Working Paper Series On
Immigration: Facts, Myths and Public Policy
Robert A. DeVillar, Ph.D. Senior Editor Jerry Gonzalez, MPA Coordinating Editor

Volume III

Immigration and American Culture:
The Struggle for National Inclusion and Identity

Virgilio Prez Pascoe

NOTE: The opinions and recommendations contained within this document are those of the author and not necessarily the opinions or position of GALEO or the Center for Hispanic Studies. This article was commissioned to further identify and understand how ways in which our U.S. cultureand U.S. identity at the official levelhave been impacted by immigration. This study and other volumes in this series are produced and disseminated to present research-informed content on immigrationat the national, regional and state levelsto further influence immigration-related policy through the generation of refined, civic discourse among legislators, institutional agents, and the general community.

May 17, 2006

Virgilio Perez Pascoe
Virgilio developed his Sales, Marketing and Distribution experience in Mexico at Panamco (a leading Coca Cola bottler in Latin America), Cervecera Moctezuma (the number 3 brewery in Mexico, now part of FEMSA) and at Sabritas (the Mexican subsidiary of Frito Lay, a company of the Pepsico Group). He honed his general management and negotiating skills in Egypt, Mexico, Ecuador and Colombia while acquiring and/or running companies for Pepsico (both snacks and bottling groups). In 1997, he moved to the US where he exercised his strategic knowledge at Coors as it consolidated and expanded its operations in the Caribbean and Mexico and in specialized channels like military bases worldwide and the travel retail sector. He came to the Atlanta metropolitan area with Zyman Group, a Strategic Marketing consulting firm. His life long interest in world cultures and history has been the main backdrop for his success in adapting to very diverse cultures during his professional career. He has developed an interest in researching the phenomenon of cultural blending whether by immigration, by business development, or by educational contact and accreditation. He has been on the Board of MAVESA (the Largest Venezuelan Consumer Goods Company), on the Board of the Chamber of the Americas in Denver, and presently on the Advisory Board of the Center for Hispanic Studies at Kennesaw State University, Georgia. He has a B.A. from the University of the Amricas, in Mexico and did graduate studies for a Ph.D. in International Economics at Claremont Graduate School in California. Virgilio is married, and has a daughter living in Valence, France with her French family and another daughter living in New York/New Jersey with her Lebanese family.
Immigration: Facts, Myths and Public Policy, Vol. III Immigration and American Culture: The Struggle for National Inclusion and Identity, by Virgilio Prez Pascoe A collaborative work between the Center for Hispanic Studies at Kennesaw State University, the Georgia Association of Latino Elected Officials (GALEO) & the GALEO Latino Community Development Fund.
Immigration: Facts, Myths and Public Policy, Volume III
I. Introduction Except among Puerto Ricans and the most recent immigrants from Mexico and elsewhere, the real problem in the Hispanic community is not a lack of economic mobility. The real problem is that, whatever the degree of their economic success, only haltingly are Hispanic immigrants becoming part of the social, political, and cultural fabric of the U.S. The anecdotal and statistical evidence attesting to this fact is, unfortunately, abundant, especially in relation to Mexicans.This constant influx from a single country is unprecedented in American history, and is unquestionably a factor inhibiting the successful assimilation of Mexicans already here. Although politicians are wary of addressing the issue directly, for fear of being called racist, the irony is that both recent immigrants and America itself would have much to gain if fewer Latinos were admitted, allowing time for those here to learn English, improve their skills, and become Americanized. 1 Linda Chavez, known for her unsuccessful nomination as Labor Secretary at the beginning of the first term of George W. Bush, wrote these thoughts more than seven years ago. Ms. Chavez has always been controversial because, as a Hispanic, she supports English-only legislations in the United States Congress and in the various states in the Union.a She is also controversial because she is not opposed to immigration, per se, but rather supports a middle ground: halting immigration for a period, until immigrants become Americanized, that is, until immigrants become accepted members of the U.S. culture.

