M ACAD E LV

R E F IDER IA M

ALEXA ND

(Miller & Hawley, 1977, Fig. 1)

Zoo: BL Lac and OVV

BL Lac and OVVs
(Vermeulen et al., 1995, When is BL Lac not a BL Lac?, Fig. 3)
In weak phases, BL Lac shows a spectrum F 1.7 (strongly polarized, synchrotron radiation) and broad emission lines = typical AGN continuum!
= There seems to be a continuum between Seyferts, QSOs, and Blazars = Same physics? = Unication.
Big Blue Bump: Excess radiation in UV range = disk?
IR Bump: Excess radiation in IR range = dust? (peak T : 2000 K; dust sublimation?)

AE SIG IL RI

AE SIG IL RI AE SIG IL RI
Most AGN show continuum variability (see later), but some show fast, large amplitude variability: blazars. Subclasses:
Optically Violent Variables: OVVs: m 0.1 mag. BL Lac Objects: after prototype
BL Lacertae (originally classied as a star, mB = 1416 mag): virtual absence of emission lines above continuum

(W. Keel, priv. comm.)

Summary of optical spectra of different AGN types
Accretion Disks in AGN, I
Spectral Energy Distribution of radio-loud and radio-quiet AGN (Elvis et al., 1994)
Accretion Disks in AGN, II
Spectral Energy Distribution of 3C273 (Trler et al., 1999)

Accretion Disks in AGN

IR Bump

Obs31 10-1 Obs30

E ph cm-2 s-1 keV-1
mmoptical SED of PG1351+640: dust has wide range of temperatures (Wilkes, 2004).
IR-Bump: too cold for disk, has substructure = different emission regions.
LMC X-3, (Wilms et al., 2001)

UV Bump

In some AGN: extrapolated UV power law smoothly matches X-ray continuum.

Remember: f

Break wavelengh between 800 and 1600 , in rough agreement with accretion disk models. Theory of the break: H-Lyman edge, possibly smeared by Comptonization or relativistic effects.
However: no correlation between UV slope and BH mass as expected from accretion disk models?!?

(Shang et al., 2005)

10-5 Energy [keV] 10 20

Galactic Black Holes

Problem with AGN: peak of disk in UV
= Galactic Black Holes: T is

higher

Find ok agreement between accretion disk models and theory. In general: models with just T r3/4 and no additional (atomic) physics seem to work best?!?
Comparison of self-consistent accretion disk model with LMC X-3 data = good agreement, although values of smaller than expected (ts nd 0.01 < < 0.1 instead of 0.10.8).
(Davis, Done & Blaes, 2006)
Top red line: inferred accretion disk spectrum without interstellar absorption.
432 Balbus, S. A., & Hawley, J. F., 1991, ApJ, 376, 214 Chandrasekhar, S., 1961, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press), (reprinted 1981 by Dover, New York) Davis, S. W., Blaes, O. M., Hubeny, I., & Turner, N. J., 2005, ApJ, 621, 372 Davis, S. W., Done, C., & Blaes, O. M., 2006, ApJ, 647, 525 Elvis, M., et al., 1994, ApJS, 95, 1 Hawley, J. F., & Krolik, J. H., 2002, ApJ, 566, 164 Shang, Z., et al., 2005, ApJ, 619, 41 Trler, M., et al., 1999, A&AS, 134, 89 Velikhov, E. P., 1959, Sov. Phys. JETP, 9, 995 Wilkes, B., 2004, in AGN Physics with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, ed. G. T. Richards, P. B. Hall, 37 Wilms, J., Nowak, M. A., Pottschmidt, K., Heindl, W. A., Dove, J. B., & Begelman, M. C., 2001, MNRAS, 320, 327
A large amount of our understanding of AGN comes from non-optical observations.
= we need to understand how these observations are made to be able to

interpret their results.

= Will take a side trip into the world of X-ray detectors.
There are two main issues to deal with:
X-ray Optics X-ray Detectors

X-Ray Detectors

Introduction

Earths Atmosphere

Earths atmosphere is opaque for all types of EM radiation except for optical light and radio. Major contributer at high energies: photoabsorption ( E 3), esp. from oxygen (edge at 500 eV).
Cassegrain telescope, after Wikipedia
Reminder: Optical telescopes are usually reectors: primary mirror (paraboloid) secondary mirror (often at) detector Main characteristics of a telescope:
collecting area (i.e., open area of telescope, d2/4, where d: telescope diameter) for small telescopes: angular resolution, = 1.22

but in the optical: do not forget the seeing!
Charles & Seward, Fig. 1.12
= If one wants to look at the sky in other wavebands, one has to go to space!

