Last name Segatz Striebel Bildau Fz Staiger Datz Glienke Hohagen Ihlefeld Ilner John Lenz Mader Reins Stocker Tietzen Baagoe Baagoe Bergen Bergen Dau Fuchs Haak Haugk Hohagen Kolbow Konopka Kll Kll Lausch Lignitz Oesau Oesau Oesau Roemer Tange Tornow Dobislav Lignitz Osterkamp Wick Griesert Tietzen Kolbow Lignitz Mayerl Schmitt Wiggers Homuth Homuth Sonner Zirkenbach Galland n.n. Rossmann Straub Zwernemann Beyer Blume Brschgens Decker Galland Lessing Mller-Dhe Obst Oesau Schlichting Schmid Tietzen Wiggers Framm Carl Galland Leppla Mlders Schmid Beeck Haase Hemmerling Joppien Joppien Joppien n.n. Priller Schmid Steffen Terry Tietzen Buder Fz Hohagen Tietzen Tornow Gerigk: Bf. Grisch Kobert Limpert Oesau Segatz Seiler Staiger
Staffel 5. 5. 7. 4. 7. 13.(Z) 13.(Z) 4. Stab I.(J) 4. 4. 4. 1. 1. 5. 5. 8. 8. 8. 8. 7. 7. 3.(J) 7. 4. 9. 7. 8. 8. 8. 9. 7. 7. 7. 7. 5. 4. 9. 9. Stab 3. 2. 5. 9. 9. 8. 2. 2. 3. 3. 3. 1. Stab III. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 8. Stab III. 5. 7. 5. 7. Stab III. 1. 5. 2. 2. 9. Stab III. 3. Stab 1. 6. 6. 6. 1. 1. 1. 1. 6. 1. 9. Stab I. 5. 4. 4. 4. 5. 4. 13.(Z) 13.(Z) 7. 7. 5. 1. 7.
Unit JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 LG 1 LG 1 JG 51 LG 2 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 2 JG 2 JG 51 JG 51 ZG 26 ZG 26 ZG 26 ZG 26 JG 51 JG 51 LG 2 ZG 26 JG 51 JG 51 ZG 26 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 ZG 26 JG 51 JG 51 JG 27 JG 51 JG 51 JG 2 JG 2 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 27 JG 27 JG 51 JG 27 JG 26 JG 52 JG 52 JG 26 JG 52 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 52 JG 26 JG 51 JG 26 JG 51 JG 51 JG 27 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 27 JG 26 JG 26 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 52 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 LG 1 LG 1 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 54 JG 51
Place SW Dover S. Hastings NW Cap Gris Nez N. Dover NW Cap Gris Nez SW Portland: 800m SW Portland: 3500m NE Dover Themsemndung E. Dover E. Dover Dover S. Portland S. Portland NE Margate NE Margate 5km S. Hastings S. Dover Themsemndung E. Ramsgate 20km SW Dover Elham S. Dover 10km NW Dover Dover 5km S. Dover 10km S. Dover W. Folkestone NW Dover [E. Ramsgate] E. Ramsgate S. Portland S. Dover Dover S. Insel Wight Insel Wight 15km N. Calais Folkestone Folkestone 10km S. Dover S. Dover Dover W. Swanage W. Swanage Dover N. Cherbourg 30km NE Margate: 3000-2200m NE Margate NE Margate N. Margate: 1000m NE Margate S. Dover:1500m Hafen Dover Dover: 5500m E. Margate Dover Hafen S. Dover Dover: 3000m S. Dover 5km S. Dover S. Portland Dover Dover Dover Weymouth Bay NE Dover 10km NNE Dover: 6000m Dover Dover Dover N. Dover [W. Cap Gris Nez] N. Dover W. Cap Gris Nez Dover Dover Dover Dover 5km N. Dover Dover Dover Dover N. Dover N. Dover NW Dover W. Dover Dover W. Dover 10km SW Dover 10km SW Dover N. Cap Gris Nez rmelkanal 10km SW Dover

Place S. London Insel Wight 10km NE Redhill: 6500m 10km W. Selsey Bill: 100m E. London 10km E. Portsmouth: 4300m S. London: 6000m S. London 10km E. Insel Wight: 250m Thorney Island Thorney Island: 2500m SE Ramsgate 25km NE Portsmouth: 2300m rmelkanal Eastchurch N. Calais Dover Dover Dover Marquise NNE Dover: 7000-8000m SE Dover SE Dover Dover NW Southend: 8000m Dover S. London Folkestone Dover London NW Folkestone London Insel Wight 5km E. Margate: 4000m Kent Insel Wight Sheerness/Themse: 5000m Brentwood 25km S. Bournmouth: 6000m Folkestone London London Insel Wight Insel Wight Dorchester W. Portland W. Folkestone: 7500m Dungeness-Folkestone: 3000m Dorchester 10km E. Sdspitz Portland: 3800m 10km E. Sdspitz Portland: 3800m 10km SW Portland: 4-5000m Kanal Dover-Calais: 3000m S. Calais Warmwell W. Folkestone: 7500m 10km E. Sdspitz Portland: 3800m SW Wareham: 5500m rmelkanal Portland Dover: 1500-1000m Dover: 1500-1000m S. Portsmouth: 4700m
Date 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 26.8.1940 27.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 28.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 29.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 30.8.1940 31.8.1940 31.8.1940 31.8.1940 31.8.1940 31.8.1940 31.8.1940 31.8.1940 31.8.1940 31.8.1940 31.8.1940 31.8.1940
Rank Ltn. Fw. Oblt. Oblt. Uffz. Uffz. Uffz. Ofw. Ltn. Hptm. Fw. Uffz. Ltn. Ltn. Ltn. Oblt. Oblt. Hptm. Hptm. Ofw. Hptm. Hptm. Major Uffz. Oblt. Oblt. Hptm. Ltn. Ltn. Ltn. Oblt. Oblt. Ltn. Uffz. Major Fw. Fw. Uffz. Ofw. Ofw. Ofw. Uffz. Ltn. Oblt. Fw. Oblt. Oblt. Fw. Ofw. Ltn. Oblt. Oblt. Uffz. Uffz. Ofw. Hptm. Dr. Hptm. Hptm. Oblt. Oblt. Uffz. Ltn. Fw. Gefr. Oblt. Ltn. Hptm. Hptm. Ofw. Ltn. Oblt. Fw. Oblt. Hptm. Ltn. Fw. Ltn. Ltn. Oblt. Uffz. Oblt. Ofw. Uffz. Ofw. Ofw. Ltn. Hptm. Oblt. Oblt. Oblt. Oblt. Oblt. Oblt. Uffz. Uffz. Major Oblt. Oblt. Oblt. Oblt.
First Name Horst Hans Josef Adolf-Friedrich von Kurt Ernst Richard Karl Erich Dietrich Hans Josef Hans Hans Kuno-Adalbert Karl-Heinz Richard Horst Wolfgang Werner Hans-Karl Hans-Karl Werner Ludwig Josef Heinrich Erich von Gottfried Winfried Eugen Karl Erich Alfred Konrad Wolfgang Josef Josef Kurt Franz Karl Josef Rudolf Heinz Anton Hans Franz von Rudolf Heinz Willi Horst Eberhard Hermann-Friedrich Mathias Mathias Albrecht Rolf Rolf Willy Werner Heinz Max Rudolf Ernst Siegfried Erich Erich Karl-Heinz Hans-Erich Herbert Erwin Fritz Bernhard Max-Hellmuth Georg Werner Otto Gustav-Siegfried Rudolf Ernst-Hartmann von Siegfried Walter Hermann Oskar Friedrich-Wilhelm Fritz Ferdinand Hermann Sophus Hans Hans Adolf Hugo Erwin Adolf Hubert Hans Hans Hans

Last name Buddenhagen Ehlers Fz Gtz Grf Hammerl Heller Hier Hohagen Hrabak John Keil Kolbow Kolbow Konopka Leesmann Leppla Liensberger Lippert Machold Mayer Mayer Mlders Obermeier Priller Sannemann Selle Schlitzer Schmidt Troha Westerhoff Woitke Zeis Zeller Schellmann Bauer Bauer Grf Hessel Hier Phs Saborowski Schnabel Stangl Stechmann Werra Ziegler Br Bauer Buddenhagen Henrici Joppien Massmann Massmann Mller Ochs Pingel Pingel Stange Voigt Auerbach Bolze Clerico Condn: Bf Piduhn Dllberg Gbel Groth Groth Harbauer Heinbockel Ihlefeld Leykauf Losigkeit Mielke Ostermann Pavenzinger Pistor Radeke Rdel Seufert Schlotheim Schnell Schumann Staege Strack Strakeljahn Ultsch Vogl Weeber Baagoe Barschel Barschel Buhl Dahmer Fleig Galland Grisslich Hahn Hahn Hahn
Staffel 5. 2. 4. 1. 3. 5. 8. 4. 4. Stab II. 4. 8. 5. 5. 7. 1. 3. Stab.(Z) 3. 1. 1. 1. Stab 9. 6. Stab II. Stab II. 8. 8. 7. 6. 6. 1. 7. Stab 7. 7. 3. 1. 4. 5. 8. 1. 5. 9. Stab II. Stab II. 1. 8. 5. 1. 1. 7. 7. 2. 9. Stab I. Stab I. 8. 5. 4. 4. 7. 6. 5. 5. Stab II. Stab II. 4. Stab III. 2.(J) 7. 2. Stab I.(J) 7. 2. 4. Stab II. 4. 13.(Z) Stab II. 4. 2.(J) 2.(J) 1. Stab I.(J) Stab III. 4. Stab II. 8. Stab III. Stab III. 1.(J) 6. 1. Stab 9. 4. 4. 4.
Unit JG 3 JG 3 JG 51 JG 2 JG 3 ZG 76 ZG 26 JG 54 JG 51 JG 54 JG 51 JG 3 JG 51 JG 51 ZG 26 JG 52 JG 51 LG 1 JG 53 JG 2 JG 53 JG 53 JG 51 ZG 26 JG 51 JG 3 JG 3 JG 51 JG 3 JG 3 JG 3 JG 3 JG 53 JG 2 JG 2 JG 3 JG 3 JG 3 JG 3 JG 54 JG 54 JG 3 JG 3 JG 54 JG 3 JG 3 JG 54 JG 51 JG 3 JG 3 JG 26 JG 51 JG 3 JG 3 JG 26 JG 3 JG 26 JG 26 JG 3 JG 3 ZG 76 JG 2 JG 54 ZG 76 JG 27 ZG 76 ZG 76 ZG 76 JG 2 JG 54 LG 2 JG 54 JG 26 LG 2 JG 54 JG 51 ZG 76 ZG 76 JG 27 LG 1 ZG 76 JG 2 LG 2 LG 2 JG 52 LG 2 JG 54 JG 27 ZG 76 ZG 26 ZG 26 ZG 26 LG 2 JG 26 JG 51 JG 26 ZG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2
Place W. Calais Canterbury Portsmouth Canterbury NNW ber Le Havre: 10m Canterbury Canterbury: 4500m Canterbury Dover: 6700m N. Dover N. Dover Dover Warmwell: 4000m Portsmouth Portsmouth E. Portsmouth Portsmouth Folkestone 5km W. Boulogne Themesmndung: 5000m Themesmndung: 5000m Ashford NE Portsmouth: 5000m Portsmouth: 4900m Wareham SE Southend: 4200m E. Southend: 4000m London SE Cambridge SW Dover: 6500m SE Cambridge Themesmndung Canterbury 3km W. Rochester: 2000m Ashford: 4600m E. Tunbridge Wells: 3000m Littlestone: 1500m E. Maidstone: 7200m Dover: 4000m Dungeness Dungeness Ashford: 4600m 20km S. Tunbridge Wells: 1200m N. Dover: 5200m Ashford Biggin Hill SE Littlestone E. Aldershot: 5500m N. Redhill N. Canterbury: 5000m SE Aldershot: 5000m Maidstone Maidstone 15km S. London: 4500m Gravesend S. Worthing: 2000m S. Gravesend: 6000m Grays Thurrock Gravesend Dover Dover Dover

