How to install a Linux Terminal Server on Mandrake 9.2 with LTSP (Linux Terminal Server Project)?

http://www.linux-tip.net

Last Update July, 18 2004
Mandrake Linux 9.2 with LTSP is the ideal solution for users, organizations and offices who need a low-cost, productive and secure desktop computing platform. Old and obsolete computers can be used as diskless workstations thus reducing the cost for buying brand new computers. Free Office suites and web browsers, such as OpenOffice and Konqueror, are better alternatives from commercial software. Linux's security, from remote attacks and viruses, can greatly reduce the overhead cost for commercial firewalls and anti viruses. First off all, let's cover what the LTSP is, and what it can do for you. LTSP stands for Linux Terminal Server Project an open source solution for running thin terminals with a Linux server/system. The goal is to take use of low end hardware as workstations, with the better equipped server in the back. Let's for example set up the following computer network for test purposes. Hardware for the clients should look like this: Pentium MB RAM PCI video card Network card (Realtek RTL1839B) PS/2 mouse and Keyboard 17 Monitor
You can find this hardware in second hand computer shops for a very low price. So, save you money and invest it for a powerful server. This hardware should look like this: Pentium 4 or AMD Athlon, 3 GHz or better 1 GB RAM or more 80-120 GB hard disk or RAID system 1 network card, or better 2 network cards if you need a Internet connection via DSL or cable modem PS/2 mouse and Keyboard 17 Monitor You should get a good solution already for 1500 to 1800 $. For test purposes it should also work with a small server (P III, 500 MHz, 256 MB RAM, 20 GB HDD etc.)

Figure 1

First of all we have to install Mandrake 9.2 on the LTSP server. If you do not have the software yet, download it here: http://www.linuxiso.org/ You should know how to install the software. If you need help, please read this: http://doc.mandrakelinux.com/MandrakeLinux/92/en/Starter.html/
Lets assume that mandrake is running on our new server and the network is configured according to figure 1. Please make sure you have the following software installed on your server: tftp (tftp-server) to transfer the LTSP kernel dhcpd (dhcp-server) for assigning the IP addresses of the clients nfs (nfs-util) accessing the LTSP root file system
Installing LTSP on the server Please download the LTSP packages from the following website (ltsp.org). http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=17723 I recommend using the RPM packages. We just need the following: ltsp_core-3.0.9-0.i386.rpm ltsp_kernel-3.0.15-0.i386.rpm ltsp_x_core-3.0.4-0.i386.rpm ltsp_x_fonts-3.0.0-0.i386.rpm
Oops, if I try to install the ltsp_core package, the system gives me the following error message: Sorry, but Mandrake version 9.2 not supported Here is the workaround: Edit /etc/redhat-release. Change version 9.2 to 9.1 and install the ltsp_core package. Do not forget to change it back after the installation. If you do not have a clue, here are the installation commands:
# # # # rpm rpm rpm rpm -ivh -ivh -ivh -ivh ltsp_core-3.0.9-0.i386.rpm ltsp_kernel-3.0.15-0.i386.rpm ltsp_x_core-3.0.4-0.i386.rpm ltsp_x_fonts-3.0.0-0.i386.rpm
After installing the files, it is time to run the ltsp_initialize script. Please cd to the following directory and run the script:
# cd /opt/ltsp/templates #./ltsp_initialize
Now it's time to configure LTSP and other services using the following files: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. /etc/dhcpd.conf /etc/hosts /opt/ltsp/i386/etc/lts.conf /etc/exports /etc/xinetd.d/tftp

To make it easy as possible, well use the following setup (see figure 1): Server IP address: 192.168.2.100 Client IP address: 192.168.2.111 (hostname ws002) /etc/dhcpd.conf Lets start with /etc/dhcpd.conf. We will use the example file. Please copy it and create a new config file like this: # cd /etc # cp dhcpd.conf.example dhcpd.conf Edit the file. Make the following changes. After doing this it should look like this:
# Sample configuration file for ISCD dhcpd # # Don't forget to set run_dhcpd=1 in /etc/init.d/dhcpd # once you adjusted this file and copied it to /etc/dhcpd.conf. # ddns-update-style default-lease-time max-lease-time none; 21600; 21600;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; option broadcast-address 192.168.2.255; option routers 192.168.2.100; option domain-name-servers 192.168.2.100; option domain-name "ltsp"; option root-path "192.168.2.100:/opt/ltsp/i386"; option option-128 code 128 = string; option option-129 code 129 = text; shared-network WORKSTATIONS { subnet 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { } }
group { use-host-decl-names on; option log-servers 192.168.2.100; host ws002 { hardware ethernet fixed-address filename } } 00:E0:7D:67:1D:F8; 192.168.2.111; "/lts/vmlinuz-2.4.24-ltsp-4";
Replace the MAC address (hardware Ethernet) (here: 00:E0:7D:67:1D:F8 ) with the address from your network card! /etc/hosts This file could look like this:
127.0.0.1 192.168.2.100 192.168.2.111 localhost svr02 ws002
/opt/ltsp/i386/etc/lts.conf This file should look like this:
# # Config file for the Linux Terminal Server Project (www.ltsp.org) # [Default] SERVER = 192.168.2.100 XSERVER = auto X_MOUSE_PROTOCOL = "PS/2" X_MOUSE_DEVICE = "/dev/psaux" X_MOUSE_RESOLUTION = 400 X_MOUSE_BUTTONS =3 USE_XFS =N LOCAL_APPS =N RUNLEVEL =5 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------# [ws002] XSERVER = auto LOCAL_APPS =N USE_NFS_SWAP = N SWAPFILE_SIZE = 64m RUNLEVEL =5
/etc/exports This file should look like this:
# The lines between the 'LTS-begin' and the 'LTS-end' were added # on: Sat Jul 17 13:18:43 UTC 2004 by the ltsp installation script. # For more information, visit the ltsp homepage # at http://www.ltsp.org # /opt/ltsp/i386 /var/opt/ltsp/swapfiles /tftpboot ## LTS-end ## 192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0(ro,no_root_squash) 192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0(rw,no_root_squash) 192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0(ro,no_root_squash)