Introduction 2

Imaging
Optical telescopes are based on principle that reection just works with metallic surfaces. Snells law of refraction:
Light in glass at glass/air interface: n = 1/1.6 = c 50 = principle behind optical bers.

Optical Imaging, I

Optical Imaging, II

n2 < n1 2

sin 1 n2 = =n (5.2) sin 2 n1 where n index of refraction, and 1,2 angle wrt. surface normal. If n 1: Total internal reection
Total reection occurs for 2 = 90, i.e. for

sin 1,c = n

cos c = n
with the critical angle c = /2 1,c. Clearly, total reection is only possible for n < 1.

Optical Imaging, III

X-rays: index of refraction vacuum versus material is (Aschenbach, 1985):

n = 1 NA

Z re 2 =: 1 A 2
Incident paraxial radiation
NA: Avogadros number, re = 2.m, Z : atomic number, A: atomic weight (Z/A 0.5), : density, : wavelength (X-rays: 0.11 nm).
Critical angle for X-ray reection:

cos c = 1

Since 1, Taylor (cos x 1 x2/2):

So for 1 nm: c 1.

2 = 561/2
To obtain manageable focal lengths ( 10 m), do imaging with telescope using two reections on a parabolic and a hyperboloidal mirror (Wolter type I).
(Wolter, 1952, for X-ray microscopes, Giacconi, 1961, for UV- and X-rays).
To increase c: need material with high = gold (XMM-Newton) or iridium (Chandra). Imaging
But: small collecting area (A r2l/f where f : focal length) 3 Imaging

Optical Imaging, IV

0.2deg

0.8 Reflectivity

0.5deg

0.4deg

0.4 0.2 0.0

Photon Energy [keV]

X-rays: Total reection only works in the soft X-rays and only under grazing incidence = grazing incidence optics.

ESA/XMM

Reectivity for Gold
Solution to small collecting area: nested mirrors.

Wolter Telescopes, IV

Hyperboloid

Paraboloid

Wolter Telescopes, V

Mirror manufacture, I

energy gap
Recipe for making an X-ray mirror: 1. Produce mirror negative (Mandrels): Al coated with Kanigen nickel (Ni+10% phosphorus), super-polished [0.4 nm roughness]). 2. Deposit 250 nm Au onto Mandrel 3. Deposit 1 mm Ni onto mandrel (electro-forming, 10 m/h) 4. Cool Mandrel with liquid N. Au sticks to Nickel 5. Verify mirror on optical bench.
Total production time of one mirror: 12 d, for XMM: 358 mirrors.
Problem: electron-hole pairs recombine immediately in a normal semiconductor = in practice, apply voltage to a pn-junction to separate electrons and pairs. X-ray Semiconductor Detectors 1

XMM-Newton

Charge Coupled Devices (CCD)

p stops

photo: Kayser-Threde
all pixels are readout via one (few) output node(s) very few electronic Charge transport by channels but long periodic change of readout time! gate voltage triplets (1,2,3)

readout

linear CCD
Top of the XMM mirrors: 3 mirror sets, each consisting of 58 mirrors, Thickness between 0.47 and 1.07 mm Diameter between 306 and 700 mm, Masses between 2.35 and 12.30 kg, Mirror-Height 600 mm Reecting material: 250 nm Au.

Semi-Conductors

Semiconductors: separation of valence band and conduction band 1 eV (=energy of visible light). Absorption of photon produces

Conduction band

electron-hole pairs.

h Egap

Valence band Space
For Si: Egap = 1.12 eV; 3.61 pairs created per eV photon energy [takes into account collective effects in semiconductor] Note: band gap small = need cooling!
optical light: 1 electron-hole pair X-rays (keV): 1000 electron-hole pairs

