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76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99.
Purchasing a pressure cooker for use rather than other cooking appliances [0.08:2]. 98 Buying / Installing electric induction hotplates [0.01:1].. 99 Buying and installing gas cooktops and oven rather than electric [0.5:3]. 100 Reducing the number of televisions in the house [0.5:1]... 101 Switching televisions off when not being watched [0.2:2].. 103 Using a radio for background noise rather than a television [0.2:2].. 104 Using timers on the television when watching in bed to go to sleep [0.4:1.5].. 105 Avoiding screensavers on computers and using the sleep option instead [0.10:3]. 106 Switching computers off overnight [0.34:2].... 107 Unplugging mobile phone chargers when not being used [0.05:4]... 108 Purchasing an energy efficient television [0.60:1].. 109 Switching microwaves off at the wall when theyre not being used [0.03:2].. 111 Switching the VCR or DVD player off at the wall when theyre not being used [0.05:2]. 112 Switching televisions off at the wall when theyre not being used [0.06:2].. 113 Turning off the computer monitor when leaving the room for a few minutes or more [0.05:1] 114 Buying a television with low standby power usage [0.08:1.5].. 116 Buying a computer with low stand by power usage [0.05:1]... 118 Buying a DVD or VCR with low stand by power usage [0.10:1.5].. 120 Purchasing a cathode ray tube television rather than plasma screen [1.9:1].. 122 Purchasing an LCD television rather than a plasma screen television [0.11:3].. 123 Purchasing and using a laptop rather than desktop [0.20:2]... 124 Purchasing an LCD monitor rather than a conventional monitor [0.10:4.5].. 125 Waiting for full loads of washing (to reduce both electricity and water usage) [0.12:3].. 126 Washing linen and clothes less frequently (if overwashing) [0.12:1].. 127
2.3 Reducing Electricity Consumption Entertainment Equipment (TV/VCR 3%). 101
2.4 Reducing Electricity Consumption Laundry Appliances and Bathroom (Clothes 2%). 126
100. Purchasing a water efficient washing machine [0.25:4]... 128 101. Choosing a clothes dryer with a dryness sensor [0.02:3]... 130 102. Spin drying clothes before putting them in a clothes dryer [0.10:4].. 131 103. Drying clothes partially on the clothes line before putting them in the dryer [0.08:2]. 132 104. If using the clothes dryer, drying several loads consecutively to use the residual heat in the machine [0:1]..... 133 105. Cleaning the filters on clothes dryers regularly [0.01:4]... 134 106. Using standard toothbrushes rather than electric ones [0.01:2].. 135 107. Using regular razors rather than electric shavers [0:1]... 136 108. Drying hair naturally rather than with a hairdryer [0.04:1].. 137 109. Avoiding using a heated towel rail to dry towels [0.20:4]... 138 110. Using iron on dry setting when possible [0.01:2]... 139 111. Ironing in larger batches to reduce heating up periods [0.01:1]... 140 112. Ironing delicate garments first while iron is heating up [0.01:3]... 141 113. Not ironing clothes, or other items [0.10:1].... 142 114. Emptying and replacing vacuum cleaner filter bags regularly for greater efficiency [0.01:4]. 143 115. Insulating the bathtub during construction [0.04:1]... 144 116. Insulating the bathtub as a retrofit [0.04:0.05]... 145 117. Taking a shower rather than a bath [0.050:2]... 146 118. Bucket bathing rather than showering [0.65:1]... 147

This behaviour may be affected by several factors. One such factor is that the contents of many fridges are highly variable, as food and drink is consumed and replaced. The addition and removal of bottles of water to compensate for this may make this behaviour cumbersome and will not save as much energy. For these reasons, the likelihood of this behaviour has been estimated as being low.
The Engineering Toolbox (b) (2005) Air properties, Available at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-properties-d_156.html, accessed 04 December 2008. 110 The Engineering Toolbox (b) (2005) Air properties, Available at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-properties-d_156.html, accessed 04 December 2008. 111 Australian Greenhouse Office (b)(2007) Global Warming Cool It - Appliances, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Australian Government. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/gwci/appliances.html, accessed 29 September 2008.

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31. Avoiding unnecessarily opening the fridge (considering what is wanted before the doors opened) [0:1] Impact [0]
This behaviour will reduce the number of times which the cooler air in the fridge can exit through the open door, and potentially also the amount of air which exits if the door is open for shorter periods of time. Assume that two litres of air exit the fridge each time the door is opened. The specific heat capacity of air at 25 degrees Celsius is 1.005kJ/kgK.112 Assuming that this two litres of cool air escapes each time the fridge door is opened (as an estimate, it will be assumed that this behaviour will reduce overall the number of times the fridge door is opened by half, and that prior to this behaviour, the fridge door was opened ten times a day allowing on average two litres of cool air to escape) and will need to be replaced with warm air cooled by the refrigerator (the density of air at room temperature is 1.205kg/m3, and at 3 degrees Celsius, around 1.293 kg/m3 , hence to replace the cooled air, 2.15 litres of warmer air will be needed.113 Prior to this behaviour, 0.57kJ per day (assuming the refrigerator is set to 3 degrees Celsius) would have been needed to replace this lost, cool air. Over a year, assuming this is constant, this would result in 208.7kJ, or 0.058kWh. Following this behaviour, the door will only be opened half the number of times, or perhaps for half the time. This would hence save 0.029kWh per year. This figure is very low in comparison to the yearly energy consumption of a household, thus this behaviour is assumed to have an impact of 0. Please note that there are many assumptions in this calculation, for instance that the whole two litres of air will escape each time the door is opened, that the ambient air temperature is 25 degrees Celsius year round, that the fridge door is opened ten times a day, and that the refrigerator is perfectly efficient and only requires as an input the actual amount of energy required to cool the warmer air. Likelihood [1]

Energy Rating (nd) Search and compare appliances, Energy Rating, Department of Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Available at: http://www.energyrating.gov.au/appsearch/default.asp, accessed 17 November 2008. 140 Pears, A. (2004) Energy Efficiency: Long Term Potential and an Approach to Incorporating Consideration of Energy Efficiency into Economic Modelling, Greenhouse Challenge for Energy: Appendices Report to the Victorian Department of Infrastructure and Department of Sustainability and Environment, The Allen Consulting Group. p139. 141 Electrolux, Susan (2008) personal communications, 28 November 2008. 142 Energy Rating (2007) The Energy Label, Australian Government. Available at: http://www.energyrating.gov.au/con3.html, accessed 10 November 2008. 143 Josh, from Harvey Norman, Brisbane City. Personal communications, 17 November 2008. Contact details available at: http://harveynorman.findnearest.com.au/findnearest.asp?OriginSuburbPostcode=HIGHGATE+HILL+QLD+4101&groupid=2017&ima ge.x=9&image.y=6&EnvironmentID=655&submittopage=locatorresult.asp&Log=1&sessionid=&originlocalityid=

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the most important factor when purchasing a refrigerator, ranking more highly than the price.144 Based on this information, it is estimated that there is a moderate likelihood that households will undertake this behaviour.

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43. Replacing an existing fridge with a more efficient model [0.55:1] Impacts [0.55]
It is estimated that refrigerators currently account for on average 14 percent145 of a households electricity consumption, which (assuming the average household uses 6,200kWh per year), would indicate that many fridges currently in use consume around 868kWh per year. A six star 123L fridge energy efficient fridge which is currently available uses 185kWh per annum. 146 Thus, replacing an existing model fridge could reduce the household electricity consumption by as much as 683kWh each year, or 11 percent of the total annual usage. The impact of this behaviour is calculated at 0.55. Likelihood [1]
This is a one off purchasing decision. It would be an expensive decision to replace a working fridge with a newer model, and this may be done for aesthetic or other reasons besides energy efficiency. It may also be done as part of a kitchen renovation if the allocated space for the new fridge will be a different size to the existing fridge, or if the colour or other attributes of the fridge do not suit the renovated dcor. Fridges may run for twenty years or more, and models of this age will consume considerably more electricity than currently available models.147 The price of a fridge is determined more by factors including its size, brand and additional features than efficiency148 hence price is considered to play a minimal role in terms of influencing the degree of energy efficiency in the fridge which is chosen to replace the existing one. Based on this information, it is assumed that this behaviour has a low to moderate likelihood. The expert review panel suggested that fridges are likely to only be replaced when the existing fridge fails. This behaviour was rated lower than was suggested here, and as a result the likelihood has been decreased to 1.

Some sources suggest lower amounts, such as the Australian Governments Your Home Technical Manual (available at: http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs61.html) while other sources, such as the Australian Governments Energy Rating site (available at: http://www.energyrating.gov.au/rfl.html) suggest that the fridge and freezer together use 20 percent of the average households electricity consumption. 146 Energy Rating Search and compare appliances, Energy Rating, Department of Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Available at: http://www.energyrating.gov.au/appsearch/default.asp, accessed 17 November 2008. 147 DEWHA (2008), Frequently Asked Questions, Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Available at: http://www.energyrating.gov.au/faq.html#rf, accessed 28 November 2008. 148 Personal communications with an Electrolux consultant, and with a Harvey Norman store assistant (November 2008).