Enemy Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire o.Zg. Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire o.Zg. Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire o.Zg. Spitfire o.Zg. Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire o.Zg. Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire o.Zg. Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire
Place Raum London Raum London Themesmndung Biggin Hill: 5500m E. Southend: 5000m E. Southend: 3500m Raum London Tunbridge Wells Redhill N. Ashford: 5000m Kenley London Redhill Ashford Tunbridge Wells: 3500m SW London Littlestone Littlestone Ashford Ashford Biggin Hill London Ashford Ashford Ashford Folkestone Dungeness: 5000m 10km W. Kste: 4000m London Tunbridge Wells Littlestone Littlestone Ashford SW Dungeness: 3500m SE London Southend S. Stanford Faversham: 4500-5000m London NW Dover SE London: 5500m Raum London Maidstone Gillingham Rochester Maidstone London: 5000m Themesmndung Maidstone: 4000m London London London SE London: 5500m Cranbrook London W. Tonbridge: 3000m Tonbridge London: 5500m SE London Themesmndung Themesmndung
Date 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 7.9.1940 8.9.1940 8.9.1940 8.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 9.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 11.9.1940 13.9.1940 13.9.1940 14.9.1940 14.9.1940 14.9.1940 14.9.1940 14.9.1940 14.9.1940 14.9.1940 14.9.1940 14.9.1940 14.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940

Unit JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 77 JG 3 JG 3 JG 2 JG 26 LG 2 LG 2 JG 77 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 LG 2 JG 53 JG 2 LG 2 LG 1 JG 2 JG 77 JG 2 JG 51 JG 51 LG 2 JG 54 LG 2 JG 54 JG 54 JG 27 JG 54 JG 51 JG 51 JG 26 JG 53 JG 53 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 54 JG 53 JG 53 JG 52 JG 51 JG 3 JG 3 JG 2 JG 54 JG 53 JG 26 LG 2 LG 2 LG 2 ZG 76 JG 51 JG 51 JG 54 ZG 76 LG 2 JG 26 JG 51 JG 51 JG 26 JG 27 ZG 76 JG 2 JG 2 LG 2 ZG 26 JG 2 JG 53 JG 51 JG 51 JG 26 JG 2 JG 53 JG 54 JG 77 JG 51 JG 26 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 2 JG 51 JG 51 JG 53 JG 77 JG 53 LG 1 LG 2 JG 77 JG 2 JG 3 JG 2 LG 2 JG 51 JG 51 JG 77
Enemy Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire * Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire
Place Themesmndung SW Heyfield E. Heybridge London London Rochester Faversham London London Themesmndung SE London: 6500m Rochford London Themesmndung Themesmndung Themesmndung Themesmndung 10km SE Ramsgate: 200m NW Calais: 1500m Ostrand London: 7000m Staplehurst: 4800m Staplehurst: 4800m 20km N. Dungeness: 3000m SE London London London Ashford S. London: 5500m London: 6500m Sdostengland E. Ashford: 6500m W. Ashford Elham 10km NNE Rye: 5000m Dungeness Ost-Dnkirchen NW La Panne Eastchurch N. Dungeness 20km E. Sevenoaks: 6500m SW London S. Maidstone: 6500m S. London: 5500m SE London: 6000m Raum London Thorney Island N. London London -
Date 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 15.9.1940 16.9.1940 17.9.1940 17.9.1940 17.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 18.9.1940 20.9.1940 20.9.1940 20.9.1940 20.9.1940 20.9.1940 20.9.1940 20.9.1940 20.9.1940 21.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 23.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 24.9.1940 25.9.1940 25.9.1940 26.9.1940 26.9.1940 26.9.1940 26.9.1940 26.9.1940 26.9.1940

Place Raum London NW London: 7500m SE London Kanal 15km S. London: 5500m Maidstone: 2500m London 10km SE London: 5500m S. London: 6000m London: 6300m 10km S. London: 4000m Maidstone: 6500m S. London Raum London SE London S. London: 4500m Maidstone: 6000m Gravesend Ashford London Ashford Sdostengland Ashford: 3000m 5km SE Ashford: 6500m Dover NW Dungeness S. Hornchurch S. London: 5500m London S. London Dungeness Dungeness S. London: 5500m W. Ashford-Canterbury S. Chatham N. Cap Gris Nez Folkestone Dover Dover Kanal-ber See Dover London Themesmndung Dover Themesmndung N. Fcamp: 400m Dover 10km vor Dover: 2000-2500m vor Dover: 2500-3000m London Dover 8-10km vor Dover: 2000-2500m 8-10km vor Dover: 2000-2500m ESE London: 5900m SE London: 6000m SE Insel Wight S. Dover NE Dover: 2500m Dover 10km W. Insel Wight: 4000-2000m Insel Wight: 6000m -
Date 26.9.1940 26.9.1940 26.9.1940 26.9.1940 26.9.1940 26.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 27.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 28.9.1940 29.9.1940 29.9.1940 29.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940 30.9.1940
Rank Uffz. Uffz. Obstltn. Major Oblt. Hptm. Oblt. Oblt. Hptm. Gefr. Ltn. Hptm. Uffz. Hptm. Ltn. Ltn. Ltn. Ltn. Ofw. Oblt. Oblt. Uffz. Uffz. Fw. Fw. Ofw. Ltn. Hptm. Hptm. Major Ltn. Ltn.
First Name Karl Richard Johann Wolfgang Bruno Helmut Roloff von Roloff von Wilhelm Gnther Herbert Rudolf Wilhelm Karl Hubert Otto Otto Karl Herbert Herbert Emil Karl Willi Willi Werner Bernhard Gnther Frhr. von Gnther Frhr. von Werner Hubert Hubert
Oblt. Oblt. Oblt. Ofw. Ofw. Fw. Fw. Uffz. Ltn Ltn. Ltn. Ltn. Ltn. Fw. Ofw. Oblt. Ofhr. Gefr. Uffz. Hptm. Uffz. Uffz. Fw. Oblt. Fhr. Major Hptm. Oblt. Oblt. Hptm. Ltn. Ltn. Uffz. Ltn. Hptm. Hptm. Fw. Oblt. Oblt. Ofw. Ltn. Ltn. Oblt. Oblt. Oblt. Fw.
Rudolf Hans Hans Josef Josef Walter Karl Rudolf Erich Karl Kurt Botho Botho Willy Oskar Otto Alfred Max Otto Helmut Kurt Hugo Helmut Carl Hans-Joachim Werner Walter Walter Gnther Gerhard Gustav Horst Josef Gnther Walter Walter Leonhard Hans-Ekkehard Hans-Ekkehard Kurt Gerhard von Franz Franz Werner Gerhard Bernhard
Hptm. Ltn. Oblt. Uffz. Uffz. Ltn Ltn. Fw. Fw. Fw. Oblt. Oblt. Hptm. Hptm. Ltn. Hptm. Hptm.

