MECABLITZ 44 AF-4 /4i N

Bedienungsanleitung Gebruiksaanwijzing Manuale istruzioni Mode demploi Operating instruction Manual de instrucciones
1. 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.4 3. 4. 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.2 4.2.1 4.3 4.3.1 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.9 4.9.1 4.9.2 68
Safety instructions.69 Table 1.70 Preparing the flash unit for use.71 Mounting the flash unit.71 Mounting the flash unit on the camera.71 Removing the flash unit from the camera.71 Power supply.71 Suitable batteries.71 Replacing batteries.71 Switching the flash unit on and off.71 Auto-OFF for the flash unit.72 Programmed Auto Flash Mode (Full Auto Mode).72 Operating modes of the flash unit.73 TTL flash mode.73 Automatic TTL fill-in flash in daylight.73 Matrix-controlled TTL fill-in flash.73 3D multi-sensor fill-in flash.74 D-TTL flash mode.75 D-TTL 3D flash mode.75 i-TTL flash mode.75 i-TTL BL flash mode.76 Manual TTL flash exposure correction.76 Correct exposure indication in TTL flash mode.77 Underexposure warning in TTL flash mode.77 Manual flash mode.77 Manual flash mode M with full light output.77 MLo manual flash mode with partial light output levels.78 Flash techniques.78 Bounce flash.78 Close-ups / Macrophotography.78 Flash synchronisation.79 Normal synchronisation.79 REAR - Second-curtain synchronisation.79
4.9.3 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.4.6 5.4.7 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.4 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 6. 6.1 6.1. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Slow synchronisation / SLOW.80 Flash unit and camera functions.80 Flash readiness indication.80 Automatic flash sync speed control.80 Displays in the camera viewfinder.80 Information in the LC display.80 Maximum flash range indication in TTL flash mode.81 Maximum flash range indication in manual flash modes M and MLo.81 Exceeding the display range.81 Blanking out the maximum flash range display.81 FEE error indication on the flash units LC-display.81 Guide number indication when using lenses without CPU.81 Meter-Feet changeover (m - ft).82 Determining the maximum flash range with the guide number table.82 LC display illumination.82 Motor zoom reflector.82 Auto Zoom.83 Manual zoom mode M. Zoom.83 Manual zoom mode instead of Auto Zoom.83 Extended zoom mode.84 AF measuring beam.84 Preflashes for red-eye reduction.85 AUTO-FLASH / Triggering control.85 Return to basic setting.85 Special remarks concerning the cameras.86 Special functions not supported in flash mode.86 Program shift.86 Optional extras.86 Advice in the event of a fault.87 Maintenance and care.87 Technical data.88 Table 2.134

Foreword

We congratulate you on purchasing this flash unit and thank you for your confidence in Metz products. It is only natural that you should want to use your flash unit straight away. However, we recommend that you study these Operating Instructions beforehand to be able to fully exploit and utilize all the capabilities offered. This flash unit can be used for Nikon cameras with TTL, D-TTL and i-TTL flash control (i-TTL only in conjunction with 44 AF-4i N). It is not suitable for cameras made by other manufacturers. Please also open the back cover page with the illustrations.

1. Safety instructions

The flash unit is exclusively intended and approved for photographic use! Never fire a flash in the vicinity of flammable gases or liquids (petrol, solvents, etc.)! DANGER OF EXPLOSION! Never take flash shots of car, bus or train drivers, or of motorcycle and bicycle riders, whilst they are travelling. They could be blinded by the light and cause an accident! Never fire a flash in the immediate vicinity of the eyes! Flash fired directly in front of the eyes of a person or animal can damage the retina and lead to severe visual disorders - even blindness! Only use the approved power sources listed in the Operating Instructions! Do not expose batteries to excessive heat, sunshine, fire and the like! Never throw exhausted batteries on to a fire! Exhausted batteries should be immediately removed from the flash unit! Lye leaking out of spent batteries will damage the unit. Never recharge dry-cell batteries!
Do not expose the flash unit or battery charger to dripping or splashing water (such as rain)! Protect the flash unit from excessive heat and humidity! Do not store the flash unit in the glove compartment of a car! Never place material that is impervious to light in front of, or directly on, the reflector screen. The reflector screen must be perfectly clean when a flash is fired. The high energy of the flash light will burn the material or damage the reflector screen if this is not observed. Do not touch the reflector screen after a series of flash shots. Danger of burns! Never disassemble the flashgun! DANGER: HIGH VOLTAGE! There are no components inside the flashgun that can be repaired by a layman. When taking a series of flash shots at full light output and fast recycling times as provided by NiCad battery operation, make sure to observe an interval of at least 10 minutes after 15 flashes, otherwise the flash unit will be overloaded. The flash unit may only be used in combination with a camera-integrated flash unit if the latter can completely be folded out! Quick changes in temperature may cause condensation. Therefore give the flashgun time to become acclimatized! Never use defective batteries!

Cameras Group E

Table 1

2. Preparing the flash unit for use
2.1 Mounting the flash unit 2.1.1 Mounting the flash unit on the camera
Remove the batteries from the flash unit if it is not going to be used
for an extended period of time.
2.2.2 Replacing batteries (Fig. 1)
The batteries are exhausted if the recycling time (elapsing from the triggering of a full-power flash, e.g. in the M mode, to the moment the flash ready indicator lights up again) exceeds 60 seconds. Turn off the flash unit by its main switch. Slide the battery compartment cover in the direction of the arrow and fold open. Insert the batteries lengthwise in conformity with the indicated battery symbols and close the battery compartment cover. When loading batteries ensure correct polarity, as indicated by the symbols in the battery compartment. Mixed up battery poles may destroy the flash unit! Replace all batteries at a time and make sure that the batteries are of the same brand and type and have the same capacity! Exhausted batteries must not be thrown in the dustbin! Help protect the environment and dispose of exhausted batteries at the appropriate collecting points.
Turn the knurled nut against the flash units housing until the stop point is reached. The locking pin in the adapter shoe is now fully retracted into the case. Slide the flash units foot completely into the cameras accessory shoe. Turn the knurled nut against the camera body as far as possible, thereby clamping the flash unit. If the camera does not have a locking hole the spring-loaded locking pin retracts into the adapter case so that it does not damage the surface.
Turn off the camera and the flash unit by their main switch!
2.1.2 Removing the flash unit from the camera
Turn the knurled nut against the flash units housing until the stop point is reached. Withdraw the flash unit from the cameras accessory shoe.
2.2 Power supply 2.2.1 Suitable batteries
The flash unit can be operated with any of the following batteries: 4 NiCad batteries1.2 V, type IEC KR 15/51 (KR6, size AA). They permit very fast recycling and are economical in use because they are rechargeable. 4 nickel-metal-hydride batteries 1.2 V, type HR6 (size AA). They have a significantly higher capacity than NiCad batteries and are less harmful to the environment (no cadmium). 4 alkaline-manganese dry-cell batteries 1.5 V, type IEC LR6 (size AA). Maintenance-free power source for moderate power requirements. 4 lithium batteries 1.5 V, type IEC FR6 L91 (size AA). Maintenance-free high-capacity power source with a low self-discharge rate.