/etc/xinitd.d/tftp

# default: off # description: The tftp server serves files using the trivial file transfer \ # protocol. The tftp protocol is often used to boot diskless \ # workstations, download configuration files to network-aware printers, \ # and to start the installation process for some operating systems. service tftp { disable = no socket_type = dgram protocol = udp wait = yes user = root server = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd server_args = -s /tftpboot per_source = 11 cps = flags = IPv4
Thats it. LTSP is configured. It is time to start the necessary services with the following commands:
# service nfs restart # service xinetd start # service dhcpd restart
The server should now be able to accept DHCP clients. The next task is to configure our client machines. We need a way to boot the workstation, and since we don't use hard drives, there are two ways of doing this. You can either use a bootrom on the network card or from a floppy disk. For this HOWTO, we will make a boot floppy. Why? It is easy to set up, and you don't need any special equipment to make it work.
! Lets creating a boot floppy: 1. Go to the following website and download a ROM for your network card's chipset. http://www.etherboot.org/db/ Let's say we have a network card with RTL8139B chipset. We downloaded the file eb-5[1].2.4-rtl8139.zdsk 2. Insert a formatted floppy on the floppy drive. Then type on a Linux system:
# cat eb-5[1].2.4-rtl8139.zdsk > /dev/fd0
On a DOS/Windows system, use the RAWRITE program to write the.zdsk image to a formatted floppy. RAWRITE is available on most GNU/Linux installation CDs or on the web.
3. Boot the client from the floppy and you (hopefully) have a working LTSP system! You can use all applications, data and services from the server as if you are in the server itself.

"

Oops! X starts up but the cursor just sits in the middle of the screen (you don't get a login screen)! Then you almost certainly are not running xdm/kdm/gdm on your server. As root, run one of the three. Install i.e kdm (mdkkdm-9.2-9mdk) with Mandrake Control centre or just using the rpm command. Reboot the workstation and it should get to the login prompt this time. If you are running a workstation that is low on RAM ("less then 16mb) you might want to enable the nfs swap. This is done in the file /opt/ltsp/i386/etc/lts.conf. Uncomment the [ws001] that we commented out earlier, and uncomment the "USE_NFS_SWAP =Y" line by removing the "#" sign from the front of the line. If your X doesn't start, you might have to specify the X server to use in the file: /opt/ltsp/i386/etc/lts.conf. The format is the same as the line

XSERVER = auto

Of course you have to change "auto" to the server you want to use. You'll need to study the documentation for XFree86 for more information. This document does not attempt to cover that material. For additional help visit the LTSP page for docs and news.

16-51. The Users List in userdrake. 204 16-52. Adding a New User in The System. 205 16-53. Affect Users to a Group. 206 16-54. userdrakes Parameters Window. 206 16-55. userdrakes User View Parameters. 207 16-56. Groups Are Different For Two Users. 207 16-57. Date And Time Changing. 208 16-58. Browsing And Searching Through System Logs.208 17-1. Connecting to The Internet. 211 17-2. Choosing The Internet Connections to Congure. 211 17-3. Conguring The Internet Connection. 212 17-4. Try The Internet Connection. 213 18-1. First RpmDrake Message. 215 18-2. RpmDrakes Main Window. 215 18-3. A Packages File List. 216 18-4. RpmInst Replacing RpmDrake. 217 18-5. Install in Progress Under RpmInst. 218 18-6. Uninstalling Packages. 219 18-7. Adding a Source in RpmDrake. 220 18-8. Update Types in MandrakeUpdate. 221

Preface

1. Legal Notice
This manual is protected under MandrakeSoft intellectual property rights. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the invariant sections being About Mandrake Linux, page i, with the front-cover texts being listed below, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section GNU Free Documentation License, page 223. Front-cover texts:
MandrakeSoft March 2002 http://www.mandrakesoft.com/ Copyright 1999,2000,2001,2002 by MandrakeSoft S.A. and MandrakeSoft Inc.
Mandrake, Mandrake Linux and MandrakeSoft are registered trademarks of MandrakeSoft S.A.; Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds; UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners.

