrus la partition (chez les chamelles)', Sb [prep.] 'around', [n.] 'surrounding a tomb chamber'; (?) > Hb (spelled lih4 , lh4 ) 'outer rampart, outwork', Ug 'fortaleza, baluarte; torre, finca, coto'; ? Ak 'egg membrane' KB 299, KBR 312, BGMR 73, BDB #2426, OLS 175, BK I 519, Ln. 575-6 MiK I #1.13O EC: Sml 'space surrounding a settlement' DSI 3O5, ZMO 187 K > G Lch 'Grenzzeichen, Steinhaufen im Wald' Chx. 2332 floor', Gk Cp = Tm , Ml , Td 258O. ?? IE 'enclosure' > Ht 'pen, corral; lunar halo' Gk Hm D , Mg 'garden, threshing'limit, border, boundary' > 'garden' Pv. III 26-28, Ts. E I 128-9, F I 82-3, Ch. 67-68 , Kn , Tl id. D #846, Zv. 72. 'lizard, snake' > K: GZ 'lizard' > OG
, Lz 2 134, id.; G id. ( GZ 'be crooked. curved'?) is probably a px. K 144, K 228, FS K 232, FS E 255-6 HS: S 'lizard, snake' > Sr 'tomolwu 'large lizard', Hb ym37h ' reptile', Ak ' snake or lizard', ? Ar {Fr.} 'animalculum in herbis vivens', {Fr.} 'serpens; vermis, qui in oleribus tempore veris est' (loans from a lge. having from S ) Br. 235, KB 314, Sd. 354, CAD VI 23O, Fr. I 427 Eg RT/G 'snake in the underworld; reptiles, vermin (Gewrm)' EG III 15O ? EC (mt ): pSam 'lizard' (cp. OG id.) > Sml , Sml N {Abr.} ' 'lizard', Rn {PG} ' small gray lizard' Hn. S 69, Abr. S 182, DSI 445, PG 228 A: Tg 'snake' > Neg id., Orc id., 'grass-snake', Ud 'a red poisonous snake', Nn KU , Nn B 'big snake, boa, python', Nn Nh ' snake' STM II 13 T: Qq, Kr Cr , Qzq , Alt, Tv , SY 'dragon' (unless a loan from Chn id.) ET Gl 591 D (in SD) 'wood-worm' or sim. > Tm, Ml id., Kn G 'a nit' D #7OO Fn. KD #1O6 (K + D 'lizard'). If the T cognate is valid, the lateral in pN rec. is , otherwise it is either or. 2581. '(black) dirt, soot' ( 'rust') > HS: WS v. 'rust', 'rust' > BHb ea1l5h3 'rust' [e`t1a1l6h3 'her rust'], Ar G (pf. ) v. 'rust', Sq {L} 'dirt', Mh {Jo.} 'rust', v. 'become rusted', Jb E/C {Jo.} v. 'rust' KB 3O2, KBR 315, L LS 174, Jo. M 179, Jo. J 11O IE: NaIE , 'mud, filth' ({P} 'Schlamm'), 'black' > Gk , 'mud' pSl , , 'mud' > OCS 'mud', R 'silt', Blg , SCr i 'silt, slime', Cz , Slk 'silt, clay', P 'loam, mud' P 499, Mn. 43O, F I 723, Tr. 1O3, ESSJ VIII 221-2, EI 371 ( 'mud, swamp') A: ? T 'soot, dirty smoke' > OT 'lamp-black, soot', Tv , Qb, Sg, Alt, Tlt, QK , Shor, K, Qrg , Yk 'smoke'; possible infl. of T 'soot' (< N 'faeces, filth', q.v.) Cl. 254, Rl. I 14O6, Nj. 164, ET Gl 38O (T 'smoke', see N ) D (in SD) 'soot' > Tm 'soot adhering to the inner side of the roof', Kn M id., Ml , 'grime, soot' D #498. 2582. 'white' > HS: WS 'milk' > BHb bl1h1 id., MHb bl1h1 id., 'white (of an egg)', Pun, Ug, IA , JA [Trg.] bl2h9 / aB1l6h2 , JEA {Sl.} ab2l6h2 , Sr {Br.} , Ar laHa {Fr., BK} 'milk', Gz 'sour milk'; d : Ar 'milk', Gz , Tgr, Tgy 'milk, curds', WS v. 'milk' > MHb, JA, Ar, Sr id.; WS (Ar?) Ak NA 'milk' KB 3O2, KBR 315, HJ 372, OLS 176, Js. 464, Sl. 461, Lv. II 52 (JA bl1h9 / aB1l6h2 ), Br. 232, Fr. I 414-5, BK I 476-7, L G 229, CAD VI 187 C: SC ({E} 'milk'): Irq {Mgw., MQK} , {Wh.} , Brn, Alg , Grw , Asa 'milk' AD SF 129, 152, Wh. IC 24, E SC 291, Mgw. 11O, MQK 55 AD l.c., OS #123O, E EEA 93 (SC 'milk' proto-East-Nilotic 'to milk') The S words and have a morphological structure typical of adjectives (the patterns and ), suggesting an

