-$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhdsf] k|:tfj :jLs[t ePdf To:tf] ljw]os dflysf] bkmfaf/ 5nkmn ;bgdf jf ;DalGwt ;ldltdf x'g]5. -%_ ;bgdf bkmfaf/ 5nkmn ePsf]df ;f] ;dfKt ePkl5 / ;ldltdf bkmfaf/ 5nkmn ePsf]df ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg dflysf] 5nkmn ;dfKt ePkl5 ljw]os k|:t'tstf{ ;b:on] ljw]os kfl/t ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfj k|:t't ug]{5. pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfj ;bgsf] s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ;fdfGo ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg] 5.
*^= ljw]os lkmtf{ lng] M ljw]os k|:t'tstf{ ;b:on] ;bgsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljw]os lkmtf{ lng ;Sg]]5. *&= ljw]ossf] k|df0fLs/0f M ;bgaf6 kfl/t ljw]os Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] ;efd'vf/f k|df0fLs/0f ePkl5 P]g aGg]5. **= cWofb]z M -!_ Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] clwj]zg jf a}7s rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo cj:yfdf tTsfn s]xL ug{ cfjZos k/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;Gt'i6 ePdf o; ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf s'/fxsf] k|lts'n gx'g] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos cWofb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5. pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd hf/L ePsf] cWofb]z P]g ;/x dfGo x'g]5. t/ To:tf] k|To]s cWofb]z, -s_ hf/L ePkl5 a;]sf] Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] a}7sdf k]z ul/g]5 / To:tf] a}7sn] :jLsf/ gu/]df :jtM lgliqmo x'g]5. -v_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 h'g;'s} avt vf/]h x'g ;Sg]5.
-u_ v08 -s_ jf -v_ adf]lhd lgliqmo jf vf/]h gePdf Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] a}7s a;]sf] ;f7L lbgkl5 :jtM lgliqmo x'g]5.
efu (, cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL
*(= sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg] M -!_ -@_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g. sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/f/f s'g} C0f lnOg] / hdfgt lbOg] 5}g.
()= ;l~rt sf]; M u'7L /sd afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf /fh:j, /fh:jsf] lwtf]df lnOPsf ;a} shf{x / P]gsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t lbOPsf] h'g;'s} C0f c;'n x'Fbf k|fKt ePsf] ;a} wg tyf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] cGo h'g;'s} /sd Ps ;/sf/L sf];df cfDbfgL afFlwg]5 h;nfO{ ;l~rt sf]; elgg] 5. t/ lghL u'7L afx]ssf] cGo u'7Lsf] /sdsf] xsdf sfg"g agfO{ lgoldt ul/g] 5. (!= ;l~rt sf]; jf ;/sf/L sf];af6 Joo M b]xfosf /sd afx]s ;l~rt sf]; jf cGo s'g} ;/sf/L sf];af6 s'g} /sd lemSg ;lsg] 5}g M -s_ ;l~rt sf];dfly Jooef/ ePsf] /sd. -v_ ljlgof]hg ug]{ P]gf/f vr{ x'g] /sd. -u_ -3_ ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf cj:yfdf k]:sLsf] kdf P]gf/f vr{ x'g] /sd jf ljz]if cj:yfdf Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ P]gf/f Joo x'g] /sd. t/ cfsl:ds sf];sf xsdf wf/f (* adf]lhd x'g]5.
(@= ;l~rt sf];dfly Jooef/ M b]xfosf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt vr{x ;l~rt sf];dfly Jooef/ x'g]5g\ M -s_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz tyf cGo GofofwLzxnfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf / lgj[lQe/0fsf] /sd. -v_ lgDg lnlvt kbflwsf/LnfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf /sdx M -!_ Joj:yflksf;+;bsf ;efd'v / pk;efd'v. -@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf. -#_ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmx. -$_ dxfn]vfk/LIfs. -%_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox. -^_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx. -&_ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox. -u_ -3_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vfk/LIfs, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u / /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ;DaGwL k|zf;lgs Joox, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfloTjsf] C0f ;DaGwL Jooef/,