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44. The purchase an appropriately sized fridge [0.1:3] Impacts [0.1]
This behaviour will reduce electricity consumption by reducing the excess refrigerator capacity, and/or minimising the use of second fridges. Energy efficiency ratings are per litre of storage, so a very efficient big fridge may use more power than a less efficient but much smaller fridge. A three star 160L fridge is estimated to consume around 440kWh per year, whereas a similarly rated 415L fridge would consume 620kWh each year and a 540L fridge around 750kWh.149 These figures are provided to give an indication only. Determining the actual amount of electricity saved by this behaviour depends on the efficiency of the fridge purchased and the size difference between the fridges in comparison. For the sake of providing metrics, it might be assumed a household purchases a 415L fridge rather than a 540L fridge. This would reduce their electricity consumption by 130kWh, or approximately 2 percent of the average yearly electricity consumption. Such a reduction would rate this behaviour at 0.1. It is noted in assessing the impact of this behaviour that there is an inherent assumption that fridges may be purchased with excess capacity, or that lifestyles (i.e. food purchasing and storing habits) can be adjusted to accommodate a smaller refrigerator. This behaviour also takes into account the possibility of a fridge which is undersized being purchased, in which case a second, (often older and less efficient) fridge may also being used which can cause greater electricity consumption. 150 As was noted in earlier behaviours, the expert panel suggested that fridge size and energy efficiency are not as highly correlated as might be thought, and hence it can be possible to buy a larger fridge which uses less energy than a smaller fridge. Given the information provided by the Australian Government, however (as noted above) the impact rating has not been adjusted. Likelihood [3]

Households which adopt this behaviour will be required to plan ahead such that several dishes are ready to be put into the oven at once. This may be limited by factors such as the availability of utensils and dishes, the required cooking temperature for dishes (where this may differ between each dish), the time at which each should come out (if they are required to be hot when eaten) and the layout of the oven (whether this will facilitate several dishes being in the oven at once). A fan forced oven will make cooking several dishes at once easier, as these circulate the air around the oven. Whilst this will save energy, this behaviour may be hindered by the inconvenience of having to prepare several dishes at once and utilise the same kitchen space to do so. The likelihood of this behaviour is considered to be low and has been rated at 1.
SEDO (2008) Cooking Energy Smart Homes, Sustainable Energy development Office, Government of Western Australia. Available at: http://www1.sedo.energy.wa.gov.au/pdf/cooking.pdf, accessed 03 November 2008. 181 SEDO (2008) Cooking Energy Smart Homes, Sustainable Energy development Office, Government of Western Australia. Available at: http://www1.sedo.energy.wa.gov.au/pdf/cooking.pdf, accessed 03 November 2008.

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58. Cleaning oven and stovetops to promote maximum heat reflection [0.01:4] Impact [0.01]
The sides and surfaces of an oven, as with some stovetops, can reflect the heat. If these become dirty, they will be less able to reflect the heat and will absorb more of it hence reducing the efficiency of the oven.182 No metrics have been found which suggest an amount by which this behaviour might increase the efficiency of the oven, and it is worth noting that this behaviour will only lower the electricity consumption of a household relative to the amount which they use the oven, and if their oven is an electric model. Hence, the impact of this behaviour is estimated to be very low, and has been set at 0.01. Likelihood [4]
Households may also clean their oven and stovetops for aesthetic appeal (particularly the stovetop, which is more visible), and to reduce the smell of burning food from spills and drips. Many ovens are now self cleaning, and use very high temperatures to burn spilt food off the inside. These may end up using more energy, if they are not done right after cooking when there is still residual heat in the oven. Self cleaning ovens tend to have the added advantage of better insulation, which can be necessary due to the high temperatures which are reached during the self cleaning cycle. Other ovens have a continuous clean design, in which the oven surface maintain the stain, preventing them from hardening, so that they can be more easily wiped off.183 The likelihood of this behaviour is hence estimated to be relatively high.

Bay Area Resource Council, (nd) PCs and energy consumption, Florida, USA. Available at: http://70.167.229.112/barc/thinkgreen/pc's%20and%20energy%2010-23-08.pdf, accessed 08 December 2008. 246 E3 Team (2007) Computers and Monitors, The case for minimum energy performance standards, Equipment Energy Efficiency Team, Energy Rating, Australian Government. Available at: http://www.energyrating.gov.au/library/pubs/2007-factsheet-computermonitor.pdf, accessed 14 November 2008.

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84. Switching computers off overnight [0.34:2] Impact [0.34]
Laboratory tests of PC computers running Microsoft Windows show that they use, on average, 42.7 watts in active mode. It will use around 3.1 watts in sleep mode, and 2.3 watts in hibernate mode. Similarly, when on, a flat screen monitor will use around 22 watts, and 3.3 watts in sleep.247 Other computer peripherals, such as a printer will use 8 watts on standby and a scanner will use 10 watts.248 Overall, one source estimated that a PC would use up to 35 watts in standby mode.249 Turning a computer off overnight will reduce this power consumption to zero (if turned off at the wall), providing a saving (assuming it is switched off for eight hours) of up to 102kWh a year. This is equivalent to approximately 1.6 percent of the average households annual electricity usage, hence the impact of this behaviour has been calculated to be 0.08. The expert review panel suggested that the impact of this behaviour could be higher, hence the impact has been adjusted upwards to 0.34. Likelihood [2]
This is a repetitive behaviour, which will need to be performed each night. Computers may be left on overnight for several reasons, including to take advantage of overnight download rates, for the convenience of not having to switch the computer on again the next morning and reopen programmes (this may take several minutes), out of habit or forgetfulness, or because the computer user believes this is better for the computer (this concept is now refuted by computer manufacturers.250 The likelihood of this behaviour is assumed to be moderate to low.
Bay Area Resource Council, (nd) PCs and energy consumption, Florida, USA. Available at: http://70.167.229.112/barc/thinkgreen/pc's%20and%20energy%2010-23-08.pdf, accessed 08 December 2008. 248 Moreland Energy Foundation (2003) A practical guide to minimize energy use in your home, Moreland City Council. Available at: http://www.mefl.com.au/documents/A_Practical_Assessment_Guide_To_Minimise_Energy_Use_In_Your_Home.pdf, accessed 20 October Scapicchio, M. (2005) Youve Got The Power (Management), Smart Computing, December 2005, Vol.16 Issue 12. Page(s) 3233 (in print issue), Available at: http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2F2005%2Fs1612%2F08s12%2F08s12.asp, accessed 25 November 2005. 250 Bay Area Resource Council, (nd) PCs and energy consumption, Florida, USA. Available at: http://70.167.229.112/barc/thinkgreen/pc's%20and%20energy%2010-23-08.pdf, accessed 08 December 2008.

NAEEEC (2001) Residential Standby Power Consumption in Australia, Prepared for the National Appliance and Equipment Energy Efficiency Program, Australia. Available at: http://energyrating.gov.au/library/pubs/standby-2001.pdf, accessed 08 December 2008. 337 http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002281/frame.htmlRobinson PG, Deacon SA, Deery C, Heanue M, Walmsley AD, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, and Shaw WC. (2007) Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, and Deery C, Heanue M, Deacon S, Robinson PG, Walmsley AD, Worthington H, Shaw W, Glenny AM. (2004) The effectiveness of manual versus powered toothbrushes for dental health: a systematic review. Journal of Dentistry. Volume 32, Issue 3, March, Pages 197-Choice (2004) Test: Electric Toothbrushes, Choice Magazine, Australia. Available at: http://www.choice.com.au/viewArticleAsOnePage.aspx?id=104438, accessed 08 December 2008.

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107. Impact
Using regular razors rather than electric shavers [0:1] [0]
Electric shavers use, on average, 5.8 watts when in operation and 0.6 watts on standby. In Australia, 34.2 percent of the population have these already. 339 Assuming that these would be used for 10 minutes a day, and remaining plugged in (on standby) for the rest of the time, this would result in approximately 5.6kWh a year. As a portion of the average yearly electricity consumption of households in Townsville, this represents 0.09 percent. The impact of this behaviour is consequently calculated as 0.004 and has been rounded down to zero. The expert review panel commented that the life cycle energy costs of using disposable razors may outweigh any savings made in the home, which should be considered if recommending this behaviour. Likelihood [1]
The use of electric shavers over regular razors may be determined by the time it takes to shave using each of the two methods, and the quality of the shave which is achieved using them. The likelihood of this behaviour is estimated to be governed by personal preferences rather than energy efficiency, hence has been rated as low.

This behaviour will reduce electricity consumption in the home by decreasing the amount of time for which an air conditioner is used. This behaviour has an inherent assumption that households currently do not switch off the air conditioner every time they leave a room or the house, and the impact of this behaviour is hence dependent upon the percentage of time for which the air conditioner is unnecessarily running. With no information regarding air conditioner usage patterns in Townsville, it is difficult to assess the impact of this behaviour. If it were assumed that for ten percent of the time for which air conditioners are used, no one is in that cooled space, then the energy saving would be between 50kWh and 69kWh a year. This is based on assumption that the average home in Queensland uses 2,709kWh a year to run their air conditioners.475 This behaviour could hence reduce the electricity consumption of the average Townsville household by between 0.8 and 1.1 percent, and the impact of this behaviour has been calculated to be an average of 0.05. The expert review panel noted that this behaviour in fact encompasses two issues: the need for zoning within a house to enable individual rooms to be air conditioned, and switching air conditioners off when a room or the whole house is vacated. The panel considered this behaviour to have a higher impact, hence the rating has been adjusted. Likelihood [2]
This behaviour is likely to be influenced by several factors. Whilst turning the air conditioner off when leaving the room will not affect the service provided by the air conditioner (i.e., temperature comfort during the heat of summer), it may inconvenience households by having to switch the appliance on and off repetitively. When the time for which the room will be vacated is short, this may be a large barrier to this behaviour. Some households may leave the air conditioner on to ensure that the room is cold when the return to it at a later stage, or there may be a perception that it is more energy efficient to maintain the temperature of the room than to allow it to warm, and then cool it again later. The likelihood of this behaviour is estimated to be low to moderate. This behaviour is made less likely, according the to expert review panel, by undersized air conditioners and thermally poor building designs which do not retain the conditioned air effectively. In such situations households are likely to leave air conditioners operating while theyre out so that the whole room will be cool upon their return. It was also noted that some energy retailers also encourage air conditioners to be left on during the middle of the day, as it can reduce the peak afternoon load while increasing their sales revenue.