original meaning of adj. ('white'?) Gk [Hs.] acc. pl. , , ON , id., Gk

IE Sl {Glh.}

'white' > NaIE
id. > L 'swan' > RChS

id., Um

f. 'white' Gl , , SCr , Blg

'white' , AS , Slv

'whiteness, white leprosy' pGmc

'swan' > OHG

, , P ,R , Cz Adduction of Ht 'cloud' is unj. WP I 92-4, P 3O-1, Mn. 13-4, F I 81-2, WH I 26-7, Bc. G 327, Vr. 1O1, Glh. 365, Kb. 16, Schz. 85, EWA I 152-4, Ts. E I 18, Pv. I 37-8 (rejects the connection of Ht 'cloud' with IE for lack of semantic proximity), EI 641 ( ) D 'clear' (of liquids) ( N 'to shine; bright', q.v. ffd.) If Ht had belonged here, the rec. would have been , otherwise it is Trnt. NE2 (S, IE), AD NM #2O. 2583. 'dream; to dream' > HS: WS v. 'dream' > Hb, JA [Trg.], JEA, Sr, SmA, Ar, Gz G , Mh, Hrs (pf. , sbjn. ), Jb C (pf. , sbjn. ) id.; WS , n. 'dream' > Ph, Ug , Ar , BA Ml3h4 , JA, Sr , Sb , Gz , Hrs (pl. ), Mh (pl. ), Jb E/C (pl. ) id., BHb M&lh1 id. HJ 375-6, KB 3O7-8, KBR 317-8, 32O, HJ 375-6, Ln. 6312, L G 23O, A #1O3, OLS 176, Lv. T I 261, Sl. 465, Br. 234-5, Tal 272-3, BK I 482-3, BGMR 68, L G 23O, Jo. M 179, Jo. H 59, Jo. J 11O, Nak. 246, MiK I #2.25 U: FU , {Sm.} > FP: Chr: L n. 'sleep, dream', id. Prm
{LG} ({LG} ) n. 'sleep' > Z > OVg S Kg / , Z US , OVg S VT , Yz , Vt / id. ObU , Vg T , OVg Tb (or ) 'dream' > pVg {Ht.} , OVg S Tr , OVg N Chd
, Vg LK/MK/UK/UL/Ss , Vg P , Vg NV/SV/LL n. 'dream'; Vg: T , LK/NV/SV , MK/UK ,P , LL , Ss v. 'dream'; pOs {Ht.} 'dream' > Os: V/Vy , Ty , D/K , Nz , Kz w ,O id., ? pOs {Ht.} n. 'sleep' (> Os: V/Vy/O , Ty/Y , D/K , Nz , Kz ) ( FU v. 'sleep'?) Sm. 542 (FU 'dream' > FP , Ugr ), LG 297, TmK 722, MRS 379-8O, Ber. 45, Ht. #664, Stn. WV 2O9, Kn. WV 17O. 2584. 'vein, sinew, root' > IE: NaIE 'vein, sinew, internal organ' ( N 'intestines, sinew, thread; to tie') > AS , , ON 'vein', OHG 'bloodvessel (vein, artery), sinew', NHG A 'vein, artery' Gk Hm 'heart', Gk A 'belly' OIr 'intestines' P 344, EI 359 ( 'lung, internal organ'), Mn. 254-5, Dv. #256, F I 645, Vr. 68, Ho. 9, Kb. 5, OsS 3, EWA I 54-7 HS: S > Ar (pl. ) 'corde principale de la tente laquelle on attache dautres pour mieux la tendre' Fr. I 341, BK I 374 Eg P/MK 'Strick, Seil', Eg Md/L/G v. 'bind together' > Cpt Sd 'runir, attacher, lier'; cp. Cpt Sd 'navel' ( 'navel string'); ?: Eg: fOK 'yoke of oxen', fXVIII 'span of horses; horses' > Cpt Sd , Cpt B 'horse' (Cpt Bj {R} id.) EG III 199-2O2, Fk. 18O-1, Vc. 315-6, Ws. 4OO, Tk. I 3O4 WCh: Su v. 'darn (flicken)' (with an 'belt' < HS id. and in Mpn epenthetic , cf. AD ChSC 35; loss of the initial lr. in the AG lgs., as in Su {MtS} 'hunger' < HS 'be hungry') A: ? T (< ) 'root' > OT , Osm {Rl.} zYdlY , Kr , Chg {Rl.}, Uz , ET , , Alt , SY , Shor , SY , K {Rl.} , Tf , Yk id. T < prosthetic ? Cl. 922, Rs. W 2OO, ET Gl 35O, TL 1O9, DTS 267, KRPS 264, Rl. I 1495 & III 488, 521, Ra. 23O If the phonetically questionable T cognate is valid, the N rec. is , otherwise it is. 2585. ? 'middle; be among' > K: GZ v. 'be among\near sth.' > OG, G id., Mg, Lz id. K 26O, (GZ K 'be among, near sth.') A: T 'middle' > OT 'the heart\centre of a tree-trunk\branch\horn' Cl. 255, Rs. W 366 ?? HS: S > Gz G (js. , pf. ) 'mix, mingle', T (pf. ) 'be mixed, mingled', Tgr 'eat and drink in community' L G 249 If the EthS cognate is valid, the rec. is. 2586. ?? 'womb, vulva' > HS: Eg fMd 'womb (of a cow\woman), vulva', ? fP 'woman' EG III 76, DW II 597-6OO, Fk. 168-9, Tk. I 123 ? S ' internal cavity of animals body', ' part of viscera' > Ar 'milieu de la poitrine, du poitrail, sternum, etc.', ? 'fesses', Tgr 'a dish of entrails cut to pieces', Tgy 'una pietanza fatta dinteriori di capra\pecora etc.', ? Sq {SSL} 'bas-ventre', ? Ak 'ein Teil des Leibesinnern' BK I 486-7, Sd. 1412, LH 62, Bsn. 4O, SSL LSNP 146O, MiK I #1.119 A: NaT 'vulva' > OT, MOg, MQp [incl. CC] , Tk , Kr, VTt, Qzq, Qrg, Alt id., Xlj {DT} id. (with a secondary ) Cl. 155, Rs. W 18, DT 122, DHST s.v. Cf. IS I 245 [supposes that T goes back to N , i.e. 'to open (esp. mouth)']. 2587. ? Em 'warm' > HS: S 'be hot', hot' > Hb Mh1 (pl. Mim`5h2 ) 'hot', JA [Trg.], JEA, Sr G (pf. ), Ar G (pf. ) 'be hot', Ak 'hot'; 'warmth, heat' > Hb M7h , Sr id., Ug {A} 'heat', {OLS} 'heat, draught' ('calor, sequa'), Ar 'fever', Ak 'heat' A #835, OLS 177, KB 312, KBR 325, Lv. T I 266, Sl. 469-7O, Br. 238, BK I 485-7, HJ 38O, Ln. 636, CAD IV 15O-1 C: Dhl {EEN} v. 'warm oneself' SC: Irq {Mgw.} 'warm', {MQK} 'hot, warm' (of water) , Alg 'set on fire'

'shoulder' ( Pv., EI) Ht 'body part in the rear of the lower torso', prob. {Pv.} 'hips, buttocks' (possibly connected with L , cf. Ivn. III-VIII 162 and Po. PBH 2O5) P 778, EI 515-6 ( ), M K I 14. M E I 37, Ab. II 227-8, F II 1148-9, WH II 815, Bc. G 339, Slt. 2O3-4, Wn. 182, Ad. 43-4, Ad. H 2O, 28, 147, Pv. I-II 63-4 HS: WCh {Stl.} 'arm' > SBc: Bg {J} , Kir , Plc , Gj id. Ngz {Sch.} 'hand, arm' Stl. ZCh 231 [#79O], Sch. DN 9, ChC ? Eg MK/G ({EG} ) v. 'bend ones back in respect' EG III 367, Fk. 2O1 U 'rump, crupper, shoulder' > FU: pOs > Os: D 'bones of the shoulder', V 'withers, crupper', Vy 'back part of the animals trunk; pelvis and the back end of the spine together with the surrounding meat', Ty 'back part of the body, loins with their meat' Sm: Ne: T 'groin', T O {Lh.} 'Vertiefung zwischen dem Oberschenkel und dem Bauch um die Genitalien', T Y , T MZ , F id.; En: X {Cs.} , B {Cs.} 'loins (Kreuz am Rcken)'; Ng {Cs.} 'loins, waist' Coll. 66, UEW 556, KrT 225, Lh. 1O3 U needs explanation (a case of "labial fission" [see Introduction, 2.2.7]?) A {ADb.} >T 'collarTkm , CrTt, Qmq, QrB 'shoulder', Tk , Ggz bone', 'breastbone' or sim. > Chg {PC}, MQp, OOsm 'upper part of the back', Tk 'back, horses chest', Uz 'shoulder', 'arm-hole (in garments)', Chv 'animals breast, dewlap ( )', Tkm 'shoulder, upper part of a sleeve' (with > before a cns. [Hl.s law]); 'backbone' > OT id., Tk , Qzq , Qrg , OOsm XIV, Tkm , Az ET Gl 453-5, Md. 171 ( ), 41 ( ), Cl. 92-3, Rs. W 361-2, TL 24O-1, ADb. SR 136-7, 188-9O The original meaning is likely to be 'collar-bone', 'breastbone' or sim., the semantic shift to 'shoulder' in the lgs of the SW area (within and near the former Byzantine Empire) may be due to the infl. of Gk 'shoulder' ppM {Pp.} >M > MM [S] {Koz.} [UygSc?] , {H, Pp.} ({H} pl. of ?) 'breastbone', WrM , HlM
' (= 'chest'?), Kl D {Rm.} 'sternum, clavicle, breast', Brt {Pp.} 'horses breast', Kl {KRS} ' , Kl {Rm.} 'chest (cavity), breastbone', ? Mnr H {SM} 'Adams apple'; M Nog, Qq, Qzq 'horses breast; breast', Qrg 'breast (of horses and other animals)', Qmq , VTt, Bsh 'collar-bone', Alt 'stature ( )', Xk , Sg/Qb/Qc/K {Rl.} 'front part of a horses breast' MED 611, Vld. 196, KRS 397, KW 2856, H 124, SM 251, ET Gl 453-4 (the authors try to find a T et. for without considering it a loan from M), KumRS 243, BIG 126, Rl. I 117O-1 Pp. VG 68, KW l.c., ADb. SR 3O8 [#18] The A cns. may be explained by a hypothetic (reg. in some conditions?) change: from N > >A. Another possible case of this pre-A rhotacism is A {AD} 'bovine animal, bull' related to L (< N 'pack, wild cattle' [q.v.] with a sibilant (or ) may have been an aux. word (> sx.) used to form extension). An alt. solution of the problem is morphological: N derived nouns or cds , esp. those with the abstract meaning; this underlies the pIE abstract nouns with the stem-final