Silicon Detectors

MOS structure with segmented metal layer Metal strips (poly-slicon) SiO2

VC xd<10 m VG

-P(VG) n p
collect free electrons in a potential well, ca. 1m below SiO2 layer

gate strips

LG R LIBERTY

February 2, 2010

GREEN RENEW ABLES, LLC
3000 Doolittle Hill Rd. SE, Elizabeth, IN 47117
Mr. David Matousek IDEM Office of Air Quality Permits Branch 100 North Senate Avenue MC 61-53 ICGN NI003 Indianapolis, IN 46204-2251 RE: Additional Information for Draft Title V Permit Liberty Green Renewables Indiana, LLC - Scottsburg Renewable Energy Facility Air Permit Application T143-28314-00019
Dear Mr. Matousek: This letter contains Liberty Green Renewables Indiana, LLC (LGRI) demonstration that the boiler stack (S-OI) at the proposed Scottsburg Renewable Energy Facility meets the stack height requirements of 326 IAC 1-7. Executive Summary 326 lAC 1-7 applies to the Scottsburg Boiler stack S-OI because potential particulate and sulfur dioxide emissions are greater than 25 tons/yr. The rule requires that new stacks be constructed considering good engineering practice (GEP). Minimum stack height must be either: The stack height calculated using the GEP equation (H + 1.5L); or A lesser stack height if the facility demonstrates through modeling that the stack will not cause excessive concentrations (excessive concentrations are defined as concentrations at least 40% higher than the concentration at the GEP equation (H + 1.5L) stack height). u.S. EPA's SCREEN3 model and the methodology in u.S. EPA's "Guideline for Determination of Good Engineering Practice Stack Height Revised", June 1985, were used to determine if the 150 foot stack would cause excessive concentrations. The maximum concentrations due to the proposed 150 foot stack were no more than 10% higher than the maximum concentrations due to a 200 foot stack (the GEP height from the equation H + 1.5L). This is substantially below the 40% criteria required to demonstrate compliance with the stack height requirements of326 lAC 1-7. Summary of 326 IAC-7 Requirements 326 lAC 1-7 applies to exhaust stacks with potential particulate or sulfur dioxide emissions of25 tons/yr or more. 326 lAC 1-7-3(a) requires that new stacks be constructed using good engineering practice (GEP), where GEP is either:
Mr. David Matousek February 2,2010 Page 2 The stack height calculated using the equation H + 1.5L, where H is the height of the most influencing structure and L is the lesser of the height or projected width of that structure; or A lesser stack height if the facility demonstrates through modeling that the stack will not cause "excessive concentrations".
Excessive concentrations is defmed at 326 IAC 1-7-2 as maximum concentrations caused by downwash, wake, or eddy effects that are at least 40% higher than the maximum concentration without such effects, and that cause an exceedance of either a National Ambient Air Quality Standard or applicable PSD increment. Rule Applicability Scottsburg boiler stack S-O1 will have potential particulate and sulfur dioxide emissions greater than 25 tons/yr, so 326 lAC 1-7 will apply to the stack. No other emissions source at the proposed plant meets these rule applicability criteria. Compliance Demonstration Based on an 80 foot tall turbine building, the stack height calculated using the equation H + 1.5L is 200 feet (see Table 1). Therefore, LGRI must demonstrate no "excessive concentrations" due to the proposed 150 foot stack. U.S. EPA's "Guideline for Determination of Good Engineering Practice Stack Height (Technical Support Document for the Stack Height Regulations) Revised", June 1985, contains guidance on how to determine if a stack height will result in excessive concentrations. Section 3.5, page 49, of the Guidance states: "demonstrate by fluid modeling or a comparable field study, using the existing stack and emission rate (before the stack is raised) and adding in the background air quality, that both "excessive concentration" criteria are met". As previously stated, the two excessive concentration criteria are: 1) maximum ambient concentrations caused by downwash that are at least 40% higher than the maximum ambient concentration without such effects; and 2) maximum ambient concentrations from all sources cause an exceedance of either a National Ambient Air Quality Standard or applicable PSD increment. Therefore, to demonstrate compliance with 326 IAC 1-7, LGRI needs to demonstrate that at least one of these criteria are not exceeded. LGRI has demonstrated, as explained below, that the maximum ambient concentrations caused by downwash are less than 40% higher than the maximum ambient concentration without such effects. U.S. EPA's SCREEN3 model was used to estimate the maximum ambient concentrations at permitted maximum allowable boiler stack emission rates. Concentrations of NO x, S02, particulate, PMI0, and PM2.5 were estimated for each of these pollutant's NAAQS averaging periods. Concentrations were estimated for two scenarios: 1) the proposed 150 foot stack (i.e., with downwash); and 2) the 200 foot stack height given by H + 1.5L (i.e., without downwash). As specified in the U.S. EPA Guidance, background air quality was added to the modeling results, and the resulting maximum concentrations were compared for the two scenarios. The maximum concentrations caused by the 150 foot stack with