-#_ #!=

ah]6 lgsf;f, vr{ tyf nIo / k|ult agfO{ k]z ug]{ M Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ah]6 ;fy ;+;bdf k]z ug{ dGqfno tyf cGt/ut sfof{nonfO{ lgsf;f ePsf] ah]6 /sd, vr{ tyf vr{ cg';f/sf] nIo / k|ult k|To]s ;fnsf] r}q dlxgf leq cy{ dGqfnodf k]z ug'{ ;a} dGqfnosf] pQ/bfloTj x'g]5.
!=$ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf ;fGble{s bkmfx? efu $ sf] kl/R5]b % lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog k|lqmof
!(% lhNnf ljsf; of]hgf th'{df M !_ -@_ k|To]s lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] cfgf] lhNnfsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjlws / jflif{s ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ug'{ kg]{5. pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd th'{df ul/Psf] of]hgfsf] cfwf/df /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt dGqfnon] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ sflt{s dlxgfleq cg'bfg / cfjZos gLlt tyf dfu{bz{gx? pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5. pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd of]hgf th'{df ubf{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] cfjZostf cg';f/ jfXo k/fdz{ ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5. -s_ lhNnfsf] ef}uf]lns, cfly{s Pj+ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx? / ltgLx?s]f jt{dfg pkof]u. -v_ ljleGg If]qdf t'ngfTds nfut nfesf] lx;fan] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgfx?. -u_ lk5l8Psf hghfltx? Pj+ a9L ul/aL ePsf] If]q tyf To; If]qdf ul/Psf jf ul/g' kg]{ laleGg ljsf; sfo{x?. -3_ dlxnf / afnaflnsfsf nflu cfod"ns / ;Lkd"ns ljsf; sfo{x?. -_ ;DkGg ePsf ljleGg ljifoIf]q cGtu{tsf cfof]hgfx?sf] ljj/0f / ltgLx?s]f ;+rfng / ;Def/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf. -r_ ljsf; ;Defjgfx?sf cfwf/df ljleGg ljifo If]qut cNksfnLg Pj+ bL3{sfnLg ljsf; sfo{x?. -5_ :yfgLo afl;Gbfaf6} tof/ ul/g'kg]{ laleGg ljifo If]qsf hgzlQm ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{x?. -%_ jlfif{s of]hgf th'{df ubf{ lgDg s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ lng'kg]{5 M -s_ /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u / ;DalGwt dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt lgb]{zgx?. -v_ /fli6o nIo tyf gLltsf cfwf/df to ul/Psf lhNnf:t/Lo gLlt tyf nIox?. -u_ cfjlws of]hgfn] kl/nlIft u/]sf ;dli6ut cfjZostfx?. -3_ ufpF kl/ifb\\ / gu/ kl/ifb\\af6 k|fKt of]hgfx?. !(^= ;fwgsf] cg'dfg M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] jflif{s of]hgf th'{df ug'{ cufj} b]xfosf ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] cg'dfg tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 M -s_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] cfg} >d, ;|f]t / ;fwg. -v_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt Psd'i6 cg'bfg. -u_ -3_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg ljifout dGqfnox?af6 ljifout nufgL jfkt k|fKt Psd'i6 ;fwg. cGo ;+:yfx?af6 k|fKt ;xof]u.
-$_ cfjlws of]hgf tof/ ubf{ lgDg ljifox? ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 M
!(&= of]hgf th'{df k|lqmof M !_ -@_ -#_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] lhNnf ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ubf{ ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofsf] canDag ug'{ kg]{5. pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof canDag ubf{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 k|fKt cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfGg' kg]{5. lhNnf ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ubf{ ;]jf s]Gb|, ljifout of]hgf th{'df ;ldlt, PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / lhNnf kl/ifb\\df cfjZos 5nkmn u/L of]hgf th'{dfsf] sfd k"/f ug'{ kg]{5.