H 33, Pp. MA 93, T VM 1O5 ? Tg [{S} < ] 'to hunt, kill' > Ewk, Neg, Lm A, Orc, Ud, Ul, Ork, Nn , Lm 'kill, get game\catch (of hunt, fishing)', Sln, Crj 'kill', WrMc 'kill, hunt', Mc Sb 'kill' STM I 127-9, Y #739 Pp. VG 46, S CNM 1O (suggests to adduce Tg ) In A and in some IE lgs. thre is semantic change 'drive\chase' v. 'hunt'. The IE stem-final light lr., unless it is of suffixal origin, provides ev. for a N stem-medial lr., which may be only because this is the only lr. which both yields zero in AnIE and K and can be lost in S and Eg. 2613. 'live' > HS: WS (G prm. > CS ) v. 'live' > Sb wuih , Gz (pf. 1Yw , js. ), Sq {L} ({DM.} 'il vivra peut-tre'), Hb eih (ip. ), Ph pf. , Ug , Amr {G} , IA eih, aih G BA aih G , JA [Trg.] iih aih G , JEA {Sl.} iih G , Sr 'j G (ip. 3m 'xeji 'e'i , Ar wH G (pf. WHa ayiHa ip. "vayHa 'living, animal; life'; WS adj. 'alive, living' > Hb, BA, JAr ih2 Ug , (AkSc) Pun, IA , Amr {G} , Sr Ja em. 'joa , Ar wHa , Sb ih , Sq {L} id.; the substantivized pl. of
the S adj. means 'life': Hb pl. MiI%h2 (sg. cs. ih4 ), Ph, Ug BA NiI%h2 Ar 'yWHa (sg. from a pl. ), Mh {Jo.} , Jb {Jo.} KB 295-7, KBR 3O7-1O, GB 225-7, 9O6, A #911, OLS 185-6, G A 19, Js. 454, Lv. T I 252-3, Sl. 453-4, Beyer AHG 23, 27, JH 86-7, HJ 365-9, PS 1251-4, Fr. I 448-9, L G 252, L LS 171, Jo. M 196, Jo. J 122, BGMR 74-5 C {AD SF} > Bj {R} scv. 'live, be healthy', 'alive, living', {AD) 'situation', ? 'husband' ( *'person' *'living being'?) EC: Sa {Wlm.} 'people, Menschen', 'person'; ? Sa {R} 'live' (if {R} is [ ] and unless it is not a loan from EthS; the word may have merged with the C reflex of N 'become, appear' [q.v.]) SC: Irq {MQK} 'husband, male', {Wh.} 'man, husband', Brn {Mnh.} 'Mann' AD SF 156, R WBd 132-3, R S II 2OO, MQK 49 ? Eg fP 'food' (: Fr ) EG III 44, Fk. 16O ? Ch: Bdm {Tlb.} 'live' Tlb. 453 Coh. 1O3, Cal. 175-6, IS I 242 (with references to earlier studies), AD SF 156 IE 'life' > NaIE > OI 'life', 'vital power', 'lebendig, beweglich', Av , gen. (< ) 'lifetime, lifespan' Gk 'vital power, life, eternity', Gk , Gk Cp 'ever', Gk Cp 'during one's lifetime' Al {Jokl} 'Zeitraum' ({Jokl} < ) L , 'lifetime, time of life, period of time; eternity' OIr 'lige, age' Gt , OHG , 'eternity' 'eternal' (> NHG id.), ON , 'eternity, lifetime'; Gt 'ever' (in the construction. 'never'), ON 'always', AS , 'ever, always', OHG , NHG 'ever, always' Tc A {P} 'spirit, life', {Wn.} 'le soi, le moi' (translation of OI ) P 17, Mn. 7, M K I 77, F I 35-6, 49, WH I 21, Fs. 3O-1, Kb. 211-3, 5O6, Schz. 126-7, 175, EWA II 1175-8, Vr. 68O, 682, Ho. 1, Jokl LKU 34, Wn. 173, EI 352 & 548 ( / gen. 'vital force, life, age of vigour') A: NaT > StAlt , Tlt {Rl.}, Qmn {B} Tv 'moment, time, season', Tb {B} 'time'. IS adduces Yk 'future, time', which is a Tungusism ( below) Rl. I 1172, BT 118, B DK 238, B DChT 142, TvR 333 M 'time, generation' > MM [HI] 'generation', [S] 'old, earlier', WrM , HlM, Brt , Kl 'time, epoch, period, age; generation', Dg {Mr.} 'generation'; the meaning 'generation' may have been a result of a merger of homonyms: M 'time' M 'joint of body' MED 1OO1-2, Chr. 495, KRS 547, Ms. H 1O9, H 167, Mr. D 231 Tg 'life, living' > Ul 'living', Nn Nh Nn B 'living, alive', Ork 'living; a living being; life', Mc 'living', 'provision', v. 'resuscitate'; Tg Yk 'future, life, lifetime, time' STM II 252, Sun. UJ 245, 'grow old' > OJ , J: T/Kg K S QJ #1337, Mr. 74O DQA #156O (pA Antn. YSK 49 pJ {S} 'life, age') Cf. AD LRC #62: IE, S; IS I 242-3: HS, IE, A. The initial in Altaic is due to regressive as of the sort called Altaic vowel breaking bringing about Altaic ascending diphthongs. The source of the ass. infl. must have been both rounded and palatal, i.e. Gr. II *247 ( 'live') [IE, A, J, CK, EA]. 2614. 'to swim, float, flow' > HS: Eg MK v. {EG} 'flow' (of a river) ('flieen, fluten'), {Fk.} 'overflow, surge up' (of Nile), ambEg P/G 'flood' ( N 'to spurt, rain' [q.v.]) EG III 48, Fk. 165 U v. 'swim' > F , Es , , , pLp {Lr.} v. 'swim, float' > Lp N {N} , Lp L {LLO} , Lp Kld Lp Nt id., S {Hs.} 'swim' pMr {Ker.} > Er , Mk Chr: L E H pPrm > Vt Z id. pObU id. > (1) pVg > Vg: T LK UK/P UL/Ss id., (2) pOs > Os: K , frq. ,D v. 'crawl' (of a snake) Hg v. 'swim' Sm {Jn., Hl.} id. > Ne F Ly Slq (aor. 1s): Tm Tz id., Tz {KKIH} , Mt {Hl.} v. 'swim' Coll. 64, UEW 542, Sm. 536 (U 'swim' > Sm , FU, FP , Ugr ), It. #211, Lr. #1422, Lgc. #8748, Hs. 1448-9, LG 296, Stn. D 2O, Jn. UK 42-3 #122, Jn. 29, (or ) v. 'swim' > M 'swim' (unless it is KKIH 192, Ker. II 173-4, Hl. M #11O8 A {SDM97} ?) > WrM , v. 'swim', HlM id., Kl v. 'bathe, swim', Ord {Ms.} v. 'wade', as well as possibly M {DQA} v. 'sink, put in a pot for boiling' > WrM , HlM 'put (meat, vegetables, etc.) into boiling water or soup in order to cook it' and M , WrM PT/Y/Urm , Ord {Ms.} , Mnr H {SM} v. 'inundation, flood' > MM [HI] {Ms.}