Qld EPA (2008) Achieving early and affordable greenhouse gas reductions in Queensland - Strategies for voluntary household and lifestyle changes, Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland Government. Available at: http://www.climatechange.qld.gov.au/downloads/downloads/working_paper_1.pdf, accessed 20 October 2008

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Dressing appropriately to minimise the need for mechanical cooling [0.22:4.5] [0.22]
This behaviour will reduce energy consumption in the home by reducing the need for mechanical cooling. By dressing appropriately, households may enhance the ability of natural processes such as evaporation, convection and conduction to remove the heat from their bodies and reduce the sensation of being too warm. This behaviour has an inherent assumption that currently, individuals do not dress appropriately in summer and are as a result using mechanical forms of cooling to achieve comfort during hot weather. At temperatures of around 25 degrees Celsius, an air movement of between 0.5 and 1.0 meters per second will have a similar cooling effect to a room-temperature reduction of around 2 to 3 degrees.476 Heavy fabrics will trap body warmth to the body and reduce the effectiveness of the bodys natural cooling mechanisms. To assess the impact of this behaviour, several assumptions are necessary. It is assumed that households will limit the use of mechanical cooling proportional to how comfortable a change in clothing will make them feel. The Queensland EPA estimates that the average home in Queensland uses 2,709kWh a year to run their air conditioner.477 It is proposed that this behaviour may reduce the cooling demand (through the amount of time for which it is needed, and the load when it is) by around 10 percent. This would result in yearly savings of between 271kWh per year, reducing the electricity consumption of the average Townsville household by 4.4 percent. Thus, the impact of this behaviour has been calculated to be 0.22. Likelihood [4.5]
This behaviour is likely to be influenced by factors such as societal norms and expectations which may dictate a certain style of clothing. For instance, the employment or daily activities of some individuals require suits, long sleeves, long pants or protective clothing. Similarly, cultural expectations may require some individuals to cover their body or to wear heavier fabrics. This behaviour may also be influenced by individual preferences for a certain style of dress, and the type of clothes that they own. Given the warm, tropical climate in Townsville,478 it would be more likely that places of employment, as well as societal norms, would favour clothing which is suited to the climate. It is assumed that, even if households are expected to wear clothing which is inappropriate for the climate to school, work or other activities, that when in the home they would change into clothing which is more comfortable. It is proposed that this behaviour is hence highly likely.

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Avoiding the installation of an air conditioner [2.18:2] [2.18]
This behaviour will prevent an increase in household electricity consumption by eliminating the possibility that an air conditioner can be used, and may necessitate the use of other techniques such as passive design, windows, blinds and fans to create a living environment which is pleasant in the Townsville climate. Air conditioners use significant amounts of electricity. The Queensland EPA estimates that the average home in Queensland uses 2,709kWh a year to run their air conditioners513 (please note that this may underestimate the amount of electricity consumed by air conditioners in Townsville households, as the climate in Townsville is warmer than in many Queensland locations). This behaviour would hence prevent a household from increasing their electricity consumption by around 2,709kWh a year. This would reduce the annual electricity consumption of the average Townsville household by 43.7 percent, hence the impact of this behaviour has been calculated as 2.18. Please note that this behaviour will not reduce electricity consumption in the home, it will rather assist in preventing it from increasing. Secondly, the electricity savings quoted above do not take into account alternative methods of providing cooling or air movement, such as fans, which also have an associated electricity consumption, and the impact of this behaviour may be the net difference between the two, assuming that an air conditioner would replace such alternative appliances. Likelihood [2]
This behaviour is likely to be influenced by other factors, such as societal norms in which air conditioners are becoming increasingly common (Australia wide, air conditioner penetration has been increasing, from 34 percent in 1990 to 52 percent in 2004514). 53 percent of households in Townsville owned an air conditioner in 1995,515 and it is likely that this percentage has since increased. It is also likely to be influenced by the availability of architects and house designers with an understanding of passive solar design, community acceptance of the effectiveness of such design and the costs of air conditioners. The likelihood of this behaviour is hence estimated to be low to moderate. The expert review panel suggested firstly that the wording of this behaviour needs to be designed with some thought to avoid sending negative messages that may be associated with misery and cutting back. It was also noted that the affordability of air conditioners is now such that it is difficult to persuade homeowners not to install them.

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Only installing the required wattage for the use: use lower wattage light bulbs where possible [0.10:4] [0.10]
The impact of this behaviour depends upon the number of bulbs which are changed, and the amount that the lights are used. This behaviour assumes that some rooms are lit with higher wattage bulbs than are necessary for the tasks performed, however it is difficult to estimate the extent of this in the average household, and hence the impact of this behaviour. It is presumed, however, that where a lower light intensity is sufficient, such as perhaps in the bedroom or living room, it would also be desirable to provide mood lighting, as opposed to the higher luminescence typically required in, for example, the kitchen. It is hence suggested that there would be few rooms which are too brightly lit, and the impact of this behaviour is assumed to be relatively low. The impact has been estimated at 0.10. Likelihood [4]
This is a one off purchasing decision that can have a significant impact over the life of a bulb. The likelihood of this behaviour being adopted depends upon consumers being aware that lower wattage bulbs will reduce electricity consumption but provide sufficient light, and these bulbs being stocked in stores where light bulbs are purchased. Given that lower intensity lights can provide a different mood of lighting, it is assumed that this may be a desired feature of lights in certain rooms. Thus, the likelihood of this behaviour is assumed to be moderate to high. Members of the expert review panel commented alternatively that people do not know how much light they need, and that most people probably do this behaviour already.

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Using reflectors to direct the light where it is needed to minimize additional wattage [0.24:2] [0.24]
Reflectors can reduce the electricity consumption of a households lighting by enabling the use of lower wattage bulbs to provide equivalent luminescence. This is particularly relevant for high energy consuming bulbs such as halogen lights. 30W and 35W halogen bulbs can replace 50W ones, and with reflectors the light received can be equivalent.610 On a set of six halogen bulbs, this behaviour would save between 60W and 90W.611 The impact overall will depend on how many lights are replaced with lower wattage bulbs, and the amount which these are used. If a house is assumed to have twenty downlights, which are used four hours each day, then this behaviour would reduce the yearly electricity consumption of the household by between 292kWh and 438kWh each year, or by between 4.7 and 7 percent. The impact of this behaviour has been calculated to be, based on these assumptions, between 0.24 and 0.35 and has been taken as 0.24 to reflect the uncertainty of the assumptions made. Likelihood [2]
This behaviour is a one off purchasing decision when bulbs are being replaced. It would require the purchase of reflectors, which are not available at general hardware stores. It is a relatively complex process, as the reflector needs to be fitted into the recess where the bulb normally sits, and has to be held there while the light is installed. It is likely that by having the bulb sit less snugly in the recess, dust will accumulate on the reflector and actually reduce the luminescence. Halogen lights already have a reflective coating inside the bulb, and whilst reflectors can direct light at 30 or 60 degree angles, this might not be a lot more specific than the halogen light originally was. A consultant at Home Hardware estimates that this process may achieve an equivalent luminescence to a 45W bulb. The reflectors would generally cost more than the bulbs themselves (halogen bulbs cost around $2.95 for a 50W bulb, not significantly less for a 30W or 35W bulb).612 The likelihood of this behaviour, based on these considerations, is estimated to be moderately low. The expert review panel noted that there isnt a large residential market for these products, which can make it harder to source the reflectors.

NGPAP (2008) Green Power Status Report, Quarter 2, 1 April 30 June 2008, National GreenPower Accreditation Program, Australia. Available at: http://www.greenpower.gov.au/admin/file/content13/c6/Quarterly_Report_Q2_2008.pdf, accessed 28 October 2008. 646 ABS (2008) Environmental Issues Energy Use and Conservation, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government. Available at: http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/39433889d406eeb9ca2570610019e9a5/E95A38518401BD24CA25750E00108119?opendocum ent, accessed 02 December 2008. 647 Greenpower (2008) Providers in Queensland, Australia. Available at: http://greenpower.gov.au/home-qld.aspx, accessed 21 November 2008. 648 TCC (2006) Townsville, Have Your Say Sustainability and Sustainable Cities Questionnaire: Report on Results, Townsville City Council, Australia.