Staffel 3. Stab 3. 5. 2. Stab Stab 9. Stab III. Stab I. 9. 9. Stab 5. 2.(J) Stab I. Stab I.(J) 1.(J) 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. Stab III. Stab III. 4. Stab I.(J) 12. 2.(J) 1.(J) 1.(J) 1.(J) 1.(J) Stab II. Stab I.(J) Stab I.(J) 1.(J) 4. Stab Stab II. 4. Stab Stab Stab II. 1.(J) Stab 4. Stab Stab I.(J) Stab Stab I.(J) Stab I. Stab I. Stab IV. 10. 11. 11. 5. 5. Stab IV. Stab Stab I. Stab 2.(J) Stab I.(J) Stab 7. Stab I.(J) Stab II. Stab I.(J) Stab I.(J) 1.(F) Stab I.(J) Stab I.(J) Stab Stab 3. 5. 5. Stab II. 1. 5. 5. 2. 2. 7. 11. Stab Stab Stab Stab I. Stab Stab Stab Stab 7. Stab Stab 7. 7.
Unit JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 51 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 53 JG 53 JG 51 JG 3 JG 3 JG 26 JG 26 LG 2 JG 54 LG 2 LG 2 JG 3 JG 3 JG 3 JG 3 JG 3 JG 3 JG 3 JG 26 LG 2 JG 51 LG 2 LG 2 LG 2 LG 2 LG 2 JG 52 LG 2 LG 2 LG 2 JG 52 JG 52 JG 52 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 52 LG 2 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 LG 2 JG 51 LG 2 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 LG 2 LG 2 JG 51 JG 51 LG 2 JG 53 LG 2 LG LG 2 LG 2 JG 53 JG 26 JG 26 JG 53 JG 51 JG 51 JG 1 JG 53 JG 53 JG 26 JG 26 JG 51 JG 51 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 2 JG 53 JG 51 JG 53 JG 53
Enemy Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire PR Spitfire PR Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire PR Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire
Place SW Insel Wight SW Insel Wight Insel Wight Deal Insel Wight Bournemouth NE Insel Wight N. Dover: 5000m Dover-Dungeness: 2000m Chatham 15km N. Boulogne Texel NE Boulogne: 8500m 40km W. Cap Gris Nez NW St. Omer NW St. Omer 1km SW St. Omer NW St. Omer NW St. Omer zw. Desvres u. Samer: 3800m NW St. Omer Neufchtel E. Dover NW Dnkirchen Cap Blanc Nez Cap Blanc Nez W. Dover W. Dover W. Dover W. Dover W. Dover W. Dover W. Dover 30km N. Dungeness Maidstone: 3000m Maidstone Calais: 8500m Dover Dover 5km SE Calais Deal N. Gravelines 16km S. Dover SE Dungeness: 4500m 2km W. Calais-Marck SE Dungeness 10km W. Calais Folkestone: 7000m S. Ashford W. Boulogne: 8200m W. Boulogne: 8200m W. Boulogne: 8200m W. Boulogne: 8200m 12km W. Le Touquet: 3500m 12km W. Le Touquet: 2500m 20km W. Le Touquet: 800-10m 40km N. Hastings Dungeness: 3500m Dungeness 3500m 20km N. Cap Gris Nez Kanalmitte 20km W. Cap Gris Nez 20km W. Cap Gris Nez Kanalmitte N. Dungeness 10km E. Hastings 10km E. Hastings 2646: 300m Dungeness SW Folkestone NW Calais zw. Dover/Canterbury: 1200m W. Dover-Deal 20km N. Wissant Sheerness: 100m 3km N. Mardyck: 300m E. De Kooj S. Dover S. Dover Plouescat N. Ile d' Ouessant Dungeness zw. St. Omer u. Boulogne: 7800-5000m Wittering 30km vor Dover: 3800m Dover zw. Dover u. Margate: 4500m 5km SE Dungeness: 9500m SW Boulogne Dungeness SW Le Touquet Berck Dover Straits Dungeness 5km W. Berck rmelkanal rmelkanal

Staffel Stab I. Stab I. 3. 8. Stab 5. 5. 2. 5. 1. 1. Erg. 1. 3. 6. 4.(Eins) Stab II. 4. 4. Stab III. 7. Stab 4. 7. 7. 9. Stab Stab 4. 6. 9. Stab Stab III. 1. Erg. 5. 1. Stab II. Stab II. Stab II. Stab II. 7. Stab II. Stab II. 3. 1.Erg. 8. 4. 4. 9. 8. 9. 8. Stab II. 4.(Eins) 4.(Eins) 4.(Eins) 4.(Eins) 4.(Eins) 6. 4.(Eins) 4.(Eins) 4.(Eins) 4.(Eins) 6. 8. 6. 6. 4. 6. 8. 7. 7. 4. 3. 6. 7. 8. Stab II. 8. Stab Stab 4. Stab II. 8. Stab II. 7. 7. Stab 1. 9. 8. 8. 8. 8. Stab II. 3. Stab 3. 7. 1. 8.
Unit JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 ZG 76 JG 2 ZG 76 JG 2 JG 3 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JFS 5 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 3 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JFS 5 JFS 5 JFS 5 JFS 5 JFS 5 JG 53 JFS 5 JFS 5 JFS 5 JFS 5 JG 53 JG 2 ZG 76 ZG 76 JG 2 ZG 76 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 1 ZG 76 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 77 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26
Place bei Gravelines: 8000m bei Cassel 5km NE Gravelines E. St. Omer W. Rubroeck W. Dnkirchen: 6000m 43.17 at 500m Lannilis 43.15 at 100m Lanveoc 40-50km N. Bergen-aan-Zee: 200m zw. Calais-Cap Blanc Nez: 200m SE Dnkirchen S. Folkestone Pl.Qu. 1189/15 West Merville zw. Etaples u. Berck-sur-Mer: 5500m Hazebrouck W. Calais: 5500m E. Etaples: 6000m Capelle Calais W. Calais: 5500m 15-20km W. Joll-Hfen/Zaandvoort: 10m Wormhoudt 10km S. Boulogne 2km N. Gravelines 3km seewrts Gravelines Bergues 20-25km N. Calais: 200m Thranne Le Havre Le Havre Le Havre Le Havre Le Havre Maasmndung Le Havre Le Havre Le Havre Le Havre 33-1-6: 10m N. Calais 33.1: 600m 33.2: 650m 33.2: 150-200m 10km NE Dnkirchen: 5500-1500m 5-7km N. Dnkirchen: 5m Nieuwpoort W. Den Helder 33.2: 150m NW Lille: 6400m/2km NE Merville Rouen Le Trait bei Rouen: 4500m Stavanger Vollezeele: S. Dnkirchen Zeggers-Capelle S. Dnkirchen NW Bthune Hesdin-Licques: 1200-1500m 10km SE Boulogne 20km W. Boulogne 20km E. Folkestone NW Montreuil Kanalmitte -
Date 9.9.1941 12.9.1941 12.9.1941 12.9.1941 12.9.1941 15.9.1941 16.9.1941 16.9.1941 16.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 17.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 18.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 20.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941 21.9.1941

Staffel 4. 4. 8. 6. Stab 3. 4. Stab Stab 4. 8. 8. 8. 5. Stab 6. 6. Stab II. Stab II. 9. 1. 1. 7. Stab I. 9. 9. 9. 4. 1. Stab 7. 8. 6. 6. 6. 8. 2. 8. 8. 4. 9. Stab 7. Stab II. 4. Stab I. 3. 3. Stab II. Stab II. 7. 1. 3. 3. 5. 8. 4. 9. 4.(Eins) 4. Stab 3. 3. 2. Stab III. 5. 2. 1. 1. 8. 2. 9. 1. 4.(Eins) 4.(Eins) 9. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 6. 6. 4. 6. Stab II. 8. 2. 8. 4. 1.(F) 4. Stab II. Stab I. 5. 4. 4. 8. 5. 5.
Unit JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JFS 5 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JFS 5 JFS 5 JG 26 JG 1 (JGr. L.) JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 3 JG 53 JG 26 JG 26 JG JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 1 JG 53 JG 2 JG 2
Place See 30km Gravelines-Calais: 5-10m Dnkirchen 10km N. Calais Calais 2km N. Etaples bei Montreuil N. Dnkirchen: 5000-4500m Montreuil 10km S. Hazebrouck 15km N. Calais: tiefflug Hardifort Sommemndung 10-20km N. Calais: tiefflug St. Omer NNE Dnkirchen Loon-Plage N. Bthune: 4000m 3-5km vor Gravelines-Calais: 10m 15km W. Le Touquet: 1000m NW Dnkirchen E. Sommemndung: 6000m 20km W. Boulogne Calais-Deal: 1500m W. Dnkirchen: 100m W. Dnkirchen: 100m W. Dnkirchen: 100m Boulogne 35km W. Boulogne Berck-sur-Mer Boulogne See bei Le Touquet 6-10km W. Boulogne NW Dnkirchen N. Dnkirchen bei Wevelghem 80km N. Ostende Brest N. Brest WSW Le Touquet: 50-60m ber See E. Eu Pl.Qu. 6042/14 West: [off Rame Head] S. Plymouth 30km N. Dnkirchen: 500m 25km NW Dnkirchen 20-30km NE Calais-Marck: 100m 15km W. Cap Gris Nez Cap Gris Nez 20km NE Margate N. Calais off Trondheim: 7000m SE Bergues: 4000m bei Dnkirchen 30km NW Dnkirchen: 800m 2km W. Bergues 10-15km SW Boulogne: 1500 Drionville WSW Arques: 3500m Boulogne 4-6km W. Boulogne: 300m 40km SW Dnkirchen Wimeraux Pl.Qu. 318: 100m vor Dungeness: tiefflug Wirre Effroy NE Boulogne SW Dnkirchen: 4500m rmelkanalmitte: 1300m [ Wirre Effroy NE Boulogne 5km SW Leeuwarden SU-5: NW Le Havre Pl.Qu. 1116/15 West: 3500m
Date 14.3.1942 15.3.1942 15.3.1942 15.3.1942 17.3.1942 18.3.1942 18.3.1942 18.3.1942 20.3.1942 20.3.1942 22.3.1942 22.3.1942 24.3.1942 24.3.1942 24.3.1942 24.3.1942 24.3.1942 24.3.1942 24.3.1942 24.3.1942 24.3.1942 25.3.1942 25.3.1942 26.3.1942 26.3.1942 26.3.1942 26.3.1942 26.3.1942 26.3.1942 27.3.1942 28.3.1942 28.3.1942 28.3.1942 28.3.1942 28.3.1942 28.3.1942 28.3.1942 28.3.1942 28.3.1942 28.3.1942 29.3.1942 31.3.1942 1.4.1942 1.4.1942 1.4.1942 2.4.1942 2.4.1942 2.4.1942 3.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 4.4.1942 5.4.1942 8.4.1942 8.4.1942 8.4.1942 8.4.1942 9.4.1942 9.4.1942 10.4.1942 10.4.1942 10.4.1942 10.4.1942 10.4.1942 10.4.1942 10.4.1942 10.4.1942 10.4.1942 10.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 12.4.1942 14.4.1942 14.4.1942 14.4.1942 14.4.1942