'what?, what kind of?, which?' > MM [HI]
'what?', Ord id., 'which?', Kl , {Rm.} 'what?', WrO 'what?, why?' Pp. L III 77, Pp. MA 387, 45O, Ms. H 11O, MED 423-5, Lg. VMI 73, SM 487, T 337, T DnJ 122, T BJ 14O, Ms. O 4O6-7, Krg. 7OO-1, KRS 7O7, 713, KW 218, 221, Chr. 785, 787 Tg 'what?' > Ewk , Sln , Neg , Orc , Ud {STM} id., {Krm.} 'what?', 'who?' (of animals), WrMc 'what?, who?'; Tg interr. v. ('to do what?') > Ewk, Neg , Lm , Orc, Ud id. STM I 288, Krm. 243 U: FU (att. in FV) 'which' (rel.) ( 'whatsoever') > F (gen. ) id., 'every', Krl 'which' (rel.), F, Es 'if' (< loc. of ?) Lp: N 'something, something or other', L {LLO} 'some', Klf every' Chr: H ,L , Uf/B 'some (irgendeiner, )' UEW 637, It. #87, SK 116-7, Ep. 31, MRS 782 D 'what?, which?' > Tm, Ml 'what?', Td (obl. ) 'which person\thing?', 'which?, what?' interr. adj., Kn 'what?, which?', Kdg, Klm , Tl 'which?', Knd 'which?, what?'; Tm , Ml , Kt , Kn , Kdg , Tl 'which man?', Nkr 'who?' (m.), Gdb 'which man?', 'who?', Gnd 'who?, which man?', Knd 'who?', Krx 'what?' D #5151 Knd may go back to demonstr. + (like HS ) HS: ? Ch: CCh: Msg 'where?' WCh: Hs 'how?' ( N 'which?', 'what?') ChC IS I 277-8 [ 'which, what kind of' (interr. and rel.)], Gr. I 225-9 ("interrogative J" in IE, U, A, Gil + unc. Ai) Cf. N '' On N and pIE see Introduction, 2.2.6. 2616. 'which?' > K: Sv , Sv UB nom. , gen. 'how?': Sl 'who?': Sv UB nom. , erg. dat. , Ln nom. Top. SJ 83, TK 637, Dn. s.v. > OCS id., Blg , SCr m. ( f., , gen. IE: Sl , Sv L nom. , 'what kind of?, , LLs , P

which?',

ntr.), Cz, Slk
, Uk ,RS 'which?', 'what kind of?'; Sl 'how?' > OCS , Pol , Uk, Blr id. (in P, OCS and ESl merged with Sl 'as' in the form ) Wtk. OIV 16 and IS I 278: + unc. Ht - pc. 'and, also' ESSJ VIII 171, StSS 793-7, Vs. IV 552-3, Glh. 286 A: M 'what?' > MM [IsV] 'what?' ( 'what have I done?'), [L, IsV, IM] 'what?', [MA] id., 'what !' (exclamatory: 'what?' (or < id., 'how to act?'; M ?); M 'how quick (he is)!, interr. v. 'to do what?' > WrO {Krg.} 'what?, what kind of?, which?' > MM [HI] '), as well as Brt , HlM, Kl , WrM , Dx , HlM 'what?, which?', Ba id., WrM d
, Mnr H {SM} id., {T} 'what?', Ord id., 'which?', Kl , {Rm.} 'what?', WrO 'what?, why?' Pp. L III 77, Pp. MA 387, 45O, Ms. H 11O, MED 423-5, Lg. VMI 73, SM 487, T 337, T DnJ 122, T BJ 14O, Ms. O 4O6-7, Krg. 7OO-1, KRS 7O7, 713, KW 218, 221, Chr. 785, 787 Tg 'what?' > Ewk , Sln , Neg , Orc , Ud {STM} id., {Krm.} 'what?', 'who?' (of animals), WrMc 'what?, who?'; Tg interr. v. ('to do what?') > Ewk, Neg , Lm , Orc, Ud id. STM I 288, Krm. 243 D 'what?, which?' > Tm, Ml 'what?', Td (obl. ) 'which person\thing?', 'which?, what?' interr. adj., Kn 'what?, which?', Kdg, Klm , Tl 'which?', , Brt

Knd 'which?, what?'; Tm , Ml , Kt , Kn , Kdg , Tl 'which man?', Nkr 'who?' (m.), Gdb 'which man?', 'who?', Gnd 'who?, which man?', Knd 'who?', Krx 'what?' D #5151 Knd may go back to demonstr. + (like HS ) HS: ? Ch: CCh: Msg 'where?' WCh: Hs 'how?' ( N 'which?', 'what?') ChC This etymon may be an AdS of the relative pronoun in IE and FU (see N 'which', 'that which, related to') IS I 277-8 [ 'which, what kind of' (interr. and rel.)], Gr. I 225-9 ("interrogative J" in IE, U, A, Gil + unc. Ai) Cf. N '' 2617. ? (= ?) 'these, they' (animate plural deictic element) > HS: B {Pr.} , nominal px. of m. pl.: {Pr.} 'feathers' sg. 'feather' (> Ah {Pr.} pl. sg. ), 'feet' sg. 'foot' (> Ah {Pr.} pl. sg. , Kb {Dl.} pl. sg. ), Tw, Shl, etc. (with allomorphs depending on the environment); according to Vc. ADB, this px. goes back to a df. art. of m. pl. AiM 211-2, Pr. M IV-V 14-6, 5O-63, Dl. 18O Eg O , pl. marker of dem. pronouns: 'these' m., 'these' f. ( 'this' m., 'this' f.), 'those' m., 'those' f. ( sg.: m., f.), 'these' m., 'these' f. ( sg.: > m., > f.) Lopr. AE 68 C: Bj R / 'the' nom. pl. m., / acc. pl. m. ( , , before vowels and lrs., otherwise , , ) [ 'the' nom. sg. m., / acc. sg. m.), Bj {Rop.} 'the' pl. (before nouns beginning with ), 'the' pl. (before byssylables with a long vw.) EC {Zab.} , pl. marker > Sml Me {Lm.} [ is an article of f. sg.] ( 'man' - pl. , 'leg' - pl. , 'child' - pl. ), Arr ( 'mad person' - pl. , 'bee' - pl. , 'water-pot' pl. ), Elm ( 'fruit' - pl. , 'girl' - pl. , 'jackal' - pl. ), Or ( 'brother' - pl. , Or B 'rock, stone' - pl. , 'baby-calf' - pl. ), Kns {BlSO} ( 'fire' - pl. , 'cow' - pl. ), Gdl , ( 'old man' - pl. , 'stick' - pl. ), Sd ( 'gazelle' - pl. , 'doctor' - pl. ), Ya ( 'tear' - pl. , 'penis' - pl. , 'sinew' - pl. ) Rop. 9, R BdS 6O-1, Zab. MNT 77, 113-4, 118-9, 141-2, 156, 169-7O, 19O, 241-2, 296 ? pre-S morpheme ( ?) of nom. plural, which followed the case ending and later merged with it into nom. pl. , acc. pl. gen. pl. ; the palatality of the acc. pl. (contrasting with the acc. sg. ) points to a palatal element within the original pl. marker, so that the prehistory of the S case/number sxs. may be conjectured as follows: acc. sg. + pl. > acc. pl. , nom. sg. + pl. > acc. pl. , gen. sg. + pl. > gen. pl. IE , plural marker of animate gender (> NaIE m. and f.) of dem. and interr. pronouns, e.g. 'these' [animate gender] > OI , Lt , OCS ), L , OR ,R , Gt id., Gk B/D/Hm (m. pl. article; Gk A/I id. was created on , OCS the analogy of m. sg. 'those' (thou-deixis), as well NaIE m. pl. locative -su 'in these' > OI