Understanding the Meaning and Role of Culture Let us start by defining concepts. While there are many definitions of Culture, one aspect of it particularly relevant for this discussion is to think of it as: information capable of affecting individuals behavior [for a distinctive period of timeauthors addendum] that they acquire from other members

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of their species through teaching, imitation, and other forms of social transmission [and interactionauthors addendum].6 This information is not just any piece of information but that capable of being categorized as knowledge, skills, belief, values or attitudes, or any combination thereof. In order to be called values a significant group of people must share them. The second key concept is that culture is not just a superstructure that hangs over a society but that it affects individuals behavior: the content of the information might differ, depending on where the individual is socially embedded (whether economically or geographically). Thus, culture is a mechanism by which a society survives and in doing so develops characteristics that make it unique.7 In this definition, culture evolves in ways similar to, but also different from, biology. Individuals transmit skills and knowledge by teaching what they have learned and individuals receive values and attitudes from the relevant group by first mimicking (i.e., following unconditionally), which is similar to biological evolution in that group-determined successful traits continue from generation to generation. This ability explains how culture helps social groups adapt to inhospitable environments. Cultural evolution is different from biological evolution in that no one has yet found a specific cultural skill gene, although the ability to learn myths, codify, and remember may be in the gene set. Inherent in this definition is the idea that to define a culture one must utilize what is called

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population thinking, which posits that humans and human groups are characterized by natural variation in their behavior and biological structure rather than being bound by an essential prototypical form from which they diverge and theoretically to which they would eventually come back. Population thinking helps one to understand why some ideas propagate successfully and some do not; only some values continue through time. Since culture is information (especially values, attitudes) transmitted and interacted upon, we will apply an historical analysis of key documents and events to narrate the story of immigration. The story will tell how the changing population structure and the modification of national laws mirrored the development of American culture. Additionally, we will focus only on federal laws, as, since 1872, immigration laws have been federal statutes.9

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accepting Hawaii and Alaska, with significant percentage of non-white populations, as the 49th and 50th states in the Union, seemed to establish formally that American values extended to non-white populations during the 1950s. Immigration began to rise again and a number of immigration acts were enacted. The 1952 act is, to this day, the basis for all subsequent acts,e all of which provided for quotas for different nationalities and races. There were modifications in 1965, 1986 and 1990. In 1965, the Act placed limits on types of employment rather than using national quotas, and allowed for families of previous legal immigrants to be reunited. In 1986, the Act created sanctions for the first time on employers who brought in immigrants illegally. The act of 1990 restricted the number of resident visas. Immigration law today is a series of regulations with few general principles and specific elements designed to favor or curtail specific individuals into the path of residency and citizenship. The law is so cumbersome that if an individual does not match exactly the full extent of the specific regulations a prospective immigrant is banned forever from the process. Illegality, defined as transgressing any one regulation, is highly likely. Whether this is the intention or not, the results are evident, as our analysis will show. Thus, from the 1930s until the 1990s, the question of Who are we? would be responded to as:

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We are U.S. citizens, irrespective of color, gender, or national origin, expecting certain protection rights as to economic and medical benefits. We are individualists, demanding equality and fairness. We are people of virtue (as defined by law or settled in court), believing in the greatness of the USA (but not so sure that there is a rosy future and even more greatness), and believing more and more that outsiders wish us harm. Political and social thinking on immigration at every stage in the history of the U.S. has had supporters and detractors. Until the 1990s, immigration was not the primary focus of political discourse. Who the supporters and detractors were

depended on the region of the country where the effect of immigration was felt, and of the economic needs of the particular period.i In the next section, we will show that even if laws have been constantly modified, policy effects continue to be exclusionary.
The Present Dilemma: Tensions between the Need for Immigration and the Profile of the Immigrant The roots of the immigration issue we are facing today began in the post-
World War II era. Prior to that time, immigration influenced American culture but was not the main determinant. The analysis that follows shows that increasingly, immigration is becoming the central issue in political discourse. This is happening in the economic and social spheres, as immigration is perceived as the main

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deterrent, or as, one of the main solutions, for the future of the country. Political forces aligning themselves in support of or against immigration do not follow traditional political alliances. In the end, behind this political effort is a discussion of what American culture should be now and for the future.
A. Immigration Numbers A recent study by the Pew Hispanic Center (September 2005) stated that from 1992 to 2004, immigration, both legal and illegal, had dropped from its high of 1,500,000 in 2000, to approximately 1,200,000 in 2004 (See Chart 1 below). Historically, immigration was concentrated in what has been called the big six states (California, New York, Texas, Florida, Illinois and New Jersey). Twentytwo other states, called the growth states, are now taking an increasing share of the new arrivals: Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Indiana, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Idaho, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington, and Oregon (See Summary Table A below). The lions share of arrivals comes from Latin America and Asia. Mexicans represent about one-third of the arrivals, but this trend is moving upward. Perhaps the most salient fact is that almost all illegal immigrants come from Latin America and mostly from Mexico. The reduction in immigration has come only