-$_ ;|f]t gS;f tof/ ubf{ lhNnf gfkL zfvf tyf ;DalGwt lgsfosf] ;xof]u lng ;lsg]5. cfjlws of]hgf agfpg] M
cfjlws of]hgf th'{df ubf{ ljifout ;ldlt;Fu k/fdz{ u/L ljifout If]qsf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L clGtd ?k lbg' kg]{5.
-$_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] th'{df u/]sf] cfjlws of]hgf lhNnf kl/ifb\\af6 kfl/t x'g' kg]{5.
of]hgf th'{df k|lqmof M -!_ P]gsf] bkmf !(& sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] of]hgf th'{df ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{5M -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ / /fli6o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k"jf{g'dfg / dfu{bz{g k|fKt ePkl5 dfu{ dlxgfsf] bf]>f] xKtf;Dddf of]hgfsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] ljifout lgsfo, ljQLo ;+:yf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|d'v, gu/kflnsf k|d'v tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3sf k|ltlglw ;d]t ;xefuL u/fO{ of]hgf th'{df uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ug'{ kg]{5. -v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] uf]i7Laf6 k|fKt ePsf ;'emfj ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k"jf{g'dfg / dfu{bz{g ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;f] cg'?k ug'{kg]{ of]hgf th'{df kmf/fd k|To]s jif{ dfu{ d;fGtleq ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfnfO{ pknAw u/fO;Sg' kg]{5. -@_ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd k|fKt kmf/fddf ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfn] k|To]s jif{ df3sf] bf];|f] xKtfleq lhNnf / s]Gb|:t/af6 ;+rfng x'g] cfof]hgfsf] ljifout If]q cg';f/ k|fyldstfqmd lgwf{/0f u/L ;DalGwt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf Onfsf ;]jf s]Gb|df k7fpg' kg]{5. ;DalGwt Onfsfsf] ;b:osf] cWoIftfdf Onfsf :t/sf] cfof]hgf th'{dfsf] nflu Onfsf leqsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf cWoIf, pkfWoIf, gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v, pkk|d'v, Onfsf leqsf ljifout lgsfo / ljQLo ;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] of]hgf th'{df a}7s a:g]5. To:tf] a}7sdf lhNnf:t/Lo ljifout lgsfosf k|d'v / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;efklt / pk;efkltnfO{ klg cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg]5. To:tf] a}7ssf] ;lrjfnosf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;lrjn] pko'Qm sd{rf/L tf]lslbg]5.
-$_ pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] a}7sn] Onfsf leqsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfaf6 k|fKt cfof]hgfnfO{ ljifo If]q cg';f/ k|fyldstfqmd lgwf{/0f u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] / ;DalGwt ljifout ;ldltnfO{ df3sf] t];|f] xKtfleq pknAw u/fO;Sg' kg]{5. -%_ ljleGg Onfsfaf6 k|fKt cfof]hgfnfO{ ljifout of]hgf th'{df ;ldltn] lhNnf:t/ / s]Gb|:t/sf cfof]hgfdf juL{s/0f u/L To:tf cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldstfqmd ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/L PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltdf k|To]s jif{ kmfNu'gsf] klxnf] xKtfleq k|:t't ul/;Sg' kg]{5. PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltn] ljifout of]hgf th'{df ;ldltaf6 k|fKt cfof]hgfdf 5nkmn u/L cfof]hgfaLr kl/k"/s / kl/kf]ifs ;DaGw x]/L cfjZostfg';f/ ;+zf]wg, yk36 / k|fyldstfqmddf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ eP ;f] ;d]t u/L k|To]s jif{ kmfNu'gsf] bf];|f] xKtf;Dddf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf k|:t't ul/;Sg' kg]{5. pklgod -^_ adf]lhd PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltaf6 l;kmfl/; eOcfPsf lhNnf ljsf; cfof]hgfnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg' cl3 lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt gLlt, dfu{bz{g, cfjlws of]hgfsf] nIo, e"pkof]u gS;f, u'?of]hgf, j:t'ut ljj/0f, ;|f]t gS;f, sfo{Ifdtf / sfo{bIftf, jftfj/0fLo k|efj / OnfsfOnfsf aLrsf] ;Gt'ng cflb af/]sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ kg]{5. To;/L ljZn]if0f ubf{ lhNnf:t/df ;+rfng ug]{ lhNnf ljsf; cfof]hgf, s]Gb|Lo:t/af6 ;+rfng x'g] cfof]hgf / cGo ;+:yfsf] ;xeflutfdf ;+rfng x'g'kg]{ cfof]hgfsf] 5'f5'} juL{s/0f ;d]t ug'{ kg]{5.

-#_ @)$=

ljifout of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf] a}7s ;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw ljifout of]hgf th'{df ;ldlt cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5.
PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldlt M P]gsf] bkmf !(* sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_, -v_, -u_ df pNn]v ePsf ;b:osf] cltl/Qm lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf pk;efklt, ljifout zfvfsf k|d'v / sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt lhNnfleqsf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf ;b:o x'g]5g\. PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf] a}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw M -!_ -@_ -#_ PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf] a}7s jif{df rf/ k6s cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf a:g]5 / cfjZos ePdf ;f]eGbf a9L klg a}7s a:g ;Sg]5. PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltn] cfjZostf cg';f/ s'g} ljz]if1nfO{ PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf] a}7sdf efu lng cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5. PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf] s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] krf; k|ltzt ;b:o pkl:yt ePdf PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] nflu u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'u]sf] dflgg]]5.
-$_ PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf ;ldltsf] cWoIfn] ug]{5 / lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf pk;efkltn] a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{5. -%_ -^_ PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ax'dtsf] /fo dfGo x'g]5 / dt a/fa/ ePdf a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmn] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5. PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o ;ldltsf] ;lrjn] lg0f{o k'l:tsf n]vL cWoIff/f k|dfl0ft u/fO{ ;f]sf] k|ltlnlk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;a} ;b:onfO{ pknAw u/fpg]5.
PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf] a}7s ;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw ;ldlt cfk}mn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5.
@)^ cfof]hgfsf] k|efj d"Nofg M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] cfof]hgfsf] k|efj d'Nofg ubf{ b]xfosf ljifodf ;d]t Wofg lbg' kg]{5 M -s_ ;fdflhs k|efj M :yfgLo hgtfdf r]tgfsf] clej[l4, /xg ;xg, ;f]rfO / ;+:sf/df kl/jt{g eP jf gePsf], ;fdflhs / g}lts s[ofsnfkdf j[l4 eP jf gePsf], -v_ cfly{s k|efj M :yfgLo hgtfdf /f]huf/ tyf :j/f]huf/sf] cj;/, Aofkfl/s sf/f]jf/, qmo zlQm / ;dli6ut ?kdf cfly{s j[l4 eP jf gePsf], -u_ -3_ ;]jf ;'ljwf M cfof]hgfn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, ;]jf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] / gkfpg] hgtfsf] k|ltlqmof, ;]jfsf] u'0ffTds tyf ;+VofTds j[l4 ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf, jftfj/0fLo k|efj M cfof]hgf ;~rfng eP kZrft\ cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, af9L, klx/f], e"Ifo h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] ;d:of pTkGg eP jf gePsf].
!=^ Joj:yflksf ;+;b lgodfjnL, @)^# sf ;fGble{s lgodx? kl/R5]b!(, /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw

-@_ !$*=

;efd'vn] :jLsf/of]Uo 5 jf 5}g lg0f{o ug]{ M s'g} s6f}tLsf] k|:tfj :jLsf/of]Uo 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ;efd'vn] ug]{5. pQm k|:tfj o; lgodfjnLsf] k|lts'n b]lvPdf ;dfe'vn] ;f] k|:tfjnfO{ sf/0f vf]nL c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg]5.

!$( !%)

s6f}tLsf] k|:tfjdfly ;+zf]wg k]z ug{df aGb]h M ;+zf]wg k]z ug{ ;lsg] 5}g. k]:sL vr{ ljw]os M -!_ -@_
s'g} zLif{sdf vr{ /sd 36fpg] k|:tfjdf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (^ adf]lhd cy{dGqLn] ;efdf k]:sL vr{ ljw]os k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5. k]:sL vr{ ljw]ossf] ;DaGwdf ;efd'vn] pko'St 7xofPsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfOg]5. jflif{s cg'dfg k|:t't ePsf] nuQ} kl5 a;]sf] Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] a}7sdf cy{dGqLn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cy{ ;DaGwL k|:tfjx?nfO{ sfofGjog ug{ ag]sf] cfly{s ljw]os k|:t't ug]{5. o; lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cfly{s ljw]ossf ;DaGwdf o; lgoddf tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo{ljlw ckgfOg]5. cfly{s ljw]osdfly larf/ ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfj k]z eO{ :jLs[t ePkl5 ;efd'vn] k|wfgdGqL jf lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf lghn] tf]s]sf] cGo s'g} dGqL;Fu k/fdz{ u/L ;f] ljw]osdf 5nkmn ug]{ lbg tyf ;dofjlw tf]Sg]5.
cfly{s ljw]os M -!_ -@_ -#_
-$_ cfly{s ljw]osdfly 5nkmn ubf{ s'g} klg ;b:on] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]xL If]qleq k|zf;lgs sfo{, :yfgLo ;d:of jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] df}lb|s Pj+ cfly{s gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt laifox?dfly 5nkmn ug{ tf]Sg]5. -%_ !%@= o; lgoddf pNn]v ul/Pb]lv afx]s cfly{s ljw]ossf ;DaGwdf ;efd'vn] pko'St 7xofPsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfOg]5. k"/s cg'dfgdfly 5nkmn ;dfKt ePkl5 cy{dGqLn] ;efdf k"/s ljlgof]hg ljw]os k|:t't ug]{5. k"/s ljlgof]hg ljw]os ;DaGwdf klg ljlgof]hg ljw]os ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw ckgfOg]5. ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (& adf]lhd cy{dGqLn] ;efdf pwf/f] vr{ ljw]os k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5. pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] ljw]ossf] ;DaGwdf ;efd'vn] pko'St 7xofPsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfOg]5.
k"/s ljlgof]hg law]os M -!_ -@_
pwf/f] vr{ ljw]os M -!_ -@_
!=)& ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf ;fGble{s bkmfx? kl/R5]b @, vl/b sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L / vl/b lalw ;DaGwL Joj:yf
$= dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{ / ;]jfsf] ljj/0f tof/ ug'{ kg]{ M -!_ -@_ -#_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{ jf ;]jf vl/b ug{' cl3 To; ;DaGwL :k]l;lkms]zg, of]hgf, gSzf, l8hfOg, ljz]if cfjZostf Jff cGo ljj/0fx? tof/ ug{' kg{]5. pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f tof/ ubf{ To:tf dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{ jf ;]jfsf] ;Da j:t'ut k|fljlws tyf u'0f:t/hGo lji]fztf / sfdsf] cfwf/df tof/ ug'{ kg]{5. pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd ljj/0f tof/ ubf{ dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{ jf ;]jfsf] ljz]iftfx? :ki6?kdf a'lemg] u/L pNn]v ug]{ csf]{ s'g} pkfo gePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s s'g} vf; a|f08, 6]8dfs{, gfd, k]6]06, l8hfOg, k|sf/, pTklQ jf pTkfbssf] gfd pNn]v ug{ ;lsg]] 5}g. t/ To;/L pNn]v gu/L gx'g] cj:yfdf s'g} vf; a|f08, 6]8dfs{, gfd, k]6]06, l8hfOg, k|sf/, pTklQ jf pTkfbssf] gfd pNn]v u/L ;f] ;/x eGg] +zAbx? pNn]v ug{ ;lsg]5. -$_ af]nkq jf k"j{ of]Uotf ;DaGwL sfuhftdf dfn;fdfg jf lgdf{0f sfo{ jf cGo ;]jfsf] k|fljlws jf u'0f:t/hGo ljz]iftfx?sf] ljj/0f / k/LIf0f -6]l:6_, dfls{+, Kofs]lh, n]aln jf k'li6s/0fsf] k|df0fkq -sgkm/ld6L ;l6{lkms]6_ ;DaGwL cfwf/ jf ;+s]t jf zAbfjnL pNn]v ubf{ To:tf] dfn;fdfg jf lgdf{0f sfo{ jf cGo ;]jfsf] sfd;Fu c;Da4 x'g], of]Uo af]nkqbftfnfO{ vl/b k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g s'g} lsl;dn] afwf k'ofpg] jf cf}lrTo lagf k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ;Lldt ug]{ u/L ljj/0f, cfwf/, ;+s]t jf zAbfjnL pNn]v ug{ ;lsg] 5}g. %= nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug'{ kg]{ M -!_ -@_ ^= &= ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] s'g} klg vl/bsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhd nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug{' kg]{5. t/ kRrL; xhf/ ?k}of ;Ddsf] vl/b ug{ nfut cg'dfg ug{' kg]{ 5}g. ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd tof/ ePsf] nfut cg'dfg tf]lsP adf]lhd cBfjlws u/L /fVg' kg]{5.