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2008) were interested in purchasing all or some of their electricity from renewable sources.649 This contradicts somewhat a more recent survey (November 2008) which showed that consumers preferred saving electricity (using less) to paying for an option which might allow them to continue with current behaviours whilst having less of an impact on climate change,650 although the specific question of purchasing renewable energy, or green power, was not asked. In the same survey, one third of respondents indicated that they would be very dissatisfied with paying more than 10 percent more for their energy, and 22 percent indicated that they would be very satisfied with this. The likelihood of this behaviour is assumed to be moderate. The expert review panel noted that there may be issues with this behaviour if or when the a carbon trading scheme is introduced, as some of the proposed models would effectively negate the impact of households purchasing Green Power, and this may make the behaviour less likely. The panel suggested a lower likelihood for this behaviour, and the rating has been adjusted.

649 650

Wimberly, J. (2008) Banking the Green: Incentives for EE and renewable, EcoPinion, Issue 4, August, EcoAlign. Wimberly, J. (2008) Climate Change and Consumers: The Challenge Ahead, EcoPinion, Issue 5, November, EcoAlign.

Ryan, P. & Pavia, M. (2008) 6.10 Home Automation, Your Home Technical Manual, Commonwealth of Australia. Available at: http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs610.html, accessed 16 December 2008. 667 Allen, C. (2007) Home Automation Market is Set to Double, California Green Solutions, USA. Available at: http://www.californiagreensolutions.com/cgi-bin/gt/tpl.h,content=807, accessed 16 December 2008. 668 Ryan, P. & Pavia, M. (2008) 6.10 Home Automation, Your Home Technical Manual, Commonwealth of Australia. Available at: http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs610.html, accessed 16 December 2008.

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Considering the location of hot water using fixtures when designing and building a home [0.10:1.7] [0.10]
Water-using fixtures such as in the laundry, bathrooms and kitchen should be as close together as possible to reduce the length of piping to each of them, and consequently the amount of hot water lost in the pipes. The impact is proportional to the volume of the pipes, type of water heater and amount of hot water being used (particularly in short bursts). Around 30 percent of the electricity used to heat water is lost through losses in the tank and pipes669 and it is estimated that losses in the pipes are responsible for half of this. This behaviour may be able to reduce pipe length and energy losses by an assumed 40 percent, or 69 percent of the total energy consumption of an electric storage hot water system (estimated to use on average 2,100kWh per year). This would result in yearly electricity savings of 126kWh, or 2 percent of the total annual household consumption. The impact of this behaviour is thus estimated to be 0.10. Likelihood [1.7]
This behaviour is noted in several energy efficiency guides published in Australia.670 The decision of where to locate wet areas within a home will most likely have other influences also, such as if ensuite bathrooms are desired, and the preferred layout of the rooms within the house. The likelihood of this behaviour based on these considerations is estimated to be moderate. The expert review panel suggested a lower likelihood, hence it has been adjusted.

2/5 - 1

1 min ??

binoculars

Castner/CUFOS) Sept. 17, 1947. Ft. Richardson, Alaska (6115 N, 14941 W). [Army officer saw a 2-3 ft silver sphere traveling S at tremendous speed below the 10,000 ft cloud cover.] (McDonald list; Mary Castner/CUFOS) Oct. 1947. Dodgeville, Wisc. 11 [a.m.?]. Unnamed civilian man saw an undescribed object fly counterclockwise circles. (Berliner) Oct. 8/9, 1947. Las Vegas, Nevada (36.17 N, 115.17 W). [AAF reserve Capt. Moore saw an object traveling at 700 mph leave an almost white smoke/vapor trail and change direction from SE to W.] (McDonald list; FOIA; FUFOR Index) Oct. 14 [12?], 1947. 11 miles NNE of Cave Creek, Ariz. 12 noon (MDT). Ex-AAF fighter pilot J. L. Clark, civilian pilot Anderson, third man saw 3-foot flying wing, black against the white clouds and red against the blue sky, flying straight at an estimated 380 m.p.h., at 8,000-10,000 ft, from NW to SE. (Berliner) Oct. 20, 1947. Xenia, Ohio (39.69 N, 83.94 W). 11 a.m. Atkinson saw a round 1 ft object at 1,500 ft heading SW on a straight course. (McDonald list; FOIA; Mary Castner/CUFOS) Oct. 20, 1947. Dayton, Ohio (39.75 N, 84.18 W). 1:20 p.m. Farmer Britton saw 2 cigar-shaped objects reflecting brilliant sunlight traveling W to E on a straight course at high speed about 1 mile height in trail formation about a city block apart emitting a slight vapor trail, disappearing suddenly. (McDonald list; FOIA; Mary Castner/CUFOS) Nov. 2, 1947. Anderson Rd., Houston, Texas (29.76 N, 95.36 W). Daybreak. Immigration Service [agent?] Brimberry saw an almost round or oval or saucer-shaped object with bright light [?] about 100 ft [?] diameter spinning in its descent. (McDonald list; FOIA; FUFOR Index) Nov. 12, 1947. 40 miles N [S?] of Cape Blanco, Oregon, 20 miles off coast. Early morning. USS Ticonderoga USN 2nd Officer Williamson saw 2 balls of fire with a fiery trail headed NW at 700-900 mph. [Probable meteors.] (McDonald list; FOIA; FUFOR Index) Dec. 30, 1947. 1 mile W of Pilot Hill, Calif. (at 3850 N, W). 7:25 p.m. (PST). Crew of McClellan Field C-47 saw a high speed low altitude object trailing red, green and other colored flames headed E over hills. At 7:58 the crew found a growing ground fire about 7 miles E of Pilot Hill, at 3850 N, 12053 W, another C-47 crew sent to investigate found a triangular fire area with 2 points emitting bright blue-green flames, going out at 9:55 p.m. (FOIA) Dec. 30, 1947. Sawtooth Nat. Forest, Idaho (at 42 9.3 N, 11422.2 W). 7:26 p.m. (PST). Pilot AAF Lt. Col. W. W. Jones, Hq EPW [Enemy Prisoners of War?], and copilot Major A. A. Andrae, flying a C-54 from Great Falls to Fairfield-Suisun Field at 13,000 ft saw a high

5-10 secs + ? + 6-7 secs

3-6 secs

[10-30 secs?]

90. 91.

96. 97. 98. 99.

(McDonald list) July 24, 1948. Altoona, Penna. Griebel. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) July 24, 1948. 20 miles SW of Montgomery, Alabama (at 32.2 N, 86.6 W). 2:45 a.m. (EDT?). Chiles-Whitted case. Possible meteor fireball. (Battelle Unknown No. 5) July 26, 1948. Chamblee (near Atlanta), Georgia. 8:45-9 p.m. 5-15 (?) students outdoors at Georgia Tech at Chamblee saw a green light with a silver tail about the size of a football [at arms length??] in steady flight to the SE slowly descending as if for a landing, completely silent. At 9 p.m. Atlanta Naval Air Base tower observer saw a blue-white ovject in horizontal level flight at high altitude travel from NE to SE in a few seconds then gain altitude and suddenly turn to the S, completely noiseless. Independent witnesses include City Editor of Atlanta Chronicle newspaper and 9 others. (FOIA) July 29, 1948. Indianapolis, Indiana (39.76 N, 86.15 W). 9:18 [9:55] a.m. James Toney and Robert Huggins, both employees of a rug cleaning firm in a truck headed W, saw a shiny propeller-shaped aluminum object, with 10-12 small cups protruding from either blade, 6-8 ft long, 1.5-2 (or 1-2) ft wide, above trees about 30 ft altitude to the NW about 300 ft away heading S about 170 approaching to about 100 ft at closest. Object glided across the road at 25-30 mph in a slight descent then made a 20 bank to the E, went down in a wooded area; witnesses stopped truck got out to look but object disappeared behind trees; later search found no traces. No sound or trail. (Battelle Unknown No. 1; Valle Magonia 65) July 31, 1948. S central Indianapolis, Indiana. 8:25 a.m. Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Swigert saw a cym bal-shaped or domed disc object or rounded coolie hat to the W, about 20 ft across, 6-8 ft thick, 3:1 ratio noted, white without any shine but shadowing on upper right (sun from the left or E), fly straight and level from horizon to horizon W to E heading 90, first through window facing W then window facing S, altitude estimated at 2,000 ft covering distance of 5 miles (1,800 mph? distance 2 miles? elevation 10?), shimmering in the sun as if spinning. No sound or trail. (Battelle Unknown No. 8; FOIA) July 31, 1948. Near Marion, Virginia (36.81 N, 81.52 W). Shortly after sunset. Max Abbott, flying a Bellanca Cruisair four-passenger private airplane, saw a single bright white light [take off?] accelerate [to 300 mp h?] and turn up a valley. (Berliner; cf. Project 1947) Aug. 2, 1948. Columbus, Ohio (39.98 N, 82.99 W). Saunders. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Aug. 3, 1948. Moscow, USSR (5545 N, 3742 E). (McDonald list) Aug. 4, 1948. North Powder, Oregon. (McDonald list) Aug. 11, 1948. Near Hamel, Minn. Bet. 12 and 12:15 p.m. (CDT). 2 Leuer boys playing outside saw a round,

27 mins

1/6 1/9 (0.060.08)

binoculars; oculist

marine sextant

116. 117. 118.