2. About Mandrake Linux

Mandrake Linux is a GNU/Linux distribution supported by MandrakeSoft S.A. MandrakeSoft was born in the Internet in 1998 with the main goal to provide an easy-to-use and friendly GNU/Linux system. The two pillars of MandrakeSoft are open-source and collaborative work.
2.1. Contact Mandrake Community
Following are various Internet links pointing you to various Mandrake Linux related sources. If you wish to know more about the MandrakeSoft company, connect to its web site (http://www.mandrakesoft.com/). There is also the Mandrake Linux distribution (http://www.mandrakelinux.com/) web site and all its derivatives. First of all, MandrakeSoft is proud to present its new open help platform. MandrakeExpert (http://www. mandrakeexpert.com/) isnt just another web site where people help others with their computer problems in exchange for up-front fees, payable regardless of the quality of the service received. It offers a new experience based on trust and the pleasure of rewarding others for their contributions. In addition, MandrakeCampus (http://mandrakecampus.com/) provides the GNU/Linux community with open education and training courses on all open-software-related technologies and issues. It also gives teachers, tutors and learners a place where they can share knowledge. There is a site for the mandrakeholic called Mandrake Forum (http://www.mandrakeforum.com/): a primary site for Mandrake Linux related tips, tricks, rumors, pre-announcements, semi-ofcial news, and more. This is also the only interactive web site hosted by MandrakeSoft, so if you have something to tell us, or something you want to share with other users, search no longer: this is a place to do it! In the philosophy of open source, MandrakeSoft is offering many means of support (http://www. mandrakelinux.com/en/ffreesup.php3) for the Mandrake Linux distributions. You are invited in particular to participate in the various Mailing lists (http://www.mandrakelinux.com/en/flists.php3), where the Mandrake Linux community demonstrates its vivacity and keenness. Finally, do not forget to connect to MandrakeSecure (http://www.mandrakesecure.net/). This site gathers all security related material about Mandrake Linux distributions. Youll notably nd there security and bug advisories, as well as security and privacy-related articles. A must for any server administrator or user concerned about security.

4. Authors And Translators
The following people contributed to the making of the Mandrake Linux manuals:
Yves Bailly Camille Bgnis Marco De Vitis
Francis Galigue Hinrich Ghlmann Carsten Heiming Fabian Mandelbaum Jol Pomerleau Peter Rait Roberto Rosselli Del Turco Christian Roy Stefan Siegel
These people also participated at various degrees: Philippe Ambon, Jay Beale, Hoyt Duff, Jol Flores-Carpio, Giuseppe Ghib, Till Kampetter, Alexander Sasha Kirillov, Damien Dams Krotkine, Robert Kulagowski, Kevin Lecouvey, Franois Pons, Guillaume Poulin, Pascal Pixel Rigaux, John Rye and Laurence Tricon.

5. Note From The Editor

As you may notice while you go from one chapter to another, this book is a composite document from various authors. Even though much care has been taken in insuring the technical and vocabulary consistency, the style of each author is obviously preserved. Some of the authors write in English even though it is not their native language. Therefore, you may notice strange sentence constructions; do not hesitate to let us know if something is not clear to you. In the open-source philosophy, contributors are always welcomed! You may provide help to this documentation project by many different means. If you have a lot of time, you can write a whole chapter. If you speak a foreign language, you can help with the internationalization of this book. If you have ideas on how to improve the content, let us know - even advice on typos is welcomed! For any information about the Mandrake Linux documentation project, please contact the documentation administrator (mailto:documentation@mandrakesoft.com).
6. Tools Used in The Making of This Manual
This manual was written in DocBook. perl and GNU make were used to manage the sets of les involved. The XML source les were processed by openjade and jadetex using custom Norman Walshs stylesheets. Screen-shots were taken using xwd or GIMP and converted with convert (from the ImageMagick package). All this software is available on your Mandrake Linux distribution, and all parts of it are free software.

8.4.1.2. Icons Pointing Towards Applications We will now create an icon pointing towards an application. In the Create New menu, choose Link To Application. This dialog box appears:
Figure 8-6. Creating an Application Icon Under KDE
The Link To Application eld is where you must enter the icons name. For example, lets create an icon for gqview , an image viewer. Type GQview in the said eld. For the moment, lets not bother with the Permissions and Application tabs:
Figure 8-7. Program to Create an Application Icon Under KDE
Here, you must indicate which program you want to execute. If possible, enter the complete path to a program. You can also use the Browse. button to nd the le you need. Now type /usr/bin/gqview. Again, discard for the moment the other parameters. When you are nished, click on OK. 62
Chapter 8. The Desktop According to KDE The new icon appears on the desktop: click on it to launch the program associated with it.
8.4.1.3. Icon Linking to a Web Site Now, we will create an icon for an Internet site: choose Link to Location (URL) in the Create New menu. A dialog box will pop up and you will need to enter the web address. For example, we chose the Linux Documentation Project web site:
Figure 8-8. Creating an Icon For a Web Site Under KDE
Click on OK when you have entered the correct address. The icon will then appear on the desktop: click on it to launch the web browser which will display the corresponding page (of course, you need to be connected to the Internet in order to do so).
8.4.1.4. Deleting or Modifying Icons If you do not like the default image or name of the icon, you can change it (like you can change any icons parameters). Right-click on the icon and choose Properties in the pull-down menu. You will get a window very similar to the one we saw when we created an icon pointing at an application. In the text eld, enter the icons new name. The big button allows you to chose another icon. Click on it and you will get the following window.