Mr. David Matousek February 2,2010 Page 3 downwash were no more than 10% higher than the maximum concentrations caused by the 200 foot stack without downwash. This is substantially below the 40% criteria required to demonstrate compliance with 326 lAC 1-7. See Table 2 for details of the analysis, and Table 3 for model input data. The SCREEN3 model report is provided as Attachment A.
LGRI appreciates your review of this demonstration. If you have any questions, please call me at (812) 969-3250, or Michael Erik ofURS Corporation at (502) 217-1505.

Sincerely,

Terry Naulty Manager Liberty Green Renewable Indiana, LLC
Table 1. Determination of Scottsburg Boiler Stack (S-01) GEP Equation Results for the Most Influential Building
Baghouse structure YES NO Water and Water treatment condensate tanks building YES YES NO NO
Structure Height, H N-S horizontal dimension (width) E-W horizontal dimension (length) Projected width Actual distance to boiler stack "Nearby" distance "Nearby" the boiler stack? Lesser of height or projected width, L Hg = H + 1.5L Most Influential Building? Actual stack height

Water tank YES NO 150

Turbine building YES YES

Ash silo NO

Notes: All distances are in feet. "Nearby" includes structures within a distance of five times the lesser of the height or projected width of the structure, but not greater than 0.8 km (0.5 mile) from the stack. Hg is determined by evaluating all nearby structures using the formula Hg = H + 1.5L where H is the height of the structure and L is the lesser of the height or projected width of the structure. Projected width for the water treatment building is assumed to be the diagonal.
Tables 1 - 3 Scottsburg GEP Modeling.xls
Table 2. GEP Modeling Analysis for Scottsburg Stack S-01
SCREEN3 maximum modeled 1-hr concentration at 1 gram/sec emission rate:
Stack Height = 200 feet Stack Height = 150 feet

2.77 ug/m3 (at 977 m)

4.773 ug/m3 (at 244 m) Representative Monitored Regional Background Concentration (ug/m3) 2,514 3,12

Pollutant CO

Permitted Emission Rates (lb/hr) 51.28
Averaging Modeled Concentration due Time Factor to Boiler Stack (ug/m3) For Proposed Averaging Converting Raised Stack Stack Ht = 150 Ft Period from 1-hr Max Ht = 200 Ft 8-hour 1-hour 0.0.08 0.9 0.4 0.08 0.4 0.08 0.4 0.08 0.4 0.08 12.59 17.99 1.57 16.96 7.54 1.51 1.71 0.34 5.96 1.19 2.68 0.54 21.70 31.00 2.71 29.23 12.99 2.60 2.95 0.59 10.27 2.05 4.62 0.92
Total Ambient Concentration due to Boiler Stack plus Backgound (ug/m3)
Raised Stack Ht = 200 Ft Proposed Stack Ht = 150 Ft

(%) 0.4% 0.3% 4% 6% 9% 8% 3% 1% 10% 4% 7% 3%

2,527 3,13

2,536 3,13

NOx SO2

55.93 53.72
Annual 3-hour 24-hour Annual

24-hour Annual

Notes: Background concentration data from EPA AIRS for 2008. Modeled predicted concentrations are from U.S. EPA SCREEN3 dispersion model. 326 IAC 1-2-82.5 "Total suspended particulate" or "TSP" means any particulate matter as measured by the method described in Appendix B of 40 CFR Part 50. PM2.5 taken from permit application maximum PM10, since permit does not limit PM2.5.
g 3 lb g Modeled Max Concentrat m Averaging Time Factor Maximum Emissions 453.6 ion g hr lb s g Pollutant Max Concentrat 3 = ion s m 3600 hr
Where averaging time factors are taken from U.S. EPA "Screening Procedures for Estimating the Air Quality Impact of Stationary Sources, Revised", October 1992, Section 4.2, Step 5
Table 3. Input Data for Scottsburg GEP Modeling Analysis
Stack Physical Parameters1 Stack ID Description Release Height (ft) 150 Permitted Emission Rates NOx3 (lb/hr) 55.93 SO23 (lb/hr) 53.72 CO3 (lb/hr) 51.28
PM Outlet Gas Outlet Outlet Flow PM102 Temperature (filterable)2 Diameter (ft) Rate (acfm) (lb/hr) (F) (lb/hr) 7.5 160,12.21 42.45