Ships observer aboard SS Gulfport Keme [?] saw a bright nearly moon-shaped object with distinct bright center about 1/4 moons angular size at 350 azimuth (nearly N) 4018 elevation heading SE becoming darker with nightfall, at 5:30 p.m. at 358 azimuth 4341 elevation, [passing near the North Celestial Pole by about 10], at 5:54 at 50 azimuth (nearly NE) 575 elevation. (FOIA) Oct. 16, 1948. 1 mile S, 8 [5?] miles E of Sterling, Utah. 11:45 a.m. Airplane mechanic and used car dealer Mr. Nash on a hunting trip on a mountain at 9,000 ft MSL heard a fluttering, throbbing or purring noise and saw a flattened football or lozenge shaped black object with wide silver longitudinal stripe 9 x 6 x 3 inches, with blunted opening in the rear but no exhaust, pass < 500 ft overhead on a NNW path at 300 mph. (FOIA) Oct. 17, 1948. Crescent City, Calif. (41.75 N, 124.20 W). 8:10 a.m. [4:10 p.m.?] (PST). Blimp -like object much too fast and maneuverable for a blimp. [Siler, Haley and 2 other witnesses saw bright silvery oval object heading SE at 6,000+ ft altitude moving faster than an aircarft.] (FOIA; FUFOR Index) Oct. 18, 1948. Pacific Heights, Oahu, Hawaii (21.31 N, 157.87 W). 5:05 p.m. (AHST). USAF rated pilot Major Robert C. Drum, wife and daughter, saw a round or elliptical bright silver object 10-15 ft in size [or 4-5 inches at arms length??] about 10,000-14,000 ft altitude heading NE on a steady course horizontal to the ground about 200 mph, no tra il or sound, no markings of any kind seen, observed intermittently for up to 10 secs at a time [due to cumulus clouds?]. (FOIA) Oct. 24, 1948. 10 miles SW of Junction City, Kansas. Huber. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Oct. 24, 1948. Phoenix, Ariz. (33.45 N, 112.05 W). Peterson. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Oct. 24, 1948. 4 miles SE of Moorhead, Minn. 5:45 p.m. Mr. Sanders and his wife while driving NW on Hwy 52 towards Moorhead and Fargo (46.88 N, 96.78 W) saw a brilliant golden-white round object suddenly appear as if a light switched on, about 3 miles away to the NE at 1,000 ft altitude in a gradual climb traveling at high speed, estimated 600-1,000 mph, heading W towards Moorhead, no trail or sound, about 1/2 full moon angular size [moon and sun both below the horizon]. When they reached the N of Moorhead the object, which was slightly to the left of directly ahead, suddenly made a right turn to the N then 1 sec later disappeared by suddenly switching off. (FOIA; McDonald list; FUFOR Index ) Oct. 29 [27?], 1948. Goose Bay AFB, Labrador, Canada (53.33 N, 60.41 W). On this date or succeeding dates Oct. 31, and Nov. 1, 1948, slow-moving unidentified targets were tracked at low altitude. On one date 2 targets were on a collision course S of base and were radioed a warning, the targets then veered off. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index; Ruppelt manuscript)

2.1-2.3 secs

1/7 (0.08)
Lincoln LaPaz; triangulatio n

30 secs

1 (group)

2.5-3 mins

2/5 + 1
his shop to get binoculars the object disappeared. No sound or trail. Witness Smith in Tillamook (at 4526?4 N, 12348xx W) saw for about 1 min the polished silver saucer-shaped object reflecting sunlight nearly overhead at 45 elevation stationary at first about 1,000-2,000 ft altitude, angular size of full moon (0.5), then moving NE at about 30-50 mph, for about 1 min. (FOIA; FUFOR Index) Jan. 24, 1949. About 250 miles SW of Bermuda Island, Atlantic (at 2930 N, 6729 W). 12 midnight. USAF crew of B-29 bomber saw a red glow on the ocean 1 mile in size emitting beams of light. (Project 1947) Jan. 27, 1949. Cortez-Bradenton, Florida. 10:20 p.m. Capt. Sames [Sannes?], Acting Chief of the Aircraft Branch, Eglin AFB, and wife saw a cigar-shaped object as long as 2 Pullman cars, with 7 lighted square windows and throwing sparks, descend then climb with a bouncing motion at about 400 mph. (Berliner; FUFOR Index) Jan. 30, 1949. Near Amarillo (at 3450 N, 1045 W) to near Lamesa (at 3248 N, 10222 W), Texas. 5:54 p.m. (MST). Thousands of witnesses over several states saw spectacular green fireball, N-S trajectory triangulated by Dr. Lincoln LaPaz as 12 mile altitude over Amarillo area descending slightly on nearly horizontal 143-mile path to near Lamesa disappearing about 8 miles altitude. No noise except slight hissing. 100+ witnesses interviewed. (Sparks; FOIA) Feb. 17, 1949. Grants [Sandia Base, Albuquerque?], New Mexico. 6 ? p.m. [Mitchell ? and others] saw oval white light moving S in vertical climb then leveled off, then a gradual ascent. (FOIA; FUFOR Index) Feb. 23, 1949. Sandberg Pass 40 miles S of Bakersfield, Calif. 10:30 p.m. USAF pilot of T-11 with 703rd Air Reserve Division saw a sausage-shaped object circle the plane in 360 and 180 turns. (Project 1947) Feb. 27, 1949. Los Alamos, New Mexico (35.89 N, 106.31 W). 7:05 p.m. Green-white fireball seen in horizontal flight from W to E. (FOIA) March 2, 1949. Los Alamos, New Mexico (35.89 N, 106.31 W). 12:10 a.m. Sewald saw high speed light in horizontal flight low in the sky N to S. (FOIA; FUFOR Index) March 6, 1949. Killeen Base, Camp Hood, Texas (N, 974940 W). 9 p.m. Army Sgt. Hubert Vickery and PFC John Ransom on patrol at the AFSWP (Armed Forces Special Weapons Project) nuclear weapons storage site saw a blue-white oblong object about 2 ft x 1 ft in size travel S from 286 to 279 azimuth elevation 545. Other sightings by Army patrols from 8:30 p.m. to 2 a.m. (FOIA) March 8, 1949. Killeen Base, Camp Hood, Texas. 2 a.m. Army infantrymen in separate locations 1/2 mile apart sight different lights, one white seen by Payne, the other, by Cpl. Luke Sims, was of a yellowish red light in level

2+ ? 40 secs 1

5-10 mins

280. 281. 282. 864

287. 288.
(Berliner) Dec. 6, 1950. Ft. Myers, Florida (26.64 N, 81.87 W). 5 p.m. Former aircraft purchasing agent Harry Lamp and 4 boys, using 10x binoculars saw a 75 ft object, 3-4 ft thick, bubble on top, silver with a red rim having two white and two orange jets along it and a center that revolved when the object hovered. Object flew away at very high speed. (Berliner) Dec. 11 [18?], 1950. 10 miles NW of Gulkana, Alaska. 10:13 p.m. Crew of Northwest Air Lines flight 802 [and military ?] saw 2 white flashes, followed by a dark cloud which rose and split in 2. (Berliner) Dec. 18, 1950. Oak Ridge, Tenn. (36.05 N, 84.20 W). Calkins. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Dec. 27, 1950. Lakehurst, New Jersey (40.01 N, 74.31 W). Folean. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Jan. 8, 1951. S of Ft. Worth, Texas (32.75 N, 97.32 W). 10:45 p.m. Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Boggus, plus unidentified drivers and passengers in other cars stopped to watch 2 stationary groups of red and green lights in triangular formations which then moved. (Berliner; FUFOR Index) Jan. 12, 1951. Fort Benning, Georgia. 10 (11:01?) p.m. U.S. Army 2nd Lt. A. C. Hale saw a light with a fanshaped wake remain motionless like a star then speed away. (Berliner; FUFOR Index) Jan. 14, 1951. Jolon [S of King City or near Salinas?], Calif. 11:40 a.m. Private pilot Rosenburg of Navion 4582K saw 3 rectangular objects with flat tops. (Project 1947; FUFOR Index) Jan. 14, 1951. Big Bear Lake, Calif. (3415 N, 11653 W). 12:38 p.m. Private pilot Hillman flying with 3 passengers saw 150 ft circular object at 30,000 ft. (Project 1947; FUFOR Index) Jan. 20, 1951. Sioux City, Iowa. 9:20-9:26 p.m. (CST). Capt. Lawrence W. Vinther, copilot James F. Bachmeier, passengers AF Colonel and aide, and CAA tower controller John M. Williams. At 9:20 the 2 CAA tower controllers sighted light in the W [NW?]. After Vinthers Mid-Continent Airlines DC-3 took off he was asked by the tower to look for light, then while still in a climbing 360 turn at about 1,000 ft they spotted object to the NNW at about 8,000 ft and 4 miles away that looked like a B-29 fuselage with wings but no engines, which blinked some lights like running lights. Object came at the DC-3, flew across the nose within 200 ft, they had to turn their heads to follow it then suddenly found it instantly appeared on the other side again, paralleled them for 2-3 secs, then flew under them and disappeared in 2-3 secs to the NW. (Battelle Unknown No. 3; cf. NARCAP) Jan. 21, 1951. Oak Ridge, Tenn. (36.06 N, 84.20 W). 6:20 p.m. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Jan. 22, 1951. 50 miles SE [ESE?] of Holloman AFB, New Mexico. 10 a.m. (EST [sic; PST?] 11 ? a.m.). Pilots Capt. Ernest W. Spradley of Aerial Photo Lab and Capt.