Figure 8-12. Text Aside Icons Under KDE
If, however, you choose Text under icons, this same toolbar becomes:
Figure 8-13. Text Under Icons in KDE

8.4.3. Background

Still in the KDE Control Center , in the LookNFeel section, choose Background. You can also obtain this module by right-clicking on the desktops background.
Figure 8-14. Conguring The Background
At the top, you can see a list of your virtual desktops. You are conguring the one which is highlighted. Each desktop can have its own conguration. If you want a unique conguration for all of your desktops, click in the Common Background check box. In real time, you will get a preview of your conguration in the upper-right corner of the window. The rst tab, Background, is used for a simple conguration. With the Mode tab, you can either dene a at or different vertical/horizontal gradients. You can even choose a Background Program, that is a program which will update periodically your background: click on the Congure button to choose your program. Try kdeworld, for example, its not bad!
Figure 8-15. Conguring The Wallpaper For The Background
The second tab, called Wallpaper, allows to display an image on the background. This time, the Mode list controls the manner in which the image is displayed: tiled, if the image is too small for the screen; or scaled, to adjust it to the screens size. You can choose a Wallpaper or use the Browse button to choose from your personal images.
Figure 8-16. Background Advanced Effects
Finally, the third tab named Advanced allows to Blend the background (rst tab) with the second wallpaper (second tab). The background is a vertical gradient from white to gray, and the wallpaper is a tiled image. The image on the left shows the wallpaper without blending, whereas the image on the right applies a Horizontal Blending.
Figure 8-17. Example of Advanced Effects

Chapter 9. Using GNOME

This chapter is dedicated to GNOME , another favorite graphical user interface. Although its features resemble a lot those of KDE , the user interface is a bit different to what you might be accustomed to. GNOME and KDE provide roughly equivalent functionalities (even though each one of them have their own die-hard fans who would argue otherwise). Moreover, you can use GNOME applications in KDE and vice versa. So you can get your work done with either one of them choose the one you prefer. All Mandrake Linux tools and menus work equally well in GNOME and KDE : our goal is to provide you with the best of both worlds.

9.1. GNOME at a Glance

When you log in to a GNOME session, you will see the GNOME desktop, similar to the one shown in gure 9-1.
Figure 9-1. GNOME Desktop

9.1.1. Panel

The long bar at the bottom of the GNOME desktop is called the GNOME Panel. It contains a number of useful applets/programs. Applets are tiny programs designed to work inside the panel. The most important one of them is the Main Menu (button with a footprint at the left side of the panel). It provides access to all GNOME (and not only GNOME ) applications and commands. We will discuss the Main Menu in GNOME Main Menu, page 72. The GNOME Panel also contains buttons for launching applications, for logging out and locking your screen, and a number of other applets. For example, the Clock applet on the far right shows the current time, and the Tasklist applet (in the middle of the panel) shows the list of all application windows on your desktop. The GNOME Panel will be discussed in The GNOME Panel, page 68.

Chapter 11. File Managers To remove a le like it is generally done under UNIX , you must right-click on your le and choose Delete. You will have to conrm you really want to delete this le. If you answer yes, its name will be deleted and the space it took on your hard disk will be freed. However, it is still possible to recuperate part of the le, if you ask an expert. Last method, you can Shred your le. This means Konqueror will compress the disk space it took with random data, in order to make sure the content will not be reconstructed. The le is then completely deleted and there is no way of retrieving it. To do so, select the le you wish to shred by clicking just below the les icon and by dragging your pointer upwards until your le is highlighted, hence selected. Then, access the Edit menu, then Shred.
11.1.1.5.6. Finding Files Konqueror offers a powerful tool to search for les according to different criteria. In the Tools menu, select Find le. The following block appears on top of the right side of the window:
Figure 11-10. Finding Files With Konqueror
You can use generic characters such as ? and * in the Search eld. For example, to nd all the les with.txt extensions, type *.txt. To nd all les starting with the letter C, type C*.
Keep in mind that Linux distinguishes uppercases from lowercases. For example, in a directory, you could have a Mail.txt le and a mail.txt le: they are two dierent les. You will not nd the latter if you look for C*.
The other tabs allow to pinpoint a search. For example, you can take into account the last modication date, the le type, the presence of a certain text inside a le. Click on Find when you have chosen your criteria. The result of the search is displayed in the lower part of the right side window. All common actions are possible: opening a le, copying or deleting it, etc. Click on Close to go back to the normal display.
11.1.1.6. Modifying The Display Konqueror s principal display options are grouped in the View menu.
Figure 11-11. Konquerors Window Menu
11.1.1.6.1. Display Type This controls the way les are represented. you will nd the same choices from the corresponding icons on Konqueror s tool bar. The default type is Icons: large icons, the le name under each icon, the ensemble ordered from left to right and from top to bottom. In the MultiColumn View type, the le names appear on the right of the icons. The latter are organized in columns from left to right and from top to bottom.