Last name Paczia Augustin Marseille Brakebusch Ehlers Ehlers Flecks Leonhardt Meimberg Meimberg Baudach Birke Ebersberger Galland Keil Kley Mncheberg Mncheberg Wurmheller Wurmheller Czwilinsky Priller Faber Faber Knies Mayer Mayer Reuschling Stratmann Hippel Stolle Alf Beckmann Bhm Krner Krner Leie n.n. Schnell Wickop Heinzeller Heinzeller Birke Glunz Galland Hager Haibck Christof Kirstein Michalski Zink Rollwage Michalski Michalski Clade Franzisket Scheiter Freytag Gtz Gtz Rollwage Rollwage Schultz Dinger Frankenberger Frodien Pohl Preu Rollwage Schiehs Schultz Berres Michalski Michalski Paczia Rollwage Schlick Willenbrink Berres Freytag Khler Mller Rollwage Ru Schiehs Brandt Dinger Frankenberger Freytag Kolthoff Kolthoff Rdel Rdel Steis Stigler Vgl Boerngen Geihardt Geihardt Meimberg
Staffel 6. 7. 3. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 3. 3. 1. 4. 4. 5. 2. 1. Stab II. Stab II. 1. 1. 2. Stab III. Stab III. Stab III. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 8. 8. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. Stab I. 2. 9. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 8. 7. 1. 1. 2. 4. 2. 5. 4. 4. 5. 1. 7. 2. 9. 9. 5. 5. 5. 4. 4. Stab II. 2. Stab 5. Stab 5. 1. 4. 4. 6. 5. 1. 5. 1. 1. 3. 6. 5. 4. Stab 2. 4. 4. 1. 1. 1. Stab II. Stab II. 4. 4. 4. 5. 3. 3. 1.
Unit JG 53 JG 2 JG 27 JG 1 JG 1 JG 1 JG 1 JG 1 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 27 JG 2 JG 27 JG 27 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 53 JG 26 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 27 JG 27 JG 27 JG 77 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 77 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 77 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 77 JG 53 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 77 JG 53 JG 53 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 27 JG 27 JG 27 JG 27 JG 27 JG 27 JG 77 JG 77 JG 2
Enemy Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire V Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire V Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire V Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire V Spitfire V Spitfire V Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire V Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire
Place 10-15km E. Marsa-Scirocco: 6500m NE Barfleur SE Sidi Omar 15km NE Zeebrgge 20km NE Zeebrgge SW Walcheren 25km NW Zeebrgge 45km NW Ostende Selsey Bill: 800m Selsey Bill NW Fcamp Calais/Marck Calais Gunes NW Fcamp NW Fcamp S. Ardres E. Boulogne NW Fcamp NW Fcamp N. Gravelines 30km N. Gravelines: 8500m off Start Point off Start Point off Start Point off Ushant off Ushant E. Marsa-Matruh Fcamp-tretat Marsa-Matruh SE Marsa-Matruh 50km N. Fcamp Fcamp-tretat Fcamp-tretat S. Insel Wight [SE Plymouth] S. Insel Wight [SE Plymouth] SE Hastings: 2500-3000m S. Hastings SW Dnkirchen W. Gravelines N. Coxyde 15km NNW Dnkirchen: 1500m St. Paul's Bay 15km NE La Valetta: 8000m [10km NE Malta] 5-8km N. Ta Venezia: 8000m [7-8km E. La Valetta] 40km SE El-Daba 20km S. El-Alamein 25km S. El-Alamein SE-Spitze Gozo 3km NE La Valetta 4km NE Zonqor Point W. Luqa 1km S. Birzebugia S. Jaida es Soda SE Marsa Scirocco 7km SW Dingli 6km SW El Alamein: 3000m [NE Miteiriga] 1km S. Mumin Busak: 1500m N. El-Alamein N. El-Alamein N. El-Alamein SW El-Alamein -

Staffel 6. Stab I. 6. 7. 4. 6. 7. 7. 1. 1. 10.(J) 9. 6. 6. 4. 4. 4. 1. 9. 3. 3. 4. 6. 6. 9. 9. 9. 3. 3. 3. Stab I. 3. 11. 11. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. Stab Stab 1.(F) 11. 9. 9. 5. 7. 6. 4. 6. 3. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 11. 4. 11. 1. 1. Stab III. 5. 4. 4. 1. Flak unit 1. 4. 11. 5. 4. 5. 4. 3. 5. 4. Stab Stab III. 5. 5. 5. 2. Stab I. 8. 5. 7. 6. 7. 7. 6. 2. 10. 5. 2. 4. 6.
Unit JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 27 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 53 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 27 JG 27 JG 27 JG 26 JG 27 JG 27 JG 2 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 2 JG 26 JG 53 JG 53 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 77 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 1 JG 26 JG 1 JG 26 JG 26
Enemy Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire V Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire V Spitfire V Spitfire V Spitfire Spitfire V Spitfire V Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire
Place 5km N. Dieppe N. Dieppe 5km N. Dieppe N. Dieppe 2-3km NE Dieppe: 3000m 10km NW Dieppe: 1800m 2-3km NE Dieppe: 2000m 10km NE Dieppe 10km NE Dieppe Dieppe N. Dieppe N. Dieppe N. Dieppe SW Dieppe W. Dieppe Sommemndung 3-5km NW Dieppe N. Dieppe NE Dieppe N. Dieppe N. Dieppe 2km N. Dieppe Dieppe Dieppe 8km N. Dieppe: 50m 4km N. Dieppe: 50m 7km N. Dieppe: 800m 7km W. Dieppe: 800m 20-25km W. Dieppe: 200m W. Dieppe: 4000m W. Dieppe W. Le Trport NE Socqueville 15km NW Dieppe 10km NW Dieppe 20km NW Dieppe Dieppe: 4000m Dieppe: 4000m 3km E. Grasville de la Romfort: 10-15m 12km SW Le Trport: 1000m [6km SE Dieppe] 2km N. Dieppe N. Dieppe Dieppe 2km W. Dieppe WSW El-Hammam Dieppe 4km SE Dieppe: 400-500m 3km W. Dieppe 4km W. Dieppe 10-15km N. Dieppe: 1500m 10-15km N. Dieppe: 1500m 1km NNW Dieppe 15-20km NW Dieppe 3km NW Dieppe: 2500m 15-20km NE Dieppe: 1500m 30km NNW Dieppe 25-30km ENE La Valetta: 6500m 30km NNW Dieppe 100km N. Caen: 8000m [70km N. Le Havre] 100-105km N. Caen: 7500m [85km NW Le Havre] 50km N. Gravelines SSE El-Alamein S. El-Hammam S. Alam Uzeiligh E. St. Omer/Arques 7km S. El-Hammam SSW Alam Uzeiligh 20-70km NNW St. Valry: 8-9000m NW St. Valry-en-Caux: 6000m E. Doudeville: 6000m Veules-les-Roses: 6000m 25km NW Fcamp: tiefflug 18km N. Boulogne 10km E. Fcamp: 8000m 10km N. La Valetta: 1000m 12km N. La Valetta: 8000m 15km NE Cap Gris Nez: 3000m 2-3km NE Rue: 1500m 15km W. Berck-sur-Mer: 150m 8km WNW Sommemndung: 4-500m 5-10km E. Watten: 200m Comiso based 12km E. Dover: 2800m 15-18km NW Sommemndung: 100m 15km NW Cap Gris Nez: 2500m Sommemndung 15km SW Calais: 3500m 20km WNW Cap Gris Nez: 1500m 3km W. Sommemndung: 200m 7-8km NNW Calais: 500m Pl.Qu. 514 4G1: 4000m [SW Tilburg] 10km ESE Amiens: 8500m 40km NW Helgoland: 9300m S. Amiens: 8500m Amiens

Staffel 4. 6. 6. 6. 4. 6. 6. 9. 12. 1. 12. Stab II. 3. 3. 4. Stab I. Stab I. Stab I. 6. Stab II. 4. 4. 6. 6. Stab I. Stab I. 6. 6. 6. 2. 5. Stab II. Stab II. Stab II. 4. 4. Stab II. Stab II. 8. 2. Stab Stab I. Stab I. 4. 2. Stab III. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 1. 8. 1. 1. 8. 5. 5. 1. 1. 7. Stab II. 5. 2. 11. 2. 3. 8. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 5. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 7. 4. 9. 4. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2. 11. II. 4. Stab II. 2. 2. 4. 11. 11. 11. 8.
Unit JG 2 JG 1 JG 1 JG 1 JG 1 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 27 JG 26 JG 27 JG 27 JG 27 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 26 JG 77 JG 77 JG 1 JG 1 JG 1 JG 53 JG 27 JG 27 JG 77 JG 51 JG 51 JG 51 JG 77 JG 51 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 53 JG 53 JG 77 SKG 10 JG 51 JG 26 JG 26 JG 77 JG 26 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 53 JG 77 JG 77 JG 54 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 53 JG 53 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 53 JG 26 JG 77 JG 77 JG 77 JG 53 JG 53 JG 2 JG 77 JG 1 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 26 JG 2 JG 2 JG 2 JG 77
Enemy Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire IX Spitfire Spitfire IX Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire IX Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire * Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire * Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire * Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire * Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire Spitfire
Place 35km NWN Kairouan: 150m 30km N. Ostende 7km W. Westkapellen 40km W. Ijmuiden 40km W. Ijmuiden Ousseltia: 20m Ousseltia: 20m SE Calais: 5500m 0174/ 05 Ost: 7000m 20-25km N. Fcamp: 7500m 0172/ 05 Ost: 7000m Etaples: 7000m 20km NW Abbville: 7000m 22km SE Poix: 8500m E. Etaples Belleville: 7500m WNW Grandvilliers Feuquires: 7000m SW Grandvilliers 10km S. Gamaches: 6000m 5km E. Berck-sur-Mer: 7500-4000m 10km SW Boulogne: 4000m 2-3km SW Boulogne: 1500-2500m bei Ste. Ccile-Plage: 600m 5km W. Camiers: 7000m W. Canche Estuary: 5000m Fatnassa based Fatnassa based 40km NW Schouwen 10km W. Schouwen 40km NW Schouwen 5km SE Cap Scaramia: 600m 6km S. Cap Scaramia: 100m 5944 10km SE Maknassy: 500m 3km SE Gabes: 700m 5km SE Gabes: 1000m 35km ESE Gabes: 800m 04193: 12km N. Zarat: 4000m 12km S. Mareth: 6000m Fatnassa based Fatnassa based NW Ras-ben-Jekle: 6000m 25km SE El Guettar: 8000m 70km S. Matmata: 8000m 10km NNW Cap Gris Nez: 600m 8km E. Dungeness: 900m 10km ESE Gabes: 560m 5km S. Dover: 2000m 17km NW Beja: 2000m 2.5km N. Beja: 6000m NE La Jabatte: 4000m 10km NE El Hamma: 3000m 28km SW El Hamma: 5000m 10 322: 4500m 65km NW Fcamp: 100m 90km N. Le Havre: 5000m 60km NW Fcamp: 7000m 100km NW vor Dieppe: 8000m 4057/ 15 West: 100m 65km NW Fcamp: 100m 50km NW Fcamp: 6800m 10km SW Dejbel Mhrad: 4500m 22km E. El Guetter: 1900m 62km NW La Fauconnerie: 1000m 50km NW La Fauconnerie: 300m 6km SW La Fauconnerie: 3500m 25km NW La Fauconnerie: 1200m 31km ESE El Guetter: 1600m 25km ENE El Guetter: 800m 20km SE Sbeitla: 1800m 25km ESE El Guetter: 800m Le Touquet: 5700-6000m 5km NW Tresteur: 200m 75km N. Caen: 2000m 35km E. Maknassy: 3500m SE Fcamp: 8000m 35km NW Bayeux: 2000m SW Grn du Breuil: 300m [N. Rouen] SW Dieppe: 7000-8000m 80km N. Caen: 2000m 80km N. Caen: 2000m 30km SSW Dieppe: 6500m -