2.3 Switching the flash unit on and off
The flash unit is switched on with the main switch on top of the battery compartment cover. In the upper ON position, the flash unit is on. To turn off the flash unit push the main switch down to its bottom position. If your flash unit is not going to be used for an extended period of time, we recommend to switch it off with the main switch and to remove the power sources (batteries).
2.4 Auto-OFF for the flash unit (Fig. 2)
To save battery power and prevent inadvertent battery discharge, the flash unit is factory-set to automatically switch-over to standby mode (Auto-OFF), while flash readiness and the LC display are simultaneously switched off, approx. 3 minutes after: Switch-on Firing a flash Actuating the shutter release Switching off the cameras exposure metering system. After automatic switch-off the last-used settings are retained and instantly available when the flash unit is switched on again. The flash unit is reactivated merely by depressing the Mode or Zoom key or by touching the shutter release (wake-up function). The flash unit should always be turned off by the main switch if it is not going to be used for an extended period!
3. Programmed Auto Flash Mode (Full Auto Mode)
In Programmed Auto Flash Mode the camera controls the aperture and shutter speed, as well as the flash unit, automatically so that optimal results are always assured in most photographic situations, including fill-in flash. Settings on the camera Set your camera to program P, Vari or a Scene Mode (landscape, portraiture, sport, etc.). Select the Single-AF (S) auto-focus mode on the camera. On various Nikon cameras (e.g. F5, F65, F80, F100), you must always set the highest f-number on the lens (see the cameras operating instructions). When using a Group A camera (see Table 1) or a lens without CPU (i.e. without electronic data transmission), the flash reflectors zoom position must be manually adjusted to the focal length of the lens (see 5.7.2)!
Use a tripod for the Night Shots Program to avoid the danger of
camera shake in connection with slow shutter speeds! Settings on the flash unit Flash mode with cameras of Groups A, B and C (see Table 1): Set the flash unit in the TTL flash mode (see 4.1). For Group B cameras it is possible to additionally set the matrix-controlled fill-in flash mode on the flash unit (see 4.1.2). For Group C cameras it is possible to additionally set the 3D multi-sensor fillin flash mode on the flash unit (see 4.1.3). Flash mode with Group D cameras (see Table 1): Set the flash unit in the D-TTL or D-TTL 3D flash mode (see 4.2). Flash mode with Group E cameras (see Table 1): Set the flash unit in the i-TTL or i-TTL BL flash mode (see 4.3). The i-TTL flash mode is only supported by the 44 AF-4i N.
The Auto-OFF function can be deactivated whenever required: Turning off the Auto-OFF function Turn on the flash unit by its main switch. Continue depressing the key combination Select (= Mode key + Zoom key) until the LC display indicates 3m (= 3 minutes). Continue depressing the Zoom key until OFF flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display returns to normal display after approx. 5 sec. Turning on the Auto-OFF function Turn on the flash unit by its main switch. Continue depressing the key combination Select (= Mode key + Zoom key) until the LC display indicates 3m (= 3 minutes). Continue depressing the Zoom key until ON flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. 72

As soon as the above settings have been made you can start shooting flash pictures when flash readiness is indicated (see 5.1).
4. Operating modes of the flash unit
4.1 TTL flash mode (Fig. 3)
The TTL flash mode is a very simple way to achieve excellent flash shots. In this mode exposure readings are taken by a sensor built into the camera which measures the light through the camera lens (TTL). The electronic control circuit within the camera transmits a stop signal to the flash unit after exposure by the correct amount of light, thereby instantly interrupting the flash. The advantage of this flash mode is that all factors influencing correct exposure (filters, change of aperture and focal length with zoom lenses, extensions for close-ups, etc.) are automatically taken into account. You need not worry about setting the flash, the cameras electronic system automatically determines the correct amount of flash light required. For the maximum flash range please observe the distances given in the flash units LC display (see 5.4) and the information in section 5.5. If flash exposure was correct, the flash units LC display indicates o.k. for about 3 sec. (see 4.5). The TTL flash mode is supported by all camera modes (e.g. Program P, Aperture Priority Mode A, Shutter Priority Mode S, Vari or Scene Modes, Manual Mode M, etc.). For analog cameras, a film must be loaded in the camera to test the TTL function. Please check whether limits regarding maximum film speed or ISO value (e.g. maximum ISO 1000) are applicable to the given camera when in TTL mode (refer to the cameras operating instructions)!
Setting procedure for TTL flash mode Mount the flash unit on the camera. Switch on the flash unit and the camera. Continue depressing the Mode key until TTL flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. Pronounced differences in contrast, e.g. a dark subject in snow, may make it necessary to correct the exposure settings (see 4.4).
4.1.1 Automatic TTL fill-in flash in daylight (Fig. 5 and 6)
Most camera models automatically activate the fill-in flash mode when in auto program mode P, Vari or a Scene mode in daylight (see the cameras operating instructions). Fill-in flash overcomes troublesome dense shadows and produces a more balanced exposure between subject and background with contre-jour shots. The cameras computer-controlled metering system sets the most suitable combination of shutter speed, working aperture and flash output. Ensure that the contre-jour light source does not shine directly into the lens as this will mislead the cameras TTL metering system! In this instance there is no setting or display on the flash unit for automatic TTL fill-in flash.

4.1.3 3D multi-sensor fill-in flash
This flash mode optimizes a balanced exposure between subject and background. Prior to exposure a series of almost invisible measuring preflashes are fired by the flash unit. These are evaluated by the TTL multi-sensor and the cameras micro-controller. The camera then adapts TTL flash exposure optimally to the given photographic situation (multi-sensor fill-in flash). When D-AF-Nikkor lenses are used, the camera-to-subject distance will be additionally taken into account when determining the optimal flash output (3D multi-sensor fill-in flash mode).

4.2 D-TTL flash mode

This flash mode is only possible in conjunction with digital Nikon SLR cameras of Group D (see Table 1). Digital SLR cameras do not support the normal TTL flash mode of analog cameras.
The D-TTL flash mode is an advanced variant of the normal TTL flash mode of analog cameras. Prior to shooting a series of weakly visible measuring preflashes are fired by the flash unit. The camera evaluates the reflected preflash light so that the subsequent flash exposure is optimally adapted to the prevailing photographic situation (see operating instructions of your camera). Setting procedure Mount the flash unit on the camera. Switch on the flash unit and the camera. Lightly touch the cameras shutter release for data exchange between flash unit and camera. Continue to depress the Mode button until D-TTL flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes instantly effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec.
Setting procedure Mount the flash unit on the camera. Switch on the flash unit and the camera. Lightly touch the cameras shutter release to induce a data exchange between the flash unit and the camera. Continue depressing the MODE key on the flash unit until D TTL and the symbol flash in the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective and is automatically saved after 5 seconds.

4.3 i-TTL flash mode

This flash mode is only available for Nikon digital SLR cameras of
Group E (see Table 1) in conjunction with the 44 AF-4i N flash unit. The standard TTL flash mode of analog cameras is not supported by the digital SLR cameras.
4.2.1 D-TTL 3D flash mode
In this mode with D-TTL flash control (see above) the camera additionally takes into account the flash-to-subject distance. This flash mode is only available with D-AF Nikkor lenses. Some cameras do not support the D-TTL 3D flash mode for SPOT exposure metering. This flash mode will then either be automatically cancellled or it cannot be activated so that the normal D-TTL flash mode will be performed. To set the D-TTL 3D flash mode the flash head must be in the normal position, i.e. it must not be swivelled down. For D-TTL 3D flash mode, both the camera and the lens must support the evaluation of distance data (see operating instructions for the camera and specifications of the lens).

i-TTL flash mode is an advanced variant of the standard TTL flash control of analog cameras. When shooting a picture, several weakly visible preflashes are fired by the flash unit prior to exposure. The camera then evaluates the reflected preflash light so that the subsequent flash exposure is optimally adapted to the prevailing photographic situation (see operating instructions of the camera). Setting procedure Mount the flash unit on the camera. Switch on the flash unit and the camera. Lightly touch the cameras shutter release to induce a data exchange between the flash unit and the camera. Continue depressing the MODE key on the flash unit until TTL flashes in the LC display. When using Group E cameras, the i-TTL flash mode is automatically activated on the flash unit. The i symbol is not indicated. The setting becomes instantly effective and is automatically saved after 5 sec. 75
4.3.1 i-TTL BL flash mode
In this mode with i-TTL flash control (see above) the camera additionally takes into account data relating to the flash-to-subject distance. This flash mode is only possible in conjunction with D-AF Nikkor lenses. Some cameras do not support the i-TTL BL flash mode for SPOT exposure metering. This flash mode will then either be automatically cancelled or it cannot be activated so that the normal i-TTL flash mode will be performed. For the i-TTL BL flash mode, both the camera and the lens must support the evaluation of distances (see operating instructions for the camera and specifications for the given lens). Some cameras only support the i-TTL flash mode for SPOT exposure metering. The i-TTL BL flash mode can then not be activated. Setting procedure Mount the flash unit on the camera. Switch on the flash unit and the camera. Lightly touch the cameras shutter release to induce a data exchange between the flash unit and the camera. Continue to depress the MODE button on the flash unit until TTL and the symbol flash on the LC display. The i symbol is not indicated. The setting becomes instantly effective and is automatically saved after 5 sec.
of correction depends on the contrast prevailing between subject and background! A dark subject in front of a bright background: Positive correction value. Light subject in front of a dark background: Negative correction value. Correction value settings can change the maximum flash range indicated on the flash units LC display and match it to the given correction value (depends upon the camera model)! Exposure correction by changing the lens diaphragm is not possible because the cameras automatic exposure system will automatically regard the changed diaphragm as the normal working aperture. After the exposure do not forget to reset the TTL flash exposure correction back to the normal value on the camera!