6 mins + [3 mins?]

3-5 mins

1/20 1/10

289. 290.
James E. Cocker of All-Weather Flying Division both AMC, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, a General Mills Aeronautical lab project engineer Mr. McAleese [sp?] and an airman, were flying in a C-47 heading E [ESE?] at about 10,000-12,000 ft and tracking a Project GOPHER plastic balloon at about 50,000-70,000 ft when they saw a bright star-like object seemingly next to the pear-shaped balloon or above and to the side. As they approached and flew under the balloon they noticed the object descend to the balloons level and grow larger in apparent size until about 1/4 to 1/2 the 70 ft balloon, when it appeared to be round and flat like a dime, milky white or silvery in color with a clear outline. Cocker and McAleese left the cockpit, went to the astrodome to observe the object. After 3 mins they saw the object separate from the balloon and head W at high speed, after about 1 min it emitted a series of 3 bright flashes like photo flashes at 1 sec intervals and disappeared from sight. (Jan Aldrich; FUFOR Index) Jan. 24, 1951. Westover AFB, Mass. 10:45 a.m. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Jan. 26, 1951. Sea of Japan off coast of South Korea (at 3640 N, 13050 E). 2:05 p.m. Radar tracking of unidentified target at 3,000 knots (3,500 mph). (Jan Aldrich; FUFOR Index ) Feb. 1 [2?], 1951. Johnson AFB, Japan. 5:10 p.m. [?] Pilot and radar operator of F-82 night fighter saw an amber light make 3-turns to the right, reverse towards the F-82 then climb out of sight. (Berliner) Feb. 15, 1951. Sea of Japan off coast of South Korea (at 3830 N, E). Early afternoon. Radar tracking of unidentified target at 12,000-14,000 mph. (Jan Aldrich) Feb. 19, 1951. Near Mt. Kilimanjaro, Kenya. 7:20 a.m. East African Airways Lodestar crew and several passengers saw stationary silvery elongated object. (Project 1947; FUFOR Index) Feb. 19, 1951. Rodeo, New Mexico. USAF? C-54 pilot saw a green flare [fireball?] pass his plane. (Project 1947; FUFOR Index ) Feb. 21 [26?], 1951. Durban, South Africa (2953 S, E). 4:55 a.m. 3 men in a truck and several other persons, none named, saw a dark red, torpedo-shaped object with darker center, fly straight and level. (Berliner; FUFOR Index) Feb. 26 [25?], 1951. Ladd AFB, Alaska. 7:10 a.m. USAF Sgt. J. B. Sells saw a dull grey, metallic object, about 120 ft long 10-12 ft thick, hover, puff smoke and speed away. (Berliner) March 9, 1951. About 20 miles SE of Tsushima Island, Japan (at N, 12931 E). 2:25 p.m. Radar tracking of unidentified target at 3,350 mph. (Jan Aldrich) March 10, 1951. Chinnampo, Korea. 9:51 a.m. Crew of USAF B-29 bomber, including scanners and tail gunner, saw a large red-yellow glow burst and become blue-white.

15+ mins

1 hr 35 mins

RV, radar jamming

flights from Goose to Resolute while still over Labrador the next day detected carrier wave signals at several frequencies and some radar-like pulses at other frequencies, all below 1,000 MHz. (Jan Aldrich; cf. Hynek UFO Exp ch. 7, case RV-11) Sept. 18, 1951. ADC radar sites P-34 (Empire AFS, Mich.), P-31 (Elkhorn AFS, Wisc.), P-69 (Finland AFS, Minn.) 4:35-5:31, 7:10 a.m. USAF CPS-6B and CPS-5 radar tracks of 6,000 mph (intermittent?) targets. (McDonald files; Jan Aldrich; Grudge Rpt 1; FUFOR Index) Sept. 23, 1951. About 30 miles W of Long Beach Airport to Camp Pendleton, and March AFB, Calif. 7-9:25 a.m. (PDT). 2 F-86 jet interceptors were scrambled from George AFB, near Victorville, Calif., then vectored by air defense GCI radar to [a target?] at 3350 N, 11840 W (off the coast about 30 miles W of Long Beach Airport), where the jets circled and headed E toward Long Beach when an object was seen at 12 oclock high position at 7:55 a.m. in a left orbit at about 50,000 ft above the F86s, appearing to be a bright silvery aircraft with highly swept back 45 wings; [the F-86s tried to climb to intercept the object but it climbed away in response]. Another 2 F-86s were scrambled from George AFB at about 8:00 as the first 2 were running low on fuel and were released to return at 8:10-15 when the 2nd flight arrived. The 2nd pair of F-86s was vectored by GCI radar to 3320 N, 11730 W (Camp Pendleton), arrived there at 8:10 at 43,000 ft [and circled?], spotted the object at 1 oclock high back to the N toward Muroc/Edwards AFB appearing at about 50,000-55,000 ft in a controlled orbit right and left, appearing as a swept wing aircraft [that sped up when the F-86s tried to close] and the object was found near March AFB, Riverside, to the NNW but they broke off intercept because of low fuel at about 8:20-25, landing at 8:45. 3rd flight of 2 F-86s scrambled [at about 8:45??] from George AFB [?] saw the object shortly after takeoff seeming to be heading S as F-86s made climbing turns up to 43,500 ft under the round silvery object [at 55,000? ft over the San Bernardino Mtns. ?] until breaking off intercept at about 9:25 a.m. [A 7th F-86 was scrambled to the S toward Long Beach but the UFO was gone.] (GRUDGE Rpts. 1 and 2; Ruppelt pp. 94-5) Oct. 2, 1951. Columbus, Ohio (39.98 N, 82.99 W). 6 p.m. Battelle Memorial Institute physicist Howard Cross saw a bright oval with a clipped tail fly straight and level, fading into the distance. (Berliner) Oct. 3, 1951. Kadena AFB, Okinawa (2620 N, 12745 E). 10:27 (8:27?) p.m. Radar operators Sgt. M. W. Watson, Pvt. Gonzales and another Sgt. saw a large, sausage-shaped blip [arc shape due to radar display?] tracked at about 4,800 mph. (Berliner; FUFOR Index) Oct. 7, 1951. A few miles off coast of Honshu, Japan (at 3737 N, 13715 E). 7:37 p.m. Radar tracking of

6 secs

4.5 mins

462. 463. 1308

mph. (Berliner) June 17, 1952. McChord AFB, Wash. Between 7:30 and 10:20 p.m. Many witneses saw 1-5 large silver-yellow objects flying erratically, stop and start. (Berliner) June 17, 1952. Cape Cod, Mass. 1:28 a.m. USAF pilot of F-94 jet interceptor saw a light like a bright star cross the nose of the jet. No further information in the files. (Berliner) June 18, 1952. Columbus, Wisc. 9 a.m. R. A. Finger saw a crescent-shaped object hover then speed away. (Berliner) June 18, 1952. Walnut Lake [Pontiac], Mich. 10 p.m. Marron [Marion ?] Hoffman and 4 relatives, using 4x binoculars, saw an orange light zigzag then hover for an unspecified length of time. [Same witness(es) as in April 27, May 25, 1952, cases??] (Berliner) June 18, 1952. 100 miles E of March AFB, Calif. UFO paced a USAF B-25 bomber. (Ruppelt p. 146; etc.) June 19, 1952. Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. 2:37 a.m. 2nd Lt. AGostino and unidentified radar operator saw a red light turn white while wobbling. Radar tracked a stationary target that suddenly enlarged then returned to previous size possibly a disc rotating to present wider reflective surface. (Berliner; cf. Ruppelt p. 146) June 19, 1952. Yuma, Ariz. 2 p.m. USAF pilot John Lane saw a round, white object fly straight and level. (Berliner) June 20, 1952. Central Korea. 3:03 p.m. 4 USMC Capts. and pilots of F4U-4B Corsair fighters with 7302nd Sq saw a 10-20 ft white or silver oval object make a left -hand orbit at terrific speed. (Berliner) June 20, 1952. Near Paulette, Mississippi (at N, 8826 W). 8:26 p.m. USAF pilot Lt. Milo Roberts and bombardier Lt. Julius Prottengeier with 308th Bomb Sq, 310th Bomb Wing, Forbes AFB, Kansas, flying a B-29 bomber (s/n 44-62204) at 190 mph at 17,000 ft saw a cone-shaped object approach on collision course from the 2 oclock position, before evasive action object made sharp left left and disappeared, followed by a 2nd object [?]. Objects length/width ratio 3:1, about 8-10 ft long at 1,200-1,500 ft away or 100 ft if at 15 miles away. (NARCAP; BB files??) June 21, 1952. Kelly AFB, Texas. 12:30 p.m. T/Sgt. Howard Davis, flight engineer of B-29 bomber at 8,000 ft altitude, saw a flat object with a sharply pointed front and rounded rear, white with a dark blue center and red rim, trailing sparks as it dove past the B-29 at a distance of 500 ft, in 1 sec. (Berliner) June 21 [23?], 1952. Oak Ridge [Marxville?], Tenn. 10:58 p.m. GOC post spotted target, confirmed by ADC radar, followed by F-47 fighter interception of a 6-8-inch white blinking light which made ramming attacks on the F-47 from 10,000 to 27,000 ft. (Ruppelt p. 43) June 22, 1952. Pyungthek, South Korea. 10:45 p.m. 2

