Ketchup Carrot juice Curry, saffron etc. Lipstick Burnt Burnt Burnt Burnt meat [13] custard [13] milk [13] casseroles etc.
Discriminating Long storage life. The methods chosen should be such that even powerful detergents are incapable of completely releasing the soil. This will allow the possibility of differentiating between powerful products at the top end of the scale.

Colored, bleachable soil

Persistent, burnt soil
Dried, starchy soil (amylase-specific)
Porridge(1, 10, 13) Starchy sauces/gravies Casseroles (pasta, rice, potatoes) Remains of dough/batter, baked-on residues
3. Review of existing methods
First of all, methods already known or discovered in literature searches were studied and assessed. Theoverwhelmingmajorityofthetest methods were developed by organizations of dishwasher manufacturers in cooperation with various detergent manufacturers. These methods were designed to clearly define the efficiency of the dishwasher in terms of the action of the spraying arms and the filter System. A major aspect of this, namely the primary release of various food soil types from the surface of the dishes, is inadequately described by these methods. The majority of the soil types employed are not persistent enough for an assessment of detergent action. In addition to these so-called dishwasher-specific methods, the more recent literature reports on enzyme-specific soils (7, 8, 9). These methods have been developed by enzyme manufacturers and supply information on amylase- and protease-specific soils. Nevertheless, no attempt at an integrated description that would permit an assessment of dishwasher detergents has been made. The various test methods can be seen in Table 3. An assessment of the various test methods described at that time is given by the work group in Table 4.
Dried, proteinaceous soil (protease-specific) Table 2 Classification of Food Soil quently applied to the assessment of detergents. The most widespread methods are DIN 44990 (1) and IEC 436 (2). However, both methods were developed at a time when the new compact detergents containing enzymes had notyetbecomeestablished onthe market. Consequently, these methods are often incapable of adequately ref lecting the wash prof ile of such detergents. It therefore became necessary to develop a system based on the existing methods for a more comprehensive assessment of the wash performance of dishwasher detergents. In the middle of 1995, underthe auspices of the German Industrial Association of the Manufacturers of Toiletries and Detergents (IKW), a work group of mechanical dishwashing experts was set up for this task and was joined by representatives of leading European test institutes and dishwasher manufacturers.

Egg yolk (7, 8, 9) Casseroles (cheese, meat, egg)

2. Goal

The goal of the work group was to select forms of soil from the field to enable the wash profile yielded by the composition of the detergent in question to be determined. Food soil on domestic dishes can be roughly classified (Table 2). The test soil types also have to satisfy the following criteria. 6 Simple (to produce, without complex apparatus) Relevant to practical washing experience Reproducible
IEC 436 (2) DIN 44990 (1) prEN 50242(10) (CenelecTC59X) UTE 73-176 (11) ANS I/AH AM DW-1-1982(12) Altenschpfer (13) Novo (7,8) Genencor (9)

in Arbeit 1994

Mechanical dishwasher Mechanical dishwasher Mechanical dishwasher
Internationa D, A, I, E, F EU
Mechanical dishwasher F, I Mechanical dishwasher USA Detergent Enzymes Enzymes D Internationa Internationa
4. Methodology and proposed results
The task of the work group was, either to select such soiling methods from those already known, which enabled as high a differentiation as possible between different detergent formulations, or to adjust those methods accordingly. Hence, the soils should be so
Table 3 Existing Test Methods to Determine Cleaning Performance of Dishwashing Machines and Detergents
Effort IEC436 DIN 44990 UTE 73-176 HM"

Practical relevance +

Reproduci- i Discrimination bilitv

Storaqe

5. Experience with the methods to date
Since the conditions for soil preparation in the course of both test series with the products R R2, R3, [EC A, and R3, P3, [EC A, (Table 6) as well as pure water for the base level were changed several times, individual results will not be presented, but the experience gained from the tests will be described. 5.1 Bleach specific stains The hypochlorite containing products and the hypochlorite-free products of the type RrR3 could be sufficiently differentiated using the tea method. No differences could be found between these three detergents which were based on the same bleach System, the same alkalinity, and the same builder System. Inthe2 nd comparativetest, advantages were found under the compact detergents for the products containing phosphate, P3. Using water alone, only minor removal of tea stains was observed.
ltenschpferj Novo I Genencor | + = good
+ ? Not so suitable in Europe in the opinionof dishwasher manufacturers + + + + + + + + + + + + - = bad
Table 4 Assessment by the Working Group of Various Test Methods Described persistent, thateven powerfultestformulations combined with favourable washing conditions do not achieve 100 % cleaning efficiency. Washing the soils in purewatershould only result in a minor removal of soils, such that a wide rnge of differentiation is achieved. Since the known soils could not meet these criteria in every case, the working group also undertook new developments. Especially in the case of starch containing soils the developments have been built on the knowledge attained from the relevant literature (15-22). Additionally, other described, but not certified, methods were included in the assessment (starch mixture accordi n g t o IECSC59 A / W G II (14), milk in the microwave according to Cenelec TC59X(10). For the selection of the soils to be included in the test method, a f urther requirement was that each of the soil classes described in Table 2 (bleachable/coloured, persistent/burnt, dried starch containing as well as dried protein containing) should be represented by at least one Single soil. The following 8 single soils in Table 5 finally proved to be suitable to fulfil the required criteria. The storage stability of the soils under laboratory conditions is at least 14 days. Moreover, the microbiological tests (23) did not show any significant increase of the germ counts over this period. In order to achieve a better distinction between test products, in addition to the Single soil, a ballast soil is added to the cleaning cycle of the dishwasher. This ballast soil, in form of a frozen lump, largely consists of fatty type ingredients as well as protein and starch containing food and as coloring components, tomato ketchup and mustard. In justified cases the addition of the ballast soil can be waived. These chosen soils were evaluated using 2 test series in different participating test laboratories. During the tests the description of the test methods was optimized with the aim of preventing mistakes and avoiding deviations. The detailed description of the preparation of the soils and the conditions under which the comparative tests were carried out are presented in part B.

bleachable persistent/ burnt
Tea Minced meat on glass Milk in the microwave

visual/photo catalog

Altenschpfer (13) visual/photo catalog (modified) prEN 50242 (10) (modified) IECSC59A/ WG 2(14) visual/photo catalog gravimetric Visual (colorreaction)/ photo catalog gravimetric Visual (colorreaction)/ photo catalog j gravimetric

dried /starch containing

Starch mix
Oatflakes (porridge) prEN 50242 (10) Egg yolk dried / protein containing Minced meat on porcelain Egg/milk
Novo (7,8) (modified) prEN'50242 (10) (modified) Novo (7,8) (modified)
Table 5 Suitable Single soils meeting the required criteria IEC A compact klassica
Cleaner type compact Phosphate Bleach System *) AO % Amylase 1.0 % Protease ) 6.0 Alcalinity 10.5-11

*) AO = active oxygen 1

compact
compact | AO 3.0 2.0 10.5-11 ' ; j

AO 2.0 4.0 10.5-11 i |

AO 1.0 2.0 10.5-11

12-12.5

ACI = activ chlor
Table 6 Description of the experience gained
5.2 Persistent / burnt stains Using the methods milk in the microwave and minced meat in glass vessels, detergent formulations with different alkalinity could be clearly differentiated. While the results from milk in the microwave did not recognize the effect of protease activity, in the minced meat in glass vessels test the effect of increasing amounts of protease could be recognized. In practice, these methods offer the advantage of a significantly reduced hazard potential than before, where soils were burnt on oil baths 5.3 dried /protein containing soils The method minced meat on porcelain plates delivered results that lead to the conclusion that both high alkalinity and increasing amounts of protease result in an increase in cleaning efficiency up to a plateau level. It was found to be advisable to spray the residues of meat protein with a solution of Ninhydrin in order to make them more visible. Altogether, this meat soil dried at 120 C is harder to remove than the meat soil of EN 50242 (DIN 44990) dried at 80 C. The detergent formulations in the test could be differentiated significantly better with the methods egg yolk and egg/milk applied on steel plates. Here, the effects of protease could be recognized clearly, while the effect of alkalinity was relatively minor. In the first test series it was found that with the egg yolk soil even a protease free test detergent with high alkalinity - in comparison to the water value - a not insignificant cleaning result was achieved, albeit with widely fluctuating values. The reason for that was found to be due to too thick layers of egg yolk, which - due to the high alkalinity of the IEC reference detergent A - partly tended to flake off. Due to this f act, the WG decided to reduce the thickness of the applied egg yolk by half. The success was observed in the 2nd test series, where the effect of the protease could be recognized clearly from the results, while a high alkalinity had a smaller influence. Soil removal using the IEC reference detergent A was found to be of the same order of magnitude as the water value. The clear protease effect could also be observed in the results of the egg/milk soil, where the alkalinity seemstohave no influence on the cleaning performance. The results of the egg/milk test also showed clearly the protease effect, whereas the alkalinity did not appear to effect the cleaning Performance.