'/oiss r iin { wLl, , -. U ,, , , ,bffi " " ,,,,,,f" ,F
o UDA)-^ =W''u ,r"r'-i'I D' ), l,=) 1*1

\ - - /L J

| ; o,to+0,5o l-= ll

'44t'u

"t

:)'7-7-a o, *; ,,*J ll

AD=D"-D,-o ^i I i-.-i LzA L = Lt20

1,.,i I I '

\ (r' s;l t rh^' ' url '
16.r,rM.Lr-.,euns,n't rcr.:f,E
:':L l '1-l i""' T::1,*::*r^"' l:::::lll:
rrr' 4 " lhe gr e r er r hert^ J u l !' i h e ' r:a ' r rh '

n.1. ''

'l'n l ci d'

-& =

'-El" | ''''n

Ap : /r t

r <r
t" tt*"t l,=;:*'ry9'# n*r'-T'
eff( onllact:"n.Pori\on { ', s ' '" n' '"" "''""' ""* ' :"* "l ll:. "-^l ]."'^ ,';r.]'.-l
:nN',:::,',.i:'::j;:;'[f 1T'*:',*#:il1?'iliil':'i'.:"j;il: l'ifi]"^'il1'W'.l,1 ;.:;::il;:.:i.
"""7"'i"' -"*'l nrs"- "" ,n.,r.'n!k,n|e' ru' th (h'ric n^rrLIu 'r'm i::ll::1.:1.,-.',,., , ^,.'",,.r,.-" lr 6 atrairod (rublrertocqf s valueof0: is th' ldigcstl'lue ttosibie of oo.rete) and ashigh aso:
.smmstion of elongitioD a!1dconlr'ct1or1:

.*" *ot*-"'

t tn"
wilhin rhc ! For mos!rnateriils is a constant
:;l;:lm'i:in'isi;i:.j;*i;l.l,lt;lll'::,'::li':""',"
. =.! - 1. , i' " - r l '
in (threeequations totail rnd so oD for tbe l and. diledio'\
r**.,r lt_-,.i1,Ti:H_:T,:l,tl'":i:,:;:;I,:l ',:i",.':
l'*l*if:*f"'i',H1:l'.*l*n:,::':."ff;l:,,li:x'l'"'i:i:']l:j:"Kf

i i6.1ri

'lro j
5 1"" l"L" L lrr

oo&.f --

4/" A"^;/

A r"tknz./,4^ A,p I

yn,t ;.) s k

oltro /1,na.{

}i6"np rz 7rr7'7f. ,'

,/nfr.,

sJa.u h.c,{

y' r/ t

r.1 /o,.ot /,'

a sr,l,+t'

ii rr rsf /*;;

,atl /hos^

7*oi,t-'.i /"; li*"1 , r,t',aqao;{))l/n
)^'{qn;'1,n._y',ral,'i<l2-,

J/^;a *

//a4/"q

,/r1th

t)faz,roo

b'o rr'./-

aL li,"-"*./

SZ h I;,'rn,'

lrno/prioJ

/44Una 4 Q /'t

I o,tou'nh fr *" " o /r'o,, t

ou' f or", ,r-a

V;;/un( z

4q ori hi

l u cn n o t.

h 1.r l

f /mia I

att lur,'.a./e.,'ae/drt.

k.oaah;(

1.&a

/+L"A

"a

hlcii ne2 ty'n,if

,0itcnlrn /r",t

k ta ,/nl

s2fu5|ntn

Lt"So,ll2o

e7is7-n.

s'",>lu

. v, lr2b

/;1,'"- t,/f.oA)

P./r/(,

s;gme /e tu4k/

f,l"KCrHq0rltro

Cc,.i e rt

/re/^;

it e-{i/'*.*'
b. , 61".: n'o ,/1' /;NL03

y/ag'"/, /("

eloAs2rune/io

larp a/'/",

*inc ra lron{.r,

sd A bi"e,t

hl viE6.

SeLi se

ylsiki"

k;h,'"r"

.rr-oiU/u's"r
airterofierlkesso 7o/7n**re7^a

0rqaa slt'eia

/o7/ry

KVar+,

li.tri"- ob"ofi'lla ni

hy,,;l )a

n elra ah;sa+ om)ttdsuu{e/ on L u ' L e n I

I t kvarl<i - ja

l;lt"^ iobaaA'L;L," t;

ruunrQg/uy's

loi &o"

l/a/rn,'g'r{,

kie L l o.o l e " /n 'L 73-7,4

1p,'4tc , / T #

lllonil,'/e:'nen

Lclaatttlaett '

oh /r1

A /?olt

pien i

a6',h+

4.sylt tan/k

anl,r.,,e

frlo^i hloslen n-'s h.r

/unan)sfi,

seL'.;l"s +
/eLri,'/"/5,tny'r-a*,s

hAl,-ht

)a,.,A,

yu-t'slzrs

9h /,*ts

- + l ' 3oD " C

/anla hl,Asso',
g s a A/4d;nen po(a n;sil,t A.
h'(cJsa ua)*ra lee /,a f, l/, ^ p; '

l,i llil

7 s;t tjLa.k /(;.

- kc" lva

pie'f:oJ ah 1.6,'

y' t,t,t

piB/:osaJ' hsitel5 v& lL-; pal>ao&.y'

I rl / |,

-------

Lr, (S-:

anrrf. &/n.)e,t
( //,'Lro/"ni+, L;r/l'^<f - , Aq. / // I \ / , / M t ( z - - > / o a h |z

Iaa r at/:, Aq

?:,no/k

0 = @)

3 eert.

t/" r/ =

sdlbta-ea varaar

ftm,maq

''yrr-ofi-o11,'nrn -sLnanr'.r.en

t'A a n; 1b4-

Vn kio

ms, l, w.lsi

r' YJo'

A t Pfz.-

=tlo +L

\lyitzi.lonoo

lPtz" o"

tt, f" A

2 n ^ 4 , s 1 S;0,

a-0.^,ro\-W

1= looorr

\P ? 16 F 0ol

s;0z PL o, Z.
titanate,and lead niobate. proF Somepolymerslackingcentralsymmetryalsodisplaypiezoeleclric erties with a vahie high enoughlo consider them for lhose applications to wherebecause the size an'dshaperequiredit would b impossible usc of (PVF2 polyvinylidene or fluoride other solid materials.The mosl commonis PVDF). properliesfor piezoelectric sensors, In order to improve the mechanical syspiezoelectric "composite" materialsare used.They are beterogneous phases one of which at leasl shows of temsconsistiog two or more difTerent of properties.Tabte 6.4 showsthe most importantproperties piezoelectric piezoelectric materials. somecommon
:r;a: (t P Zl = P[ ?'-lT 06'2'3APpricrfion'
flvoi lliV|r-'= = ?ole ny,1ti flu, ?o,le-tf F::''applicationof the pii.rzoel'ctriceffect tb l4nyeti fllo';l du llou:'"Tl1yvF"r ^?,tvtfa11[. quantities quantiti t6 sensi fnechanical anechanical 6ltctric Tbe
based on equations(6.18) and (6.19) is rcstriatedby severallimitations. materials very highbut never is for First, the electricresistance piezoeleciric
a is whena constanl stressis applied, charge initially infinite.Therefore, t -+.t qff astimespasses. consequence is there In $6pZ;6enerated thal will slowlydrain no dc resDonse. A'
sensors lhal is for Anotheraspectof the frequencyresponse piezoelectric when a varyingmechanical they showa high resonantpeak.This is because for Pi.zo.Lclri. M.lerids TABLE 6,4 Sonc Properlies Commoo
.Parameter UDit Density (kg'm-')

"lt

"!t

(pc/N)

ResistiYity (O.cn)

Quartz PZ:t' PVDF(Kynar)

25r'.9 7500-7900 1780

550 4.51 4.68 | A"

425-t900| 80-593

-l0tl -lolt

force is appliedto them, tl the malerial. Thus we m resonantfrequ mechanical for a piezolectric accel (35 kHz) is 20 times that i is response flat within t5' usefulrangeup to the reso ical feedbackthat reliesor providingdampingto the r Anolher limitation is th sensitive.Further, above properties. Tha ezoeleclric somecasesil is even lowe menls.Somematerialstha and thereforeare inappro for Output impedance t tance wilh a high leakag we signalgcnerated, must includean it Somesensors of operation to the range i The first advantage f of at a low cost. Secon ally thy undergodeformation rneasuringeffort variables that a high stiffnessresult lessthan l mm) and the p tional sensitivityare also Figure6.18showssev for frequencyapplications voltag appliedbut only a from (6.12)we have