Depending on the given type of camera, the manual TTL flash expo-
sure correction must be set either on the camera or on the flash unit. Please refer to the indications given in the corresponding camera manual. When using a Group A camera (see Table 1) this setting must always be made on the camera. It cannot be made on the flash unit.
4.4 Manual TTL flash exposure correction
The TTL auto flash mode of most cameras is matched to a 25 % degree of light reflection by the subject (average amount of light reflected by subjects shot with flash). Consequently, a dark background that absorbs a great deal of light, or a bright background that reflects a great deal of light, can result in under- or overexposure, respectively. To offset this effect a correction value can be set on some cameras to manually match the TTL flash exposure (or D-TTL flash exposure / i-TTL flash exposure on digital SLR cameras) to the photographic situation. The actual extent 76
Setting on the flash unit Mount the flash unit on the camera. Switch on the flash unit and the camera. Lightly touch the cameras shutter release to induce a data exchange between the flash unit and the camera. Continue depressing the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key) until EV (Exposure Value) is indicated on the LC display. Alongside EV, the set correction value is flashing on the display. While the correction value is flashing, a positive value can be adjusted with the Zoom key, and a negative value with the Mode key. The setting range for the correction value extends from -3EV to +1EV in 1/3 stop increments.
The setting becomes immediately effective. After approx. 5 sec. the LC display returns to its normal state. If the camera is used with a CPU lens, then EV will flash alongside the aperture symbol on the flash units LC display to indicate that a manual correction value has been set for flash exposure. If the camera is used with a lens without CPU, then the adjusted manual correction value for flash exposure will be displayed on the flash unit in place of the aperture symbol and the EV exposure value. Instead of the maximum flash range, the flash unit indicates its guide number. To determine the maximum flash range of the flash unit please refer to the formula given in section 5.4.6. Many cameras offer the facility to set a manual correction value directly on the camera. In such an instance we advise setting the correction value either on the camera or on the flash unit. Cancelling manual TTL flash exposure correction on the flash unit Continue depressing the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key) until EV is indicated on the LC display. The set correction value flashes alongside EV on the display. While the correction value is flashing, set the correction value at 0.0 with the Zoom key or the Mode key, thereby cancelling manual TTL flash exposure correction. The setting becomes immediately effective. After approx. 5 sec. the LC display returns to its normal state.

Also refer to section 5.3 regarding correct exposure indication in the

cameras viewfinder!

4.6 Underexposure warning in TTL flash mode
In certain modes (for example P and A), some Group C, D and E Nikon cameras listed in Table 1 will give underexposure warning for flash shots by way of aperture increments (EV) on the flash units LC display (see operating instructions of the camera). If the OK correct exposure confirmation does not light up on the flash unit after a flash shot was taken, or if the flash symbol in the camera viewfinder flashes, then the flash units LC display briefly indicates the underexposure value between -0.3 EV and -3.0 EV in one-third increments. In borderline instances it may occur that o.k. is not displayed on the flash unit but the flash symbol in the camera viewfinder flashes. In such an event the exposure will nevertheless be correct. To enable underexposure indication, the TTL mode or an advanced variant of TTL flash mode (e.g. 3D-TTL, D-TTL 3D, i-TTL, i-TTL BL, etc.) must be set on the flash unit.

4.7 Manual flash mode

Set A aperture priority or the manual mode M or X on the camera. Select the aperture and shutter speed (with M) on the camera according to the given photographic situation (see the cameras operating instructions).
4.5 Correct exposure indication in TTL flash mode (Fig. 4)
The o.k. correct exposure confirmation only appears in the flash units LC display if the shot was correctly exposed in TTL flash mode or its corresponding advanced variants (e.g. 3D-TTL, D-TTL, D-TTL 3D, i-TTL, i-TTL BL, etc.). If o.k. is not displayed after the exposure, then this means that the shot was underexposed. The shot will then have to be repeated with the next smaller f-number (e.g. f/8 instead of f/11) or the distance to the subject or the reflecting surface (e.g. when bouncing the flash) must be reduced. Please observe the maximum flash range indicated on the flash units LC display (see 5.4.1) and the information given in section 5.5.
4.7.1 Manual flash mode M with full light output
In this mode the flash unit always fires uncontrolled flashes at full light output. Adaptation to the given photographic situation is by selecting a corresponding aperture setting on the camera. When using Group C, D and E cameras, the flash units LC display will indicate the flash-to-subject distance required for a correct exposure (see also 5.4.2).
Setting procedure for the manual flash mode M Turn on the flash unit by its main switch. Continue depressing the Mode key until M flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec.

4.7.2 MLo manual flash mode with partial light output levels
In this mode the flash unit always fires an uncontrolled flash at a manually set partial light output level (Low). Adaptation to the prevailing photographic situation is by selecting an appropriate partial output level or by setting a corresponding aperture on the camera. The flash units LC display panel will indicate the distance required for correct flash exposure (also see 5.4.2). Setting procedure for the manual flash mode MLo Turn on the flash unit with the main switch. Continue depressing the Mode key until MLo flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes instantly effective. After about 5 sec. the LC display returns to its normal state.
When turning the reflector vertically, it is essential to ensure that it is moved by a sufficiently wide angle so that direct light can no longer fall on the subject. Consequently, always turn the reflector at least to the 60 lock-in position. The distance readings on the LC display will disappear. The flash-tosubject distance via the ceiling or wall is an unknown magnitude. The light bounced off the reflecting surfaces produces a soft and uniform illumination of the subject. The reflecting surface must be white or have a neutral colour, and it must not be structured (e.g. wooden beams in a ceiling) as these might cause shadows. For colour effects just select the reflective surface in the desired colour. Take into account that the maximum flash range is considerably diminished when bouncing the flash. The following rule of thumb will help you determine the maximum flash range for a room of normal height: guide number Maximum flash range = lighting distance x 2

4.8 Flash techniques

4.8.1 Bounce flash
4.8.2 Close-ups / Macrophotography
The flash reflector can be swivelled down by an angle of -7 to compensate for parallax error. For this purpose depress the unlocking button of the reflector and fold down the reflector. For close-ups it is necessary to ensure that certain minimum lighting distances are maintained to avoid overexposure. The minimum lighting distance is approx. 10 per cent of the maximum flash range indicated on the LC display. Since the maximum flash range is not indicated on the LC display when the reflector is swivelled down, then be guided by the maximum flash range indicated by the flash unit when the reflector is in its normal position!

Photos shot with full frontal flash are easily recognized by their harsh, dense shadows. This is often associated with a sharp drop in light from the foreground to the background. This phenomenon can be avoided with bounce flash because the diffused light will produce a soft and uniform rendition of both the subject and the background. For this situation the reflector is turned in such a manner that the flash is bounced off a suitable reflective surface (e.g. ceiling or wall of the room). The reflector can be turned vertically up to 90. The reflector head is mechanically interlocked in its basic position. Press the pushbutton to unlock and turn the reflector head.
4.9 Flash synchronisation 4.9.1 Normal synchronisation (Fig. 7)
In normal synchronisation the flash unit is triggered at the beginning of the exposure time (1st curtain synchronisation). Normal synchronisation is the standard mode on all cameras, and is suitable for most flash shots. Depending upon the given mode, the camera is changed over to flash sync speed, the customary one being between 1/30th sec. and 1/125th sec. (see the cameras operating instructions). No settings have to be made on the flash unit, nor is there any display for this mode.
Activating the REAR mode on the flash unit in conjunction with Group B cameras Mount the flash unit on the camera. Switch on the flash unit and the camera. Lightly touch the cameras shutter release to induce a data exchange between the flash unit and the camera. Continue depressing the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key) until REAR appears on the LC display. Continue depressing the Zoom key until On flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. The REAR symbol for 2nd curtain synchronisation continues to be indicated on the flash units LC display after it has been set! Always use a tripod to avoid camera shake with slow shutter speeds! Do not forget to switch off this function after exposure, otherwise unintended slow shutter speeds will continue to be used for normal flash shots. Deactivating the REAR mode on the flash unit Continue depressing the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key) until REAR appears on the LC display. Continue depressing the Zoom key until OFF flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. The REAR symbol for 2nd curtain synchronisation is no longer indicated by the flash units display. The flash unit is then once again synchronised with the first curtain (normal) synchronisation.
4.9.2 REAR - Second-curtain synchronisation (Fig. 8)
Some cameras offer the facility of second-curtain synchronisation (REAR mode) triggering the flash unit by the end of the exposure time. Second-curtain synchronisation is particularly advantageous when using slow shutter speeds (slower than 1/30 sec.) or when shooting moving objects that have their own source of light. Second-curtain synchronisation gives a more realistic impression of movement because the light streaks behind the light source instead of building up in front of it, as is the case when the flash is synchronised with the 1st shutter curtain! Depending on its operating mode, the camera uses shutter speeds slower than its sync speed. On some cameras the REAR function is not possible in certain operating modes (e.g. specific Vari or Scene modes or Red Eye Reduction, see 5.9). In such an instance, the REAR mode cannot be selected or the REAR function is automatically cancelled or ignored. Please refer to the operating instructions for the given camera. Depending on the type of camera used, second curtain synchronisation (REAR) must either be set on the camera (cameras of Group A, C, D and E; see Table 1; + Pronea 600i) or on the flash unit (Group B cameras). Please refer to the information given in the corresonding camera manual. The REAR mode is indicated on the flash unit only if the setting was made on the flash unit.