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul/g]5. ;dfj]zL ljsf; k|lqmof ckgfpFbf ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / n}ls cfwf/df P]Soj4tf tyf k'gP{sLs/0f, ljsf; lgj]z (investment) / k|ltkmnaf6 jl~rt ;d"xx?sf] ;xeflutf a9fOg]5. ;a} k|sf/sf lje]bsf] cGt ug]{ / ax';+:s[ltjfbsf] k|j4{g ug]{ lbzfdf ljz]if k|of; ul/g]5. ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] cfwf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dli6ut, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ n}lsLs/0f ub{} nlug]5. s0ff{nL c~rnnufot ljsf;sf sfo{qmdaf6 cf]em]ndf k/]sf b'O{ lhNnfsf] ;Ldfgfdf cjl:yt If]qx? / cGt/f{li6o ;Ldf If]qsf nflUf ljz]if sfo{qmd kg]{5g\. dlxnf ju{ / ;'ljwfaf6 cToGt jl~rt l:yltdf /x]sf blnt ;d"x, ;LdfGtLs[t cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, lk58fju{, ckf, >lds Pj+ ljkGg c;xfo ju{nfO{ ;f]em} nlIft u/L ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df Nofpg] sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5g\. vfB ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo tyf lzIff nufotsf ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s kIfsf cfwf/df sltko JolQm, ;d"x / ;d'bfo cfhsf] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf klg dfgjLotfsf lx;fjn] c:jLsfo{ hLjg afFlr/x]sfn] To;nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ nlIft sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5g\. ;fy} G k|efljtx?nfO{ /fxt, k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;fdflhs PsLs/0f / ;dfj]z ul/g]5. $=% k|fyldstfsf If]qx? o; of]hgfsf k|fyldstfsf If]qx? lgDgadf]lhd x'g]5g\ M
ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] k'glg{df0f / k'g:yf{kgf ug'{sf ;fy} G k|efljtx?nfO{ /fxt, k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;fdflhs PsLs/0f / ;dfof]hg ul/g]5. ljsf;sf ;a} ;+/rgf, If]q / k|lqmofx?df pk]lIft ;d'bfo, If]q / lnsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f u/L ljsf;df 6]jf k'ofpg nufgL a9fOg]5. /fli6o cy{tGqnfO{ ultzLn agfpg s[lif, ko{6g tyf pBf]unfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] ljB't\ ljsf;, ;8s, l;+rfO tyf ;+rf/ h:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/df nufgL a9fOg]5. dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] nflu lzIff :jf:Yo tyf vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] If]qdf nufgL a9fOg]5.
$=^ kl/df0ffTds nIo cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;DaGwL k|d'v ;"rsx?sf] kl/df0ffTds nIo tflnsf -s_ adf]lhd x'g] cg'dfg 5 M
tflnsf s M kl/df0ffTds nIo
cf=j= @)^#^$ ;Ddsf] l:ylt @=%+ )=& + #=^+ #! #=) @#=$ $* #=! @*! #$ $* && $^ ^# %@ *&=$ ^# ^=% %^) !!,^*,!$$ cGtl/d of]hgfsf] nIo %=% #=^ ^=% @$ #=% #% %! #=) @%) #) $@ ## *% ^) &^ ^) (^ &%* @) &)$ !@,^#,*@$