GENERATINGSENSORS

l-' il \ J/'
FIGURE 6.fS Svelalforms ofapplying th piezoelclriceffecl at lort frequrrcrca' = In eachcaseone of lhe quantities is zero. ltr case(4) it is the ellon (7 0); in case(') (S = o); ard in case(d) lhe the elecrdcfeld (E = 0); in case(c) lhe deformalion charge density. (D : 0). W. Welkowirz and S. Dutsch' Biomedical inslruinenls theofo and rlesign, @ 1976,Reprioted by Frmission of Academic hess' Orlando' FL.
With'the terminology shown in Figure 6.14 but the force applied in lh longitudinaldirectionx. we have

/ we From (6.11) have

(6.22\

Vii{.f 1l

(6.23)

4 a/ , /

qn p.rm.'lt.laairic polarization,PzI, a, $'r ,aw abovc, ba grown in drir.6lm form by rput.rinS.nd by th. iol-g.l pro' c.rs.On. obrins. pi.m.l.tric m.t ri:l with a r.lrtiv. di.l.crric con3t.ntof motc th.n l0Cl0.!,.t.l.a rrg! th.t th 3olAbe gd l.chriqo. nay not b. f.$ibl. for micro.le.t.omech.nic.l iylrlmr (MEMS)eppli.atiotu,Shrn th.t l -ilft thi* film $ould and pyrolFis st.F. They pr.rcquirc r.pf.r.d spin-coatinSr p.r.d PZT 61fi3 bt sputtringftoft I <otnpo3ii. t.4et and found!ub3tr.t heating du.ing depGitionto be cruci.l to trane form ih. fillns into th. pcrowkitc ph.r. during lublequent to ann.lirg. A probl.m with th$e m|t d.ls relates thii rmp.r.ture leftitivity and aging (1033 piezoproperties)when of appro.(hin8the curie temperatu.e. propertit. la.hDg ccnral symfttry,alsodispl.Apiroelectric Likc traditional Diezometrials.PVD enrgy el.ctricalrespons electric.l!ign.l! to mech:nic.l to and plroelect.ic, rnotion. Thispier. polyrner also is c.p.bleofconvertingchan8es iemperature electrical in to output Gee below). pierofilm morepliant:nd crmp.red to quartz cemmics, and b inert, md low cost. light.r in weidt. In addition,it is rugged, provide snsing.olltion a for Thisngineering matrial could libr:tion s.nsors, snro(, Drtsirt irft.acceleration shock and and :coustic.nd lltra3onic r.d 3.n!ors,solid stateswitches, that th pakr.rrBibl. nr6s rnd 3cNors.h shouldbe Doted strain developed PVDF approritnatd 3 MP:.nd 0.1%, by The respectively. latr value!arer.thr 3rnalland.s for Pizoand lna8neto3ri<tivch.t.rirk (!. b.low) lectdc cerarnics nech.nic.l.fipfinls are rquiftd to produ. th. l.rg.r dfupl.c.m.rt3n.d.d for lhany.pplietion3. 200-fold A mechrnic.l arDpli6.tion k rcquir.d to mrk it3 pc.k 3n.in 3imil.r & tb.t of mcrnrn.lianmu3clc.7 Polcd,c.st, or ipun-on film3 of P\IDF c.n bc.mplo,,rd to int.grai. pi.zo.l.ctrics in.xp.niivcly into silicon micrcmachin.GluinSofcomrn.rci.l PVDF6lm with. urcthanc adh.siv. rLo r{ork. Kol.r.r.t rl.,{r for 6.rnpl., r.diz.d ! twodirnffional.l.cirjc. y mrhipl.r.d t.til. r.nror this sry. A 40-Fm thi.k PVDI film w.! glu.d onto.n E x E rrny of trrcl.l.ctrodcs (400x 400pm.h).l.cirica y coupl.d to a s.t of 64 MOSIETampli6cr3 locar.daroundth. p.riph.ry of lhis IT.BLE 9.r Cohp.ri$n of SoD.IDport DrPiccl.ctric M.t.rirl3

-/ was arr.v.Th. r$Don3c ofrh. tacril.Scnsor foundlo b linear.nd 1.35N. Crudcimagingof the for iords betncen0.00E spplird lo.ds.lso wasd.monur.tcd.Tabl. 9.3 sumrnarizes suchaninteresting sorne ofrhe physic.lproperti.sm.king P\aDF
Somtypi.rl pi.zo.lcctric mrt ri.ls arc comp.red in Table 9.4.To further improvethe rh.ch$icd pmpcrtiesof piczoclecpiezolectric compositamatarialssom.timcs are tdc sen3or6, of TAiLg 9.3 Tnic.l Prcp.rti.s Pi.lofilD-UtiGirlry

(lG.l00Ih)

Yo!nB'3t')odulu (lo! N/h:)
0.57 0_15 -30 1.78 -40 to l,l3o {5-ll3 ro 340 13
Pndkdric atrc$ @n5tot (loJ h/nQn:)
M$ d.nlity (l0r k8/hr) Ere.ldoM slt g. (v/ph) M.nolD oF!.ing voli8. (v/pn) Yidd.rMlrh (ldN/n:) P.tnniili9 OGr F/n) @ l0 kH, C.p.it na {p!/ch:) @ 10 rH! ELctreh.ch.ric.l oupli!8 f.aor ( l0 H,

{coupling er= 4 52

0.1 19!490 0.69-{,75

Pi.tdldri.

t nt (d(pclN)) 0.73{d,,) (dr,) 49,r-784

(d,,) 2.31 (d,) 80-593

2' (dJ')
-35 (d!) l2 (d,,) -88.7 (d!)

>MP (t50)

ZnO Sol8.l PZT

-t2 (d ,,) 22oG,,)

No,a D.r. @npiL.l from Rd.rnc., 32,34,.rd 35. poi.r. MP= m.lran8

,"*

t tlr piezoelecric proposed ,szzir ;'-r-.idr-tfr effectwas in :*' crys.al qranz is modehd a hetix 3.2 with sitic"". #irj as tA) (Fig. one I si altemating $e hetix. A quanz aroud "1 crystat 3'?'.itoT "ri "rr"gt"i"",lxl1l' 'r
opment of sonarA simplilied. yer quite exDlaDal
P of quanz g"n".r. unao.i"., 'riloTan' Professor LanSevin "r-cut ;sed plares to d qavts in warcr.
His work led lo &e devel-
;;:i;#fi :ffilnffiff :1,::l*^9;;,,;i;ffi;fi;I" ffi 1880' verv but littlepra:ticat was made undtrsrT *h.";rtl*;i;ilq]* use 3
f is builtalong,r," of y-r"r."'i'i#l'1"f]3to. or 2lc)' acharge oppiirepotariry *ii'""r,* i-ax,",ttsr8 a difrercnt detonnauon. sirnple mooet ittusrrites This uia;;J# #,::1lr gtY-"lopelectriccharge ils surface tn rcsponse a mechanical on ro "y d.fo-t::t A.sirnilar explanadon beapptied rhe pvroetecrric *il"ii'"ji1lT' ;v ro eted In the nerl secliotl of "n""i ois ctraprer.
tr rhe irysrj rrr*"rr"j
il:TJ#if,':[::il3":ilH:'r,'i:.'-'iir'-'"'l''il' charse alorls

: :Strric E y-aris.

condidoru whenexterna, r'., "'" rrGsmss atorig ;;;t*1 19rce. is apptied becones FiSure tB tr'"*r 3.2 deforned. T-99"d lattic rce wluch.shifts atornsin rnanneras a Dositive" "".i*i;"";::-*, a aryshl in sDcha cherop i. r-.:i.

*,*ffi

m{r'traolc

/fnt.Laani*cn jannily

FrcuFE Piezoeleclric 3.21. effectin a quartz

s;oV;;1"t 2

crystal.
S.albg Laws, Actuato|s, ancl Powet in Miniata]lzation

nr t-to

illech.nfurr
A limplifi.d modl of pi.zo.l.ctricity.nt.ilt th. notion (-) (+) of anions and cations movingin oppoiit dir.ctions und.r thc inllu.n. of an.l.ctric fi.ld or a rn.ch.nic.l force. Th. fo.c.s8.n.ratcdby thi! motioncaus.lattic.d.form.tion for tronc.rtro3ymm.tri. crFt k du. to th pr$.nc. of both high and low stiftr.ss ionic bon&. Th.ff.ct for qurrtz is illustratcdin Fi8ur. 9.7.If th. c.ll shorn h.r ir d.fonn.d.long positie. n.t.tiv. thi- or y-.ri3,th. O-ionir dLpiac.d,.nd or are charSs fotmed. As a r$ult,4 pi.zol.ctric rn.triel! are n.cssailyanisotropici cas.s c.tr:l sfmm.F/, an epplicd in of force doesnot yield an elcctricpol.riz:tion. By appllnS m.chaf,ical deformations pi.zo.l.ctric c.)'stals, to lcrric
dipol* !r. g.n.ret d.nd. pot.ntial ditrcr.nc. dcvdopsil'lrcn ch.nging thosc d.ch.nicrl d.formations.lt is important to r.m.mb. rh.t th. pot.nti.l.nd thc $socirt d curr.nB in pi.zocl.crdcmrcd.h.rc. functionofth. continuousltchanging m.ch.nic.l d.form.tion. Th.r.for, typicrl and practical u!! r.e in siturtionsinlolving dyn.ni. rtr.ins of.n oscillatory n:ture., Pie2o.l.ctricprop.rti.s.r. pr.s.nt in 20 of the 32 difir.nt c)st.llogr.phic point groups, dthouth on\. a fcw of rhem u3ed. rr. They.tefound.lsoin emorphous frro.Lctric materi.b. Of th. 20 c.ttt.llogr.phic cl.ss.s, only l0 displat pioperties, ferroeleataic piczo.l.dricity bas.d A moredet.il.dund.rst.ndingof is on piezo.lcctric.qu.tions dcacribing an und.rstrndingof th. the

---t-i'."-f--E

Silh.ll

YrJ,, A

(ru n ncl
FIGUR! 9.7 Pi.zo.l.ctri<ny in an ioric cr'stal such6 quanz.(A) Iod-iJosition qur!, latricceirh md {ithout lppli.d sr.ss.(B) Xl.m.nl cut in a.omquanz.r'stat und.r sras.

l I ftt

An 5.*.