Figure 13-18. Kscd Options The Kscd Options tab allows you to personalize Kscd s basic options. You may choose the foreground and background colors. The CD-ROM Device eld is the most important one, since it tells Kscd where to nd the audio source: this should be set to /dev/cdrom. The WWW Browser lets you choose the browser you wish to open when you access information links (through the i box); Konqueror is the default browser. The right part of the window holds miscellaneous but useful features which are pretty self-explanatory: Show Tool Tips Shows information about a button when the mouse pointer is over it. Enable KPanel Docking This icon is displayed on the right side of the panel called the Kicker panel.
Play on Tray Close Plays the rst song on the CD when the tray is closed. Stop Playing on Exit CD playback stops when you close the application. Eject on Finish Ejects the audio CD when all the songs have been played. Random is Shufe Songs are played only once when in random mode, they do not loop. Help Launches the KDE HelpCenter in the Kscd section.

13.2. Movie Applications

This section will discuss movie players available with Mandrake Linux. It will introduce the subject (i.e: codecs problem1) and suggest resources to get it going.

13.2.1. Introduction

Video players exist under GNU/Linux , but they are still quite limited as to what they may accomplish. The main problem is that most popular video codecs are proprietary and to implement them in a free software application (mainly due to the cost of licensing), the codecs have to be reverse-engineered. Which is very complex and not always legal. For example, you will have lots of trouble playing Quicktime les or DVDs. Actually, its not so complicated, but you will have to download the plugins from the Internet to complete your installation.
In some countries, the status of the DVD playback and reverseengineered codecs is still under review. That is why MandrakeSoft does not include all the plugins to those codecs. The information included in this section is meant to help Mandrake Linux users who know that, in their country, using these is legal. MandrakeSoft does not encourage law violations and you should verify with local authorities before you download these codecs and plugins.

13.2.2. Applications

Xine This is one of the most interesting video application for GNU/Linux. It supports a wide range of formats and offers interesting customization of the GUI (skins). Its fast, exible and extensible. Version 0.9 is quite stable and you can extend it to support all popular formats. XMovie This software is tailored to playback high resolution movies such as MPEG1 , MPEG2 and AVI les. It is really not made to playback compressed les such as Quicktime , but supports MPEG2 streams. MPlayer Another quite interesting application, MPlayer has the advantages of supporting multiple output drivers, even old video cards. Like the previous applications described above, it supports DVD, AVI , VideoCD. Unfortunately, you will also probably have to download and install winDLLs and proprietary codecs to make it work properly. Finally, there are other video applications for GNU/Linux such as vlc , Ogle and RealPlayer (which is a proprietary software). We encourage you to discover them as they might answer your specic needs.

14.1.1. Using The Internet With Mandrake Linux
Using the Internet with Mandrake Linux is very easy. And since it includes many mail clients and web browsers, you can choose which one really suits your needs. However, for the purpose of this book, we will speak about KMail as a mail client, while we choose to describe the Galeon web browser. Keep in mind that most mail clients and web browsers function in a very similar manner. The information in the following sections should apply to most mail clients and web browsers. The Internet does not limit itself to sending e-mails and browsing web sites. We will also present an instant messaging software called Gaim , as well as an IRC (Internet Relay Chat) client named XChat.
14.2. Internet Browsers: Galeon
This section will speak about the Galeon web browser. It will also give, at the end of the section, a list of other web browsers you can use under Mandrake Linux.

14.2.1. What Is Galeon?

Many web browsers are available under Mandrake Linux. For the purpose of this book, we chose to document Galeon since its arguably the fastest browser on the planet! It manages standard technologies such as JavaScriptTM, JavaTM and Flash, and its interface is lean and beautiful. It is based on Gecko , which is Mozilla s rendering engine. In case you are wondering, Mozilla is the open-source version of Netscape. To use Galeon , then, you need GNOME and Mozilla.

14.2.2. Getting Started

To launch Galeon , access your GNOME menu (or KDE menu, if you use that environment). Then, choose the NetworkingWWWGaleon sub-menu. A wizard will pop up and ask you several questions. The rst ones concern the migration of bookmarks and preferences from other browsers, namely Netscape and Mozilla. If you did not use those browsers before, simply forget about it and click Dont import bookmarks and move on to the next step. If you did, choose Netscape or Mozilla according to what you already used. Then, the wizard will ask you if you want to create a Smart Bookmarks Toolbar. This includes a very useful toolbar holding specic search engines such as Google. Choose the ones you want and click the Next button.
If, after all, you dont like that toolbar, you can always hide it by clicking on the BookmarksSmart Bookmarks ToolbarFolder actions Show as toolbar menu. (You can also type Ctrl-B, then right-click on Smart Bookmarks Toolbar and uncheck the Show as toolbar item.)