1O4 [#34.1] (SC, Dhl, Eg, Ch) A: T 'cover; build (a wall)' > OT {Cl} 'cover (things), build (a wall)', XwT XIV, MQp XIV [CC] v. 'cover, shut', OOsm v. 'cover; hide, conceal', Tkm, CrTt, Qmq, Nog, VTt, Bsh, ET , Uz , QrB, Qrg , Qzq, Qq , Xk , Tv , Tf , Yk 'cover', ?: Tk , Ggz 'make, build' Cl. 87O-1, Rs. W 187, ET J 126-9 M > MM [HI] {Ms.} v. 'protect', 'protection', 'be protected', [S] {H} {Krg.} ( 'protect, help', , HlM 'protection (Schutz)', WrM v. 'protect', Kl , HlM v. 'pad, lay sth. 'patronize, protect 'protection, care', between or under', WrM 'protect, help', Ord {Ms.} 'save, rescue, protect', 'traiter avec bont (prince, ses sujets)', WrO

v. 'protect, save',

)', Kl {Rm.}
'be-\unter-schtzen, hten, helfen', Kl
{Rm.} 'Schutz, Hut, Segen, Hilfe', Brt W 'patronage, protection' Ms. H 62, Ms. O 39O, H 81, MED 396, Krg. 89, KRS 262, KW 212, Chr. 753 Tg 'garment' > Ul 'shamans garment', Neg id., 'skirt', Nn B 'belt' STM II 281, Ci. N 285 pKo 'wear\put on (headgear)' > MKo , NKo S QK #9OO, Nam 317, 319, MLC 1O23-4 pJ {S} 'put on clothes (on the upper body), cover' > OJ , , J: T , K/Kg S QJ #1O47, Mr. 7423 DQA #644 (A 'to cover, wear'; M, Tg, Ko, J), Pp. VG 236, 286 IE: NaIE / (SA) 'copulate' [ possible IE ?? 'enter' > pTc {Ad.} 'enter' and Lw 'west'] > OI 'copulates', BdSgd 'adulterous' Gk D 'futuo' Sl {Bern.} (1s prs. , inf. and ) 'futuere' > Blg prs. 'futuo', SCr
, Uk / inf. , Slv / ,P , R prs. / inf. id., OCz id., 'beat' WP I 198, P 298, EI 5O8 ( 'copulate' 'enter\penetrate'), M K III 7, M E II 398-9, F II 371, Bern. I 452, ESSJ VIII 188 (Sl with on the ev. of Uk in , but his is at variance with many attested forms,
e.g. R p. ), BER I 474, Ad. 496-7 Mlc. CL 91 The semantic change 'to cover' 'futuere' is most natural when referred to cattle ('the steer covers a cow'), so that be may suppose that it occurred in the lanuage of the IE cattle-breeders. 2621. ? 'to go' > HS: B 'to go' B 'to go' ( N 'to walk, go, set out for', q.v. ffd.) U: FU v. 'go' > ObU > pVg > Vg: T , LK/MK/UK/P/NV/SV/LL , UL/Ss 'go' , '); pOs , ') Ht. #184, BV 151, ({BV} ' ({Hl.} ) > Os V/Vy 'go' ({Trj.} ' Trj. S 91 A: NaT v. 'walk', ) 'on foot, pedestrian' ( N 'foot, track; to walk' [q.v.] with >T due to vowel harmony) > OT, MT 'on foot, 'pedestrian', Chg {Rl., Cl.} 'im Wasser gehen, indem man Grund unter sich hat', Tk n. act. 'walking', Tk , Az , ET , Uz , VTt , Bsh , Qzq , Qrg , Alt , SY , Xk , Tv , Tf , Yk 'pedestrian, on foot' Cl. 887, Rs. W 177, ET J 68-9, TrR 918, Rl. III 72, Ra. 193. 2622. 'claws (as of a lobster\scorpion)', 'to hold between fingers\claws (e.g. of a lobster)' > D 'claws of a lobster\scorpion', 'to take between the claws' > Tm 'prehensile claws (of a scorpion \ lobster)', v. 'take between the fingers\toes, grasp as with pincers', 'prehensile claws of a crab\scorpion, pinces, tongs', Ml 'claws of lobster', Kt 'tongs', Kn , , Tu 'pair of tongs \ pincers', Kn , Kui 'tongs, pincers', Kn v. 'pinch, queak' D #444 A: Tg: WrMc v. 'hold' HS: S 'hand' > BHb di! 'hand, forearm' cs. di@ st. prn. &di! 'his hand', du./pl. Mi%d2i! pl. cs. id4i^ Ph, Ug, IA 'hand', JPA di@ dia5 dia3 BA cs. di@ Sr da cs. di em. doi , Ar Ya , Sb, Mn, Qt , Gz AD , OAk, Ak , Eb = {Frnz.} id., gen. sg. & acc.-gen. du. 'hands', Mh {Jo.} indf. , df. , Jb E/C {Jo.} 'arm (from fingertip to shoulder), hand', Hrs {Jo.} 'hand, arm, forepaw', Sq {Jo.} , {L} 'hand'. In some lgs. (Aram dialects, SES, Eth, Ak, Eb) there is as > and later KB 39-71, KBR 386-8, HJ 443-9, A #1138, OLS 52O-1, L G 7, BGMR 167, Rk. 8O-1, MA 1O8, Jo. M 46O, Jo. J 313, Jo. H 146, L LS 52, Krb. EG 19, 21, Frnz. EL 144, BHKKLMBlz. SAL #96, MiK I #1.291 Eg hier. *'hand' [alternatively, Eg fP { Rsl.} 'arm' ( Rsl.: HS > Eg )] EG I 156 & V 414, 58O, Fk. 3O8, Tk. I 37 The semantic change 'claw of a lobster\scorpion' HS 'hand' is a typical zoomorphic (reminding the NE slang usage of for 'hand', for 'face', etc.). 2623. (or ?) 'to drink' > U: FU (or ?) v. 'drink' > F , Es (inf. II , 1s p. ), Lv inf. id. pLp {Lr.} id. pChr {Ber.} id. > Lp: S {Hs.} > Chr: L (inf. , L {LLO} ), B , N {N} , Uf / , H , Kld

, K {Gn.} (inf.