NACA aero engineer

5-6+ secs

1-1/2 mins

524. 525.
pilot Capt. C. J. Powley and wife saw 2 star-like lights maneuver, hover and speed. (Berliner) July 19-20, 1952. Andrews AFB and Washington National Airport, Washington, D.C. 11:40 p.m. -6 a.m. (EDT). Numerous visual, radar and radar-visual sightings by ground observers and pilots in the air. (Sparks) July 20, 1952. Lavalette, New Jersey; yacht at 40N, 75W (Delaware River near Philadelphia) and Elk Park, Penna. 12:20-12:25 a.m. 3 independent groups of witnesses, including Seton Hall Univ. chemistry professor Dr. A. B. Spooner, saw 2 large orange-yellow lights with some dull red color fly in trail, turn and circle observers. First seen to the S at about 40 elevation, then E, N, W, and S again but at elevation 80. Stellar magnitude about -3 to -5. AF pilot in Elk Park estimated 10/min angular velocity accelerating up to 2/sec. No sound. (Hynek UFO Rpt pp. 73-77) July 21, 1952. Dobbins AFB, Georgia. (McDonald list) July 21, 1952. Wiesbaden, West Germany (N, 815 E). 6:30 p.m. USAF pilot Capt. E. E. Dougher and WAF Lt. J. J. Stong, separated by miles saw 4 bright yellowish lights, seen by Dougher to separate, with 2 climbing and 2 flying away level in the opposite direction. Stong saw 2 reddish lights fly in opposite directions. (Berliner) July 21, 1952. Randolph AFB - Converse, Texas. 4:30 p.m. Wife of USAF Capt. J. B. Neal saw an elongated, fuselage-shaped object fly straight and level, make a rightangle turn, fly out of sight at 300+ mph. (Berliner) July 21 [22?], 1952. Rockville, Indiana. 8:10 p.m. Military officer and 2 enlisted men saw an aluminum, delta-shaped object with vertical fin, fly straight and level, then hover. (Berliner) July 21, 1952. San Marcos AFB, Texas. 10:40 p.m. Lt., 2 Staff Sgts. and 3 Airmen saw a blue circle with a blue trail hover then accelerate to near-sonic speed (700+ mph) after 1 min. (Berliner) July 21 [22?], 1952. Holyoke, Mass. After midnight. Mrs. A. Burgess saw a round, yellow, flashing light fly downward. No further information in files. (Berliner) July 22, 1952. Los Alamos, New Mexico. 10:50 a.m. Control tower operator Don Weins and 2 CARCO pilots saw 8 large, round, bright aluminum objects fly straight and level, then dart around erratically. (Berliner) July 22 [?], 1952. Stafford, Virginia. 12 p.m. USAF pilot of C-54 transport saw a bright ovoid object hover then move in stops and starts, first approaching the plane then paralleling it. (Berliner; Loren Gross) July 22, 1952. Brookley AFB (3040 N, W), Mobile, Alabama. 2 p.m. USAF Tech Sgt. and a civilian employee saw a barrel-shaped black object 3.5-4 ft diameter, emitting black smoke trail and a black puff of smoke flying about 5,000 ft above ground 1 mile away heading E then flying perpendicular (vertical?).

brief + 3 hrs + brief + 21/4 hrs

1+ 12 + 1+ 10

936. 937. 3743

944. 945.

megaton yield H-bombs]. City, county, state and military police and reporters drove out to the Sutton farm to investigate from around 11:30 p.m. to 2 a.m. UFO entities returned at about 2:30 a.m. and were again shot at without effect, finally disappearing at about 4:45 a.m. (Davis Bloecher 1978; Hynek UFO Rpt pp. 212-6; Valle Magonia 372; FUFOR Index ) Aug. 23, 1955. Cincinnati, Ohio. 11:50 p.m. Several USAF fighter pilots saw 3 round disc-shaped objects making evasive maneuvers. Ground radar tracking. (Weinstein; BB files??) Aug. 23, 1955. Arlington, Virginia (38.91 N, 77.09 W). 10:45 a.m. G. M. Park, using a 400x telescope saw several (6+) orange lights moving singly or in groups, circling and stopping. (Berliner; FUFOR Index) Aug. 25, 1955. Fordland, Missouri. 7:56 p.m. (CST) (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Sept. 3, 1955. Bellingham, Wash. 9:30 p.m. (PST) GOC observer Saunders saw white pinpoint move slowly across 30 of sky. No further information. (Berliner) Sept. 7, 1955. Washington, D.C. (38.89 N, 76.95 W). 6:30 a.m. (EST) 2 photographers, one plate maker for the Army Map Service, one named Smith, saw a glowing round object fly an arc. (Berliner) Sept. 9, 1955. Near Alcoa [Rock Garden?], Tenn. 12 noon. M. N. Dawkins, using binoculars, saw a brown, almost square object fly with a circular motion. (Berliner) Oct. 8, 1955. Loogootee, Indiana. 4:38 [5:38?] p.m. R. D. Prather and H. Ahern saw a round, silver or white object fly straight and level at more than 1,000 mph. (Berliner; FUFOR Index ) Oct. 11, 1955. Pt. Lookout, Maryland. 4 p.m. B. Hale and A. Ostrom saw round object, white in daylight and turning red with sparks near end of sighting, with a deep roar unlike an aircraft. (Berliner) Oct. 19, 1955. 40 miles NW of Knoxville, Tenn. [Tex.?]. 8:30 p.m. (EST) F-86 case. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Oct. 20 [21? 26?], 1955. Minneapolis, Minn. 7:40, 8 p.m. CST [2:21 a.m.?] USAF F-89D fighter pilot Steck saw a white luminous oval-shaped object making 90 turns at 1,000 mph, tracked on airborne radar. Ground observer(s). [Same as Oct. 26, 1955, case?] (Weinstein; FUFOR Index) Oct. 26 [30? 21?], 1955. Minneapolis, Minn. [Same as Oct. 21, 1955, case?] (McDonald list) Nov. 14, 1955. Deming, New Mexico. 1 a.m. Commercial airline pilot in flight saw a fast moving object, with a light on the rear, come from the SW. (Project 1947) Nov. 17, 1955. St. Louis, Missouri. 6:10 a.m. J. A. Mapes saw 12 round, flat objects, silver on top and dark on the bottom, fly in 4-deep formation, tipping in pitch and roll angles. (Berliner)

radar? 15 mins 1

10-15 mins 12 secs ?

2.5 hrs

18 secs ?

952. 953. 3893

956. 957. 958. 959.
Nov. 20, 1955. Lake City, Tenn. 5:20 p.m. Operations Officer Capt. B. G. Denkler and 5 men of the USAF 663rd AC&W Sq saw 2 oblong, bright orange, semi -transparent objects fly at terrific speed and erratically, toward and away from each other. (Berliner) Nov. 25, 1955. LaVeta, Colo. 10:30 a.m. State Senator S. T. Taylor saw a dirigible -shaped object, fat front, tapered toward the tail, luminous green-blue and jellylike, appear overhead diving at a 45 angle, reducing to 30. (Berliner) Dec. 6, 1955. Marianna, Florida. 6 [1?] a.m. USAF pilot flying MATS transport radar tracked unidentified target. (Project 1947; FUFOR Index) Dec. 11, 1955. Near Jacksonville, Florida. 9 p.m. 2 airliner pilots [and crews?] and ground observers saw fast maneuvering orange-red round object, with ground radar tracking. 2 USN jets on a practice night-flying mission were vectored to the object by a Jacksonville NAS controller, on approach the object suddenly rose up to 30,000 ft then dove back down in a circle, buzzing the jets. (Weinstein; NARCAP; BB files??) Dec. 14, 1955. Caddo Lake, Louisiana. 2:45 a.m. USAF pilot flying B-47 in 513th Bomber Sq saw and radar tracked oblong object. (Project 1947) Dec. 17, 1955. Laguna [Mt. Laguna ?], Calif. 9:45 a.m. (PST) (McDonald list) Dec. 21, 1955. Caribou, Maine. 11 p.m. Roberta V. Jacobs saw a round, very bright gold, domed disc in a short climb, then rotate, hover and accelerate. (Berliner) Jan. 11, 1956. Wurtsmith AFB, Mich. 5:40 p.m. (MST) F-89D. Culpepper and Complaer. (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Jan. 18, 1956. Itazuke AFB, Japan. 1 [10?] a.m. Air crew sighting of white round balloon-shaped object traveling at high speed, no trail. (Project 1947; FUFOR Index) Jan. 24, 1956. Wheelus AFB, Tripoli, Libya. 1:52 p.m. (GMT) (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Feb. 2, 9, 21, 1956. Camp Irwin, Calif. (McDonald list) Feb. 7, 1956. Keesler AFB, Biloxi, Mississippi (30.42 N, 88.94 W). 8 a.m. (CST) (McDonald list; FUFOR Index) Feb. 11, 1956. S of Japan (at 2853 N, 13130 E7:15 p.m. MATS C-124 air crew sighting of a yellow or amber object at 1,000 knots (1,150 mph). (Project 1947) Feb. 12, 1956. 38 miles SW of Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. 11:25 [10:55? 11:10?] p.m. (AST). USAF F-89D pilot Bowen and radar observer Crawford saw a green and red object rapidly circle the jet, and tracked on radar. No further details. (Berliner; FUFOR Index ) Feb. 15, 1956. Riverside, Calif. (33.98 N, 117.38 W). 8:40 [12:40?] p.m. USN pilot Taylor flying aircraft saw a cigar-shaped brown object on a straight level course. (Project 1947; FUFOR Index) Feb. 18, 1956. N of Montelimar Airdrome, France. 8:20 p.m. 3 USAF C-119 crew, 780th Troop Carrier Sq, saw a

3 hrs ?

missile tracking scope radar? EM?
1269. 1270. 1271. 1272. 7741

1273. 1274.