Boiler baghouse stack

Stack parameters from Technical Support Document, page 11, for the Dec. 22, 2009 draft permit PM and PM10 emission rates from lb/hr emission limits in Section D.1.5 of the Dec. 22, 2009 draft permit 3 NOx, SO2, and CO emission rates from Technical Support Document, Appendix A, page 2, for the Dec. 22, 2009 draft permit 4 Building dimensions for most influential building are Height = 120 feet, Width = 144 feet, Depth = 175 feet (see Table 1)
Attachment A SCREEN3 Report
01/18/10 10:50:27 *** SCREEN3 MODEL RUN *** *** VERSION DATED 96043 *** C:\Program Files\Lakes\Screen View\Models\LGRI\LGRI-200_w_bldg.scr SIMPLE TERRAIN INPUTS: SOURCE TYPE = EMISSION RATE (G/S) = STACK HEIGHT (M) = STK INSIDE DIAM (M) = STK EXIT VELOCITY (M/S)= STK GAS EXIT TEMP (K) = AMBIENT AIR TEMP (K) = RECEPTOR HEIGHT (M) = URBAN/RURAL OPTION = BUILDING HEIGHT (M) = MIN HORIZ BLDG DIM (M) = MAX HORIZ BLDG DIM (M) = POINT 1.00000 60.9600 2.2860 18.3980 422.0389 293.0000 0.0000 RURAL 24.3840 43.8912 53.3400
THE REGULATORY (DEFAULT) MIXING HEIGHT OPTION WAS SELECTED. THE REGULATORY (DEFAULT) ANEMOMETER HEIGHT OF 10.0 METERS WAS ENTERED. STACK EXIT VELOCITY WAS CALCULATED FROM VOLUME FLOW RATE = 75.511520 (M**3/S) BUOY. FLUX = 72.066 M**4/S**3; MOM. FLUX = 307.008 M**4/S**2.

*** FULL METEOROLOGY *** ********************************** *** SCREEN AUTOMATED DISTANCES *** ********************************** *** TERRAIN HEIGHT OF DIST (M) ------1. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600. 700. 800. 900. 1000. 1100. 1200. 1300. 1400. 1500. 1600. 1700. 1800. 1900. CONC (UG/M**3) ---------0.000 0.8710E-09 0.5022E-04 0.1159E-01 0.3221 1.192 1.787 1.763 2.240 2.687 2.765 2.661 2.516 2.379 2.255 2.144 2.042 1.950 1.867 1.790 0. M ABOVE STACK BASE USED FOR FOLLOWING DISTANCES *** U10M (M/S) ----1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 USTK MIX HT (M/S) (M) ----- -----1.1 506.1 1.9 10000.0 1.9 10000.0 3.4 960.0 3.4 960.0 3.4 960.0 3.4 960.0 2.8 800.0 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 1.1 506.1 PLUME HT (M) -----505.09 161.13 161.13 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 238.61 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 SIGMA Y (M) -----4.76 22.61 30.89 76.01 97.55 118.39 138.69 160.54 213.26 228.63 244.26 260.05 275.97 291.95 307.98 324.03 340.08 356.12 372.13 388.11 SIGMA Z (M) -----4.75 22.06 29.29 53.64 77.36 110.41 158.99 219.28 310.15 384.66 471.26 569.61 679.54 800.95 933.80 1078.09 1233.85 1401.10 1579.89 1770.28 DWASH ----NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

STAB ---1 1

2000. 2100. 2200. 2300. 2400. 2500. 2600. 2700. 2800. 2900. 3000. 3500. 4000. 4500. 5000. 5500. 6000. 6500. 7000. 7500. 8000. 8500. 9000. 9500. 10000.
1.719 1.654 1.594 1.538 1.486 1.438 1.408 1.426 1.436 1.440 1.438 1.373 1.266 1.157 1.062 1.050 1.060 1.051 1.030 1.001 0.9675 0.9318 0.8958 0.8604 0.8265
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 506.1 482.6 482.6 482.6 482.6 482.6 482.6 482.6 482.6 482.6 482.6
505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 505.09 481.64 481.64 481.64 481.64 481.64 481.64 481.64 481.64 481.64 481.64