qm=;+=

;"rs cfly{s j[l4b/ -_ s[lif If]q j[l4b/ -_ u}/s[lif If]q j[l4b/ -_ ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] hg;+Vof -_ /f]huf/L j[l4b/ :jf:YosdL{af6 k|;"lt ;]jf lng] dlxnf -_ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;fwg k|of]u stf{ -_ s'n k|hgg b/ -!%$( jif{sf] dlxnf_ -_ dft[ d[To'b/ -k|lt nfv_ gjhft lzz' d[To'b/ -k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGddf_ lzz' d[To'b/ -k|lt xhf/ hLjLt hGddf_ ;dli6ut /fHo ;+oGqdf dlxnfx?sf] k|ltlglwTj sDtLdf -_ vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;+Vofsf] -_ ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] hg;+Vofsf] -_ ;fIf/tf b/ -_ ^ jif{ dfly ;fIf/tf b/ -_ !% jif{ dfly k|fylds txdf v"b egf{b/ -_ ;8s oftfoft hf]l8Psf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd -;+Vof_ 6]lnkmf]g, df]jfOn ;d]t -k|lt ;o 3gTjdf_ ljB't\ pTkfbg -d]ufaf6_ l;+rfO -x]S6/_ cf=j= @)^#^$ sf] l:ylt

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

GkZrft\sf] l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k'glg{df{0f, k'g:yf{kgf / ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hgdf k|fyldstf lbOg]5. km/flsnf] cfwf/ ePsf] ;dfj]zL Pj+ lbuf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofpg] k|fyldstfsf If]qx?df nufgL a9fOg] tyf ;/sf/L nufgL k"jf{wf/ ljsf;tkm{ a9L s]lGb|t ul/g]5. s[lif ljsf;tkm{ s[lif ;8s, s[lif C0f, cg';Gwfg tyf k|ljlw k|;f/, l;+rfO, u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / ahf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{df ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5. lk5l8Psf ef}uf]lns If]q, hflt, hghflt, dlxnf, ckf, Ho]i7 gful/s / dw]zL ;d'bfonfO{ ljsf;sf] k|lqmof / k|ltkmndf ;xefuL u/fOg]5. ul/a tyf ;LdfGt ;d"xsf] cfo j[l4 x'g] tyf ;zQmLs/0f ul/g] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s j[l4df 7f]; of]ubfg k'ofOg]5. ;/sf/ ;+nUg /x]s]f t/ lghL If]q ;+nUg x'g;Sg] If]qx? vf;u/L ljB't\, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, u|fdL0f pmhf{ / ;8s cflbdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL j[l4 ug]{tkm{ hf]8 lbOg]5. ;/sf/k|lt hgljZjf; j[l4 ug{ / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf ug{ s]xL 7"nf cfof]hgfx?df
nufgL ul/g]5 eg] :yfgLo:t/df ;d'bfof/f klxrfg ul/Psf / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] ax';+Vos cfof]hgfx? sfof{Gjog u/L hg;xeflutf, :jfdLTjefj tyf /f]huf/L a9fOg]5.
tflnsf ! M cGtl/d of]hgfsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg / If]qut d"No clej[l4 -@)^#^$ sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_ @)^#^$ sf] cg'dflgt @)^^^& sf] cg'dflgt s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg pTkfbg s[lif, dT:okfng / jg u}/ s[lif If]q pBf]u tyf vfgL ljB't, UofF; tyf kfgL lgdf{0f yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]06 oftfoft, e08f/0f tyf ;~rf/ ljQLo dWo:ytf 3/ hUuf, jxfn tyf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff lzIff :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs / JolQmut ;]jfsf lqmofsnfk s'n d"No clej[l4 s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg -pTkfbs d"Nodf_
22867.7 46288.2 5519.3 1353.0 4418.6 9628.4 980.2 8134.1 2268.6 5854.6

If]qx?

k|ltzt c+z
33.1 66.9 8.0 2.0 6.4 13.9 1.4 11.8 3.3 8.5

pTkfbg

25427.3 55852.8 6635.4 1663.5 5453.3 11597.4 1205.2 9852.9 2661.2 7045.1
31.28 68.72 8.16 2.05 6.71 14.27 1.48 12.12 3.27 8.67
2.8 5.4 4.2 18.5 1.8 2.8 6.5 8.5 5.2 5.6
1250.0 3966.1 889.0 2026.3