) id. Prm {LG} > Z, Vt . Prmk, Yz ? ObU: ? pOs id. (belongs here if is a sx.) > Os: V/Vy , Ty/Y , D/K , Nz , Kz ,O id.; ?? Vg: T , LK , MK/UK/P/LL , UL/Ss id. OHg XI , , Hg (/ , ), id. Coll. 84, UEW 1O5, Db. OS xxvii, xxxii, It. #231, Sm. 543 (FU, FP , Ugr ), SK 124, SSA I 249, Lr. #285, Lgc. #18O7, SaR 427-8, Gn. 468, Ber. 12, MRS 155, Ep. 52, LG 335, Ht. #726, MF 329-3O, EWU 629-3O, Mgiste ELLE A: NaT > OT {DK} 'meal for the dead', {Cl.} 'funeral feast' (the long has been reconstructed on the basis of the Ar spelling with v in MhK, which is not a sufficient proof) OT VI BzGk VI [MnP] 'Turkic funeral feast' (Gk renders eOT and thus confirms
the hyp. of an obstruent pT ) Cl. 895, MKD 229 ?? HS: EC ( C 'drink' < N id. [q.v.]): Arr {Hw.} Dsn , Elm {Hn.} , Kns Msl/Gdl {Bl.} v. 'drink' Ss. PEC 17, Wh. IC 56, Bl. 1O8, BlSO s.v. , Hw. A 34O, To. DL 482 Ch: Tng {J} v. 'drink' J T 86. 2623a. ?? 'to tie, bind' > IE: NaIE > OI 'binds, unites', 'Verbindung, Vereinigung' ? Blt: Lt 'ox, steer' ({EI}: 'that which is yoked'), Ltv 'fork in a road' EI 64 ( 'bind, join together'), M K III 28-9, Frn, 191 A: T (with a sx. of n. coll.) > OT ({Cl. with unj. vowel length) '(a horses) halter', Osm {Rl.} , Tk , Ggz , Alt , Slr , Tv , Yk id., Slr 'short rope (part of a snaffle-bridle)', Chg {ShSB} 'a rope attached to the animals neck', Tk 'golden thread hanged on a womans forhead' Cl. 932, ET J 2445, Rl. III 554, ShSB 105 HS: C: Bj {R} 'rope' R WBd 243, 336. 2624. 'to pour; ground covered with water' > A: T v. 'pour, pour rain' > OT , MU, XwT, MQp, Chg, OOsm , Tk , Tkm, Az, ET, Slr, CrTt, Kr, SY, Xlj , Gz , Uz , Qmq, Nog, VTt, Bsh , Qzq, Qq , Qrg [CC] ( , Alt , Xk, Shor, Tv , Tk , Az , Tf , Chv L , Tkm , ET v. 'rain'; T d , Uz n. 'rain' > OT , Qmq , VTt , MQp , Bsh
, Qzq , Qq , Qrg , Alt , Xk , Yk , Chv L 'rain' (in some lgs. and contexts also 'snow') Cl. 896, 9O3-4, 9O8, ET J 57-8, TL 25, Rs. W 177, TkR 8O4, z. 182, Jeg. 216-8, Fed. II 127-8, 135-6, Ra. 193 Tg 'be covered with water' (of ground) > Ewk id.; Tg 'ground covered with water, pit filled with water' > Ewk 'grassy swamp, puddle, pit filled with water', WrMc 'pit filled with water, ditch (in a field)' STM I 339 DQA #62O [Tg < A ] HS: Eg Wc 'draw (water), (Wasser) schpfen' EG I 139. 2625. 'ice, cold' > IE: NaIE 'ice' > ON 'piece of ice, icicle', NGr Sw J ,G (= G ) 'hoarfrost; frozen dew on trees'; dim.: Gmc {Vr.} > ON , Sw , NLG , , OLG {Vr.}, OHG , NGr I 'icicle', AS {Ho.} , 'icicle, ice' ( = [ ]), NE , (cd >) OIr (gen. ), Brtt {RE} , {Vn.} > W , OCrn [ ] ice'; 'cold' ( *'icy') > OCrn , MCrn , , MBrt , Brt 'cold' Ht 'cold, frost, ice', 'cold' WP I 2O6, P 5O3, EI 287 ( 'ice, icicle'), Vr. 289, 294, Ho. 142, Sw. 74,Km. 495, Vn. A 28, RE 1O6, Frd. HW 4O, 81, Pv. I 257-9 HS: C: Ag {Ap.} 'ice' > Bln {Ap.} , {R} 'hail, ice, snow', Q {Ap.} , {R} id., Aw {Ap.} 'ice'; possibly (but not certainly): Aw {Bnd.} 'cold', {Hz.} v. 'feel cold' Ap. AV 6, R WB 17, R QW 149 & III 14, AD SF 263 ?? NrOm: Kf {C, Fl.} 'be cold', {Fl.} , {C} 'cold', Shn {Fl.} , {C} , Amuru {Fl.} , Anf {Fl.} 'cold' Fl. OWL, C SE IV4O2 The unexpected glottalized needs explanation U (+ext. ) > [1] FU 'cool, cold' > F 'grow cold, become cold\cool', Krl id. , Vp 'congeal' Lp: N {Fri.} , 'frigidus', L {LLO} 'get cooler\colder' (weather), 'cold and windy' (weather), T {TI} adj. 'cold' pMr {Ker.} > Er ) id. Os: V (gen. n. 'cold', , Mk , Ty ) 'cool', , {Ps.} (inf. 'cool; cool weather', Mk , B , Uf adj. 'cool' pChr , H (inf. 'get colder' > Chr: L 'cool, cold' > Es {Lgc.}

n.\adj. 'cold', D 'cold, cool', Kz 'cool' [2] FV (+ext. ) 'cool down, become cool', Lv id. Lp Sw {L} 'rigidus', Lp Vfs , Mk adj. 'cold', Er , Mk

'get cooler' Er

n. 'cold, cold weather' The variation suggests an old U with combination of a front vw. and a back one (probably ) with subsequent as (due to "vowel harmony") in two opposite directions Coll. 84, UEW 9O-1, 631, It. #241, SK 133, SSA I 26O, TI 65, ERV 776, 8O1, PI 318, 321, Ker. II 37, Ber. 13, MRS 156, 641, Ep. 132 D (in NED) > NED 'become cool' > Krx vi. 'lose heat, cool', vt. 'cool', Mlt 'become cool', 'make cool' D #875, Pf. 186 [#43] AD GD 5 & IS MS 346 (IE, U, A; both do not distinguish this from N 'ice; to freeze') , Blz. DA 162 [#98] (suggested to add NrOm). 2626. 'to attach, tie\bind to' > IE: NaIE / v. 'bind, harness, yoke' > OI (prs. 1s , 3s , 3p ), Av / v. 'harness, yoke, join', d : MPrs v. 'harness', , ClNPrs fJ / 'yoke, pair', NPrs 'pair' Gk 'join, unite, connect' OIr 'yoke' (< [1] IE , W , OCrn 'yoke, put to; bind, bind fast' OHG 'subjugare' L ) Lt (1s prs. ) 'to yoke, join, connect', Ltv 'to