> <

S 1 E E

'S.n V

o e>

n. 50 %

19 U>

Ol l 33
Fig. 1 Presentation of the general result
P 2 IEC A water value amylascspecjfic persistent proteasespecific
Fig. 2 Results of the 2nd test series
can be combined into the 4 mentioned categories. For calculation, the cleaning results ofthesinglesoilsareincluded proportionately as presented in principal in Fig. 1. From this, a so called fingerprint of the specific detergent is being obtained, which illustrates the strengths and weaknesses in relation to the 4 soll classes. As an example from the practice, the results of the 2nd test series are being presented in Fig. 2. The different composition of the test detergents e.g. according to the bleach system as well as the content of protease and amylase can be recognized in the cleaning results. How the Single soil described so far fulfil the mentioned criteria of Table 4 is presented in Table 8.

+ +/+ + +

Minced meat on i glass dishes ! Milk in the + microwave j Starch mix Porridge + Eggyolk Minced meat on ! + porcelain plates Egg/milk + = good - = bad

+ + + + + + + +

7. Summary
+ + + + In the opinion of the working group the new method is suitable to more comprehensively determine the performance profile of machine dishwasher detergents than previously known methods. This is, however, being achieved by a greater effort in the preparation of soils. On the other hand, the soils discussed here have the advantagethattheirstoragelifeclearly surpasses that of all test soils known before. As a result mass production of the required quantity of soils is possible in advance, which leads to a significant reduction in preparation time. Using hitherto gained experience it is intended to further optimize and update the methods and where appropriate develop other soils. At a later review, further accumulated experiences can be incorporated into the test methods. Literature
(1) DIN 44990, Teil 1, Elektrische Geschirrsplmaschinen fr den Hausgebrauch, Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V., Berlin 1989. IEC 436, Methods for measuring the Performance of electricdish-washers, Bureau Central de ia Commission Elertrotechnique Internationale, Geneve 1981, and amendement 3, Geneve 1994. B. Ohler, D. Auenwald, C. Maluche, C. Walz, Methoden zur Bestimmung von Teerckstnden in Porzellantassen, SFW-Journal 121 Jg., 6/95, S.439 ff. M. Spiro, D. Jaganyi, What causes scum on tea ?, Nature364, 581 (1993). R. Lemke, Die Haut auf dem Tee (2) oder: Tee mit Zitrone, CLB 45, 193 (1994).
*) Fluctuating results with the dassical detergent IEC A owing to its high alkalinity
Table 8 Compliance of the demands on the Single soils
ft Benckiser Produktions GmbH ft Chemolux s.a.r.l. -fr fit Chemische Produkte GmbH & Henkel KGaA -& Luhns GmbH -ft Procter & Gamble Seifenfabrik Budich & Lever -& Werner & Mertz GmbH

2.2 Raw materials Black tea, namely Assam (e.g. Teekanne or other company ) Synthetic water (3.00 mmol Ca+Mg as per Appendix 4) Stock solution of ferric sulphate
1.3 Storage The soil should be stored in controlled conditions of 20C/40 - 60% relative humidity as weighing errors may occur, particularly with gravimetric soil types due to varying levels of water content on the surface of the crockery. Storage life under the above conditions is at least 14 days.
2.3 Pre-treatment of cups See preface (thorough washing)
No. of soiled items: six of each kind
1.4 Preparation of the detergent samples The samples to be tested should be as representative as possible of the detergent formulation under examination and should ideally be taken from several different batches. It is therefore necessary to pass the contents of a test package of the detergent in question through a sample divider before taking samples for the detergent tests.
Additional ballast soil: 50g of ballast soil in the form a frozen lump in the main wash cycle. The frozen soil consists of foodstuffs (see Appendix 3), especially food containing starch, protein and fat, and it also contains colourings, e.g. ketchup and mustard. This additional soil is intended to simulate the presence of easily removable food residues and provides an additional load for the cleaning solution. Use of rinse aid: It is left to the test laboratories discretion whether to use a rinse aid. Machine load: For the dish loading plan, see Appendix 1 which uses the example of the Miele G 590 reference machine conforming to EN 50242. If another test machine is used, the loading should comply with the plan as closely as possible.
2.4 Preparation (for approx. 20 cups) Mix 2 litres of synthetic water with 0.1 ml of ferric sulphate solution and bring it to the boil. Pour boiling water onto 30 g of tea in an open container and leave to brew for 5 min. Then pour the tea through a strainer into another temperature-controlled vessel.
1.5 Procedure / Test conditions The detergents are tested according to the following criteria: Program: 50 / 55C program No. of test runs: At least 3 tests are to be carried out. When conducting a series of tests in the same machine it is essential to ensure that the temperature is identical. On ap-

10.6 0.5 mg/cm2 Dry the soiled plates for 2 h at 80C in the thermal cabinet. When they have cooled to room temperature, the plates can be washed.
6.4 Evaluation After washing, the performance is evaluated by visual inspection of the remains of the porridge with reference to the photographic catalogue (Appendix 6). Immerse the plates in an iodine solution to make it easier to identify the residual soil from the porridge. Prepare the iodine solution in compliance with EN 50242. Important information: If the amount of space available dictates that the plates need to be stacked on top of each other, a clean paper towel should be laid between each plate.
6. Porridge (conforming to EN 50242)
6.1 Apparatus: Soup plates, diameter 23 cm, white, glazed porcelain (e.g. complying with EN standard, Arzberg tableware or similar) Magnetic stirrer with hotplate and magnetic stirring table Stainless steel saucepan Time switch Temperature sensor Thermal cabinet (recirculating air) Brush for application

7. Egg yolk

7.1 Apparatus: Stainless steel sheets (brushed on one side), 10 x 15 cm Flat brush (pure Chinese hog bristles), 2 1/2 Glass beaker If necessary, device for manually separating egg yolk from egg white Trennen von Eigelb und Eiwei Fork Kitchen strainer (approx. 0.5 mm mesh) If necessary, holding device for immersing and drying (prupose-built) If necessary, frame for holding device (purpose-built) Saucepan (round) Thermal cabinet (recirculating air)
er with a high-alkaline commercial detergent (cf. 1.2). Dry the sheets before soiling (30 min/80C/thermal cabinet). The brushed surface of the cleaned sheets which is to be soiled should not be touched after this point. Weigh the cooled sheets before soiling. Separate the yolks of the raw eggs (using a special device if necessary), stir with a fork in a glass beaker to homogenise them and pass them through a strainer to remove the coarser particles and fragments of eggshell. Using a brush, apply 1.0 0.1 g of egg as uniformly as possible over an area of 140 cm2 on the brushed side of each of the stainless steel sheets, leaving an approx. 1 cm wide unsoiled rim (use adhesive tape if necessary). Dry the soiled sheets horizontally at room temperature for four hours (max. 24 h). For denaturation, immerse the sheets for 30 seconds in boiling, demineralised water (using a holding device if necessary). Then dry again for 30 min at 80 C. After this, weigh the cooled egg-coated sheets. After weighing, the sheets must be stored for at least 24 hours at room temperature before they can be used.
Approval requirement: mg/140 cm2 (egg yolk after denaturation). After the wash test, dry again for 30 min at 80 C in the thermal cabinet and weigh again after cooling.