14.4.3.3. Essential XChat Commands The input boxs mini-buffer is where you issue your commands. All IRC commands start with a / and are followed by the name of the command. Heres a list of useful ones: AWAY Shows a message signifying you are busy (by default). If you type /away eating, this is what will be shown:
* peterpingus is away: eating
Chapter 14. Using The Internet BACK Tells other users you are available again. It will also display how much time you were away:
* peterpingus is back (gone 00:00:23)
HELP Displays the list of available commands in your XChat window. JOIN Used to join a channel. /join #mandrake will cause you to join that channel. ME Indicates what a user is doing/feeling. /me in a good mood displays:
* peterpingus in a good mood
MSG Sends a private message to another user which other users will not see. However, it does not open a new tab (channel) like the QUERY command. The syntax is:
/msg nickname_of_the_recipient message
Hence, /msg Queen Pingusa how are you? displays:
>queenpingusa< how are you?
NICK Allows to change your IRC nickname. For example, if Peter Pingus wanted to change his nickname to Johnny, he would issue /nick Johnny. Then, this will be displayed:
--- You are now known as Johnny
PART Tells other users you are leaving the channel. The syntax is:

/part #channel message

Once you issue that command, you will be disconnected from the channel you were connected to. To reconnect, simply type:

/join #channel

QUERY Opens up a new tab in your XChat window and starts a private conversation with a user. The syntax is the same as for the MSG command:

/query user message

QUIT Terminates your IRC session. You can add a comment, like /quit going to bed.
14.4.3.4. Basic IRC Line of Conduct Here are basic rules we strongly suggest you follow strictly. They are common-sense rules, but unfortunately, not everyone follows them.
Chapter 14. Using The Internet Spoken Language Most IRC users speak English, thats just plain fact. However, its not the only language spoken on IRC. Before starting a thread, lets say in Portuguese, you should inquire about the channels language policy. If it is obvious the channel on which you are is an English-speaking one, create or choose another channel where you can write in the language you prefer.
Some channels may also be multilingual.
Greetings Depending on the number of users on a specic channel, it might not be welcomed to greet everyone that enters/leaves the channel. Usually, one Hello! or Goodbye! is quite enough. Attitude If you do not know the people with whom you chat, chances are they will only know you through what you write. Hence, if you dont want to be perceived as a jerk, dont act as one! This means:

Deactivate the Apache server Deactivate Apache Server Side Includes (SSI) Set umask to 022 Set security level to 2 Apply le permission level 2 Restrict "." from the PATH variable Deactivate telnet Deactivate ftp Activate security checks
15.3.1.2. Moderate Security Level

Moderate rewalling Disables SUID status to dump, restore, cardctl, rsh, rlogin and rcp Disables SUID status to the news server tools and DOSEMU Disables rsh/rlogin access to this machine Sets up password aging -- old unused accounts will be disabled, though the owners will be warned Password protects single-user mode Applies limits to any one program/users resource usage, to block Denial of Service attacks. Congures additional logging Deactivates the APMd daemon Disables NFS and Samba Disables GPM Deactivates the DHCP Server daemon Disables the SNMP daemons Deactivates Sendmails network listening mode, so this WORKSTATION doesnt operate as a mail server Disables the VRFY/EXPN data mining commands in Sendmail Deactivates the DNS server Deactivates the Apache server Deactivates the Apache Server Side Includes (SSI) Sets umask to 022 Sets security level to 3 Applies le permission level 3 Restricts "." from the PATH variable Deactivates telnet Deactivates ftp Disables FTPs anonymous mode capability Activates security checks Applies TMPDIR protection
Chapter 15. Securing Your Machine 15.3.1.3. Paranoid Security Level
Tight rewalling Disables SUID status to mount, umount, ping, at, usernetctl, and traceroute Disables SUID status to dump, restore, cardctl, rsh, rlogin and rcp Disables SUID status to the news server tools and Disables SUID status to the news server tools and DOSEMU Disables rsh/rlogin access to this machine Restricts use of cron to root account Disables the pcmcia startup script Sets up password aging -- old unused accounts will be disabled, though the owners will be warned Password protects single-user mode Applies limits to any one program/users resource usage, to block Denial of Service attacks. Congures additional logging Deactivates the APMd daemon Disables NFS and Samba Disables GPM Deactivates the DHCP Server daemon Disables the SNMP daemons Deactivates Sendmails network listening mode, so this WORKSTATION doesnt operate as a mail server Disables the VRFY/EXPN data mining commands in Sendmail Deactivates the DNS server Deactivates the Apache server Deactivates the Apache Server Side Includes (SSI) Deactivates the Apache Server follow-symbolic links behavior Deactivates the Apache Server CGIs Deactivates all remaining daemons, with the exception of crond, syslog, keytable, network, gpm, xfs and pcmcia Sets umask to 077 Sets security level to 4 Applies le permission level 4 Restricts "." from the PATH variable Deactivates telnet Deactivates ftp Disables FTPs anonymous mode capability Disables FTPs user mode capability Activates security checks Applies TMPDIR protection