harness, put to' id. OW

'yoke' > Ht id. OI , Av , ClNPrs Ju id. Gk id. L , Brt id., Ir 'harness' Gt, OSx , ON , OHG , NHG J , AS > id. > OCS ' cross-beam' Lt , Blg, R , SCr , b , Slv 'yoke' (with due to the infl. of , Cz, Slk ), Ltv id., P id. [2]
'yoke', NE Sl id., ' cross-beam', SCr NaIE d
ntr. 'yoke\team of beasts' > Gk ntr. id., team (of oxen\horses\mules) [Gespann]' L id. sg. 2' ( 'a plot ploughed by a team of oxen') MHG 'a measure of land, 2,5OO m 'ein Morgen Landes' WP I 2O1-2, P 5O8-1O, EI 64 [ 'bind, join together' (cf. N 'tie, bind'), id.], EI 655 ( 'yoke'), Bc.
726, M K III 19-21, M E II 412-3, 417-8, Horn 95, Vl. I 517, Sg. 364-5, BK 151, F I 6O9-1O, 615-6, WH I 726-31, Vn. C 273, LP 35.3, YGM-1 295, Dnn. 774, KM 333, Fs. 3O4, Vr. 417, Kb. 522, 11O7, Schz. 178, OsS 465, KM 333, Ho. 141, Lx. 1O2, Frn. 196-7, ESSJ VIII 2O6-8, Glh. 274, Pv. II 495-6, 498-9 HS: EC: Sml {DSI} 'legare le mani \ i piedi a qualcuno', 'legatura delle mani \ dei piedi' DSI 647 NrOm: Mch {L} v. 'spin', Kf {Msr.} id., Kf {C} 'domare (un bue per laratro; filare (il cotone ecc.)' C SE 52O, Msr 241, L M 58 A: T ( ?) 'bridle' [< pre-T ?] ( N 'flexible rod, thong', q.v. ffd.) Gr. II #38 ( 'belt') [IE U 'belt'] 2627. 'to loosen' > U: FP id., 'untie' > pMr {Ker.} - > Er (inf.

entblen', Vo

, Mk v. 'untie, loosen' Krl A 'die Fubekleidung ausziehen', ? F , Es
vi. 'undress', Krl {Gn.} id., vt. 'ausziehen, , 'be able to, have strength enough to' Prm
{LG} > Prmk, Vt , Yz v. 'unharness' UEW 63O-1, Sm. 552 (FP 'take off'), Ker. II 46, LG 336 The variation suggests an earlier etymon with a stem-final ( ) with subsequent vowel assimilation in two opposite directions A: NaT 'loosen' > OT v. 'unstring (a bow); disband (troops)', MQp XIII , OOsm XIV , Tk v. 'unstring (a bow)' The 'to flatten; flat' (represented in OOsm, Tk and other T lgs., cf. Rs. W 191 and ET J 155-6) is either a semantic derivate from 'to unstring the bow' or a different (albeit homonymous) Cl. 973 ? HS: WCh: pAG {Hf.} v. 'become loose' > Kfr {Nt.} 'loosen', Gmy {Hf.} 'become loose', Ang {Hf.} 'be shaky, loose' Hf. AG #184, Nt. 45. 2628. (or ?) '(very) bright, white' > HS: S > Ar (ip. ) 'tre d'une blancheur clatante' BK DAF II 1631 C: Ag > Bln {R} 'be light\bright (hell)' R WB 365, AD SF 185 ?? Eg L/G 'to shine' [unless connected with Eg MK 'light (hell), light (lux)'] EG I 138 & V 66 IE: NaIE verleihen' , SCr clean' Lt with unjustified Sl 'light colour, clearness, brightness' > OI ntr. 'beauty, splendour', Av n. 'light colour, radiance' > SCr 'clearness', Slv 'light, splendour, radiance', 'radiance, glitter'; ({Trb.} ) adj. 'clear, light (hell)' > OCS , Slv ,R / 'clear', Cz, Slk ,P 'clear, bright', Uk 'clear, bright' Mn. 44O, M K III 12, M E II 4O5-6, Bern. I 276, ESSJ VI 5O-3 (Sl ) U > Sm {Jn.} (unless it is ) 'white' > Ng {Pl.} d 'Ansehen 'a , Blg 'bright, , Slq Nr {Cs. in Lh.'s

ChC, J T 77 AD GD 5 & IS MS 346 (IE, U, A; both do not distinguish this from N 'ice, cold'), Rs. UAW 31 & Rs. W 197 (U, A; + err. Ewk 'cold' (in fact from Tg ) Gr. II #219 ( 'ice') [IE, U, A, J + qu. CK]. 2639. ?? 'to rise, up' > HS: S > Ar G 'climb (a mountain), be grown up', 'hill', 'lev' BK II 1631, Hv. 9O3 IE: NaIE 'upon, thereupon' (direction) (loss of by analogy with < ?) > Gk / 'upon' OI px. {MW} 'near, over', OI 'also, and', Av , OPrs 'bei, nach' Arm (> NEArm ) 'and, also' L 'auf - hin, nach - hin, auf - zu' 'in front of; in return for, to the purpose; because of' ? Gt adj. ( sprl.) in 'on the following day' Pru pv. 'be-' ( *'over'), Ltv prep. 'around', Ltv pv. 'round', Lt 'about' Sl prep. (+ acc.) 'against, against the surface of' (direction) > OCS, OR , , R, Uk ( , , P , , LLs , HLs , Slk, SCr , Sln WP I 122-3, P 323-5, 11O5-7, MW 55, M K I 39, M E I 86, F I 535, WH II 192-4, Fs. 29O, Frn. 12-3, En. 93, 169, Vs. III 96, ESSJ XXVI 71-4, ESlSJ-SGZ I 133-4, 14O-1, Slt. 397-8, EI 391 ( 'near, upon') The absence of NaIE in the apophonic zero grade suggests the pIE lr. or the glide. The evolution N > NaIE still needs investigation (shall we suppose an intermediate stage [cp. AD NVIE]?) The alt. NaIE cognates 'up' and 'high' are ruled out because of the absence of the expected in the intercons. position in ; on NaIE cf. s.v. N 'to take wing' The rec. is more plausible than the formally possible alt. , because the obstruent cluster is more likely to undergo as ( > ) than the cluster (obstruent + sonorant). 264O. 'leopard' > HS: C: Ag 'leopard' > Bln {R} , pl. , Dmb/Q {R} 'leopard. panthere' R WB 365, R QW 149 K 'leopard' > OG , MG [VTq.] ,G id. Abul. 157, DCh. 5O6. 2641. 'both, two (persons)' > A: T , {Md.} 'two' [ A , {SDM} 'follow, be next' < N 'to follow (game) by the track)'] > OT , MQp XIV , Uz, ET, Qzl, Sg/Qb/Kc/Tb {Rl.} , Xlj {DT} Yk , Tk , Tkm, Az, Ggz, Kr G , CrTt, Kr Cr, Qmq, QrB, Nog, Qq, Uz , Qrg, Alt {BT}, Tb {B} , Qzq S [ ] , VTt, Bsh , Shor S ;T [ , Xk ] , Qmn {B} , Ln , Alt/Tlt/QK {Rl.} , Tv , {Kk.} , Tf ( = / /, no opposition / / / , {Ml.} /), QK {B} , Slr {Tn.} , Chv , ET {Jr.} , SY {Tn.}

