simulations, but in space the G4C suits internal pressure forced his legs together, pushing him away from the nose. He secured the tether while holding onto the handrail with one hand. Gordon moved back to the cockpit area to rest and Conrad ordered him back inside. An hour later, the astronauts opened the hatch and jettisoned loose equipment. Gordon said later that a little simple task that I had done many times in training to the tune of about 30 seconds lasted about 30 minutes. After the flight Gordon said, Gene Cernan warned me about this. I knew it was going to be harder [than on the ground], but I had no idea of the magnitude. Neutral buoyancy simulation was not yet a mandatory EVA training tool, so Gordon spent little time underwater preparing for his EVA. Gordons experience encouraged Apollo lunar surface EVA astronauts to practice more in their suits.
Gemini XI Crew Face the Press, Give Details of Flawless Flight, Space News Roundup, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, September 20, 1966, pp. 1-2; On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini, NASA SP 4203, 1977, pp. 356, 360-362; Summary of Gemini Extravehicular Activity, NASA SP 149, 1967; Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1966, NASA SP 4007. pp. 301; interview, David S. F. Portree with John Young, June 13, 1996.

September 14

1966 EVA 5 World EVA 7 U.S. EVA 6 Duration: 2:08 Spacecraft/mission: Gemini 11 Crew: Charles Conrad, Richard Gordon Spacewalker: Richard Gordon Purpose: SEVA to perform ultraviolet astronomical photography and Earth photography Like Collins before him, Gordon had few problems during his SEVA. He opened the hatch just before orbital sunset, installed the S13 ultraviolet astronomical camera, and took pictures of Orion and Antares. A short tether held him in the cabin, permitting him to use both hands. During the daylight pass Gordon performed general photography, which included snapping pictures of Houston and Florida. During their pass over the Atlantic they had no photographic targets, so both astronauts fell asleep - a testimony to the relaxed pace of this EVA. The spacecraft again moved into darkness, and Gordon snapped more pictures of astronomical targets. Experiment S13 closeout and hatch closure were uneventful.

Summary of Gemini Extravehicular Activity, NASA SP 149, 1967; On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini, NASA SP 4203, 1977, pp. 377-378; interview, David S. F. Portree with John Young, June 13, 1996.

November 13

1966 EVA 7 World EVA 9 U.S. EVA 8 Duration: 2:09 Spacecraft/mission: Gemini 12 Crew: James Lovell, Edwin Aldrin Spacewalker: Edwin Aldrin Purpose: Demonstrate ability to perform complex EVA Before flight Aldrin conducted five neutral buoyancy training sessions (not a large number by modern standards) in preparation for this EVA, in addition to the usual zero-g aircraft training. Aldrin also became accustomed to the relative immobility of the pressurized G4C suit in Thermal Vacuum Chamber B at NASA MSC. Thermal vac testing subsequently became a critical part of EVA training. To start this EVA, Aldrin moved to the Target Docking Adapter on Agena 12, where he used waist tethers to hold position. Attaching a tether on the Agena to Gemini 12 proved surprisingly easy with both hands free. He then moved back to the adapter section, where he slipped his feet into golden slipper foot restraints. He used waist tethers to position himself at a work station for testing representative tasks - he cut cables and fluid lines, fastened rings and hooks, connected and disconnected electrical and fluid connectors, tightened bolts, and stripped velcro. Aldrins physical condition was closely monitored so that he could be advised to rest before fatigue developed. He moved to a similar work station on the Agena docking adapter where he tested an Apollo torque wrench with and without tethers. He wiped Lovells window and observed thruster firings on Gemini 12, then closed the hatch on the worlds first successful complex EVA.
Summary of Gemini Extravehicular Activity, NASA SP 149, 1967; On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini, NASA SP 4203, 1977, pp. 378.