5.4.6 Guide number indication when using lenses without CPU
Lenses without CPU (i.e. without electronic data transmission) do not transmit to the camera any electric information about focal length and aperture setting. If such a lens is used on a Group B, C, D and E camera, then the flash unit will only receive from the camera the data relating to ISO. The position of the zoom reflector must be set manually (see 5.7.2). In conjunction with certain cameras, the flash units LC display indicates, in this instance, the guide number for the current setting instead of the distance. The maximum flash range is the result of the following formula: guide number Maximum flash range = aperture
5.4.2 Maximum flash range indication in manual flash modes M and MLo
The flash units LC display indicates the distance to be maintained for correct exposure of the subject. Adaptation to the given photographic situation is achieved by changing the aperture setting on the lens and selecting either M for full light output or MLo for partial light output (see 4.7).
5.4.3 Exceeding the display range
The flash unit can indicate a maximum range of 199 m or 199 ft. This display range can be exceeded in the event of high ISO values (e.g. ISO 6400) and large aperture openings. An arrow or triangle after the distance value indicates that the display range has been exceeded.
Refer to the instructions regarding the flash-to-subject distance in
section 5.5. The guide number is not indicated when the reflector is folded down.
5.4.7 Meter-Feet changeover (m - ft)
The maximum flash range indicated by the flash units LC display can be either in meter (m) or feet (ft). To change between the two, proceed in the following manner: Turn off the flash unit by its main switch. Keep the Select key combination depressed (= Mode key + Zoom key). Turn on the flash unit by its main switch. Release the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key). The flash range indication changes from m to ft or from ft to m.
5.5 Determining the maximum flash range with the guide number table

5.7.3 Manual zoom mode instead of Auto Zoom
When using Group B, C, D and E cameras with CPU lenses, the position of the zoom reflector can be manually changed, for instance to achieve specific lighting effects (e.g. hot-spot, etc.). Repeated depression of the Zoom key on the flash unit will successively select the following reflector positions: 24 mm - 28 mm - 35 mm - 50 mm - 70 mm - 85 mm - 105 mm The flash units LC display indicates M.Zoom for manual zoom setting and the current zoom position (mm). The setting becomes instantly effective. The display is switched back to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. If manual adjustment of the zoom reflector results in vignetting so that the flash will not cover the image corners, then the reflector position indicated on the flash units display will start flashing as a warning. Example: You are using a lens focal length of 50 mm. A reflector position of 70 mm has been manually adjusted on the flash unit (M.Zoom is displayed). 70 mm for the zoom position starts flashing on the flash units LC display because the image corners will not be fully illuminated. Returning to Auto Zoom There are various ways to return to Auto Zoom: Continue pressing the Zoom key on the flash unit until Auto Zoom appears on the display. The setting becomes instantly effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. Or: Briefly turn off the flash unit by its main switch. When the flash unit is turned on again the display of the flash unit will indicate Auto Zoom.
5.7.2 Manual zoom mode M. Zoom
With Group A cameras, or when a lens without CPU is used (e.g. manual focus lens), it is necessary to adjust the flash reflectors zoom position manually to the focal length of the lens. In this case, auto-zooming is not possible. The flash units LC display indicates M.Zoom (for manual zoom setting) and the current zoom position (mm). The following reflector positions can be selected by repeated depression of the Zoom key: 24 mm - 28 mm - 35 mm - 50 mm - 70 mm - 85 mm - 105 mm. No warning is given if the zoom reflector setting is incorrect! If you do not always need the full guide number and maximum flash range of the flash unit you can leave the zoom reflector at the position for the shortest focal length of the zoom lens. This will provide full light coverage of the image corners and eliminate the need for permanent adaptation to the lens focal length. Example: A zoom lens with a focal length range of 35 mm to 105 mm is being used: In this case set the flash units zoom reflector to 35 mm.

5.7.4 Extended zoom mode

The extended zoom mode (Ex) reduces the focal length setting of the flash unit by one step as compared to the focal length of the camera lens! The resulting wider light coverage inside rooms provides additional stray light (reflections) to achieve a softer flash illumination. Example of extended zoom mode: The focal length set on the camera lens is 35 mm. The extended zoom mode sets a 28 mm reflector position on the flash unit but 35 mm continues to be indicated on the LC display! The extended zoom mode is only possible in the Auto Zoom mode with Group B, C, D and E cameras as listed in Table 1 and CPU lenses with focal lengths as of 28 mm. Since the initital position of the zoom reflector is 24 mm, a focal length of less than 28 mm will cause 24 mm to flash on the LC display thereby warning the user that the required reflector position for the extended zoom mode cannot be set. Shots taken with a 24 mm focal length setting will be correctly illuminated right out to the image corners by the flash unit also in extended zoom mode! Turning on the extended zoom mode Continue depressing the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key) until Ex appears on the LC display. Continue depressing the Zoom key until On flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes instantly effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. After the setting procedure, the Ex symbol for the extended zoom mode will continue to be indicated on the flash units LC display! Please note that the wider illumination coverage in extended zoom mode results in a diminished maximum flash range! Turning off the extended zoom mode Continue depressing the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key) until Ex appears on the LC display. 84

Continue depressing the Zoom key until OFF flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes instantly effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. The Ex symbol for the extended zoom mode will no longer be indicated on the flash units LC display!

5.8 AF measuring beam

The AF measuring beam is activated by the camera electronics when the ambient lighting conditions are insufficient for automatic focusing. The AF beam emitter projects a striped pattern on to the subject, and the camera uses this pattern to focus automatically. The AF beam has a range of approx. 6 m to 9 m (with a 50 mm/f/1.7 standard lens). Parallax error between lens and AF red light emitter limits the close-up range of the AF measuring beam to approx. 0.7 m - 1 m. The AF mode Single-AF (S) must be set on the camera so that the AF measuring beam can be activated by the camera (see the cameras operating instructions). Zoom lenses with a small initial lens aperture may significantly reduce the range of the AF measuring beam! The striped pattern of the AF measuring beam only supports the cameras central AF sensor. When using cameras with several AF sensors we recommend to only activate the cameras central AF metering area (see the cameras operating instructions). If a decentral AF sensor is manually selected by the photographer, or automatically by the camera, then the emitter of the flash units AF measuring beam will not be activated. In such instances some cameras will use the AF illuminator integrated in the camera (see operating instructions of the camera).
5.9 Preflashes for red-eye reduction
Red eyes are always the result of a physical effect. It arises whenever a person looks more or less straight into the camera , the ambient light is relatively dark, and the flash unit is mounted on or directly next to the camera. The flash unit illuminates the back of the eyes, revealing the blood-filled retina through the pupil. This is recorded by the camera as a red spot in the eyes. The red-eye reduction facility brings about a significant improvement in this respect. When this function is used, the flash unit triggers three weakly visible preflashes prior to shutter operation, which are followed by the main flash. These preflashes induce the pupils to close down, thereby diminishing the red-eye effect. The preflash function is set on the camera. An activated preflash function is indicated on the cameras LC display by a corresponding symbol (see operating instructions of the camera). There is no setting made on the flash unit, nor an information given on the flash units display. The preflash function for red-eye reduction is only possible with cameras that support this mode (see operating instructions of the camera)! On some cameras, the red-eye reduction will only support the flash unit built into the camera or an extra illuminator incorporated in the camera body (see operating instructions of the camera)! Second curtain synchronisation (REAR) will not work when the preflash function is used!