7742 7754

15 mins 1-3 mins

1275. 1276. 1277.

1283. 1284. 7851

1285. 1286.
1288. 1289. 1290. 1291. 1292. 7931
N, W, distance to civilian observers 2-5 miles depending on how far N when first seen, and actual size at least 30 ft. No radar contact reported. (Hynek-CUFOSWilly Smith files) Feb. 25, 1962. Kotzbue, Alaska. 7:20 p.m. U.S. Army private and 6 anonymous civilians saw red light, trailed 30 secs later by a blue light. (Berliner) March 1, 1962. Salem, New York. 10:35 p.m. Mrs. L. Doxsey, 66, saw a gold-colored box, 12-14 inches x 3-4 ft fly straight and level across the horizon. (Berliner) March 26, 1962. Ramstein AFB, Germany. 1:35 p.m. USAF Capt. J. M. Lowery, from an unspecified aircraft, saw a thin, cylindrical object, 1/3 snout, 2/3 tail fins, fly at an estimated Mach 2.7 (1,800 mph). (Berliner) March 26, 1962. Naperville, Illinois. 11:40 p.m. Mrs. D. Wheeler and Claudine Milligan saw 6-8 red balls, arranged in a rectangular formation, become 2 objects with lights by the end of sighting. (Berliner) March [May?] 26, 1962. Westfield, Mass. 10:45 p.m. Many unidentified young people saw a large red ball fly or fall down, then rise back up. (Berliner) April 2, 1962. Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. (McDonald list) April 3-4, 1962. Wurtland, Kentucky. 8:50 p.m. (EST). G. R. Wells and J. Lewis, using 117x telescope spotted a small object changing brightness, giving off smoke but stationary like a comet. Case missing. (Berliner) April 12, 1962. Kunia, Hawaii (at N, W). (McDonald list) April 18, 1962. New York to Eureka, Utah, to Nellis AFB, Las Vegas, Nevada. High speed brilliant maneuverable object is tracked by radars and sighted visually across the continent by numerous military and civilian witnesses. (Berliner) April 28, 1962. Ft. Worth, Texas. Night. Nuclear engineer Ralph Jackson saw egg shaped light crossing the sky brighter than the Echo I satellite. (Mary Castner/CUFOS) May 19, 1962. Marksville, Leesville, Colfax, Louisiana. (McDonald list) May 24, 1962. Albuquerque, New Mexico. (McDonald list) May 27, 1962. Palmer, Alaska. (NARA) June 7, 1962. Hallett Station, Antarctica. (McDonald list) June 21, 1962. Indianapolis, Indiana. 4 a.m. Lt. Col. H. King and tail gunner M/Sgt. Roberts, aboard a B-52 heavy jet bomber, saw 3 bright, star-like lights, first one then 10 secs later 2 more. (Berliner) June 30-July 1, 1962 [?]. Richmond, Virginia. 9 a.m. 13 year old Meadors [?] saw a red, star-like light for unspecified length of time. No further details in files. (Berliner) July 19, 1962. Metuchen [Bayhead?], New Jersey. 9:30

point source

Astro / Math Prof

1329. 1330.
Wold, graduate student in anthropology, and wife, Rossing and another, saw 4 huge red lights in a rectangular formation, with a white light above, near the ground, tilt and fly away. (Valle Magonia 594; FUFOR Index) April 11, 1964. Homer, New York. 6:30 p.m. physiotherapist W. B. Ochsner and wife saw 2 cloud-like objects darken, one shot away and returned. (Berliner; cf. Hynek UFO Exp, case DD-2) April 17, 1964. Fallon AFS, Nevada. (McDonald list) April 24, 1964. 1 mile SSW of Socorro, New Mexico (landing site near N, 1065352 W). 5:455:50? p.m. Socorro Police Dept. patrol officer Lonnie Zamora, while chasing a speeder heading S, heard a roaring sound and saw a bluish-orange funnel of flame in the sky to the SW slowly descending possibly 1/2 to 1 mile away, bottom of flame hidden behind a hill. He tried to pursue the flame, turning off to the right on a rough gravel road to the SW, lost sight of flame while trying to get car up steep rough hill. At the top after 10-15 secs of continuing along gravel road he suddenly noticed a shiny whitish-aluminum color landed object about 12-15 ft tall about 800 ft away to the SW down in a gully, at first looking like upturned car but actually appearing oval longaxis vertical on two legs, and for about these 2 secs also saw 2 small-adult -like figures in white coveralls near object, one turning toward him seemingly startled and jumping. He lost sight of object as he drove about 1,000 ft further WSW, radioed headquarters he was investigating possible car accident, then stopped at the top of the ridge about 103 ft from landing site down in the gully to the SE. He got out, heard 2-3 loud thumping noises like a door shut hard, walked 3 steps to the front of the car to possibly 90 ft distance when he heard a very load roar increasing in volume and saw a smokeless blue-orange flame coming from beneath the oval object, now seeming long-axis horizontal at this angle (about 120 from previous sighting), with a red insignia or lettering in the middle about 2 x 2-1/2 ft, and slowly rising. He thought it was going to explode and ran away, putting car between him and the object, about 25 ft and 6 secs of running from the car he glanced back and saw object had risen about 20-25 ft to level of his car, ran another 25 ft and ducked down below edge of ridge. Roaring noise stopped, he looked up and saw object heading to the SW (towards W end of Socorro Municipal Airport 1 mile away) at level height just clearing 8 ft dynamite shack by about 3 ft moving very fast, no flame or smoke or noise. He ran back to patrol car, radioed headquarters, saw object climbing slowly and get small in the distance just clearing Box Canyon or Sixmile Canyon Mtn. (about 6 miles to WSW). Immediate police and military investigation found physical traces, burning brush and indentations in the ground, and several other more distant witnesses. (Hynek UFO Rpt pp. 223-9, etc.)

5-7 secs

90 mins

physics prof

multi ple 29 mins 4+ 90+ ?

1475. 1476.

within secs until the radar blips merged [possibly 39 miles in 10 secs or roughly 14,000 mph]. Object flooded the Lear with intense red light so bright the pilot had difficulty seeing his instrument panel, and it maintained position in front of the Lear for a few mins then, then blinked out then came on again and started falling back behind the left wing, then pulled forward again. (When the object blinked off radar at Albuquerque controllers would lose the object then regain it when it blinked on again (?).) Both UFO and Lear jet made left turns over Winslow, Ariz., then Los Angeles Center radar picked up both targets. Past Flagstaff the object climbed at a 30 angle disappearing to the W in <10 secs. (Hynek UFO Exp ch. 7, case RV-1; NARCAP; BB files??) Jan. 16, 1967. Charleston, South Carolina. (McDonald list) Jan. 26, 1967. Near Coffeen, Illinois. 9 p.m. John Cox, Methodist minister, driving on Route 185 saw a 60 ft object, flat on the bottom, rounded on top, 10 ft thick, cross the road silently 300 ft away, at low speed. (Valle Magonia 813; Hynek-CUFOS-Willy Smith files) Jan. 30, 1967. 5 miles SW and 20 miles W of Crosby, North Dakota. 8:04 a.m. (CST). Delton Schwanz, commercial pilot of 29 years experience and past AAF/AF service, with wife Della and children Robert, Roger and Diane saw a bright white sharply outlined lozenge-shaped object (length/width ratio 4:1) to the W elevation 15-20 momentarily stopped then moving in level flight to the left, with a smooth climb in the SW, dropped white strips of light that descended vertically, dis appeared to the S at azimuth 170 by ascending to about 30-45 elevation. George Larsen (Larson?) and Larry Pateof (Pace?) were independent witnesses driving by car 20 miles W of Crosby near intersection of Hwys 5 and 85 who saw large white light move rapidly from W to S dropping a piece of the object and disappearing suddenly. (Hynek-CUFOS-Willy Smith files; Hynek UFO Exp, case DD-11) Feb. 6 [9?], 1967. Odessa, Delaware. 8:45 p.m. Donald and Marie Guseman saw a large, Saturn-shaped object, 50 ft in diameter and 20 ft high, with 2 bright lights, a green light on one side red light on the other, hover motionless over the trees, then slowly move N and suddenly disappear. (Berliner) Feb. 12, 1967. Grand Rapids, Mich. 3:40 a.m. Lou Atkinson saw 4 fluorescent, football-shaped objects, a dull, almost grey luminous color, fly NE in a very rigid formation with a chirping noise. (Berliner) Feb. 16, 1967. Stoughton, Wisc. 9:11 p.m. Miss Lynn Marsh saw a light with faded edges follow her car. (Berliner) Feb. 20, 1967. Oxford, Wisc. 3:10 a.m. USAF veteran/truck driver Stanton Summer saw an orange-red object fly parallel to his truck. (Berliner)