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from legal immigrants. For the first time, in the period 2002-2004, illegal immigrants represented a higher number than legal immigrants. While the mix of illegal immigration to total immigration is increasing, in absolute numbers it came down in the period 2002-2004 relative to its peak in 1999-2000. In addition, the numbers cited may themselves be open to question: The Pew study cautions that, particularly on the issue of illegal immigration, there is more work to be done to get the numbers right. 35 Another possible source of error is the data on emigration.36 The problem comes from trying to marry data from different sources, particularly when trying to estimate annual variations.37

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In like manner, the dream of upward social mobility is not as evident as it was in years past. The younger generation is having a hard time just realizing the ultimate American dream of buying a house. Youth and adults within the U.S. national context continue to interact with the economic, social, and cultural elements available to them in their respective milieus in ways that establish particular patterns. Currently, for example, the age at which men and women marry continues its upward trend (27 and 25, respectively); the size of the average family is low, at minimum replacement levels of 2.1; the stability of family life remains affected by high divorce rates (50%); and married couples generate more wealth than those who divorce. In light of characteristics and patterns as those stated above, our societal profile tends to be transient, mobile, and rushed, with less likelihood of people establishing long-time friendships, relationships, and support mechanisms. It does not appear that in the near future these trends will change. In this uncertain economy and society, the addition of people, perceived as strange, in our midst can easily serve as a rationale for citizens and residents to harbor negative feelings toward the newcomers, and the related voiced need for protection from them, and even rejection of them.

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A Perception of United States Security in an increasingly Global World: Are there foreigners with virtue? Are we free from tyranny?
1. Security and the Right to Privacy The requirements for more security to prevent attacks upon the United States are becoming a critical component of American culture. The freedom from tyranny (in this case, the right to privacy) is no longer viable. The secure, free pre-9/11 country that was the United States is now gone. 2. Security and the Belief in the Innate Goodness of People As we become aware of bombings in crowded places and other acts of mass, unpredictable violence, we can no longer think of the person next to us as one who will help us. This is undermining the optimism inherent in American culture.
F. Three Possible Scenarios of the Future of American Culture The Intent of this Essay It should be obvious by now, that I am in favor of an American culture that is inclusive and not exclusive. I support the idea that controlled immigration can strengthen American culture and move it forward in the same direction that the founders of the Republic intended the country to go. However, controlled immigration does not mean an exclusionary policy that legally defines certain people a priori, as incapable of achieving citizenship in the country because of race, gender, or national origin. Controlled immigration is important for two main

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reasons: 1) security; and 2) to facilitate the inclusion of new citizens into the everdynamic American Culture. This implies fundamental changes to Immigration laws. It also calls for specific steps to make the inclusion process part of the laws of the land at all levels and to foster practices of inclusion among communities in the nation. This process of rightful inclusion is a continuation of the Civil Rights movement for greater awareness and change regarding the inequality that existed and continues to exist among African Americans. The need for Immigration law reform expands the Civil Rights concept to include all residents and citizens of the country. However, just like the case with African Americans, the process is one of constant efforts, not only at the federal level but at all levels of government and communities. To understand what needs to be done, we will look to the future by positing distinct scenarios for the United States. Scenarios are helpful for understanding what we need to do today to create a more inclusive society in the United States. The following scenarios assume some consistent elementsspecifically, that: a) economic growth will continue, slower some years than others, but without huge dislocations in the system, like running out of oil, for example; b) political decisions will continue within a narrow band oscillating between more conservative and liberal, but with no extreme actions;

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c) social trends in terms of aging, population growth, crime, urban/suburban population, and geographic settlement will continue; and d) the time horizon is 10 years. I posit three scenarios: Scenario A The United States reverts to a Eurocentric American culture and pulls back on immigration, reduces its participation in international groupings, and focuses on bi-lateral economic alliances. Internally, for security purposes, there will be more control over the activities of citizens, that is, extending a national ID to everyone within the country. Scenario B The United States has an inclusive American culture that grants citizenship to all who wish to settle, within certain population guidelines based solely on number, not race, nor creed, nor national origin, nor gender. The United States participates actively in international groupings. It focuses on supporting key businesses, key technologies, and key health measures. It eliminates racism via (1) a combination of biotechnologies that shows the diverse origin of each individuals heritage, and (2) education initiatives, as well as laws that ostracize racist behavior. New technologies are used for security purposes but have sufficient safeguards