MECABLITZ 44 AF-4 C
Bedienungsanleitung Gebruiksaanwijzing Manuale istruzioni Mode demploi Operating instruction Manual de instrucciones
1. Safety instructions. 59 2. Preparing the flash unit for use. 60 2.1 Mounting the flash unit. 60 2.1.1 Mounting the flash unit on the camera. 60 2.1.2 Removing the flash unit from the camera. 60 2.2 Power supply. 60 2.2.1 Suitable batteries. 60 2.2.2 Replacing batteries. 61 2.3 Switching the flash unit on and off. 61 2.4 Auto-OFF for the flash unit. 61 3. Programmed Auto Flash Mode. 61 4. Operating modes of the flash unit. 62 4.1 TTL flash mode. 62 4.1.1 E-TTL flash mode. 62 4.1.2 Automatic TTL / E-TTL fill-in flash in daylight. 63 4.2 Manual TTL / E-TTL flash exposure correction. 63 4.3 Correct exposure indication. 64 4.4 Manual flash mode. 64 4.4.1 Manual flash mode M with full light output. 65 4.4.2 MLo Manual flash mode with partial light output levels. 65 4.5 Flash techniques. 65 4.5.1 Bounce flash. 65 4.5.2 Close-ups / Macrophotography. 65 4.6 Flash synchronisation. 66 4.6.1 Normal synchronisation. 66 4.6.2 REAR - Second-curtain synchronisation. 66 4.6.3 Slow synchronisation / SLOW. 66 4.6.4 FP high-speed synchronisaton. 67 4.7 FE flash exposure storage. 67
5. Flash unit and camera functions. 68 5.1 Flash readiness indication. 68 5.2 Automatic flash sync speed control. 68 5.3 Displays in the cameras viewfinder. 68 5.4 Information in the LC display. 69 5.4.1 Maximum flash range indication in TTL flash mode. 69 5.4.2 Maximum flash range indication in the manual flash modes M and MLo. 69 5.4.3 Exceeding the display range. 69 5.4.4 Blanking out the maximum flash range display. 69 5.4.5 Meter-Feet changeover (m - ft). 69 5.5 LC display illumination. 70 5.6 Motor zoom reflector. 70 5.6.1 Auto-Zoom. 70 5.6.2 Manual zoom mode M.Zoom. 70 5.6.3 Extended zoom mode. 70 5.7 AF measuring beam. 71 5.8 Return to basic setting. 71 6. Special remarks concerning the cameras. 72 6.1 Special functions that are not supported in flash mode. 72 6.1.1 DEP mode. 72 6.1.2 Soft focusing (SF). 72 6.1.3 Program shift. 72 7. Optional extras. 72 8. Advice in the event of a fault. 72 9. Maintenance and care. 73 10. Technical data. 73 Guide number table for TTL and full light output M in the imperial system 112

Foreword

We congratulate you on purchasing this flash unit and thank you for your confidence in Metz products. It is only natural that you should want to use your flash unit straight away. However, we recommend that you study these Operating Instructions beforehand to be able to fully exploit and utilize all the capabilities offered. The mecablitz 44 AF4C is compatible with analog and digital Canon AF cameras with TTL flash control or E-TTL flash control. It cannot be used for cameras made by other manufacturers. Please also open the back cover page with the illustrations.
Lye leaking out of spent batteries will damage the unit. Never recharge dry-cell batteries! Do not expose the flash unit or battery charger to dripping or splashing water! Protect the flash unit from excessive heat and humidity! Do not store the flash unit in the glove compartment of a car! Never place material that is impervious to light in front of, or directly on, the reflector screen. The reflector screen must be perfectly clean when a flash is fired. The high energy of the flash light will burn the material or damage the reflector screen if this is not observed. Do not touch the reflector screen after a series of flash shots. Danger of burns! Never disassemble the flashgun! DANGER: HIGH VOLTAGE! There are no components inside the flashgun that can be repaired by a layman. When taking a series of flash shots at full light output and fast recycling times as provided by NiCad battery operation, make sure to observe an interval of at least 10 minutes after 15 flashes, otherwise the flash unit will be overloaded. The flash unit may only be used in combination with a cameras flash unit if the latter can completely be folded out! Quick changes in temperature may cause condensation. Therefore give the flashgun time to acclimatize! Never use defective batteries!

Turn the knurled nut against the housing of the flash unit until the stop point is reached. The locking pin in the adapter shoe is now fully retracted into the case. Slide the foot of the flash unit completely into the cameras accessory shoe. Turn the knurled nut against the camera body as far as possible, thereby clamping the flash unit. If the camera does not have a locking hole the spring-loaded locking pin retracts into the adapter case so that it does not damage the surface.
Turn off the camera and the flash unit by their main switch!!
2.1.2 Removing the flash unit from the camera
Turn the knurled nut against the housing of the flash unit until the stop point is reached. Withdraw the flash unit from the cameras accessory shoe.
Turn off the camera and the flash unit by their main switch!
2.2 Power supply 2.2.1 Suitable batteries
The flash unit can be operated with any of the following batteries: 4 NiCad batteries 1,2 V, type IEC KR 15/51 (KR6, size AA). They permit very fast recycling and are economical in use because they are rechargeable. 4 nickel-metal-hydride batteries 1,2 V, type HR6 (size AA). They have a significantly higher capacity than NiCad batteries and are less harmful to the environment (no cadmium). 4 alkaline-manganese dry-cell batteries 1,5 V, type IEC LR6 (size AA). Maintenance-free power source for moderate power requirements. 4 lithium batteries 1,5 V, type IEC FR6 L91 (size AA). Maintenance-free
Remove the batteries from the flash unit if it is not going to be used
for an extended period of time.
high-capacity power source with a low self-discharge rate.
2.2.2 Replacing batteries (Fig. 1)
The batteries are exhausted if the recycling time (elapsing from the triggering of a full-power flash, e.g. in the M mode, to the moment the flash ready indicator lights up again) exceeds 60 seconds. Turn off the flash unit by its main switch. Slide the battery compartment cover in the direction of the arrow and fold open. Insert the batteries lengthwise in conformity with the indicated battery symbols and close the battery compartment cover. When loading batteries ensure correct polarity, as indicated by the symbols in the battery compartment. Mixed up battery poles may destroy the flash unit! Replace all batteries at a time and make sure that the batteries are of the same brand and type and have the same capacity! Exhausted batteries must not be thrown in the dustbin! Help protect the environment and dispose of exhausted batteries at the appropriate collecting points.
approx. 3 minutes after: Switch-on Firing a flash Actuating the shutter release Switching off the cameras exposure metering system. After automatic switch-off the last-used settings are retained and instantly available when the flash unit is switched on again. The flash unit is reactivated merely by depressing the Mode or Zoom key or by touching the shutter release (wake-up function). The flash unit should always be turned off by the main switch if it is not going to be used for an extended period! The Auto-OFF function can be deactivated whenever required: Turning off the Auto-OFF function Turn on the flash unit by its main switch. Continue depressing the key combination Select (= Mode key + Zoom key) until the LC display indicates 3m (= 3 minutes). Continue depressing the Zoom key until OFF flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display returns to normal display after approx. 5 sec. Turning on the Auto-OFF function Turn on the flash unit by its main switch. Continue depressing the key combination Select (= Mode key + Zoom key) until the LC display indicates 3m (= 3 minutes). Continue depressing the Zoom key until ON flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec.