1.8 5.7 1.3 2.9

1396.6 4795.3 1066.8 2480.0

1.72 5.90 1.31 3.05

3.8 3.2 8.9 9.3

69155.9 71947.6

81280.1 84716.3

100.00

cGtl/d of]hgfsf] jflif{s j[l4b/ -_
3.6 6.5 6.3 7.1 7.3 6.4 7.1 6.6 5.5 6.4 3.8 6.5 6.3 7.0 5.5 5.6
;LdfGt k"FhL pTkfbg cg'kft
tflnsf @ M cGtl/d of]hgfdf x'g] lghL tyf ;/sf/L If]qsf] If]qut l:y/ k"FhL nufgL -@)^#^$ sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ -?= s/f]8df_ If]qx? s[lif, dT:o kfng / jg pBf]u tyf vfgL ljB't, UofF; tyf kfgL lgdf{0f yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]06 oftfoft, e08f/0f tyf ;~rf/ ljQLo dWo:ytf 3/ hUuf, jxfn tyf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff lzIff :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs / JolQmut ;]jfsf lqmofsnfk s'n l:y/ k"FhL lgdf{0f s[lif If]q u}/ s[lif If]q ;/sf/L If]q /sd

dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ljBdfg ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s lje]b cGTo ug{ n}ls pQ/bfoL ah]6 c+uLsf/ ug}{kg]{ x'G5. o;sf] nflu M ;a}h;f] gLltut k|lta4tfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ kof{Kt tyf pko'Qm tj/n] ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{'{ kb{5. ;dfhdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf leGg leGg e"ldsf / x}l;ot x'g] x'Fbf pgLx?sf] cfjZostf tyf k|fyldstf cnu cnu x'G5g\ / tL ;a}nfO{ pko'Qm tj/n] x]l/g' kb{5.
;/sf/n] sxfFaf6 / s;/L /sd k|fKt ub{5 tyf sxfF / s;/L vr{ ub{5 h;n] slxn] sfxL+] dlxnfdf gsf/fTds c;/ klg kfg{ ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fdf ;r]t x'g'kb{5. n}ls pQ/bfoL ah]6 lgdf{0f ubf{ Vofn /fVg' kg]{ s'/fx? M n}+ls b[li6n] ah]6 tof/ ug{sf o;sf rf/ txdf g} ;f] ljifonfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5. klxnf], cfof]hgf th'{df jf kl/of]hgf 5gf}6 jf sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f tx, bf];|f] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog tx, t];|f] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg tx, / rf}yf] k|efj d"Nof+sg tx. oL ;a} txdf n+}ls kIfaf6 ;xeflutf u/fpg] jf d"Nof+sg ug]{ k|lqmof km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5g\. To;}n] ah]6 tof/L oL x/]s r/0fdf n}ls kIfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kb{5. != cfof]hgf th'{df jf kl/of]hgf 5gf}6 jf sfo{s|d lgwf{/0f tx ;xeflutf ;+VofTds ;xeflutfM dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf hg;+Vofsf lx;fadf ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf dlxnfsf] cltcfjZosLo hdft ;xeflutf -slDtdf ##_ dlxnfsf] gfd dfqsf] ;xeflutf u'0ffTds ;xeflutfM gLlt lg0f{o sfo{s|d klxrfgsf] lg0f{o sfo{s|d 5gf}6sf] lg0f{o ;|f]t tyf ;+;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8sf] lg0f{o dlxnfnfO{ kmfObf x'g] sfo{s|dx?sf] k|fyldstf / 5gf}6 @= sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog tx dlxnfx?sf] ;fd"lxs kl/rfng dlxnfx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 o lzIff, tflnd tyf k|ljlwdf kFx'r dlxnfx?sf] /f]huf/ tyf cfo clej[l4 o cfodf ;d"xut tyf j}olQms lgoGq0f #= cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg tx dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfTds cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dlxnfx?n] 5gf}6 u/]sf ;"rsx?sf] k|of]u

(Critical Mass)