14 lLt. s Va6

6.2 PIEZOELDCTRICSENSORS

.n.nc\

rato^elttl

pi c fSoS a hk oc ne n

,,i::A

lYvYYsonl"'

FIGURE 6.17 Frequency response a piezolectric for accelerometer displaying a (Gulton large resonance lackof dc response and Industries S. C. Division). hc. force is appliedto them, the only dampingsourcis the intrnalldcl'" I Ff
workat frequencies o.tiil",tJ Uttte *ot themateriat. we mustatways Thus
mechanical resonanlfrequency.Figure 6,17 showsthe frequencyresponse for a piezoelectric accelerometer. The gain al lhe rcsonanl frequency (35 kHz) is 20 times that in the 5-Hz lo 5-kHz band,'whereth frequcncy response flal within -+5%.ln ll2l a melhod is describedto imreas lhe is usfulrangeup to the resonantfrequency,11is basedon an electromecharF effoct, lhus ical feedbackthat relieson the reversibilityof the piezoelectric providingdamping10 the otherwiseundampd syslem. cofficientsare temperclure Another limitation is that the piezoelectric sensitive.Further, above the Curie lemperalureall materialslose their piproperties. ezoelectric That temperature diflerentfor eachmalerial,and in is in somecasesit is even lower than typical temperatures industrialenvironpropertiesare hygroscopic ments.Somematerialsthat displaypiezoeleclric and thereforeare inappropriate sensors, for. piezoelectric Output impedance for materialsis very high (smallcapacitance with a high leakageresistance). Therefore,in order to measurethe (Chapter we 7). signalgenerated, mustuseelectrometer chargeamplifiers or Somesensors amplifier,but this limits lhe temperature includean integrated of operationto the'rangeacceptable the electroniccomponents. for piezoelectric The first advantage of sensors their high sensitivity,usuis ally at a low cost. Second,their high mechanical stiffnessis desirable,as theyundersodeformations smallerthan 1 sm. This makesthem suitablefor

Picr.oresisliivisyys-itrhidn inrcgroiduisla lilitkli mkaanisten 3uunai(hn ant||rcjisr voidrrl hyirdyr$iirnyds Didcos[ht6isyys-ilrni-otii. ns vuonnaI t60 nnlkrtrirct g$ikoip:*iii.iL:i.ri:p.rr
flt| rniod kutsuiien pict3osithloisyydelci pii ei ole pier.oslhtroinen nirettuti, muruJitn ;;.]F";iii_ nerposd varmrslaa ohulkatvojaDitsosehkdisista ai.a:ste.siocrkiks; r it*i6tsilisr ZnOr. Valttiirhdon.lhto kiFcn piebosiihkdisyydlle ns. inversioslrDrEEian on ,uunurlil)cn, KurBsr 29 on cslEfty gnhl(atsen potarisaation s'.nryqllaiseqsa hrcasq!.SFiyv, 3ll*Oiia, varruscn suorr|n LMe nava'Elvat klteei s,ltxdisen potaltsoitutniren, kun 9itl j|nnlErdin rc*l|rjlasd,

+++++++

+++++++ JT.? picr3os{hkdhyFcn 3ynrykvsrikitccrsf SiO,. :

Kuva 29.

v.rnnrollinm vaikurrlvs3nvoimasnjr riippumaron kiE n Kirc.n sis{lg ja,ncnovarauru n.ur-rtisoirur csiinfoy rrirccn Flluudcalron-t"oririiiii Dolarissrtio rlin pinnoitta, p*a fi'#,u-". rcrlosl (O!t?tr!.lijotyy vair ricryn EansitiourDp0rilq dspiolcUa. Nykyisin $r;c;;-tli Tc 4m pielso3ihkdilt[ kidctrl Ertiicn kEi&n ofiinriluuk,ia on t ulukors&5Taulullo 5. Picrsoslhkdi.n kit.idcn ohjnaisuuksia.hransitiolfmpdrita Tc, p.ininiidttyr r, picr3o3thk6inc, kcrroin 4 omineisvastus ia o Yorngin moduli y. Kidc

Bafiq PbzTiq usol

550 l@ 350

>10.3 t0

l6 10.6

109 l 0l 0

Ui;{. 7 l L
TPtBo )AH L.5tNe AJ " IL l 4 r o
290 / DErEcToRs' TRTBoELECTRIC
coveredin a previous section.Tbe elecrode can be fabricatedin a form of a conductivesurfacewhich 1swell isolatedfrom the ground the between sufioundingobjectsand the elecfode An electricfield is established at whenever leastone of themcanieselectricchargesln otherwdrds,all distributed objectsare charged and the formedbetween electrode the environmental capaciiors conditions, by the staticor slow changingelecfic fields Under the no-occupancy rclatively the electric field in the electrodevicinity is either constantor changes slow. its lf a chargecarrier(a humanor an animal)changes position:movesaway or a the new chargecarying an object ente$ into the vicinity of the electrode: static electric field is disturbed.This resultsin a redisffibutionof chargesbetweenthe the includingthosewhich are formedbetween input electrcde couplingcapacitors, conditions on the atmospheric depends magnitude andtheiunoundings.The charge
and the natureof the objects. &i;l!!ll3nce. a personin drv rhenmade.clothes walkins alonc a cametcar es a--!0illi9!llrng!-!q9!ger c!ql8!l]lg!-3-I!!l!!ludel to these circuitcanbe adaPted sense the rain. An electronic wffiro-nr of be made capable converting it otherwords, can atliiliiFln Gfrablecharees

into electdcsignalsthat may be amplifiedand further the inducedvariablecharges can Thus, staticelectlicity,which is a naturallyoccurringphenomenon, Drocassed. -be altematingsignalsin the electroniccircuit to indicatethe utilized to generate
of movement objecrs. of lt motion detector. is comprised triboelectrjc Figure 6.9,{ showsa monopolar convertermade with a to a conductiveelectrodeconnected an analogimpedance C, MOS transistorOr a bias resistorRl an input capacitance a gain stage,and a the circuit may be shielded, window comparator While the restof the electronic [6]. Cr and to is electrode exposed the environment formsa couplingcapacitor with the surounding objects. along distributed by In FiE.6.9A, staticelectricityis exemplified positivecharges

*rt";

:kcttod.

\y. ( , ) > t tv

lhy,;". lotoJ?. s.r,,'

f "."

a A fl r.F '
moliondetector. lriboelectric 6.9. Monopolar FIGURE

tA l A

h ).i r i o +

bo t lL

Vi" lro n of,A',' "inrn

,' /o" i "

I f 7qei5h;v;syys

e l? m o a L ta

po]L!.tp;nl^al^

,i.\ 7

#= 24l^ /+ f\

i-a-->

---__-1/-

p--- t '[%i r)rni4 rr

l>.^K&

G^y -Lh-

.-^ -AD.+- A< /

u *at t_,

o" lo n vaL) o

A,'lu*in ho.V hy y s

tAaT:n1 I+ 2)

("r/i

^u".{os -

tmuo o(*n

treu1;

pfets o

re ri5fi';v/-
lo is snsitivityfor gages assumed be zero' describe r. If lhe transverse elemenlso that for an arrangemenl four gagesplaced in the sensing only verlical forces ar dlectedwhat is lhe maximal supplyvoltagesourceis available, b. If an adjusrable -(mV/kii for eactrof rhe gagetyps whosecharacterislics sensiriv"irv are given below? for c. What is the maximalweighrthat can be measured eachcase? O d. If a gageis picked up from a packageof five lhat showsa.120'00 if the i""iJrui"", what would the eror be in a worst case situation is oirr"i iiut'vv"t" u"ed to form a bridge where no balance adjustmenl for providedto compensato the gages'imbalance?
ConstaDtan Nichromv FNB-O&12 2.2 t20 a 1.5 lo.5 l.l8 l.7E 3.8 Dopod Silicon

Gage Maledal

l2 FAP-03Commcrcial name 2.t Gagefactor = 6.0 120a 3. (O) Nominalresistance witb in Tolerance eachPackage avemge l7o\ X\) - a 1.0 respeclto the l.7E Overalllength(mm) |.21 Overallwidth (mm) emf Thermoelectric with re4l (pVl'C) ro coPPr spect 40,0m (rrt) Maximal stmin currentor MaximalsuPPlY
PAL-05-120 + llo lm ! 1 2

l.E t.J

5000 250mIry
of $'ith a dc resistance 1500O at z(fc 4. A copperwinding ac tachometer with 0.004/'Cis to be usedin environments unOu Lmp"tatu.i coefficient tonp"ru,or", ranging from OpCto 40'C. To compensale for resistance placed variaibns wittr tempirature, a thermistorshunledby a resistoris havea thermistors winding.If the available in serieswith the tachometer a of 4000K, what shouldthe valuesbe for the thermistorresistancre-al I
resislor? and 20'C for theshunting

V if lg

:-'rr,- r.nnA fr^m ?noa tn 40'C is to he recorded using a
SENSoRS / FoRcEAND STRAIN

TABLE8.1. Mal al

stnin gauges Pfter [3]) ol somercsistance e factor
Nots TCRfC 1. -6 ) over Se is constant widerangEol strah 2160 -100 lo + 150 90,000
57'/. Cu-43Y.Ni alloys Platinum
260 Foruseunder "q temperature use. good Highsnsitivity, measure' slrain lor large tnents.