6.2 Raw materials: 50 g porridge oats (e.g. Peter Klln, Bltenzarte Kllnflocken) 250 ml milk, pasteurised (fat content: 1.5%) 750 ml cold water, synthetic, as defined in Appendix 4

7.4 Evaluation:

mg egg yolk released x 100 % cleaning performance = mg egg yolk applied (after denaturation)
7.5 Important remarks - To prevent injury, deburr the steel sheets before they are used for the first time. - No water stains or fluff on the surface (visual inspection/repolish if necessary) - Leave the freshly coated sheets horizontal to prevent the formation of droplets on the edges.
6.3 Preparation Stir the porridge oats into the water and milk, heat steadily and boil for 10 min, stirring continuously. Using a brush, spread 3 g of hot porridge evently on the inner plate surface. Keep the rim of the plate free. Quantity applied/area:
7.2 Raw materials: 200 g egg yolk (approx. 10 - 11 eggs)
7.3 Preparation: The stainless steel sheets to be soiled must be clean and grease-free. To this end, thoroughly wash the numbered sheets at 95C in a laboratory dishwash-
8. Minced meat on procelain plates

8.1 Apparatus:

Tea plates (Arzberg, white, glazed porcelain) conforming to EN 50242, form 1495, no. 0219, diameter 19 cm Fork Thermal cabinet (recirculating air) Freezer cabinet Mincer Kitchen hand blender
better identification of the minced meat residues. After washing, the performance is evaluated by visual inspection of the colour reaction of the minced meat residues with reference to the photographic catalogue (Appendix 6).
8.5 Important remarks - If pork is not available beef can be used on its own. - The phloxin B solution should be stored in the dark. - When working with phloxin B solution gloves should be worn to prevent staining on the hands.
8.2 Raw materials: A total of 225 g lean pork and beef (half and half) 75 g egg (white and yolk) 80 ml synthetic water as defined in Appendix 4 Phloxin B, 0.01% in water
Stir 50 ml milk and 160 g egg together without generating froth. Before soiling, treat the sheets in the thermal cabinet (30 min/80 C), allow to cool, and then weigh. Using the brush, uniformly distribute 1.0 0.1 g egg/milk mixture on the brushed side of the stainless steel sheets (use the balance to check), leaving an approx. 1.0 cm wide unsoiled margin along the short sides. Dry the sheets horizontally (for at least 4 h and max. 24 h at room temperature). Then immerse the sheets in boiling demineralised water for 30 seconds. Dry the sheets in the thermal cabinet for 30 min at 80 C. After cooling, weigh the egg/milk sheets. Leave the soiled sheets for 24 hours before reuse. The quantity applied per sheet after denaturation is: mg Sheets deviating from the specifications must not be used.

9. Egg/milk

9.1 Apparatus: Bowl 50 ml measuring cylinder Egg whisk Flat brush Saucepan (at least 17.5 cm high) Hotplate If necessary a holding device for drying and immersing (purpose-built) Stainless steel sheets (brushed on one side), 10 x 15 cm Laboratory balance (accuracy 1 mg) Thermal cabinet (recirculating air)
8.3 Preparation: (Preparation as for minced meat in glass dishes as defined in section 3). Put the finely chopped and cooled meat (50% beef/50% pork with visible fat removed) through the mincer twice. Avoid temperatures in excess of 35 C. Using a fork, mix 225 g minced meat with 75 g egg (white and yolk) and freeze (can be stored for 3 months at -18 C). To soil the plates, bring the mince-egg mixture (300 g) up to room temperature and mix with 80 ml synthetic water. Then homogenise it with a kitchen hand blender for 2 min. Using a fork, spread 3 g of the minced meat/egg/water mixture on each white porcelain plate, leaving an unsoiled margin of thumb-width around the rim. Quantity applied/area: 11.8 0.5 mg/cm2 Place the plates in the preheated thermal cabinet. Dry for 2 hours at 120 C. The soiled plates can be used as soon as they have cooled. Stack the plates with paper towels between them.
9.4 Evaluation: After washing, dry the sheets again for 30 min at 80C, allow to cool, and weigh.
mg egg/milk released x 100 % cleaning performance = mg egg/milk applied (after denaturation)
9.2 Raw materials: 160 g egg (egg yolk and egg white, approx. 3 - 4 eggs) 50 ml semi-skimmed UHT milk (1.5% fat, ultra-heat treated, homogenised)
8.4 Evaluation: After washing, immerse the plates in phloxin B solution (0.01% in water) for
9.3 Preparation: The stainless steel sheets for soiling must be clean and grease-free. To this end, thoroughly wash the numbered sheets in a laboratory dishwasher with a high-alkaline commercial dishwashing detergent (cf. 1.2) and polish dry with a cellulose cloth. Thereafter, the soiling surface of the cleaned sheets should not be touched. There should be no water stains or fluff on the surface. Using the egg whisk, beat the raw egg (egg yolk and egg white, 160 g) in a bowl.

9.5 Important remarks: - No water stains of fluff on the surface (visual inspection/repolish if necessary) - Keep the freshly coated sheets horizontal to prevent the formation of droplets on the edges.

Ballast soil:

see Apendix 3

Appendix 1

Quality class A Weight class L

Appendix 2a

upper basket

Minced meat:

Lean pork without sinew Lean beef without sinew

Porridge oats:

Bltenzarte Kllnflocken Full grain oat flakes Peter Klln; D-25333 Elmshorn

Iodine:

0.05 mol l2 volumetric solution
semi-skimmed UHT milk 1.5 % Fat Ultra-heat treated homogenised
Raw materials for test soils

Pholoxin B

Phloxin B Merck no. 1.15926.0025

Starch mix:

Examples: Wheat starch for biochemical purposes E. Merck/Darmstadt; no. 11685.1000 E or no. 85649 Fluka

lower basket

Maize starch for biochemical purposes no. 85652 Fluka
Rice starch for biochemical purposes no. 85654 Fluka
Starch (native potato starch) for biochemical purposes no. 85650 Fluka
Loading plan taking the example of the Miele reference dishwasher
Black tea Variety:. Assam, e.g. Teekanne Synthetic water (see below)
Ferric sulphate, dehydrated, pure (x H2O)

Water:

Synthetic water (3.00 mmol Ca+Mg as described in Appendix 4)
Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for analysis Magnesium Sulphate Heptahydrate for analysis Sodium Hydrogencarbonate for analysis
egg/milk dessert plate meat/porcelain dessert plate egg/milk dessert plate meat/porcelain dessert plate egg/milk dessert plate meat / porcelain

Appendix 2 b Device

Drying oven up to 300C

Apparatus Example

Heraeus

Adress

Heraeus W.C. Heraeus GmbH Produktbereich Elektrowrme Postfach Hanau, Germany Electric appliance stores

Application

Minced meat in glass vessels

Mincer

Perforated disk 8/3, Hole diameter 3 mm
Minced meat in glass vessels Minced meat on porcelain plates Minced meat in glass vessels Minced meat on porcelain plates Minced meat in glass vessels Minced meat on porcelain plates Milk in microwave oven

Freezer cabinet

Electric appliance stores

Kitchen hand blender

Microwave oven with glass turntable Serial dispenser

Bosch, Miele

Fortuna Optifix Basic, 1.0 ml Graf/Fortuna Am Bildacker 3-Wertheim, Germany IKA Temperaturheizbad Janke & Kunkel GmbH & Co.KG IKA Labortechnik Postfach Staufen, Germany Janke & Kunkel GmbH & Co.KG Postfach Staufen, Germany Memmert GmbH & Co. KG Postfach Schwabach Binder GmbH Postfach Tuttlingen, Germany Sartorius AG Weender Landstr. 94-Gttingen, Germany Janke & Kunkel GmbH & Co. KG Postfach Staufen, Germany

Milk in microwave oven, Starch mix

Water bath

Electric laboratory stirrer + IKA Eurostar blade type agitators + paddle agitator Recirculation thermal cabinet Memmert or Binder

Starch mix, porridge

Starch mix, porridge, minced meat on porcelain plates, milk in microwave oven
Balance with range up to 1200 g, accuracy 1 mg Magnetic stirrer with hotplate

Sartorius

Starch mix, egg/milk, egg yolk

IKA RET basic

Porridge, egg/milk

Appendix 2 c Soiling

List of necessary items to be soiled Qty.