2.3 Switching the flash unit on and off
The flash unit is switched on with the main switch on top of the battery compartment cover. In the upper ON position, the flash unit is on. To turn off the flash unit push the main switch down to its bottom position. If your flash unit is not going to be used for an extended period of time, we recommend to switch it off with the main switch and to remove the power sources (batteries).
2.4 Auto-OFF for the flash unit (Fig. 2)
To save battery power and prevent inadvertent battery discharge, the flash unit is factory-set to automatically switch-over to standby mode (Auto-OFF), while flash readiness and the LC display are simultaneously switched off,
3. Programmed Auto Flash Mode (Full Auto Mode)
In Programmed Auto Flash Mode the camera controls the aperture and shutter speed, as well as the flash unit, automatically so that optimal results are 61
always assured in most photographic situations, including fill-in flash. Settings on the camera Set the camera for Green Full Auto Mode, program P or Programmed Image Control Mode (landscape, portraiture, sport, etc.). Select the AF auto-focus mode on the lens. Please refer to the cameras operating instructions for the setting procedure. Use a tripod for the Night Shots Program to avoid the danger of camera shake in connection with slow shutter speeds! Settings on the flash unit Set the TTL or E-TTL mode on the flash unit (see 4.1). Some cameras automatically switch the flash unit to the TTL mode or E-TTL mode when the Green Full Auto Mode or Programmed Image Control Mode is set! Having completed the above settings, problem-free flash photography can commence as soon as the flash unit indicates flash readiness (see 5.1).
matically taken into account. You need not worry about the flash, the cameras electronic system automatically determines the correct amount of flash light required. For the maximim flash range please observe the distance given in the LC display of the flash unit (see 5.4). If flash exposure was correct, the LC display of the flash unit indicates o.k. for about 3 sec. (see 4.3). The TTL flash mode is supported by analog Canon AF cameras in all camera modes (e.g. Green Full Auto Mode, Program P, Aperture Priority Mode Av, Shutter Priority Mode Tv, Programmed Image Control Modes, Manual Mode M, etc.). Most digital Canon cameras, however, do not support the standard TTL flash mode. On such cameras, the E-TTL flash mode must be selected (see 4.1.1). To test the TTL function a film must be loaded in the camera. When selecting the film please check whether limits regarding maximum film speed or ISO value (e.g. maximum ISO 1000) are applicable to the given camera when in TTL mode (refer to the cameras operating instructions)! Setting procedure for TTL mode With some cameras the TTL mode is automatically activated on the flash unit when in the Green Full Auto Mode or Programmed Image Control Mode! Turn on the flash unit by its main switch. Continue depressing the Mode key until TTL flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display returns to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. Pronounced differences in contrast, e.g. a dark subject in snow, may make it necessary to correct the exposure settings (see 4.2).

4.4.2 MLo manual flash mode with partial light output level
In this mode the flash unit always fires an uncontrolled flash at a manually set partial light output level (Low). Adaptation to the prevailing photographic situation is by selecting an appropriate partial output level or by setting a corresponding aperture on the camera. The LC display panel of the flash unit will indicate the distance required for correct flash exposure (also see 5.4.2). Setting procedure for the manual flash mode MLo: Turn on the flash unit with the main switch. Continue depressing the Mode key until MLo flashes on the LC display. The setting immediately becomes effective. After approx. 5 sec. the LC display returns to its normal state.
4.5.2 Close-ups / Macrophotography
The flash reflector can be swivelled down by an angle of -7 to compensate for parallax error. For this purpose depress the unlocking button of the reflector and swivel down the reflector. For close-ups it is necessary to ensure that certain minimum lighting distances are maintained to avoid overexposure. The minimum lighting distance is approx. 10 per cent of the maximum flash range indicated on the LC display. Since the maximum flash range is not indicated on the LC display when the reflector is swivelled down, then be guided by the maximum flash range indicated by the flash unit when the reflector is in its normal position!
4.5 Flash techniques 4.5.1 Bounce flash
Photos shot with full frontal flash are easily recognized by their harsh, dense shadows. This is often associated with a sharp drop in light from the foreground to the background. This phenomenon can be avoided with bounce flash because the diffused light will produce a soft and uniform rendition of both the subject and the background. For this situation the reflector is turned
4.6 Flash synchronisation 4.6.1 Normal synchronisation (Fig. 7)
In normal synchronisation the flash unit is triggered at the beginning of the shutter time (1st curtain synchronisation). Normal synchronisation is the standard mode on all cameras, and is suitable for most flash shots. Depending upon the given mode, the camera is changed over to the cameras sync speed, the customary ones being between 1/30th sec. and 1/125th sec. (see the cameras operating instructions). No settings have to be made on the flash unit, nor is there any display for this mode.

4.6.2 REAR - Second-curtain synchronisation (Fig. 8)
Some cameras offer the facility of second-curtain synchronisation (REAR mode) triggering the flash unit by the end of the exposure time. Second-curtain synchronisation is particularly advantageous when using slow shutter speeds (slower than 1/30 s) or when shooting moving objects that have their own source of light. Second-curtain synchronisation gives a more realistic impression of movement because the light streaks behind the light source instead of building up in front of it, as is the case when the flash is synchronised with the 1st shutter curtain! Depending on its operating mode, the camera uses shutter speeds slower than its sync speed. The REAR function can only be used if the flash unit is mounted on a camera that supports this function. The camera must be switched on to select and set this function. The cameras shutter release must be briefly touched so that the corresponding data can be exchanged at least once between the camera and the flash unit. On some cameras the REAR function is not possible in certain operating modes (e.g. Green Full Auto Mode or Programmed Image Control Mode) so that it cannot be selected. It will then be automatically deleted. Please also refer to the cameras instruction manual.
Switching on the REAR mode Continue depressing the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key) until REAR appears on the LC display. Continue depressing the Zoom key until ON flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display is returned its normal state after approx. 5 sec. The REAR symbol for 2nd curtain synchronisation continues to be indicated on the LC display of the flash unit after it has been set. Always use a tripod to avoid camera shake with slow shutter speeds! Do not forget to switch off this function after exposure, otherwise unintended slow shutter speeds will conntinue to be used for normal flash shots. Switching off the REAR mode Continue depressing the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key) until REAR appears on the LC display. Continue depressing the Zoom key until OFF flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display is returned to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. The REAR symbol for 2nd curtain synchronisation is no longer indicated by the display of the flash unit. The flash unit is then once again synchronised with the first curtain (normal synchronisation).

4.6.3 Slow synchronisation / SLOW
Various cameras feature slow flash synchronisation in certain modes. This setting will give added prominence to the background at lower ambient light levels. This is achieved by matching the shutter speed to the ambient light. Accordingly, shutter speeds that are slower than the flash sync speed are automatically adjusted by the camera. Some cameras automatically activate SLOW synchronisation in connection with certain camera programs (e.g. Av aperture priority, night shots program, etc.). No settings are made on the flash unit nor is there any display for this mode. Use a tripod to avoid camera shake with slow shutter speeds!
The REAR function can neither be selected nor adjusted on the flash
unit if FP high-speed synchronisation (HSS) is activated. To be able to select the REAR function you must deactivate the high-speed synchronisation (see 4.6.4).
4.6.4 FP high-speed synchronisation
Various cameras (see cameras operating instructions) support FP high-speed synchronisation (FP = focal-plane shutter). This flash mode permits flash shots to be taken also at shutter speeds faster than the flash sync speed which is particularly expedient for portraiture in very bright ambient light when the depth-of-field is to be limited by a wide aperture opening (e.g. f/2). The possibility of FP high-speed synchronisation is indicated by the abbreviation HSS (HSS = high-speed synchronisation) on the LC display of the flash unit. HSS can be additionally activated in E-TTL flash mode and the M or MLo manual flash mode of the flash unit. Due to physical reasons, however, this HSS flash mode significantly reduces the guide number and the maximum flash range of the flash unit. It is therefore essential to observe the maximum flash range indicated on the LC display and to refer to the operating instructions and technical data of the flash unit. The HSS flash mode is carried out when a shutter speed faster than the cameras sync speed has been set manually on the camera or automatically by the cameras exposure programme. Various cameras display an additional symbol for HSS flash mode in the viewfinder (e.g. H). Please refer to the cameras operating instructions for further details. HSS flash control should only be used when really required. Do not forget to cancel this mode after exposure because, otherwise, you will unnecessarily diminish the guide number and thereby lose maximum flash range!
To enable activation of the E-TTL flash mode on the flash unit, a complete data exchange must have taken place between the flash unit and the camera. For this purpose, the cameras shutter release must be held lightly depressed for a few seconds after the flash unit and camera have been switched on.
E-TTL HSS flash control Setting procedure Turn on the flash unit by its main switch. Continue pressing the Mode key until E-TTL and HSS flash on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display automatically returns to its normal state after approx. 5 seconds. Manual HSS flash control Setting procedure Turn on the flash unit by its main switch. Continue pressing the Mode key until M and HSS or MLo and HSS flash on the LC display. The flash unit operates with a manual partial light output level of P 1/8 when the LC display indicates MLo HSS. Other manual partial light output levels cannot be set when in HSS flash mode. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display automatically returns to its normal state after approx. 5 seconds. Deactivate HSS flash control Turn on the flash unit by its main switch. Continue pressing the Mode key until E-TTL or M/MLo flash without HSS on the LC display. The setting becomes immediately effective. The LC display automatically returns to its normal state after approx. 5 seconds.