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for appropriate privacy. The greater goal of the American society is to foster freedom, virtue, and long-term world viability. Scenario C The United States has, as an ideal, a more-inclusive American culture, but it is concurrently focused on improving the social conditions of the present resident population, whether citizen or immigrant. It focuses on reestablishing a broad compact with the people that allows for the expression of national and regional sentiments, while deciding on national features, such as language, moral virtue, and economic opportunity. For a period, it reduces its participation in international groupings except those that are vital to the interests of the new compact with the people. It takes the proper steps to support key businesses, key technologies, and key health measures, while providing support for those who would shift from non-strategic activities. It restricts immigration to provide time to assimilate the new entrants. It develops mechanisms by which free market forces settle the level of population consistent with a sustainable long-term economic and social viability. It fosters creative projects with neighboring countries like Mexico, to bring faster development to these regions. No matter to which of these scenarios one were to subscribe, it is clear that all Hispanic-origin individuals will face new behaviors that have not previously

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come to the fore. For one, undocumented immigration will have to come down dramatically, with a concomitant rise in a combination of employer laws and sanctions that will be substantive and enforced, precise and comprehensive worker requirements, and clear laws regarding temporary and permanent employment in the U.S. Under conditions of acceptance, respect and fair access, non-native residents, whether legal or not, tend toward embodying the key ingredients in U.S. culture, among which are accelerated second language development (English), respect for law and due process, and the broadly defined normative social behavior characteristic of the U.S. n Citizens of Hispanic heritage, whether Mexican or other ethnic origin, need to work together to continue to identify and implement ways to effectively engage in educating the broader public and its representatives regarding the benefits Hispanics have brought and continue to bring to American society. Furthermore, Hispanic organizations need to continue to build and refine their alliances with other cultural groups such as African-Americans, Asians, Eastern Europeans, and others to foster closeness and democratic engagement within the American culture, to reduce racist attitudes and construct a unified definition of what the term American means. The recent conference held at the University of California, Irvine, on January 23, 2006, entitled Latinos & Jews: A Conference on Historical

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Contemporary

signed the legislation into law simultaneously while anti-immigrant groups were rallying outside his office. One week prior to the Governors
signature, approximately 60,000 pro-immigrant supporters marched for comprehensive immigration reform at the federal level and against SB529. Other proposals in Georgia for the 2006 Georgia legislative session included SB 169 through 172, as well as HB 911, 961, 1009, 1024 and House Resolutions 29 and 256. Develop thoughtful alternatives to the initiatives. Participate in sessions where these initiatives are discussed. Create blogs and web sites in support of a proposition to reduce illegal immigration by creating amnesties for deserving prospective immigrants already in the country. Also in Georgia, follow closely the actions of the Dustin Inman Society, the American Resistance Movement, Gale Nooleys Georgians for Immigration Reduction, and Glenn Jacksons Georgia

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Freedom Party. In the special case of the states of New Mexico and Arizona, understand and discuss the nature of the emergency initiatives of the governors and focus on solutions. Depending on thoughtful estimates of the costs of services for immigrants, provide financial alternatives for any shortfall. 3. Focus on county, city, township and suburban initiatives. 4. Create sessions for discussion with immigrant workers themselves, educate citizens on the nature of immigration, and focus on employerimmigrant forums to show the nature of the problem. Provide for special places for temporary workers to congregate. 5. Stimulate research, technology application, dissemination, education, training, language acquisition, and creation of boot camp projects for assimilation of non-residents to the U.S. via public university and research centers in the key states where immigration is an issue. Create forums for sharing results and work among these institutions.
B. Addressing the issue of Americanization of the Immigrant 1. Tap into the experience of organizations like UMOS (a Wisconsin-based agricultural workers org) and MAFO (A national coalition of agricultural worker support organizations) on how to socialize the temporary worker. Develop insights and implications for a statewide initiative for workers

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beyond the agricultural sector, such as the construction and the hospitality businesses. 2. Develop a coalition of Hispanic organizations, whether business, government, academia or NGO, to support programs for the faster integration of all immigrants and citizens into the operations, development and refinement of local culture. 3. Develop training sessions (hopefully from those designed in V4) financed by these organizations. 4. Create outreach programs to schools, churches, communities, and small cities in each state to discuss ways in which these institutions can help immigrants in the area enter into the life of the community. 5. Develop outreach programs to the communities where large sections of immigrants live, to show and recruit them into the programs that exist in their communities, and where they can study English before or after work. 6. Develop coalition programs among various groups of minorities such as black Americans, immigrant blacks, Asians, Eastern Europeans and others, designed to share common problems and to devise common solutions and accommodations. Publicize results in national, state, and local media. Invite elected officials to meetings. Keep in touch with elected officials in your community.