November 14

1966 EVA 8 World EVA 10 U.S. EVA 9 Duration: 1:11 Spacecraft/mission: Gemini 12 Crew: James Lovell, Edwin Aldrin Spacewalker: Edwin Aldrin Purpose: SEVA to discard refuse; conduct ultraviolet astronomical photography Aldrins last Gemini 12 EVA - and the final EVA of the Gemini program - was anticlimactic, but helped confirm that U.S. EVA planners were on a sure footing going into the Apollo program. Aldrin jettisoned disused equipment just before orbital sunset, then performed ultraviolet photography. He photographed sunrise then stowed his gear and closed out the EVA. The Summary of Gemini Extravehicular Activity states that the Gemini 12 EVAs showed that all the tasks attempted were feasible when body restraints were used to maintain position. The results also showed that EVA workload could be controlled within desired limits by application of proper procedures. Finally, perhaps the most significant result was that underwater simulation duplicated the actual extravehicular actions and reactions with a high degree of fidelity. It was concluded that any task which could be accomplished readily in underwater simulation would have a high probability of success during the actual EVA.

Module 15. Acting on instructions from the ground, he hit it with a hammer to free a stuck relay. This low-tech solution succeeded and soon the module was feeding electricity into the Skylab power system again. The EVA brought the total for Skylab 2 to more than 5 hr, twice what was originally planned.
Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab (NASA SP-4208), W. David Compton and Charles D. Benson, 1983, p. 294; Skylab EVA, Robert Kain, Crew Training and Procedures Division, NASA JSC, no date; Skylab Experience Bulletin No. 27: Personnel and Equipment Restraint and Mobility Aids: EVA, JSC 09561, NASA JSC, May 1975.

June 22 July 28

Skylab 2 splashdown Skylab 3 launch

August 6

1973 EVA 4 World EVA 34 U.S. EVA 32 Space Station EVA 4 Duration: 6:31 Spacecraft/mission: Skylab Orbital Workshop (Skylab 1)/Skylab 3 Crew: Alan Bean, Owen Garriott, Jack Lousma Spacewalks: Owen Garriott, Jack Lousma Purpose: Install new sunshade; replace ATM film This EVA was scheduled before launch to occur on mission day 4, but crew illness (space motion sickness) pushed it back to mission day 10. The main order of business was to install the Twin Pole Sunshade over the parasol installed by the Skylab 2 astronauts because testing on the ground showed that the parasols nylon fabric could deteriorate from exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation. SPT Garriott assembled two poles, each made up of 11 1.5-m (5-ft) sections, and passed them to CMP Lousma, who was positioned in the portable foot restraint attached to an ATM handrail. Lousma attached the poles to a base plate he installed on a hand rail, unfurled the sunshade fabric, and attached a reefing line to make the shade lie flat. He swiveled the completed shade to cover the station, then returned to the airlock to get equipment for the next phase of the EVA. Lousma ascended the ATM again, installed film, then inspected thruster quads A and B on the Skylab 3 CM from his position on the ATM. The quads were leaking, but Lousma saw no obvious signs of leakage and they later stopped, so Skylab 3 could run its scheduled 56-day duration. Lousma removed a telescope aperture door ramp to keep the door from sticking, which required removal of two bolts not designed for EVA, then deployed the Micrometeoroid Particle Collection experiment. The experiment was originally intended for deployment from the science airlock blocked by the parasol, but was redesigned for EVA deployment and launched with the Skylab 3 crew.

station from encountering them in the future. From foot restraints Solovyov and Kizim assembled each 4.56-sq-m (49-sq-ft) extension, then attached the first and winched it into position. Atkov used controls inside Salyut 7 to turn the port array 180 deg so it presented its other side to the cosmonauts, who then attached and winched into place the second add-on panel. Solovyov struggled to tie two knots in wire bundles linking the arrays to the stations main external power panel, a task he later compared to trying to thread a needle in boxing gloves. Their work added 1.2kW to Salyut 7s power supply. With this EVA, their fifth together, Kizim and Solovyov tied David Scotts record for total career EVAs.
Pravda, May 20, 1984, p. 1 (translated in USSR Report: Space, JPRS-USP-84-006-L, July 20, 1984, p. 44); Above the Planet: Salyut EVA Operations (Part Two), Neville Kidger, Spaceflight, March 1989, pp. 140; Trud, May 20, 1984, p. 3 (translated in USSR Report: Space, JPRS-USP-84-005, October 26, 1984, p. 3); Pravda, June 3, 1984, p. 3 (abstracted in USSR Report: Space, JPRS-USP-84-005, October 26, 1984, p. 9).