Tea cups

Description and Manufacturer
e.g. Bauscher; no. 6215/18 or Schnwald; colour: white; form: 98L/0.19 Rehauerstr. 44-54, 95173 Schnwald, Germany e.g. Duran/Schott; 115 mm; h 65 mm No. 213114908; Schott Glaswerke Hattenbergstr. Mainz, Germany e.g. Witeg; 150 ml short version, 55 mm, h 80 mm arcoroc, Octime series, black, octagonal, 25 cm (from edge to edge), inner surface area 270 cm2; arcoroc, Cosmos series, 23 cm flat, no 10980 ARC International Avenue du General de Gaulle 62510 Arques / France 23 cm; e.g. Arzberg White glazed porcelain or equivalent DIN-compliant dishes Arzberg Ludwigsmhle 95000 Selb, Germany 10 x 15 cm, brushed on one side; WMF AG Dr. Fehse 73309 Geislingen / Steige, Germany Fa. Arzberg (see soup plates) White glazed porcelain conforming to EN 50242, form 1495, no. 0219; 19cm see egg yolk

Minced meat, encrusted

Crystallisation dishes

Milk in the microwave

Glass beakers

Glas plates

Porridge

Soup plates

Egg yolk

Stainless steel sheets

Minced meat on porcelain plates

Dessert plates

Egg/milk

Appendix 3 Raw material

Production instructions for ballast soil % content

31.6 6.3 6.3 6.3

Appendix 5 Calibration instructions for microwave oven kg for 25 kg
7.9 1.575 1.575 1.575 Instructions for checking the actual microwave output The microwave output is calculated in accordance with EN 60705. Fill a cylindrical vessel made of borosilicate (glass beaker, external diameter 100 mm, max. glass thickness 3 mm) with 1000 g 5 g drinking water. The water's initial temperature should be 10 C 0.1 C. Measure it immediately before placing it in the microwave (using a calibrated thermometer). Place the glass beaker in the centre of the rotating plate and set the microwave to maximum output. Now conduct several tests (using a calibrated stop watch) to determine the time it takes for water at a temperature of 10 C 0.1 C to be heated by 10 C 0.1 C. After each test, the microwave should be allowed to cool for at least half an hour. The test is to be repeated at least once. Measure the water's final temperature after mixing it thoroughly. The following equation is used to calculate the microwave's effective output: 4187 * (T2 - T1) Peff Peff = = (t - 1.6 sec) Microwaves effective output in W T2= Final temperature in C T1= Initial temperature (10C) t = Time switched on in seconds 4187 = Waters specific heat capacity in J kg-1 K-1 1.6 seconds should be deducted from the time switched on as the magnetron in the microwave takes this amount of time to preheat. The correction factor is calculated from the ratio nominal output / calculated effective output (Pset/Peff). Extend or shorten the baking times by this factor. A time switch is recommended for this.

Fat constituents Vegetable oil (e.g. Aro, Metro) Margarine (e.g. Homann, Allgu Margarine) Lard (e.g. Laru, Langensiepen & Ruckebier) Deep-frying fat (e.g. Aro, Metro, halbflssig) Protein constituents Full egg (e.g. Wiesenhof) Cream (e.g. Debic, UHT cream, 32 % fat) Whole milk, pasteurised, 3.5 % fat Powdered constituents incl. starch Potato starch (e.g. Superior LXJ 72, Emsland) Gravy (e.g. Knorr) Wheat flour (e.g. Diamant-Mehl, type 405) Quark powder (e.g. Dr. Otto Suwelack, Billerbeck) Benzoic acid > 99.9 % (chemicals supplier) Other constituents Tomato ketchup (e.g. Khne) Mustard (e.g. Lwensenf Extrascharf) Total amount

15.8 9.4 6.3

3.95 2.35 1.575

2.2 1.7 0.6 0.6 0.3

0.55 0.425 0.15 0.15 0.075

6.3 6.3 100.00

1.575 1.575 25.00 kg
1. Combine vegetable oil and egg and mix thoroughly (approx. 30 minutes). 2. Add ketchup and mustard, still stirring vigorously. 3. Melt the fats, allow to cool to approx 40 C, then add to the mixture and blend in well. 4. Stir in cream and milk. 5. Add the powdered solid ingredients and mix everything to a smooth paste. 6. Finally, put 50 g of the soil mix into each plastic beaker. Deep freeze them and keep them in the freezer until required.

Appendix 4

Instructions for the production of synthetic water
Hardening the water 1) Preparation of the stock solutions Solution 1: 800 mmol/l NaHCO3 Solution 2: 154.2 mmol/l MgSO4 *7 H2O Solution 3: 446.1 mmol/l CaCi2 *2H2O
(67.2 g/l) (38.0 g/l) (65.6 g/l)
2. Preparation of synthetic water with 3.00 mmol Ca+Mg (16,8 d) Put 50 ml of each of the stock solutions 1, 2 and 3 in a vessel with 7 l of demineralised water and fill with additional demineralised water up to 10 l. Before using the synthetic water, its pH value should be adjusted to 7.5 with HCl or NaOH. Ferric sulphate stock solution (only applicable to tea) In a 1-litre graduated measuring flask, dissolve 5 g Fe2(SO4)3 + 1 ml HCI (37%) in demineralised water and fill with demineralised water up to 1 l.
Appendix 6 Photo catalogue for visual evaluation Bleachable stains: Tea

unwashed

score 1

score 2

score 3

score 4

score 5

score 6

score 7

score 8

score 9

score 10

Persistent, burnt soil: milk in the microwave
Amylase-specific soil: Porridge (in accordance with EN 50242)

Protease-specific soil:

Minced meat on porcelain plates (by analogy with EN 50242)

Persistent, burnt soil:

Minced meat on glass dishes
* Corresponcence address: Industrieverband Krperpflege- und Waschmittel e.V. (IKW) Karlstrae Frankfurt am Main Germany Email: info@ikw.org score 9 score 10

India, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka base most of their national standards on ISO/IEC ones, but sometimes there are important differences; Chinese Taipei often uses similar test methods to ISO/IEC but frequently introduces significant variations; In the Americas, the United States uses its own test procedures, which occasionally align to ISO/IEC tests; Because of the economic dominance of the U.S. market in NAFTA, it is not surprising that standards used in Canada and Mexico are substantially similar to those used in the U.S.; Most South American countries including Brazil use ISO/IEC standards but some (e.g. Venezuela) use variants or U.S. standards; Australia and New Zealand use harmonised standards, which despite being loosely based on ISO/IEC ones often exhibit significant differences.
White goods such as refrigerators, washing machines and dishwashers tend to exhibit the largest differences in standards, product categorisation and energy performance requirements applied from one region to another, possibly because they were the first group of products covered by national policies and measure aimed at reducing their energy consumption. Individual countries have typically taken into consideration country-specific variables such as domestic energy prices and climatic conditions, as well as the features and configurations that describe the appliances sold in their markets. These differences are also reflected in the standards, many of which were first developed nationally and may have been established more than two decades ago. In recent years there has been a tendency for countries developing new standards to harmonise them with existing ones, as have Argentina, China, Russia, South Africa, Tunisia and Turkey with the EN standards for refrigerators and freezers. In addition, regional activities directed at harmonizing energy efficiency requirements and labels, and the relevant standards that underlies both these measures, are being undertaken by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy Cooperation and Development (SARI), the Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT), the Asia and South East Asia Network (ASEAN), the North American Energy Working Group (NAEWG), and the first of several emerging UNDP/GEF projects in the Andean Region of South America. The European Union has a rich history of regional coordination from individual country requirements and labels to unified EU-wide programs. In particular: In Europe, the EU25 countries were working with new Member States (Bulgaria and Romania) and Accession Countries (Croatia and Turkey) to assist them in introducing EU appliance energy efficiency policies. This mirrors the process which previously took place in the 10 new EU member states prior to their becoming EU members. Australia and New Zealand have a formal arrangement to develop common energy efficiency requirements for energy using products and apply harmonised standards. ASEAN countries are working together to develop a common regional endorsement energy label for energy-using products. Six countries in and around the Indian sub-continent have been co-operating through the auspices of the South Asian Regional Initiative programme to share experiences and possibly co-operate in the development of regional appliance efficiency requirements. Members of the ANDEAN pact countries are co-operating in a regional initiative to develop energy efficiency labels and efficiency requirements for energy using appliances. Standards for wash appliances developed at international, European and other non-European countries will be described and where possible compared.