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7. Organize debates on opposing views of immigration at the local level. Publicize the conclusions and points of agreement reached.
VI. Conclusions To continue developing an American society that is true to the ideals of the founding fathers, its culture needs to continue evolving as it has from the beginning. Determining the identity of the society is an important element in this evolution. Immigration is an important factor in shaping that identity. The answer to the question Who are we? has created tension between the values expressed in the Constitution and the actual laws and policies of the nation. Immigration laws and other social laws have moved toward a more inclusive and protective view of society. Political attitudes and social behavior at the local, state and national level have not moved consistently in the same direction. For the first time in U.S. history, there is a concern that the American Dream may be unattainable. Rising population shifts of immigrants coming from Mexico are crystallizing the views of citizens wishing to stop immigrants from coming in. This paper argues that U.S. culture will be poorer if exclusionary values and attitudes continue developing. The time has come when realistic policies, and citizen and immigrant activities, should focus on openly helping our cultural evolution by reinforcing in our immigration laws a broad view of who Americans are, specifically:

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1. Reducing illegal immigration by: a. establishing a National ID for the entire country; b. granting partial amnesty to deserving illegal immigrants in the country with an appropriate timetable; c. enforcing in the workplace appropriate documentation when hiring workers; and d. establishing mechanisms for adjusting quotas for immigrants depending on the economic needs of the nation. 2. Establishing the mechanisms to integrate databases from different local, state and federal agencies to improve Homeland Security. 3. Creating mechanisms to deliberately increase the speed of integration of the immigrant, including: a. creating forums at the national, state and community levels that allow immigrants and native citizens to learn about each other; and b. teaching language and social and legal codes to newly arrived immigrants. 4. Educating the public as to the costs and benefits of immigration in a political, economic and social context. A positive side effect of these actions may be in the words of Thomas Paine, the pamphleteer whose essay Common Sense was the popular treatise that

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motivated the leaders of the Revolution to action, in an essay written in 1795 and entitled Thomas Paine, Dissertation on the First Principles of Government: In a political view of the case, the strength and permanent security of government is in proportion to the number of people interested in supporting it. The true policy therefore is to interest the whole by an equality of rights, for the danger arises from exclusions. It is possible to exclude men from the right of voting, but it is impossible to exclude them from the right of rebelling against that exclusion; and when all other rights are taken away the right of rebellion is made perfect.57 Thus, the answer to the question Who are we? is simple and compelling, yet lacking consensus or collective consciousness: We are all proud citizens and residents of the USA. We believe in liberty from tyranny, in the goodness of our neighbors, in the long-term survival of all people, and in the important role of our nation within the world community. This American cultural credo can truly be a beacon to the world that needs cooperation rather than a clash of civilizations, if we are true to ourselves, collectively embrace, affirm and live it within our own borders and model its value and potential outside our borders.