shining' > OT , MQp XIV , [CC] n. 'light', Tkm 'bright', Kr , Slr , Uz , ET , Qzq, Qq , Qrg , Alt , Xk , Tv n. 'light', adj. 'bright' Cl. 956, 963-4, Rl. III 12O, ET J 134-5, Bu. II 327, Rs. W 189, Ra. 2OO M 'shine, gleam; burn (as fire)' > MM [MA] {Pp.} v. (p.) 'burned' (of fire), Kl {Rm.} 'blinken, schimmern (in der Ferne), leuchten', WrO {Krg.} v. 'gleam, glisten, sparkle', Kl {KRS} , HlM {Luv.} 'glitter, gleam (
)' Pp. MA 387, KW 216 (mentions
, which is not confirmed by the available dictionaries of WrM), Krg. 7O6, Luv. 695, KRS 711 ? Tg 'have a good look at, examine' > Ewk , Lm , Neg , Orc , Ud I {Krm.} , Ud K/Sm {Krm.} , Ul , Ork , Nn: Nh ,B , KU id. STM I 291, Krm. 243 Rm. EAS I 68, Rs. W 189 (T, M) D (in McTm) 'shine' > Tm 'shine, litter', Ml 'shine (as sun)', 'sunshine' D #861 HS: Ch 'burn' > WCh: Bg {Sh.} , ? Tala Sh {Sh.| vt. 'burn' ?? CCh: Bdm {Lk Nc.} 'heat, day' Sh. SB 34, JI II 54-5, Lk. B 131 ? Eg G 'flame'; but Eg G {Crn., Vc.} 'shed light' hardly belongs here, because Cpt Sd and Cpt B , ': A, 'shine, glitter' point to an Eg ( Hb lle ) EG I 114, Vc. 62, Crn. 46 OS #2579 IS MS 364 ( ' D). 2643. ? 'misfortune', 'to curse, be angry' (< *'to cause misfortune') > U: FU v. 'curse, scold' > Prm {LG} WrM ({LG ) v. 'curse' > Z , Z US , Prmk , Yz , Vt , {Wc.} , Vt B id. Vg {Kn.}: T/LK/P/Ss v. 'curse, scold' UEW 97-8, LG 1O1 A > pJ {S} or 'be annoyed' ( 'to blame, scold, accuse, be angry, be annoyed / disgusted'??) > OJ ,JT S QJ #833, Mr. 698 NaT v. 'hate, blame, scold' ( M 'to hate, abhor, be annoyed', q.v. ffd. '') DQA #2598 [A 'be annoyed\disgusted'; incl. T, J] D (in McTm) 'grief, anger' > Tm 'grief (as of a broken heart), deep-seated sorrow', Ml , 'anger, fury', , 'be angry' D #553 ? HS: S: Ar 'evil, calamity' (unless 'be hard') BK II 1626, Hv. 9O2 L 'anger' and OI 'is angry' do not belong here (cf. M K I 91, P 335 and WH I 717-8). 2644. 'body of water' > HS: B: Zng {Bs.} 'river' NrOm: Anf {Bnd.} 'river' CCh: Msg {Mch.} , {Trn.} , {GKrs.} 'river', {Brt.} 'Tal', Mbara {TrnSL} 'river' ChC, Lk. DQM 93, TrnSL 289 ?? Eg 'river', 'the Nilus', [AkSc] 'the Great Riber' or 'the Nilus', DEg , 'Flu, Kanal', Cpt: Sd ,B ,A 'canal, watercourse'; acc. to Vc., the history of the word is as follows: > > dis EG I 146-7, Er. 49, 5O, Vc. 66 S: BHb r7ai^ r&ai^ 'the Nilus', 'big river' (e.g. 'the Tigris') [Dn. 12.5-7], 'wasserfhrende Stollen eines Bergwerks'; Vc. 66 suggests the reading , which is ruled out by the spelling var. rvai; unless the word is a loan from Eg, it may go back to S or KB 364-5 IE {EI} > NaIE: Blt 'sea' > Lt , pl. , Ltv , Pru 'sea' ? Thr (mame of a river) Frnk. 198-9, Kar. I 362-3, P 81, EI 636 U: FV {UEW} 'lake' > F (gen. ), Es id. pLp {Lr.} id. > Lp: S ,L ,N , Kld pMr {Ker.} > Er

Ne T , Ne T O 'sommerlich' (cp. Ne T , Ne F 'summer'), Ng {Cs.} 'leathern' 'leather', En X {Cs.} , En B {Cs.} 'gestrig' (cp. 'yesterday') Sz. 86-8, 1OO, Coll. CG 264, Lh. PUAS 55-6O N may be connected with N 'which?' [q.v.] IS I 14, 282-4 (besides denom. sxs. in HS, IE and U, IS adduces here the sx. of deverbal nouns and prtcs. in A and the D sx. of converbs, which is less concincing). 2655. 'which' (rel.), (enclitic pc.) 'that which, related to' (individualization through relation): [I] as a prn. ( N 'which?'?): IE: NaIE: , rel. (and interr.?) pronominal ('which' or sim.) (m. , f. , ntr. )> OI m. , f. , ntr. id., Av 'which' rel. Gk m., f., ntr. id. Clt: Gl DUGIIONTI-IO 'who serve' ? Phr 'whoever' Sl m. (> OCS ), f. (> OCS ), ntr. (> OCS ) 'which' (rel.) Ltv 'if' (< ntr. ), Lt 'if' Wtk. OIV 16 and IS I 278: + unc. Ht - pc. 'and, also' P 383 (does not distinguish this from the NaIE dem. ), EI 457 ( / / 'who, what, that' rel.), M K III 14, M E II 39O (IE ), F I 434, Frn. 182, En. LG 825, ESSJ VIII 171, StSS 793-7, Vs. IV 552-3, Glh. 286 U: FU (att. in FV) 'which' (rel.) ( 'whatsoever') > F (gen. ) id., 'every', Krl 'which' (rel.), F, Es 'if' (< loc. of ?) Lp: N 'something, something or other', L {LLO} 'some', Klf every' Chr: H ,L , Uf/B 'some (irgendeiner, )' UEW 637, It. #87, SK 116-7, Ep. 31, MRS 782 [II] As a postnominal pc.: IE: NaIE 'related to', suff. of adjectives, e.g. NaIE 'fatherly, paternal, belonging to [the] father' > OI , Gk , L id.; Av 'day-, referring to [the] day' 'day'; Sl : OCS
(pronominalized adj. ), R 'of a person, human'; Tc A , sx. of possessive adjactives ( 'of the moon, lunaire', Tc B , sx. of acp. ( 'doing, making') Ht , sx. of derived adjectives ( 'staying within') Here also L (gen. sg. of the stems), OgIr id. in ( ) 'sons', Gl in SEGOMARI (gen. of a proper name) (Bks. on Itc-Clt : "an adjectival sx."), as well as the glide in L (gen. sg. of -stems) BD II/1 19O-1, Vnd.1 I 4O3, Saf. GHJL 131-2, Bks. 192, KK 28, 86, Kron. EHS I 168-7O HS: S , sx. of denom. adjectives ("nisbah") and nomina gentilicia > BHb (f. and , both from ), Amr , Ar , Gz , Ak , in Aram within compound sxs. (of the same meaning) ; Hz. is probably right in adducing here the S genitive case ending (> Ar , Ak , Ug , Gz ; according to Hz., the gen. cs. and st. pron. form in Ak points to the original case ending ; an alt. explanation of the Ak gen. cs., st. pron. form is generalization based on the lengthened ending gen. cs. and st pron. form of the oxytonic nouns (and pronouns), where the lengthening was due to prosody (as shown in AD PhSS) Br. G I 397 [ 22O], Hz. ACCS 219-21, Siv. U