6l r"r

backing on gauge bonded elaslic strain 6.2. FICURE Wire
d a ucewi re 'wh il e t hew i remus tbee| ect r ic a lly is o la t e d f r o m t h ewire c o b je to be rhould matched lhato[ the of e\pansion thebacking of f;.-i""* ,r,.trnnr are mate-rials gauges most.common The strain to Uony,n"tut, t" used fabricate 100 "un nicbrome, resistances-varyJrom and advance, kirmc-Typica,l uf-foy, havelong should the "onrtun,on, ohmsTo possess goodsensitivity' sensor thousand to several sensitivity (Fig segments 8 2)' so thattransverse and longitudinal shorttransverse may The ofthelongiiudinal gauges be arranged ofpercent i, n?-oi",tton u connected."u.ot" *uy, to"ouple itrainsin differeniaxesTypically'they are in semiconductiv be -ony into wi"otrion" t tlagecircuits(Sec 4 7) It should noted'that interface Therefore' variations ,iroin guug", are quite.ensitiveto temperature networks compensating temperature mustcontain circuitsor ihe gauges
2.2 STRAIN C,\GES TAILE 2.2 TtpLd Chrr{t rtrll.| o{ l.f.td.rd S.|||kond||cror Strllr crF Parlmeter
Cgt. facto. R.listance, O R.sistancetoleranc Size, mm Mclll
Semicooductor 0.001 30mA. to 50to2m 1000 J000 to t%to2% i I toi I ,
0.1 to 40,0mp. 1.6to 2.3J 120,350,6m,.,J000 O.l%to 0.2% 0.4 to 150 Standard: to 6 I
A uhiqueapplication the piezoresistive of effectis the measurcmenl of (1.4 GPa lo 40 GPa)by meansof manganin gages. vry high pressrres (E4Va l2vo L4,n,4%Ni) which has a very low is Man8anin Cu, ^n ^lloy lenpenture coeffcint.lf a maaSanin is subjccted a pressure wire to frorn all directions, eihibits a comcient r.sista.ceof 2E0aO/O/kPa.its it of pressure. change resistance givinginformation ol thus aboutthe applied

nGURE 2.t DilTerent applicarions srraingages mcchanical of lo mcasurmcnrs (fromBLH Electronics,.

liu Vehv Dt d s L l a n

eia.l,' 3. pielsoreisl. a,nc
' K ) ;n n i4J. Bdk2 leirh

' ':.:

srr,ttN cecEs

t. 4ansL nal

/l'n'/;

johJ"hs

i sahki. ',,q 4
material;2 adhesive;3 strain gagei 4 solder terminals;5 solder;6 lead wires; 7 environmental barrier.
Pok-h;"A' , fu'oiu's'
to the backingmaterial.With this methodil is possible obtainthermaldeformationsof only 5 pel'C. In order to measurestrain gageresislance,we musi passan eleclric heating.Tb currentthrough it, and the resuhingpower dissipalioncauses if maximalcurent is 25 mA for metalgages the basematerialis a goodheat and 5 mA if it is a poor heatconductor conduclor(steel,copper,aluminurn) (plastic,wood). The permissiblepower increases with the gagarea and rangesfrom 770 mwlcm2 to 150 mW/cm2,dependingon the backing. In semiconductor strain gagesthe maximalpower dissipationis 250 mrd. at force appearing Another sourceof inlerferenceis the thermoelectric (Section6.1.1).Ifrhe gageis supplied tliejunction betweendissimilarmelals by a dc voltage,thesemay producea nel voltagewhich addslo the yollage by the dueto stnin. Thermoeleclric forcescan be detected reversing supply polarity: If they are present,the output vohagewill change. Thermoeleclric forcescan be avoidedby applyingthe intrinsic insensitivitymethod,selectwith ac voltage. ing appropriatematerials,filtering, or supplyingthe gages Strain gagesshouldideally be very small in order to measureslrain al a givenpoint. In practice,the dimensions finile, and we assume that the lf are I r"uru.bO "poinf is at the gagegeometriccenter. when vibrations ut" Uiit< measured, their wavelength must be longrthan the gage.If, for example,3. gage a usefullengthof5 mm and the measurement donein steelwhere - I -I is has f soundvelocity is approximately 5900m/s, lhen the frequency one wavefor lengthto equalone gagelengthis 5900m/s/0.005 = I MHz. To keep l07o m of the wavelength equal to the gagelength,we calculatethe maximalmea-

SENSORS GENERATINC

5eeb"&
k conductors. d this deP Further r^s whichis de for cachunit of( at temparature, (d) diffcr' a current or a potential in ffect a thermocouple: t[cURE 6.f S.eb.ck at twojunctions diffreortemperatures' (r) whn there ar. cnc appear a If from the.malto electdcenergy. the circuitis opened' ther' conveBion and on appears depends themelals that force(emf) electromotive moclcctric with afixedjunction pairof dilferent metals on thjlnclion temperatlresA whatis calleda lhermocouple. at a point or zoneconstitules in the between emf E^s and the dillerence temperatur! The relationship.t^s, junctionsI defines seebeck coefficient the both between
Thafactthat I to proportional t effect.In Joule curcnt and doe The Pehierel thusevenbi c&n reacha tempcta

"^ "=? "=s^ -r"
powerfor A thermoelectric lhe where.tA andSBare,respectiiely, absolute 7, usuallyincrcasint on but constanl depends is and B.tAB not in general that whilethe currentflowingin the circuit to with ?. It is important realize on not emfdos depend the resistiv' on depends conductors'resistance,'lhe orgradi' disldbution or sction, on temperaluae cross ity, on the conductors' bothjunctions between in only on thedifference tempe.ature eni. lt depcnds ellects' andThomson This emf is due lo tha Peltier and on the metals. it whodiscovered in C. to named honorJean A. Peltier The Pehierelfect, melals two difTerent or 1834. consis$of the heating coolint of ajunctionof 6.2).Whenthe current it whenan electdcclrrcnt f,owsthrough (seeFigure (liber_ so direction revrces, docsthe haatflow That is, if ajuction heats (absorbs andif it heat), it lhenwhenthc curent is rcversed cools atesheat), and is ThisefTect reversible it cools.thln wbenthecuftentis reversed heats. ofthe or namely'on the shape dimensions on docsnot depend the contact,
con in 1E4?-54, ductorwith a n( asshownin Fi8 an to its square, whenr sbsorbed whc is liberatcd hcatis absorbcd wha is liberated The heat flu) longitudinal ten flows,is

fet han

circuil onc nGUnE 6.2 Pcltic. cfrcct: wllln a currcnt flowsalonSa thcrmocouplc junctioocoolsandthc olhcr warms.

FICURE 6.3 TI1

tol n l rm oelem ent tie r a n s s i t
Liinpitiila. I Maksimi alle I poikke.m. I 0 + 3s 0C 05Cr ai04 % 5. er i ' ' a' 04 no ' ooo" , u. ' ; nnt r 0 I 300c : s c r a, 04% 40+ ] 000c 15. c la' 040/ 6 1l] + 750c
' iter m 0 e le m e n tti ty yr m oe a n nitperusarvot te p p i l n t een
l ivolt t e in a4 s t a f d a rdmu ka a ve rl a i la mp dti0"C I EC I n; u a
(Fe-CuNi)termoelementti ,i-tyypin
200 - 7.5,264 r2 1.9.r,5 a 096

4. 426

-rr 431
.1-| 115 a44.076 54.341 r 536 ftA5A t r 8. s 54. 29.642 35.431

-82r 2.492

l1 Sr6r 30 ?122

"c

2AA 400

0.507 5.1 1.21.496

I 2A 716 31,280 43.563 56.155
15217 26,272 31.933 37,893 50.621 56.753

7.659 4.2r5 + 90

4.725 14.222 15.771 26,329 32.513 38.510 44.452 51.249 57.349

54 943

(Cu-CuNi.)termoelemenlti f-tyypin c

I 236 1.1,3.0.343

6.007 1121

6.181 La19

-60 6.232 4.865 2.152

-70 -6258 - 5,069

l6 030
1 ir 6 62r r 244 11. 456 17. 217

6102 r1 7e 1 6

125J2 r8.420

r9 027

a 235 13?0? 19634

8 r 24.252

GF:NF,RATING SENSORS
it purposes hasbeen: Table6.2shov rables. are or tcmperatures C
Exrnple:-A'J-typetl olherat 45'C. What i /nsrr. In Table( andthe columncore
(Counesy FIGURtr6.4 Industrial rhrmocouple sheath with ofChauvinArnoux). (differen0: measurement junctjon:3.efcre junclion:4 barether. I conduclors 2 nce mocouple wirest5 insulated lhermocouple rvirsr exiension 6 teads. ofihe same wire as thatof lhe thermocouple: compensarion 7 leads. differe.rwire from ihal of the thermocouple wirhsmallemf:8 ptobei9prorecrion bul (exte.nal coverjng): l0shearh
Exrmple:A given Jgneratess-mv out a tion?.{rsx.r.' At 96'C ! in Thesensitivity tl 95.1'C.
thermoelectricpropertics,but up to now rhcy havefound Sreater application as cooling elements(Peltierelements)than as measurement thcrmocouples, Table 6.1 gives the charactcristicsfor some common thcrmocouDles and lheir ANSI desienation. Tlpe C and N arc not ANSI srandard\. The complcte characteristics relativc to oulpul voltagcarc tabulated,giving the output vohage correspondinglo different lcmperatureswhn the referenccjunctionis at 0'C. But this does not meanthal ajunclion placedat 0'G always gives a 0 V output for any thermocouplc.This procedureis nothirg more lhan a malter ofconvcnicnce arisingfrom thc fact lhat in order 1('measurcthc voltagegeneraled a.iunction,w cannotavoid introducing by anothcrjunction. Therforeit is morc convenientto speakofvoltage differncesbelweenjunclions at different temperalurs than considering voltthe age of a single junction for each given tempcrature. For slandardization
TABLE 6.1 Chirscledstic! of Some Colt'l||on Thernom||ols
Wheninterpreting of accuracy eachthe (s. t2.2'C or 0.75Va lhat means in the res bea2"c. Thisdoesnc increments inter and obtaina highresolut In a system includ mials that approrirna on their order.They

wherer is the measu

TABLE 6,2 Prn of lh l.om 0'C !o 10fC (FullRansc 13.6 31.0 75.0 50.0 56.0 51.8 18.7 16.0 26.0

0 IO 20 tJO EO 90 I00

ANSI Designalion B C E J K N R s T

Usual Composition

Raf,8e
Pr(6%)/rhodium-Pt(30%)hhodium 3E"to lE00"C w(57.)khenium-v1(26%ttrh.n;tn 0" to 2300'C Chromel-conslanlan 0' to 982'C lron-constantan 0' to 760'C Chromel-alumcl -lE4'to 1260'C Nicrosil(Ni/Cr/Si)-Nisil -270'to 1300'C (Ni/Si/Ms) Pl(13%)/rhodium-Pl 0' to lJ93'C (r to l5l8'C Pr00%)/fhodium-Pr Copper-conslanlan - 184'ro 400'C