Figure 16-12. HardDrake Probing Options Window
The last menu is the HardDrake s integrated help. 181

16.5.3. HardDrake Wizard

16.5.3.1. Introduction The HardDrake Wizard is a generic conguration tool. It replaces the former conguration tools etherdrake and sounddrake.
16.5.3.2. Usage As an example, we will now focus on the sound Wizard. The Wizard , if available for a certain component class, is launched from HardDrake by pressing the Run Conguration Tool button. After a few moments, a window like this gure 16-13 should appear.
Figure 16-13. HardDrake - Sound Wizard
You can change the current selection, but in most cases it is not a good idea, as the detected device is already highlighted. For an ISA card, you need to specify the I/O and IRQ settings if the values proposed by default are not correct. After checking the conguration, press the OK button to test it. Three samples should be played (if MIDI is available and you have a sound card supporting 16 bit DMA channels). If you did not hear them without any error messages, it may be due to one of the following reasons:
your speaker volume is too low; a hardware problem, maybe your sound card is damaged? your sound card is not correctly installed.
An error message may occur because of the following problems:
bad settings (I/O, IRQ, DMA, etc.); old sound modules from another conguration are still in memory. In this case, unload them by running modprobe -r <module_name> from a terminal.
If you heard proper sound samples, you can press OK to conrm the conguration. Check sound conguration by starting a program which uses sound (specially from a non root account). After these tests, you should reboot your system and check that the modules are loaded correctly at boot time.
16.5.4. Problems/Troubleshooting
If your hardware is not recognized or your system freezes, contact the harddrake team (mailto:harddrake@ mandrakesoft.com) and use the subject [Detect] in your e-mail. If you think it is a bug related to HardDrake (bugs with the user interface), contact the same e-mail address but use [HardDrake ] as the subject.

Glossary directory Part of the lesystem structure. Within a directory, les or other directories are stored. Sometimes there are sub-directories (or branches) within a directory. This is often referred to as a directory tree. If you want to see whats inside another directory, you will either have to list it or change to it. Files inside a directory are referred to as leaves while sub-directories are referred to as branches. Directories follow the same restrictions as les although the permissions mean different things. The special directories. and. refer to the directory itself and to the parent directory respectively. discrete values are values that are non-continuous. That is, theres some kind of spacing between two consecutive values. distribution is a term used to distinguish one GNU/Linux manufacturers product from another. A distribution is made up of the core Linux kernel and utilities, as well as installation programs, third-party programs, and sometimes proprietary software. DLCI The DLCI is the Data Link Connection Identier and is used to identify a unique virtual point to point connection via a Frame Relay network. The DLCIs are normally assigned by the Frame Relay network provider. echo is when the characters you type in a username entry eld, for example, are shown as is, instead of showing * for each one you type. editor is a term typically used for programs that edit text les (aka text editor). The most well-known GNU/Linux editors are the GNU Emacs (Emacs ) editor and the Unix editor Vi. email stands for Electronic Mail. This is a way to send messages electronically between people on the same network. Similar to regular mail (aka snail mail), email needs a destination and sender address to be sent properly. The sender must have an address like sender@senders.domain and the recipient must have an address like recipient@recipients.domain. Email is a very fast method of communication and typically only takes a few minutes to reach anyone, regardless of where in the world they are located. In order to write email, you need an email client like pine or mutt which are text-mode clients, or GUI clients like kmail. environment is the execution context of a process. It includes all the information that the operating system needs to manage the process and what the processor needs to execute the process properly. See Also: process. environment variables a part of a process environment. Environment variables are directly viewable from the shell. See Also: process. escape in the shell context, is the action of surrounding some string between quotes to prevent the shell from interpreting that string. For example, when you need to use spaces in some command line and pipe the results to some other command you have to put the rst command between quotes (escape the command) otherwise the shell will interpret it wrong and wont work as expected. lesystem scheme used to store les on a physical media (hard drive, oppy) in a consistent manner. Examples of lesystems are FAT , GNU/Linux ext2fs , iso9660 (used by CD-ROM s) and so on. An example of a virtual lesystem is the /proc lesystem. rewall a machine or a dedicated piece of hardware which, in the topology of a local network, is the unique connecting point to the outside network, and which lters, or controls the activity on some ports, or makes sure only some specic interfaces may have access to them.