1.2.1 The International Standards
1.2.1.1 The dishwasher performance standard IEC 60436, 3rd edition, February 2004 Electric dishwashers for household use - Methods for measuring the performance has been prepared by SC 59A Electric dishwashers of Technical Committee 59 Performance of household and similar appliances. The third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 1981 and constitutes a technical revision. Major changes introduced in the second edition include: changes made to the soils used in the standard; the use of an oven and microwave oven to dry the soils; the alternate 15 to 18 hour air dry method to dry the soils; the addition of a reference dishwasher; the recognition of alternate supply voltages and frequencies; the recognition of a cold or hot water supply to the dishwasher; the detergent and rinse aid compositions have been up-rated to reflect current technology; the addition of the US-style load; the evaluation of the filter systems. The performance of the tested machines are measured by comparison with a reference machine (Miele G590 and the Miele G5953 dishwashers are examples, other machines with the same characteristics might be used). Two alternative loads are defined and described, the reference machine to be always loaded with the load set in Annex A (the non-AHAM style load). Performance tests must be generally carried out on a new machine, with a reference machine running parallel with the machine(s) under test, i.e., at the same time under the same conditions using soil prepared at the same time from the same batch. The reference machine is always installed as a free standing machine independent of the type of machine under test. Dishwashers are tested as free standing except where they are designated as builtin or integrated. Before conducting the performance tests, the dishwasher is operated for at least 3 complete cycles using a clean load with reference detergent and without rinse agent. The following cycle(s) can be a noise test according to Clause 9. No additional cycles are carried out on the machine under test between the sequential steps specified in the following procedure. The tests are performed in the following order: cleaning performance then drying performance. The determination of energy, water and cycle/program time is done in conjunction with the cleaning performance test. The first programme to be tested is the one recommended by the manufacturer for a normally soiled load. In some countries the manufacturer has to declare the programme to be used, for the purpose of energy labelling which may not be for a normally soiled load, in which case this programme is the one tested first. The same programme is used for measuring the cleaning performance, the drying performance, the energy and water consumption and time and the noise, if tested. The test conditions are specified: voltage and frequency ambient conditions water supply pressure, hardness and temperature both cold (at C) and hot (at C) water inlet the reference detergent is used, the quantity as recommended by the manufacturer but no more than 15,0g + 1,25g per place setting. If no recommendation is given by the manufacturer, use 12,0g + 1,0g per place setting 16

could be as many as 10 tests) on each dishwasher, depending on variability and performance without filter cleaning; (o) AS/NZS now requires standby power measurements on a number of modes (under consideration in IEC); (p) IEC requires that the load be pre-conditioned in a dishwasher with IEC rinse aid prior to use in a performance test. AS/NZS does not specify any particular requirements other than the load is clean prior to use. b) USA
In the USA dishwashers are measured under the US Department of Energy Code of Federal Regulations (CFR 10, Part 430, Subpart B, Appendix C - Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Dishwashers), which incorporates and refers to the American National Standard, Household Electric Dishwashers, ANSI/AHAM DW-1-1992. This standard establishes a separate test for soil-sensing machines, compared to non-soil-sensing machines and considers 215 cycles per year compared to the previous edition in 2001 where 264 cycles per year were used. The test procedure for soil sensing dishwashers reflects the combined efforts of many stakeholders who have worked with the DoE to find a more accurate way of testing dishwasher models which use smart technology to sense and adjust the length of the wash cycle according to the soil level of the dish load. The standard sets first a series of definitions: Compact dishwasher: a dishwasher that has a capacity of less than eight place settings plus six serving pieces as specified in ANSI/AHAM DW-1 Standard dishwasher: a dishwasher that has a capacity equal to or greater than eight place settings plus six serving pieces as specified in ANSI/AHAM DW-1 Cycle type: any complete sequence of operations capable of being preset on the dishwasher prior to the initiation of machine operation Normal cycle: the cycle type recommended by the manufacturer for completely washing a full load of normally soiled dishes including the power-dry feature Non-soil-sensing dishwasher: a dishwasher that does not have the ability to adjust automatically any energy consuming aspect of a wash cycle based on the soil load of the dishes. Soil-sensing dishwasher: a dishwasher that has the ability to adjust any energy consuming aspect of a wash cycle based on the soil load of the dishes. Standby mode: the lowest power consumption mode which cannot be switched off or influenced by the user and that may persist for an indefinite time when the dishwasher is connected to the main electricity supply and used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions Water-heating dishwasher: a dishwasher which, as recommended by the manufacturer, is designed for heating cold inlet water (nominal 50F/10C) or designed for heating water with a nominal inlet temperature of 120F/48,9C. Any dishwasher designated as water-heating (50 F or 120 F inlet water) must provide internal water heating to above 120 F in at least one wash phase of the normal cycle. Truncated normal cycle: the normal cycle interrupted to eliminate the power-dry feature after the termination of the last rinse operation. The designation of dishwasher type determines whether a dishwasher will be tested with clean or soiled dishes. The two definitions use the ability, or lack of ability, to adjust automatically any energy consuming aspect of a wash cycle based on the soil load of the dishes as the determinant for distinguishing dishwasher type. 41

Hm, Hh, Hw, Hc = reported hot water consumption values, in gallons per-cycle (or litres per cycle), at maximum, average, and minimum water fill, respectively, for the extra-hot, hot, warm and cold wash cycle with the appropriate test loads;. R = the reported hot water consumption values, in gallons per-cycle (or litre per cycle), at maximum, average, and minimum water fill, respectively, for the warm rinse cycle and the appropriate test loads TUFm, TUFh, TUFw, TUFc and TUFr = tabulated temperature use factors for extra hot wash, hot wash, warm wash, cold wash, and warm rinse temperature selections, respectively total per-cycle hot water energy consumption for all maximum, average, and minimum water fill levels tested. Calculate the total per-cycle hot water energy consumption for the maximum, the minimum and the average water fill level, expressed in kilowatt-hours per cycle and defined as: HE = [Vh T K] , where: T = Temperature rise or 75 F (41,7 C). K = Water specific heat in kilowatt-hours per gallon degree F=0,00240 (0,00114 kWh/L-C). Vh = per-cycle temperature-weighted hot water consumption total weighted per-cycle hot water energy consumption, HET, expressed in kilowatt-hours per cycle and defined as: HET = [HEmaxFmax] + [HEavgFavg] + [HEminFmin], where: HE = total per-cycle hot water energy consumption Fmax, Favg and Fmin = tabulated load usage factors for the maximum, average, and minimum test loads based on the size and type of control system on the washer being tested. total per-cycle hot water energy consumption using gas-heated or oil-heated water, HETG, using gas heated or oil-heated water, expressed in Btu per cycle (or mega-Joules per cycle) and defined as: HETG=HT1/e3412 Btu/kWh or HETG=HET1/e3,6 MJ/kWh , where: e = Nominal gas or oil water heater efficiency=0,75. HET = Total weighted per-cycle hot water energy consumption, total per-cycle machine electrical energy consumption for all maximum, average, and minimum test load sizes and for the maximum, the minimum and the average water fill level, expressed in kilowatt-hours per cycle and defined as: ME= [Em TUFm]+ [EhTUFh]+ [EwTUFw]+ [EcTUFc]+ [ERTUFr], where: Em, Eh, Ew, Ec = calculated electrical energy consumption values, in kilowatt-hours per cycle, at maximum, average, and minimum test loads, respectively, for the extra-hot, hot, warm and cold wash cycle ER = reported electrical energy consumption values, in kilowatt-hours per cycle, at maximum, average, and minimum test loads, respectively, for the warm rinse cycle. TUFm, TUFh, TUFw, TUFc, and TUFr = tabulated temperature use factors for extra hot wash, hot wash, warm wash, cold wash, and warm rinse temperature selections, respectively. 51