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The English Only movement started in 1978 by a Floridian who could not find an English-speaking clerk in a Dade County office. S.I Hayakawa supported the organization, called U.S. English and helped introduce legislation into the U.S. Congress. After a series of racist remarks from one of the founders, John Tanton, Linda Chavez who, for a while was president of the group, resigned. Tanton is on the management team of FAIR. See the Appendix for more on this organization and Mexican Americans/American Mexicans by Meier and Rivera for more on English Only and FAIR
b In America, there is a dangerous new tide of immigration (italics added) from Asia, a variety of Muslim countries, and Latin America, especially from Mexico. [T]he effect of these developments on American identity is disastrous and potentially irreversible (italics mine). Kimball, Roger Institutionalizing our Demise: America vs. multiculturalism, The New Criterion, June 2004, in http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/22/june04/america.htm (retrieved January 12, 2006). c
The present Bush administration, with a declared unfettered faith in free trade, for example, has supported the opposite viewpoint in specific policies: the administration a) has increased tariffs on steel; b) does not accept the rulings of the World Trade Organization; and c) was appalled when a Chinese company bid for Unocal, a mediumsized California oil company.
Advocating for the exclusion of the Chinese was not an isolated white American phenomenon. The European Socialists, the International Workingmans Association founded by Karl Marx, Australia, and blacks in the United States during the first Colored State Labor Convention in Baltimore at the end of 1869, all supported the exclusion of coolie labor. They did so ostensibly for economic and educational reasons, but more particularly due to perceived low-wage competition and low literacy rates in any language (see The Negro in Maryland at http://www.nathanielturner.com/negroinmaryland.htm; Coolie Labor, at http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/coolie+labor; also Kwong & Miscevic, Chinese America, particularly chapters 7 and 8).
China had 430M inhabitants in 1850,25 while the U.S. had 23M;26 thus, China had 20 times the population of the US. Today, China has 4 times as many inhabitants as does the U.S.
Please refer to the timeline of Immigration Policy in http://www. flowofhistory.org/themes/movement_settlement/uspolicytimeline.php
A telling example of the importance of exclusion: President Theodore Roosevelt intervenes in a local matter to dismiss the case Aoki V. Deane testing the constitutionality of a California law that segregated Asian Americans from other schoolchildren, if the Japapnese Government ceased providing their agricultural workers with passports thereby limiting emigration from Japan. This Gentlemans Agreement was implemented in 1907. See http://www3.niu.edu/ptaa/history.htm

http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/jeff1280.htm retrieved Nov. 18, 2005 19. Thomas Jefferson to Mrs. Church 1793, FE 6:289 The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (FE) Edition by Paul Leicester Ford 10 Vols., New York, 1892-99. in ibid 20. Thomas Jefferson: Proclamation, 1781, Papers, 4:505. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Edition by Henry A. Washington, 9 Vols., Washington, D.C., 1853-54. in ibid 21. www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/declaration.html, retrieved Nov. 25, 2005 22. Thomas Jefferson to Jeff Litgow, 1805 ME 11: 56 in op. cit. Thomas Jefferson (ME) 23. Thomas Jefferson to Mrs. Church, op. cit. Thomas Jefferson (FE) 24. Passel and Suro, op. cit., page 13, Complete Report, Figure 8 References (continued) 25. Hing, Bill Ong, Defining America Through Immigration Policy, 2004 Temple University Press, Philadelphia , page 28 26. http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/19thcentury1850.htm. Retrieved Nov. 28, 2005 27. See Hing, Bill Ong, op. cit., chapter 2; and for detailed look, Kwong & Miscevic, op. cit., Parts I and II 28. Hing, op.cit., pp. 40-44 29. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Philippine-American War. Retrieved on December 21, 2005 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhilippineAmerican_War 30. Hing, op.cit., p. 49 31. Ibid. p. 45 32. Suzuki, Masao (2002). Sele http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/minnsc/EC4020/suzuki%20eeh%20200 2.pdf 33. Consult Kwong & Miscevic, especially Part VI 34. Alvarez, Robert R., Jr. (1986). The Lemon Grove Incident: The Nations First Successful Desegregation Court Case. The Journal of San Diego History, Spring 1986, vol. 32, No. 2, 17pp. Retrieved on December 21, 2005 at http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/86spring/lemongrove.htm. 35. Hing, op.cit.,: page 11 36. Ibid. page 14 37. Ibid Page 15 38. Ibid page 15 39. Ibid pages 118, 119 40. ibid page 126 41. Ibid, pp. 40-44,
42. ibid, page 133 43. ibid, pages 143-152 44. ibid: pages 155-183 For a full discussion on IRCA and its effects. 45. ibid: page 188 46. Marosi, Richard, Border CrossingsDeaths set a 12 month record, LA Times, Oct 1, 2005, in www.polisci.ucsd.edu/cornelius/latimes10-1-05.pdf Retrieved Nov. 21, 2005 47. Ong Hing, op. cit.: p 265 48. Cuba Perilous Crossing The Economist, Nov. 5, 2005 49. Hing, op. cit.: p. 265-266 50. op. cit: p. 267 51. op. cit. p. 274 52. Adam Wolfson, IV. A Prudent Moderation, The New Atlantis, Science, Technology, and the Public Interest number 9, Summer 2005, pp. 83-109 www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/9/publicinterest.htm Retrieved Nov. 28, 2005 53. Ibid 54. Ibid 55. Gladwell, Malcolm, The Tipping Point How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference, 2002, Back Bay Books. Little Brown & Co. p. 271 56. Kristol, Irving, Is Technology a Threat to liberal Society? in I. Scientists, Science and Society, in The New Atlantis Op. cit. 57. Paine, Thomas, Dissertation on the First Principles of Government, Chapter 13, Document 40, in 1795, Life 5: 221-225 sourced from http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch13s40.html Retrieved Nov. 18, 2005