404.06 419.96 435.82 451.64 467.40 483.11 382.27 393.84 405.39 416.93 428.44 485.69 542.37 598.43 653.90 495.80 533.69 571.36 608.79 646.01 683.00 719.78 756.35 792.72 828.89 240.80
1972.30 2186.02 2411.49 2648.77 2897.91 3158.95 336.64 348.88 361.24 373.70 386.25 450.28 516.04 583.17 651.42 314.61 336.99 359.43 381.90 404.38 426.86 449.31 471.74 494.14 516.50 451.19
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
MAXIMUM 1-HR CONCENTRATION AT OR BEYOND 977. 2.1.0 1.1 DWASH= DWASH=NO DWASH=HS DWASH=SS DWASH=NA MEANS MEANS MEANS MEANS MEANS

1. M: 506.1 505.09

NO CALC MADE (CONC = 0.0) NO BUILDING DOWNWASH USED HUBER-SNYDER DOWNWASH USED SCHULMAN-SCIRE DOWNWASH USED DOWNWASH NOT APPLICABLE, X<3*LB
********************************* *** SCREEN DISCRETE DISTANCES *** ********************************* *** TERRAIN HEIGHT OF DIST (M) ------109. CONC (UG/M**3) ---------0.1475E-07 MEANS MEANS MEANS MEANS MEANS 0. M ABOVE STACK BASE USED FOR FOLLOWING DISTANCES *** U10M (M/S) ----1.0 USTK MIX HT (M/S) (M) ----- -----1.9 10000.0 PLUME HT (M) -----161.13 SIGMA Y (M) -----24.01 SIGMA Z (M) -----23.38 DWASH ----NO

STAB ---5

DWASH= DWASH=NO DWASH=HS DWASH=SS DWASH=NA
**************************************** *** REGULATORY (Default) *** PERFORMING CAVITY CALCULATIONS WITH ORIGINAL SCREEN CAVITY MODEL (BRODE, 1988) ****************************************
*** CAVITY CALCULATION - 1 *** CONC (UG/M**3) = 0.000 CRIT WS @10M (M/S) = 99.99 CRIT WS @ HS (M/S) = 99.99 DILUTION WS (M/S) = 99.99 CAVITY HT (M) = 28.14 CAVITY LENGTH (M) = 45.53 ALONGWIND DIM (M) = 43.89
*** CAVITY CALCULATION - 2 *** CONC (UG/M**3) = 0.000 CRIT WS @10M (M/S) = 99.99 CRIT WS @ HS (M/S) = 99.99 DILUTION WS (M/S) = 99.99 CAVITY HT (M) = 26.65 CAVITY LENGTH (M) = 52.97 ALONGWIND DIM (M) = 53.34 CONC SET = 0.0
CAVITY CONC NOT CALCULATED FOR CRIT WS > 20.0 M/S. **************************************** END OF CAVITY CALCULATIONS **************************************** *************************************** *** SUMMARY OF SCREEN MODEL RESULTS *** *************************************** CALCULATION PROCEDURE -------------SIMPLE TERRAIN MAX CONC (UG/M**3) ----------2.770 DIST TO MAX (M) ------977. TERRAIN HT (M) ------0.
*************************************************** ** REMEMBER TO INCLUDE BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS ** ***************************************************
01/18/10 10:44:29 *** SCREEN3 MODEL RUN *** *** VERSION DATED 96043 *** C:\Program Files\Lakes\Screen View\Models\LGRI\LGRI-150_w_bldg.scr SIMPLE TERRAIN INPUTS: SOURCE TYPE = EMISSION RATE (G/S) = STACK HEIGHT (M) = STK INSIDE DIAM (M) = STK EXIT VELOCITY (M/S)= STK GAS EXIT TEMP (K) = AMBIENT AIR TEMP (K) = RECEPTOR HEIGHT (M) = URBAN/RURAL OPTION = BUILDING HEIGHT (M) = MIN HORIZ BLDG DIM (M) = MAX HORIZ BLDG DIM (M) = POINT 1.00000 45.7200 2.2860 18.3980 422.0389 293.0000 0.0000 RURAL 24.3840 43.8912 53.3400