Source: The European ecological label for washing machines, downloadable from www.ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/pdf/infokit/washmach_en.pdf. 36 See Commission Decision 2003/240/EC of 24.03.2003, OJ L 89, p. 16 and 2005/783/EC, of 14 October 2005, OJ L 295, p. 51.
Figure 1.2: Eco-label criteria for washing machines
1.3.2 The Policies & Measures in EU Member States
Legislation at Member States level has been replaced by the EU legislation for household appliances. Only in some national voluntary eco-labels and EPD specific criteria are set for this product group. In addition incentive schemes (run in The Netherlands and the UK) will be described along with the white certificates scheme in force in other countries.
1.3.2.1 The national (eco)label schemes a) National eco-labelling schemes
A compilation of the product groups addressed in the different eco-labelling schemes in Member States and Accession countries in 2002 resulted (Table 1.4) in 6 schemes covering refrigerators (the Nordic Swann, the German, Austrian, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland), 6 schemes covering washing machines (the Nordic Swann, the German, Austrian, Slovakian, Czech and Polish schemes) and 2 schemes covering dishwashers (the Nordic Swann and the Polish scheme).
Table 1.4: Eco-labelling schemes product groups in the different schemes in the EU addressing household appliances in 200237

washing machines

April 1997- Apr.1999 June 2001- June 2004

not available

Source: Compilation of the eco-labelling product groups in the different schemes http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/pdf/work_plan/mtggroups/coop/pdgpsinotherschemes.pdf

Candidate

Countries,

downloadable

A new research in the national scheme websites collected in the EU Ecolabel website page about other eco-labels38 resulted in only the Nordic Swann, the Hungarian, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic schemes addressing cold and/or wash appliances in later years (2004-2007). The available information are summarised in Table 1.5. The awarding criteria for the different schemes are very close or overlapping with the criteria set in the EU eco-label, with some differences such as the rinsing performance requested to washing machines under the Nordic Swann. In particular the Nordic Swann applies to washing machines39 with spin function and a capacity not exceeding 10 kg, but washer dyers are excluded. Main criteria are: Energy efficiency: machines complying with the EU energy labelling must fulfil two requirements of energy consumption: one specific requirement for the standard 60C cotton programme and one for the mean value of four different operating modes. Other machines must only meet one requirement. Energy consumption must not exceed the following limit values:

Since 60% of current qualified products use standby power and the trend for new products is to offer more features that will draw power in the standby mode, comments were required to stakeholders on the value of incorporating a standby power requirement into the new criteria for dishwashers. In addition, DoE is trying to determine whether it is preferable the (a) setting a
For example, a dishwasher with an EF of 0,60 will have an average energy use of 358 kWh/year, but since EF is rounded to the hundredth, the model can have actual energy usages from 355 kWh/year to 361 kWh/year. Any energy use above 361 kWh/year must be standby power or the machine would have a lower EF.
maximum amount of standby power in terms of Watts or kWh/year or (b) setting the maximum total allowable Energy Star qualified product usage in terms of kWh/year instead of EF. e) The tax incentives for manufacturers
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 offers incentives that promote the use of more efficient appliances. This legislation is expected to increase the market penetration of products meeting and exceeding the acts Energy Star criteria. The new legislation provides credits to the manufacturer for very efficient refrigerators, washing machines and dishwashers. The incentives are for products sold in 2006 and 2007, relative to additional sales by each manufacturer above the average of the previous three years (Table 1.21). This type of policy has the distinct advantage of minimizing the problem of free riders that would have purchased the new model in any case; and thus is more effective than such policies as rebate or reduction in value added taxes, which allow and pay for free riders. For washing machines there is only one efficiency tier, a 100 USD credit for units meeting the 2007 Energy Star criteria. The same applies for dishwashers where the amount of credit is 3 USD for every percent beyond the Energy Star criteria in force in 2005. All the appliance credits only apply to products produced in the USA, which could affect the foreign production plans of US manufacturers and also means that imported products are not eligible. There is also a total cap per manufacturer of 75 million USD, a figure some larger manufacturers may reach but the smaller manufacturers will not.

Figure 1.18: The PROCEL Stamp Procel de Economia de Energia for appliances
Table 1.24: Brazilian INMETRO PBE, summary as per beginning 2004
Energy labelling for washing machines
INMETRO (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalizao e Qualidade Industria) and
Procel/Eletrobras have jointly launched on September 2005, in Sao Paulo, the PBE scheme for washing machines. Requirements are described in the Regulamento Especfico para Uso da Etiqueta Nacional de Conservao de Energia Ence: Edio n 01 - Reviso 01 - Mquinas de Lavar Roupa. The reference standards is IEC 60456. The labelling is mandatory since 1st January 2006. The label is shown in Figure 1.19.
Figure 1.19: PBE label for automatic washing machines in Brazil
The energy efficiency and the spinning performance are respectively expressed in kWh per kg of load and as percentage of residual moisture and classified in an scale with 5 classes only, from A to E. The energy efficiency for the warm wash and for the cold wash for automatic and semiautomatic machines and the spinning performance are expressed in kWh/cycle/kg load in Table 1.25
Table 1.25: Warm and cold wash for the washing machine labelling in Brazil
Cold wash Spinning Warm wash Classes automatic semi-automatic performance

(kWh/cycle/kg) (%)

A B C D E
0,190 0,230 0,270 0,310 0,350
0,031 0,035 0,039 0,043 0,047
0,019 0,022 0,025 0,028 0,031
The washing performance is expressed as a continuous scale (Figure 1.20) between a minimum and a maximum values (Table 1.26) and where the position of the specific machine is indicated by an arrow. The scale is defined for the three types of machines: with heating, automatic without heating and semi-automatic with specific values for the more performing and less performing models.
Figure 1.20: washing performance scale for automatic washing machines without heating
Table 1.26: Warm and cold wash for the washing machine labelling in Brazil
Washing machine types Better Worse automatic with heating 1,00 0,65 automatic without heating 0,90 0,65 semi-automatic 0,80 0,55