$= k|efj d"Nof+sg tx -;+VofTds tyf u'0ffTds ;"rsx?sf] k|of]u_
dlxnfx?sf] ;d"xut ;zlQms/0f nfedf dlxnfx?sf] lx:;f dlxnfx?sf] ;dosf] k|of]udf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ / sfo{af]emdf sdL
cfof]hgf th'{df jf kl/of]hgf 5gf}6 jf sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f tx dfly pNn]v eP cg'?k, o; txdf n}+ls ah]6sf] rrf{ ubf{ b'O{ j6f k|d'v s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5. klxnf], th'{df txdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ / bf];|f] cfof]hgf th'{df ePdf n}+ls b[li6n] s:tf] x'G5 egL ;f]xL ;dodf ljZn]k0f ug]{ / cfof]hgf 5gf}6sf cfwf/x?dWo] o;nfO{ klg Pp6f k|d'v cfwf/sf ?kdf ljsf; ug]{. cfof]hgf th'{dfdf txdf ;xeflutf u/fp+bf b'O lsl;daf6 ug'{ kb{5. !_ cfof]hgfsf] nfebfoL kIfsf] lx;fjn] ;xeflutf u/fpg] tyf @_ cfof]hgf rog ug]{ lg0ff{os d08nsf] e"ldsfdf ;+nUg u/fpg]. oL b'j} cj:yfn] n}+ls ;dfgtf sfod ug{ d2t k'Ug] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ul/lbG5. ah]6 th'{dfdf ljlgof]hgsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0fsf] nflu cfof]hgf ;DkGg x'+bf To;sf] nfe kfpg] ju{nfO{ ln+usf cfwf/n] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] / sfo{qmdsf OsfO{sf cfwf/df n}+ls b[li6n] stf pGd'v 5 egL lqmofsnfkut tj/df x]g]{ Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5. ah]6sf k|To]s ls|ofsnfk n}+ls b[li6n] stf pGd'v 5 egL lgSof]{n ug{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{] M -s_ -v_ -u_ %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L nfe k'Ug] lqmofsnfk k|ToIf kmfObf k'Ug]. @) k|ltztb]lv %) k|ltzt;Dd nfe k'Ug] lqmofsnfk ck|ToIf nfe k'Ug]. @) k|ltzteGbf sd nfe k'Ug] t6:y.

g+= @= lqmofsnfk ljj/0f o;df cfof]hgf k"/f ug{ o; cGtu{tsf z'?b]lv cGTo;Ddsf ;a} lqmofsnfkx? (Activities) pNn]v ug'{k5{. o;df cfof]hgfsf] lgwf{l/t p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ cfof]hgf cjlwleq ul/g] ef}lts sfo{x? (Physical works) cyjf cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg v08 (Component_ cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx? (Activities) pNn]v x'g]5g\. o; dxnsf] nflu lqmofsnfkx?sf] auL{s/0f ubf{ cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg, cfof]hgfsf] nut Oli6d]6 tyf Pk|]hn l/kf]6{sf] cfwf/df ul/g]5. cfof]hgfs]f lsl;d cg';f/ To;sf] lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ gfKg ;lsg] (Measurable) OsfO?x?df ljefhg u/L 5'6\ofOg]5. g+=@ dxndf pNn]lvt lqmofsnfksf] kl/df0ffTds (Quantative), ;+VofTds cflb OsfO hgfpg] h:t} M ;+Vof, uf]6f, 3=ld=, ls=ld=, k|=z=, cflb pNn]v ug]{. OsfO pNn]v ubf{ cfjZostfg';f/ dfu eP cg';f/ h:tf clgZroaf]ws OsfO /fVg x'b}g. ;Dk"0f{ cfof]hgf cjlwe/df ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ k|To]s lqmofsnfk -dxn @ df pNn]lvt lqmofsnfk_ sf] s'n ef}lts kl/df0f;+Vof cflb pNn]v ug]{. Pk|]hnsf] nut Oli6d]6 cg';f/ cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{ nfUg] hDdf /sdaf6 k|zf;lgs vr{ / k/fdz{bftf vr{ s6fO{ ;f] s6fPsf] /sd tn k|zf;lgs vr{ dxndf eg]{ / afFsLaf6 dfly g+= @ df pNn]lvt k|To]s lqmofsnfk (Activity) k"/f ug{ slt /sd nfUg] xf] ;f] -k|To]ssf]_ o;df pNn]v ug]{. k|To]s lqmofsnfk (Activity_ sf] ef/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx?sf] dxn % df 5'6\ofOPsf] nfutnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] x/km u_ sf] /sdn] -hDdf sfo{qmdsf] /sd_ efu u/L cfpg] c+znfO{ k|=z=df /fVg]. pbfx/0fs]f nflu l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut ?= %% nfv 5 / ;f] nfutdWo] x]8jS;{ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ?= #) nfv, gx/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ?= !) nfv / kfOk sNe6{ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ?= !) nfv 5 / k|zf;lgs vr{ ?= % nfv 5 eg] oL lqmofsnfkx?sf] ef/ qmdzM
50 = 60 , 50 = 20 , 50 = 20

g+= # g+= $ g+= %

OsfO cfof]hgfsf] s'n lqmofsnfksf] kl/df0f cfof]hgfsf] s'n lqmofsnfksf] nfut cfof]hgfsf] s'n lqmofsnfksf] ef/
x'G5. k|zf;lgs vr{ -pkef]u vr{ + sfof{no ;+rfng vr{_ sf] ef/ x'+b}g. ;fnj;fnL cfof]hgfx?sf] ef/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] cfof]hgf sfo{qmdnfO{ Ps aif]{ cfof]hgf dfGg] / jflif{s ah]6nfO{ cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut dfgL pko'{Qmfg';f/ ef/ lgwf{/0f ug]{.