Further Reading This is not an exhaustive list of the literature that exists on the topic of Immigration and Culture in the US. It does provide, however, a broad picture of the topic and a framework for the future, and some specifics on how to focus and try to manage that future. For further information on the complex relationship between Mexico and the US, and how Mexicans are NonAmericans, please consult Matt S. Meier and Feliciano Riberas excellent though dated analysis: Mexican Americans/American Mexicans On the Future of America 1. Kagan, Robert Of Paradise and Power, America and Europe in the New World Order, 2004, Vintage Books, paperback, NY 2. Smith, Hedrick Rethinking America, Innovative Strategies and Partnerships in Business and Education, 1995, Avon Books, paperback, NY 3. Lomborg, Bjorn, ed.: Global Crises, Global Solutions, 2004, Cambridge University Press, London 4. Reid, T.R. The United States of Europe, The New Superpower and the End of American Supremacy, 2004, Penguin Books, NY American History 1. Vidal, Gore Inventing a Nation, Washington, Adams, Jefferson, 2003, Yale University Press, New Haven 2. Wood, Gordon S. , The American Revolution, A History, A Modern Library Chronicles Books, 2003 NY 3. Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M., The Age of Jackson, 1971, Konecky & Konecky, Connecticut American Culture 1. The New Criterion. Periodical. www.newcriterion.com a supporter of High Culture and opposed to expanded immigration. Retrieved January 13, 2006
American Culture, Direct Democracy, Conflict Resolution and Safeguarding Minorities
1. Gassman, Seth, Direct Democracy as Cultural Dispute Resolution: The Missing Egalitarianism of Cultural Entrenchment in Legislation and Public Policy, The New York Journal of Law, Vol 6:525 May, 2003 retrieved on February 12, 2006 from http://www.law.nyu.edu/journals/legislation/articles/vol6num2/Gassman.pd f
Immigration and Culture 1. Meier, Matt S, and Feliciano Ribera, Mexican Americans/American Mexicans, From Conquistadors to Chicanos, 1993, Hill and Wang, paperback edition, NY 2. Ong Hing, Bill, Defining America Through Immigration Policy, 2004, Temple University Press, Philadelphia 3. Kwong, Peter and Miscevic Dusanka, Chinese America, The Untold Story of Americas Oldest New Community, 2005, The New Press, NY Discrimination of Immigrants and Desegregation 1. http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/86spring/lemongrove.htm (Bliss Bill 1931) for a review of the first school desegregation court case involving not Black Americans but Mexican Immigrants. Retrieved January 13, 2006

c. Fiscal contribution by the Federal Government to compensate states whose immigration burden is highest (determining a minimum level of social benefits) 2. Security : a. National ID for all Americans. Coordination of national data bases. b. Focus on holders of expired visas and on employer controls. Increased border patrols not as effective as tracking all individuals. To Hansons suggestions, I would add : 3. Faster acculturation : a. Increased availability to English language acquisition centers b. Community and local forums for cultural awareness c. Access to Public education for all regardless of immigration status. The greatest opposition to these suggestions will come from states that have a generous welfare system. In these states, the segments of the population whose objections need to be addressed are, on the one hand, the lowest skilled worker base, and, on the other, the wealthier tax contributors on whom the main cost burden will fall. Notes to Appendix III
1. Hanson, Gordon H. Why does Immigration Divide America? Public Finance and Political
Opposition to Open Borders, 2005, Institute for International Economics. See note #9 on Page 16. Retrieved from Internet on Dec. 9, 2005 http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/4000/02iie4000.pdf
2. Ibid., page 40 Retrieved on Dec. 9, 2005
http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/4000/03iie4000.pdf
3. Ibid, Table 4.3, P. 49 Retrieved on Dec. 9, 2005
http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/4000/04iie4000.pdf
4. Ibid. Table 3.1 P. 29 and Table 3.2 P. 30 Retrieved on Dec. 9, 2005
5. Ibid, P. 8 Retrieved on Dec. 9, 2005
http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/4000/01iie4000.pdf