*** FULL METEOROLOGY *** ********************************** *** SCREEN AUTOMATED DISTANCES *** ********************************** *** TERRAIN HEIGHT OF DIST (M) ------1. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600. 700. 800. 900. 1000. 1100. 1200. 1300. 1400. 1500. 1600. 1700. 1800. 1900. CONC (UG/M**3) ---------0.000 3.257 4.270 3.884 2.934 2.396 2.030 1.899 2.357 2.787 2.850 2.737 2.588 2.448 2.322 2.207 2.104 2.010 1.924 1.845 0. M ABOVE STACK BASE USED FOR FOLLOWING DISTANCES *** U10M (M/S) ----1.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 USTK (M/S) ----1.1 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.1 2.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 MIX HT (M) -----499.9 6400.0 6400.0 6400.0 6400.0 6400.0 6400.0 800.0 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 PLUME HT (M) -----498.88 47.92 51.27 54.09 56.60 58.91 61.06 226.99 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 SIGMA Y (M) -----4.84 8.36 15.78 22.86 29.74 36.46 43.06 160.87 214.80 230.07 245.61 261.32 277.16 293.08 309.06 325.05 341.05 357.05 373.02 388.97 SIGMA Z (M) -----4.82 18.94 25.70 30.93 32.82 34.90 36.92 219.52 311.22 385.52 471.96 570.19 680.03 801.36 934.16 1078.40 1234.12 1401.34 1580.10 1770.46 DWASH ----NO HS HS HS HS HS HS NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
1.772 1.705 1.643 1.586 1.533 1.483 1.479 1.494 1.502 1.503 1.498 1.422 1.308 1.195 1.096 1.101 1.107 1.095 1.071 1.066 1.091 1.109 1.123 1.131 1.136
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 499.9 479.7 479.7 479.7 479.7 10000.0 10000.0 10000.0 10000.0 10000.0 10000.0
498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 498.88 478.68 478.68 478.68 478.68 149.31 149.31 149.31 149.31 149.31 149.31
404.88 420.75 436.58 452.37 468.11 483.80 383.14 394.68 406.21 417.72 429.21 486.37 542.98 598.99 654.41 496.67 534.49 572.10 609.49 316.16 334.78 353.26 371.62 389.87 408.00 12.33
1972.47 2186.17 2411.63 2648.90 2898.02 3159.06 337.62 349.83 362.15 374.58 387.11 451.02 516.68 583.73 651.93 315.96 338.26 360.62 383.02 74.51 76.59 78.62 80.60 82.54 84.43 30.36
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO HS
MAXIMUM 1-HR CONCENTRATION AT OR BEYOND 1. M: 244. 4.4.0 9.2 10000.0 73.97 DWASH= DWASH=NO DWASH=HS DWASH=SS DWASH=NA MEANS MEANS MEANS MEANS MEANS NO CALC MADE (CONC = 0.0) NO BUILDING DOWNWASH USED HUBER-SNYDER DOWNWASH USED SCHULMAN-SCIRE DOWNWASH USED DOWNWASH NOT APPLICABLE, X<3*LB

********************************* *** SCREEN DISCRETE DISTANCES *** ********************************* *** TERRAIN HEIGHT OF DIST (M) ------109. CONC (UG/M**3) ---------3.403 MEANS MEANS MEANS MEANS MEANS 0. M ABOVE STACK BASE USED FOR FOLLOWING DISTANCES *** U10M (M/S) ----20.0 USTK (M/S) ----25.1 MIX HT (M) -----6400.0 PLUME HT (M) -----48.26 SIGMA Y (M) -----9.06 SIGMA Z (M) -----19.56 DWASH ----HS

STAB ---4

CAVITY CONC NOT CALCULATED FOR CRIT WS > 20.0 M/S. **************************************** END OF CAVITY CALCULATIONS **************************************** *************************************** *** SUMMARY OF SCREEN MODEL RESULTS *** *************************************** CALCULATION PROCEDURE -------------SIMPLE TERRAIN MAX CONC (UG/M**3) ----------4.773 DIST TO MAX (M) ------244. TERRAIN HT (M) ------0.