4.7 FE flash exposure storage
Some Canon cameras offer the possibility of FE flash exposure storage (FE = flash exposure). This mode is supported in E-TTL flash mode. FE flash exposure storage in E-TTL mode permits the amount of light required for the subsequent shot to be determined and stored prior to exposure. This can be expedient when flash exposure has to be adapted to specific details 67
For system-inherent reasons the high-speed synchronisation (HSS flash
mode) does not permit any reflector attachments (such as diffusers, bouncers, colour filters, a.s.o.) to be used, as this will result in faulty exposures!
5. Flash unit and camera functions
5.1 Flash readiness indication
that may not necessarily be identical with the main subject. Set the flash unit to E-TTL flash mode (see 4.1.1). Focus the cameras AF sensor metering area on the zone whose flash exposure is to be predetermined. When the FE button on the camera is actuated the flash unit will fire an FE test flash (the designation FE may vary with individual camera models please refer to the operating instructions for the given camera). The electronic measuring circuit inside the camera assesses the light reflected from the FE test flash to determine the light output required for the subsequent exposure. The main subject can thereafter be focused with the AF sensor metering area of the camera. When the shutter release is pressed the picture will be exposed with the previously determined light output. Due to system-inherent reasons any changes in the light situation after the FE test flash has been fired will not be taken into account when the picture is shot. Some cameras do not support FE flash exposure storage in the green full auto mode and programmed image control modes (see cameras operating instructions).
be adjusted or they are automatically changed to the cameras sync speed. Various cameras have a sync speed range, e.g. 1/30th sec. to 1/125th sec. (see the cameras operating instructions). The actual sync speed set by the camera depends upon the camera mode, the ambient light and the focal length of the lens used. Shutter speeds slower than the flash sync speed can be set, depending upon the given camera model and the selected flash synchronisation (see also 4.6.2 and 4.6.3). Some digital cameras, e.g. PowerShot Pro 90 IS, G1 and G2, do not provide automatic flash sync speed control. These cameras permit the use of all shutter speeds. If the full light output of the flash unit is required, then do not set a shutter speed faster than 1/125 sec.
When in FP high speed synchronisation mode (HSS mode) some ca5.3 Displays in the cameras viewfinder
Flashing flash symbol: Use or switch on the flash unit (on some cameras)!
meras allow shutter speeds faster than the cameras flash sync speed (see 4.6.4).
The flash readiness symbol lights up on the flash unit when the flash capacitor is charged, thereby indicating that flashes can be fired for the next shot. Flash readiness is also transmitted to the camera for corresponding display in the viewfinder (see 5.3). If a picture is shot before flash readiness is signalled in the cameras viewfinder, then the flash unit will not be triggered so that the exposure may be incorrect if the camera has changed over to flash sync speed in the meantime (see 5.2).

5.2 Automatic flash sync speed control
Depending upon the camera model and camera mode, the shutter speed is changed to camera sync speed when flash readiness is reached (see cameras operating instructions). Shutter speeds faster than the camera sync speed cannot 68
Illuminated flash symbol: The flash unit is ready for use (on some cameras). Some cameras feature a faulty-exposure warning function in the viewfinder: Accordingly, the stop value, the shutter speed or both displays, will flash in the viewfinder to indicate over- or underexposure. Fundamentals in connection with faulty exposures: With overexposure: Do not flash! With underexposure: Switch on the flash unit or use a tripod and set a slower shutter speed. There can be various reasons for faulty exposures in the different exposure and automatic programs. Refer to the operating instructions to establish whatever is applicable to the displays in the viewfinder for the given camera model.
5.4 Information in the LC display
Canon EOS cameras transmit the ISO film speed, focal length (mm), f-stop and exposure correction to the flash unit so that the flash unit automatically adapts its settings accordingly. The maximum flash range is then calculated from these values and the flash units guide number. Flash mode, maximum flash range, aperture and the zoom reflector position are all indicated by the LC display of the flash unit. If the flash unit operates without having received data from the camera (e.g. when the camera is switched off), then only the selected flash mode, the reflector position and M.Zoom are indicated. Aperture and maximum flash range are only displayed if the camera transmits the corresponding data to the flash unit. Some cameras suppress the maximum flash range indication on the LC display in the event of high ISO values (e.g. ISO 6400) or flash exposure corrections.
Example: The display indicates a distance of 6.2 m. Ideally, the subject should be located within a distance range of approx. 2.5 m and 4.3 m.
5.4.2 Maximum flash range indication in the manual flash modes M and MLo
The LC display of the flash unit indicates the distance to be maintained for correct exposure of the subject. Adaptation to the given photographic situation is achieved by changing the aperture setting on the lens and selecting either M for full light output or MLo for partial light output (see 4.4).
5.4.3 Exceeding the display range
The flash unit can indicate a maximum range of 199 m or 199 ft. This display range can be exceeded in the event of high ISO values (e.g. ISO 6400) and large aperture openings. An arrow or triangle after the distance value indicates that the display range has been exceeded.
Various cameras (e.g. PowerShot G1) do not transfer any f-stops to

the shot will not be fully illuminated right out to the image corners, then the reflector position indicated on the display of the flash unit will start to flash as a warning.

5.6 Motor zoom reflector

The reflectors illumination angle equals the coverage of a lens of 24 mm focal length (35 mm format).

5.6.1 Auto-Zoom

If the flash unit is operated with a camera that transmits the focal length data to the flash unit, then the zoom reflector position will be automatically adapted to the focal length of the lens. When the flash unit is turned on, the LC display will indicate Auto Zoom and the current reflector position. Automatic reflector adaptation commences with lenses of 24 mm focal length. If a focal length shorter than 24 mm is used, then the 24 mm indicated on the LC display will start to flash as an indication that the flash unit cannot fully illuminate the shot right out to the image corners. A wide-angle diffuser (optional extra, see section 7) can be used for lenses as of 20 mm focal length and longer.
5.6.2 Manual zoom mode M.Zoom
The position of the zoom reflector can also be manually changed, for instance to achieve specific lighting effects (e.g. hot-spot, etc.). Repeated depression of the Zoom key on the flash unit will successively select the following reflector positions: 24 mm - 28mm - 35mm - 50mm - 70mm - 85mm - 105mm. The LC display of the flash unit indicates M.Zoom for manual zoom setting and the current zoom position (mm). The setting becomes instantly effective. The display is switched back to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. 70

5.6.3 Extended zoom mode

The extended zoom mode (Ex) reduces the focal length setting of the flash unit by one step compared with the focal length of the cameras lens! The resulting wider light coverage inside rooms provides additional stray light (reflections) to achieve softer flash illumination. Example of extended zoom mode:
The focal length set on the camera lens is 35mm. The extended zoom mode sets a 28mm reflector position on the flash unit even though 35mm continues to be indicated on the LC display! The extended zoom mode is only possible in the Auto Zoom mode with a focal length setting of 28 mm and longer. Since the start position of the zoom reflector is 24 mm, a focal length of less than 28 mm will cause 24 mm for to flash on the LC display, thereby warning the user that the required reflector position for extended zoom mode cannot be set. Shots with a 24 mm focal length of the lens will be correctly illuminated right out to the image corners by the flash unit also in extended zoom mode! Turning on the extended zoom mode Continue depressing the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key) until Ex appears on the LC display. Continue depressing the Zoom key until ON flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes instantly effective. The LC display is switched back to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. After the setting procedure, the Ex symbol for extended zoom mode will continue to be indicated on the LC display of the flash unit! Please note that the wider illumination coverage in extended zoom mode results in a diminished maximum flash range! Turning off the extended zoom mode Continue depressing the Select key combination (= Mode key + Zoom key) until Ex appears on the LC display. Continue depressing the Zoom key until OFF flashes on the LC display. The setting becomes instantly effective. The LC display is switched back to its normal state after approx. 5 sec. After storage in the memory, the Ex symbol for extended zoom mode will no longer be indicated on the LC display of the flash unit.