Figure 2.41: Innofact study: buying criteria washing machine 2005
But also other criteria are important for the customers. For example the mentioned Swiss study of the Institute for Economy and the Environment (University of St. Gallen) in the year 2004 analysed the results of the interviews of 302 customers (n = 151 purchase a washing machine) about their purchase criteria. The first priority mentioned by the consumers when buying a new appliance was the price of the appliance, followed by equipment and then the energy consumption. The criteria energy and water consumption mostly take the leading position in the second and third priority level for the consumer (Figure 2.42).
Figure 2.42: most important criteria when buying a washing machine (Sammer/Wstenhagen (2004))
2.3.1.2 Market trends: models offered on the market
This analysis uses the database of all models of washing machines offered in the European market as provided by CECED. Databases are available for all years from 1997 to 2005 for washing machines. It is worth mentioning, that during this period, the European Union has been enlarged from 15 countries to 25 countries, or from some 380 million inhabitants to 480 million inhabitants. 164
This increase in market size has not caused a significant change in the number of models of washing machines as seen in these databases (Figure 2.43).
Figure 2.43- 1 development of number of models of washing machines in CECED databases
The average capacity (Figure 2.44) of the machines offered has changed from about 4,8 kg in 1997 to less that 5,4 kg in 2005. This tendency seems to have just started in 2002 (Figure 2.45) and is increasing its trend. As average household size is getting smaller, there must be other then demographic explanations for this development. Taking a more detailed look at the data, two reasons can be identified (Figure 2.46): first, models of capacities from 4 to 5 kg are substituted by models of 5 to 6 kg and second, new models with 7 kg capacity or even higher are introduced in the market. Small washing machines with 3 kg are available, but are almost unchanged in their market presentation (Figure 2.47).
Figure 2.44: average rated capacity of washing machines
Figure 2.45: minimum, maximum and average rated capacity for washing machines
Figure 2.46: distribution of washing machines models at various capacities
Figure 2.47: distribution of washing machines models at various capacities (enlarged scale)
Regarding the development of the energy efficiency in terms of energy consumption per kg of capacity a continuous and almost linear improvement can be observed (Figure 2.44). Compared to 167
the base case of 1992 (GEA study) an improvement of 37 % can be noted. The decrease of the specific energy consumption is at a rate of 0,0077 kWh/kg per year.
Figure 2.48: average specific energy consumption for washing machines

10/2001 10/2001 4/2001 7-8/2001 8/2001 3/2001 10/2001 12/2001
8/2002 10/2002 11/2002 1/2002 1/2002 1/2002 3/2002 10/11/2002
9/2003 10/2003 1/2003 3/2003 7-8/2003 7-8/2003 1/2003 7-8/2003 1/2003 3/2003 4/2003 10/2003 1/2003 9/2003 -
9/2004 3/2004 1/2004 3/2004 10/2004 1/2004 1/2004 7-8/2004 1/2004 3/2004 10/2004 7/2004
9/2005 5/2005 1/2005 3/2005 1/2005
9/2006 2/2006 2/2006 1/2006 1/2006 -
7-8/2004 7-8/2005 1/2005 1/2005 3/2005 1/2005 -
Tested criteria and functions were collected for each country, priority criteria were also taken into account. The next step was to evaluate which criteria were tested in each publication in each country, whether priorities were shifted, which criteria were added and which were deleted through the years. Finally all countries were compared looking for similarities and differences. All criteria and functions were then sorted and listed by frequency of testing in all publications.
2.3.1.4.1 a) Frequency of criteria/functions tested in the last 5 years
Germany Stiftung Warentest indicates testing priorities by giving the proportion of certain criteria from the final test score. A larger proportion/percentage indicates a higher priority of that criterion. Highest priority is given to the functionality of the tested machines: 40 % of the final test score is based on the results of the functionality test; this includes washing, rinsing and spinning performance using a colour/cotton programme at 40C and an easy care programme at 40C throughout all five years. Since 2003 the test has been expanded to a 40C short programme. In 2006 the programme duration was added to the criterion functionality. Second priority is given to the economic life-time of the tested machines: 20 % of the final score is based on this. 181
The test for ease-of-use has third priority (15 %): this includes testing of operating elements, loading and unloading, cleaning and the user manual. Another combined criterion has third priority also: it includes noise, water and energy consumption. The consumption is tested for the 40C colour/cotton programme as well as the 40C easy care programme throughout all observed years. As with functionality, the 40C short programme is tested since 2003. Since 2005 energy consumption is also tested on stand-by. 10 % of the final score is based on safety of the machines where anti-flooding mechanisms are tested. Throughout all years information is given on price, dimensions, maximum capacity and programme duration. Since 2002 it is mentioned whether a machine has an option to delay the wash cycle starting time. Austria Konsument indicates testing priorities by giving the proportion of certain criteria from the final test score. A larger proportion/percentage indicates a higher priority of that criterion. Priorities of the tested criteria have changed throughout the observed years. From 2001 to 2003 first priority was ease-of-use and programme quantity (40 %). Second priority (30 %) was washing and spinning performance using a 60C cotton programme. In 2003 combined washing and spinning performance made up 40 % of the final score and shared first priority with ease-of-use. Since 2004 priority shifted to washing and rinsing performance and programme duration which combined counted up to 50 % of the final score. In 2001 and 2002 second priority was the water and energy consumption, noise, anti-flooding safety and programme duration combined to a proportion of the final score of 30 %. In 2003 this grouping only made up 20 % of the final score. Since 2004 the proportions of the criteria in the final score changed completely. As mentioned before, washing and rinsing performance and programme duration combination was responsible up to 50 % of the final score. Washing performance was tested for a 40C cotton programme, 40C easy care as well as 40C short programme. Spinning performance, energy and water consumption and noise combination accounted for up to 35 % of the final score Ease-of-use importance sharply decreased to 10 % and was separated from the users manual which made up 5 % of the final score. In 2005, ease-of-use criterion was also evaluated for disabled people. Throughout all observed years information is given on price, spinning speed, maximum capacity, number of extra rinses as well as presence of special programmes, i.e. an energy saving programme. UK Which indicates testing priorities by giving the proportion of certain criteria from the final test score. A larger proportion/percentage indicates a higher priority of that criterion. The proportion of criteria in 2004 varied from the proportion in 2003. In 2003 washing performance using a 40C cotton programme had first priority (40 %), followed by ease-of-use with 25 %; 10 % of the final score is based on each water consumption using a 40C cotton programme and the annual running cost; 5 % is based on each spinning performance using a 40C cotton programme, noise and unbalance. In 2004 first priority was washing performance (40 %) but for different programmes, including cotton, delicates and short programme, each at 40C; 15 % of the final score is based on energy consumption using a 40C cotton programme, 10 % on ease-of-use and 5 % on each water consumption using a 40C cotton programme, user manual and noise. Because this only adds up to 182

80 % it is possible that there is an error in the publication and that spinning performance has a proportion of 20 %. In 2005 first priority lay on washing performance (40 %), for the same programmes as in 2004. Second priority was annual running cost (30 %), third (20 %) was ease-of-use and noise combined; 10 % of the final test score is based on spinning performance using the 40C cotton programme. Throughout all observed years information is given on price, dimensions, rinsing performance, energy label, programme duration, and maximum capacity. The Netherlands Consumentengids indicates testing priorities by giving the proportion of certain criteria from the final test score. A larger proportion/percentage indicates a higher priority of that criterion. In the Netherlands proportions of the tested criteria from the final score have slightly changed throughout the observed years. The priority ranking is not distinctly affected by these changes. Washing performance using a 40C cotton programme has first priority followed by the consumption of energy and water; ease-of-use and spinning performance share third priority; noise and the users manual each make up 5 % of the final score. In 2002 shrinking of wool after washing was considered with 5 % of the final score. Since 2003 rinsing performance and programme duration is considered in combination with the washing performance. In 2004 and 2005 the ease-of-use has also been evaluated for disabled people. Throughout all observed years information is given on price, dimensions, existence of an aqua stop mechanism, as well as the possibility to delay the starting time. Information on availability of an energy saving programme was only given until 2003. Spain Compra maestra does not indicate testing priorities. The following criteria have been tested throughout all observed years: washing performance using a 60C cotton programme, a 30C cotton programme and a 40C easy cares programme, rinsing and spinning performance, ease-of-use, and anti-flooding safety. Since 2002 energy and water consumption and noise have also been tested. From July/August 2005 on energy and water consumption are specified for the different programmes. Since January 2005 the ease-of-use for handicapped people has been evaluated. Throughout all years information is given on price, spinning velocity, maximum capacity, and existence of special programmes, such as a short wash programme, reduced or variable spinning velocity or variable temperature settings. 88 % of the publications indicate whether a machine offers an energy saving programme, extra rinses, rinse hold and an option to exclude spinning. Since 2003 the programme quantity of the tested machines is given. Until 2003 the cost of the machine per usage was given, from 2004 on the cost per kilogram of laundry is given. Portugal Proteste does not indicate testing priorities. Following criteria have been tested throughout all observed years: washing performance using a 60C cotton programme and a 30C cotton programme, rinsing and spinning performance, energy and water consumption, ease-of-use and noise. Anti-flooding safety was tested until 2005. Except in 183