Glossary soft links see symbolic links. standard error the le descriptor number 2, opened by every process, used by convention to print error messages to the terminal screen by default. See Also: standard input, standard output. standard input the le descriptor number 0, opened by every process, used by convention as the le descriptor from which the process receives data. See Also: standard error, standard output. standard output the le descriptor number 1, opened by every process, used by convention as the le descriptor in which the process prints its output. See Also: standard error, standard input. streamer is a device that takes streams (not interrupted or divided in shorter chunks) of characters as its input. A typical streamer is a tape drive. switch Switches are used to change the behavior of programs, and are also called command-line options or arguments. To determine if a program has optional switches that can be used, read the man pages or try to pass the --help switch to the program (ie. program --help). symbolic links special les, containing nothing but a string that makes reference to another le. Any access to them is the same as accessing the le whose name is the referenced string, which may or may not exist, and the path to which can be given in a relative or an absolute way. target is the object of compilation, i.e. the binary le to be generated by the compiler. telnet creates a connection to a remote host and allows you to log into the machine, provided you have an account. Telnet is the most widely-used method of remote logins, however there are better and more secure alternatives, like ssh. theme-able a graphical application is theme-able if it is able to change its appearance in real time. Many window managers are theme-able as well. traverse for a directory on a Unix system, this means that the user is allowed to go through this directory, and possibly to directories under it. This requires that the user has the execute permission on this directory. username is a name (or more generally a word) that identies a user in a system. Each username is attached to a unique and single UID (user ID) See Also: login. variables are strings that are used in Makefile les to be replaced by their value each time they appear. Usualy they are set at the beginning of the Makefile. They are used to simplify Makefile and source les tree management. More generally, variables in programming, are words that refer to other entities (numbers, strings, tables, etc.) that are likely to vary while the program is executing. verbose For commands, the verbose mode means that the command reports to standard (or possibly error) output all the actions it performs and the results of those actions. Sometimes, commands have a way to dene the verbosity level, which means that the amount of information that the command will report can be controlled. 243

Glossary virtual console is the name given to what used to be called terminals. On GNU/Linux systems, you have what are called virtual consoles which enable you to use one screen or monitor for many independently running sessions. By default, you have six virtual consoles which can be reached by pressing ALT-F1 through ALTF6. There is a seventh virtual console by default, ALT-F7, which will permit you to reach a running X Window System. In X, you can reach the text console by pressing CTRL-ALT-F1 through CTRL-ALT-F6. See Also: console. virtual desktops In the X Window System, the window manager may provide you several desktops. This handy feature allows you to organize your windows, avoiding the problem of having dozens of them stacked on top of each other. It works as if you had several screens. You can switch from one virtual desktop to another in a manner that depends on the window manager youre using. See Also: window manager, desktop. wildcard The * and ? characters are used as wildcard characters and can represent anything. The * represents any number of characters, including no characters. The ? represents exactly one character. Wildcards are often used in regular expressions. window In networking, the window is the largest amount of data that the receiving end can accept at a given point in time. window manager the program responsible for the look and feel of a graphical environment, dealing with window bars, frames, buttons, root menus, and some keyboard shortcuts. Without it, it would be hard or impossible to have virtual desktops, to resize windows on the y, to move them around,.
/dev/hda, 9 anti-aliasing, 64 Apache server deactivate, 168, 168, 169 deactivate CGIs, 170, 171 deactivate follow-symbolic links behavior, 169, 171 deactivate CGIs, 169 deactivate Server Side Includes, 168, 169, 170, 170, 171 deactivate Server Side Includes, 168 Apache, web deactivate, 170, 170, 171 APMd deactivate, 170 APMd daemon deactivate, 168, 169, 170 applets GNOME, 73 Application GnomeMeeting, 142 applications Aumix, 137 Bastille, 165 DiskDrake, 190 draksec, 199 GNOME, 74 HardDrake, 178 InteractiveBastille, 166 KMail, 55 Konqueror, 55, 91 konsole, 55 KWrite, 55 lpd, 189 Mandrake Control Center, 173 Mandrake Control Center, 211 menudrake, 200 MSEC, 199 Nautilus, 69 RpmDrake, 215 StarOfce, 81 urpmi, 218 urpmq, 218 userdrake, 204 xkill, 55 XMMS, 131 Aumix, 137 auto-installation manual, 176 replay, 176 background, 45 KDE, 65 bar icons, 46 menu, 45 status, 46 task, 47, 55 title, 45 tool, 55 tool, application, 46 tool, shrink button, 55 Bastille, 165
security levels, 165 Bastille-Chooser, 165 BIOS, 3 boot device, 26 boot up conguration, 174 boot disk, 3, 27 creating, 174 creating for semi and automated installation, 175 boot images, 3 booting dual, ?? bootloader, 27 conguration, 175 GRUB, 26 LILO, ?? uninstall, 31 bugxes MandrakeUpdate, 221 CDROM icon, 55 cdrom.img, 3 clipboard, 96 button, 55 clock GNOME, 70 KDE, 55 command BastilleChooser, 165 rawwrite, 4 telnet, deactivate, 168 commands DrakConf, 173 InteractiveBastille, ?? Kppp, 5 mcc, 173 mem=xxxM, 12 minicom, 5 modprobe, 182 conguration GNOME, 73 server, 169 workstation, 167 console access, 209 contributors page, ii Control Center GNOME, 70 Control Center KDE, 64 conventions typing, iii CPU load average, 71 cron, 169 date adjust, 208 defrag, 1 Denial of Service blocking, 167, 168, 169 dependencies