5.7 AF measuring beam

The AF measuring beam is activated by the camera electronics when the ambient lighting conditions are insufficient for automatic focusing. The AF beam projects a striped pattern on to the subject, and the camera uses this pattern to focus automatically. The AF beam has a range of approx. 6 m to 9 m (with a 50 mm/f/1.7 standard lens). Parallax error between lens and AF red light emitter limits the close-up range of the AF measuring beam to approx. 0.7 m - 1 m. The camera lens must be switched to AF so that the AF measuring beam can be activated by the camera. The AF mode Single AF or ONE-SHOT AF must be set on the camera (see the cameras operating instructions). Zoom lenses with a lower initial aperture can significantly reduce the range of the AF measuring beam! The striped pattern of the AF measuring beam only supports the cameras central AF sensor. Consequently, for the cameras EOS 1N, 1V, 3, 300, 50, 50E, 500N, IX and IX7, only the cameras middle AF metering area should be activated (see the cameras operating instructions). If a decentral AF sensor is manually selected by the photographer, or automatically by the camera, then the emitter of the AF measuring beam of the flash unit will not be activated. In such instances some cameras will use the AF illuminator integrated in the camera (see the cameras operating instructions). On some cameras only the AF illuminator integrated in the camera is activated when the need arises. These include EOS 500, 5, 10, 10S, 5000, REBEL X, REBEL XS, A2, A2E, 888, PowerShot Pro 70, 90IS, G1, G2, G3. In such instances the AF red-light emitter in the flash unit will not be activated. Please refer to the corresponding details in the cameras operating instructions.
5.8 Return to basic setting
The flash unit is returned to its basic setting when the Mode key is kept depressed for at least three seconds. The following settings are cancelled: Manual flash mode M or MLo Extended zoom mode Ex Manual zoom mode M.Zoom 71
Second curtain synchronisation REAR Deactivated switch-off Auto-off (3m OFF) The following settings are adjusted: The E-TTL or TTL flash mode The Auto-OFF (3m ON) function is activated The automatic zoom mode Auto-Zoom

7. Optional extras

No guarantee is given for malfunctions and damage to the flash unit
caused by the use of accessories from other manufacturers!
6. Special remarks concerning the cameras
The multitude of camera models and their peculiarities make it impossible to detail all camera-specific capabilities, settings, displays, etc. For more details concerning the operation of a flash unit please refer to the corresponding chapters in the operating instructions for the given camera!
6.1 Special functions that are not supported in flash mode 6.1.1 DEP mode

6.1.2 Soft focusing (SF)

6.1.3 Program shift
The DEP mode (automatic depth of field) is not possible when the flash unit is switched on. When a flash unit is connected, exposure will be as in the programmed auto mode. In the soft focusing function the flash unit is only triggered for the first shot. A soft focusing effect may therefore not be achieved! A program shift (paired shutter/aperture setting) cannot be carried out in the programmed auto mode when the flash unit is switched on.
24mm wide-angle diffuser (Item No. 000044217) For full illumination in conjunction with lenses of 24 mm and up. The range is reduced by the factor 1.4 due to the corresponding loss of light. Colour filter set 44-32 (Item No. 00004432A)) Consists of 4 colour filters to achieve special lighting effects, plus a clear filter to hold colour foils in any colour. Mecabounce 44-90 (Item No. 000044900) A diffuser to achieve soft illumination in the simplest possible manner. The effect is very impressive because the pictures are given a very soft atmosphere. Facial colours are rendered more naturally. However, loss of light halves the maximum flash range. Bounce diffuser 54-23 (Item No. 000054236) The soft directed light diminishes dense shadows.
Please refer to chapters 4.1.1 and 4.6.4 for the use of reflector attachments.
8. Advice in the event of a fault
Should the LC display indicate meaningless information or should the flash unit not work properly in the individual modes, then switch off the flash unit for about 10 seconds by its main switch. Check the camera settings and find out if the flash units foot is correctly mounted in the cameras accessory shoe. The flash unit must operate properly when it is switched on again. Contact your local dealer should this not be the case.
For details please refer to the cameras operating instructions.

9. Maintenance and care

Remove any grime and dust with a soft, dry or silicon-treated cloth. Never use detergents that could damage plastic parts. Forming the flash capacitor The flash capacitor incorporated in the flash unit undergoes a physical change when the flash unit is not switched on for prolonged periods of time. For this reason it is necessary to switch on the flash unit for approx. 10 minutes every 3 months (see 2.4!). The batteries must supply sufficient power for flash readiness to be indicated within 1 minute after the flash unit was switched on.
approx. 240 with high-capacity alkaline manganese batteries approx. 370 with lithium batteries (at full light output) Recycling time: approx. 4s with NiCad batteries approx. 4s with NiMH batteries approx. 5s with high-capacity alkaline manganese batteries approx. 9s with lithium batteries (at full light output) Swivelling range and locking positions of flash head Upwards / downwards: 60, 75, 90 / -7 Dimensions approx. in mm: 75 x 125 x 108 (WxHxD) Weight: Flash unit with power sources: approx. 400g Included: Flash unit, Operating Instructions Errors excepted. Subject to changes!

10. Technical data

Maximal guide number at ISO 100/21, 105 mm zoom: In the metric system: 44; In the imperial system: 144 Flash durations: Approx. 1/200th to 1/20,000th sec. (in TTL mode) In M mode approx. 1/200th sec. at full light output In MLo mode approx. 1/5,000th sec. Colour temperature: approx. 5600 K Film speed: ISO 6 to ISO 6400 Synchronisation: Low-voltage ignition Number of flashes: approx. 85 with NiCad batteries (600 mAh) approx. 205 with NiMH batteries (1600 mAh)

Disposal of batteries

Do not dispose of spent batteries with domestic rubbish. Please return spent batteries to collecting points should they exist in your country! Please return only fully discharged batteries. Normally, batteries are fully discharged if: - The device they powered switches itself off and indicates "Spent Batteries". - They no longer function properly after prolonged use. To ensure short-circuit safety please cover the battery poles with adhesive tape.
ISO 6/9 8/10 10/11 12/12 16/13 20/14 25/15 32/16 40/17 50/18 64/19 80/20 100/21 125/22 160/23 200/24 250/25 320/26 400/27 500/28 650/29 800/30 1000/31 1250/32 1600/33 2000/34 2500/35 3200/36 4000/37 5000/38 6400/2,2 2,5 2,8 3,1 3,6 4,0 4,5 5,1 5,7 6,4 7,2 8,1 9,0 10,1 11,4 12,7 14,2,4 2,7 3,1 3,4 3,9 4,3 4,8 5,5 6,1 6,9 7,8 8,7 9,7 10,8 12,3 13,69 78
Zoom 50 2,9 3,3 3,7 4,1 4,7 5,3 5,9 6,7 7,4 8,3 9,4 10,5 11,8 13,1 14,94
70 3,2 3,7 4,2 4,6 5,3 5,9 6,6 7,4 8,3 9,3 10,5 11,8 13,2 14,93 105
85 3,6 4,1 4,6 5,0 5,8 6,5 7,3 8,2 9,2 10,3 11,14,116
105 3,7 4,3 4,8 5,3 6,1 6,8 7,6 8,6 9,6 10,8 12,2 13,108 122
Leitzahlentabelle fr TTL und Teillichtleistung MLo im Meter-System Leitzahl (ft) = Leitzahl (m) x 3,3 (gilt nicht fr FP-Kurzzeitsynchronisation bzw. HSS mit mecablitz 44 AF4C) Tableau des nombres-guides pour TTL les differents puissance MLo en mtres nombre-guide (ft) = nombre-guide (m) x 3,3 (ne sapplique pas la synchronisation haute vitesse ou HSS avec le 44 AF4C) Richtgetallentabel voor TTL en deelermogen MLo in het metersysteem Richtgetal (ft) = Richtgetal (m) x 3,3 (geldt niet voor FP-synchron. bij korte belichtingstijden, c.q. HSS met de 44 AF4C) Guide number table for partial light output MLo in the imperial system Guide number (ft) = Guide number (m) x 3.3 (does not apply to FP high-speed synchron. or HSS synchron. with 44 AF4C) Tabella numeri guida per potenze ridotte MLo in metri Numeri guida (ft) = Numeri guida (m) x 3,3 (non vale per la sincronizzazione ad alta velocit FP o HSS con 44 AF4C) Tabla de nmeros gua para potencias parciales de luz MLo en el sistema de pies Nmeros gua (ft) = Nmeros gua (m) x 3,3 (no vlido para sincronizacin de velocidad rp. FP o HSS con mecablitz 44 AF4C)