2003 washing performance of the 40C easy care programme was evaluated. In 2006 ease-of-use for handicapped people was appraised. Throughout all observed years information is given on price, cost per kilogram of laundry and presence of special programmes, such as a short wash programme, variable temperature settings, rinse hold and an option to exclude spinning. New in 2006 is the declaration of the possibility for delaying the starting time. Programme quantity was given until 2005. Italy Altroconsumo does not indicate testing priorities. The following criteria have been tested throughout all observed years: washing performance using a 60C cotton programme, a 30C cotton programme as well as a 40C easy care programme, rinsing and spinning performance, energy and water consumption, ease-of-use, anti-flooding safety and noise. Information is given on price, dimensions, maximum capacity, programme duration and presence of special programmes, such as variable temperature settings throughout all observed years; 83 % of the publications indicate the cost per usage, programme quantity, spinning velocity and whether the machine gives the possibility to delay starting time and rinse hold. In 2006 instead of testing the cost per usage the annual running cost for the period of ten years is given. Also in 2006 ease-of-use for handicapped people was appraised. France France has two different consumer information magazines. Que Choisir indicates testing priorities, but percentages are given in 2005 only. Washing performance using 40C cotton and easy cares programmes had first priority. In 2002 and 2003 rinsing performance using the same programmes has first priority also. Second priority was the energy and water consumption, which was measured for the two mentioned programmes. Spinning performance and ease-of-use rank third in priority. Shrinking of wool and noise were tested also. In 2005, 50 % of the final score was based on washing performance using 40C cotton, easy care and short programmes combined with programme duration. Rinsing and spinning performance, consumption of energy and water, ease-of-use and noise made up 10 % or 5 %, respectively. Throughout all observed years information was given on price, dimensions, spinning velocity and maximum capacity. In 2002 and 2003, the possibility of variable temperature settings and delaying the starting time was indicated. In 2002 aqua control, programmes for half capacity, reduced spinning velocity and extra rinses were additionally declared. 60 Millions de Consommateurs indicates testing priorities by giving the proportion of certain criteria from the final test score. In 2003, 30 % of the final test score was based on washing and rinsing performance of the 60C cotton programme, 20 % on energy and water consumption, 15 % on washing and rinsing performance of the 40C easy cares programme, 15 % on ease-of-use and 10 % on each spinning performance and noise. In 2004, 65 % of the final score was based on washing, rinsing and spinning performance using 40C cotton, 60C cotton and 40C easy care programmes as well as programme duration. Energy 184

2.3.2 Market trends for dishwashers
2.3.2.1 General market trends
The penetration of dishwashers in European household is analysed more in detail in this paragraph. Dishwashers show a lower saturation compared to washing machines (Figure 2.68).
Selected characteristics of the standard of living and the living quality in European countries Household possesses Dishwasher A 60 B 43 D n.a. DK 53 E 30 F 47 FIN 50 GR 26 I 32 IRL 39 L 65 NL 39 P 31 S 44 UK 29
A: Austria, B: Belgium, D: Germany, DK: Denmark, E: Spain, F: France, FIN: Finland, GR: Greece, I: Italy, IRL: Ireland, L: Luxembourg, NL: The Netherlands, P: Portugal, S: Sweden, UK: United kingdom. Data basis: European household panel 2001 (UK,Germany, Luxembourg: national households panels); European Social Survey 2003, 2004/2005; Euro barometer 62.1 (2004).
Figure 2.68: equipment of households by countries, DISHWASHER (source: GESIS117)
2.3.2.1.1 a) Dishwashers market saturation development
Detailed data of the development of dishwasher penetration in European households are only available for specific countries:
Gesis (2006): http://www.gesis.org/sozialindikatoren/Publikationen/Datenreport/pdf2006/2_22.pdf
Germany 61 % (Figure 2.69) of all German households possess a dishwasher, in comparison to 96 % households which possess a washing machine. The penetration of dishwashers has increased in the past at a rate of about 2 % per year.
Figure 2.69: saturation of the German market (source: ZVEI (2006)118)
Finland The Finnish ownership of dishwashers is 50 % (2002) (Figure 2.70). In the period of 1998-2002 the penetration level of dishwashers shows a growth of 7 %.
Figure 2.70: equipment of households, 1966-2001/02 FINLAND119
ZVEI (central association electro-technology and electronic industry registered association / Zentralverband Elektrotechnik und Elektronikindustrie e.V.) (2006/7): Zahlenspiegel des deutschen Elektro-Hausgertemarktes. Der Inlandsmarkt der Elektro-Hausgerte-Industrie/ Verkufe von Elektro-Grogerten/ Verkufe von ElektroKleingerten/ Marktsttigung. Online: http://www.zvei.de/index.php?id=585&no_cache=1&tx_ZVEIpubFachverbaende_pi1[download]=681&type=98
France The average penetration level with dishwashers in France reached a value of 50 % (2007). Since the last 5 years only a small increase of 3 % can be mentioned (Figure 2.71). Rate of equipment washing machine

dishwasher

in % 94,7
Figure 2.71: household equipment, 2007 (online published) FRANCE120
Hungary The penetration level of dishwashers in Hungarian households is still very low, but has increased from 6,1 % in 2000 to 13,5 % in (Figure 2.72). Poland Only about 7 % of all Polish households had a dishwasher in the year 2005122, but this is almost thrice the number compared to year 2000 (Figure 2.73). Spain In Spain the level of saturation with dishwashers lays at nearly 33 % in the year 2005 and shows no large changes since 2001 (Figure 2.74).

2.3.2.4.2 b) Criteria priority level The frequency of the tested criteria throughout the observed years and countries has been classified to four priority levels (PL) according to how often they have been evaluated. For this purpose the frequency of a tested feature is given as percentage of all publications.
Priority level 1 (PL 1) for more than 75 % Priority level 2 (PL 2) for 50 % - 75 % Priority level 3 (PL 3) for 25 % - 50 % Priority level 4 (PL 4) for less than 25 % In Table 2.36 the tested criteria are ranked according to the priority level (in percentage), starting with the highest. The same results are shown in Figure 2.90 to Figure 2.93.
Table 2.36: dishwashers: ranking of criteria per priority level
cleaning performance (global) ease-of-use noise energy consumption (global) drying performance (global) price water consumption (global) programme duration of the main programme
100,0 % 98,3 % 93,3 % 91,7 % 91,7 % 91,7 % 88,3 % 86,7 % 68,3 % 65,0 % 58,7 % 55,0 % 55,0 % 48,3 % 43,3 % 41,7 % 40,0 % 40,0 % 40,0 % 38,3 % 36,7 % 36,7 % 36,7 % 36,7 % 215
anti-flooding/ aqua control cleaning performance using the main programme drying performance total dimensions/ size time shift/ delay
half load programme quantity water marks energy consumption using the main programme water consumption using the main programme extras/ specials energy consumption total water consumption total adjustable basket cleaning performance using the eco programme cleaning performance total
drying performance using the main programme running cost for ten years energy consumption using the eco programme water consumption using the eco programme programme duration using the eco programme drying performance using the eco programme
31,7 % 31,7 % 30,0 % 30,0 % 30,0 % 25,0 % 21,7 % 21,7 % 21,7 % 20,0 % 20,0 % 20,0 %
only the six criteria with highest percentage of this priority level are mentioned energy label water consumption per usage cost per usage user manual power rating adjustable amount of rinse-aid
Figure 2.90: dishwasher - priority level 1 (PL): frequency of the tested criteria