July 17

Salyut 7/Soyuz-T 12 VE-4 launch

July 25

1984 EVA 10 World EVA 57 Russian EVA 14 Space Station EVA 22 Duration: 3:35 Spacecraft/mission: Salyut 7 VE-4 Crew: Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Svetlana Savitskaya, Igor Volk (VE-4); Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov (PE-3) Spacewalkers: Svetlana Savitskaya, Vladimir Dzhanibekov Purpose: Perform first EVA by a woman; test the URI electron beam tool For this first EVA by a woman, Savitskaya donned an Orlan-D suit already worn eight times by cosmonauts on Salyut 7. With Dzhanibekov, she was tasked with testing the Universalny Rabochy (or Ruchnoj) Instrument (Universal Hand Tool) (URI) multipurpose electron beam cutting, welding, soldering, and brazing tool. Savitskaya played a central role in developing the handle and other cosmonaut interfaces of the tool. She trained with URI three times in a vacuum chamber and in a plane flying parabolas. Some engineers voiced reservations about flying URI - it generated a great deal of heat which might damage the cosmonauts space suits. The experience of the Vulkan automated welding system 15 yr before loomed large in engineers minds (the device ran amok aboard Soyuz 6 and nearly cut the table holding welding samples in half). On day 7 of VE-4, with Igor Volk inside Salyut 7 monitoring the EVA timeline, Dzhanibekov opened the Salyut 7 airlock. He unfolded and stood in a Yakor foot restraint, then set up a worksite lamp. Savitskaya handed out URI, which Dzhanibekov set up and attached to an external power outlet. He then traded places with Savitskaya, who set up a TV camera. Salyut 7 passed out of communications range with the TsUP; when contact was restored, Savitskaya began work with URI, first cutting a 0.5-mm- (0.02-in-) thick titanium sample. In all she performed six cutting, two silver spray coating, and six soldering experiments, taking care always not to point URI at Salyut 7 lest the tool run amok. Her heart rate peaked during the EVA at 140 beats/min. While soldering the Sun glared in her face, making it difficult for her to see her work; nevertheless, her results were later judged satisfactory. Savitskaya and Dzhanibekov then traded places again so he could test URI. Dzhanibekov said later that the tool is very handy and Im sure well be using it a lot. After finishing, he took down URI and handed the device and experiment samples to Savitskaya. Dzhanibekov then removed Ekpozitsiya cassettes from the stations exterior and handed them to Savitskaya, who handed back a Meduza bio-polymer cassette for installation. Products of the welding experiment returned to Earth in Soyuz T-12. Kosomolskaya Pravda reported on the EVA,

STS 51-D Flightcrew Report (no date); An Astronauts Diary, Jeffrey Hoffman, 1986, pp. 30-33; Shuttle 51D Mission Report, John Pfannerstill, Spaceflight, November 1985, pp. 414-419; email from Charles Walker, September 10, 1996; interview, David S. F. Portree with Jeff Hoffman, June 18, 1996.
April 19 April 29-May 6 June 6 June 17-24 July 29-August 6
STS-51D/Discovery landing STS-51B/Challenger Salyut 7/Soyuz-T 13 PE-4 launch STS-51G/Discovery STS-51F/Challenger
1985 EVA 2 World EVA 63 Russian EVA 16 Space Station EVA 24 Duration: 5:00 Spacecraft/mission: Salyut 7 PE-4 Crew: Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Viktor Savinykh Spacewalkers: Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Viktor Savinykh Purpose: Augment Salyut 7 solar arrays; test Orlan-DM suits This EVA marked the first use of the Orlan-DM space suit designed for deployment on the Mir space station. Orlan-DM featured many improvements over the Orlan-D, including bright lights at the temples of the headset for illuminating suit control dials; improved controls; sturdier construction, including rubberized fabric shoulder belts in place of the Orlan-Ds rubber belts; and greater mobility. The suits reached Salyut 7 aboard Cosmos 1669 (July 21, 1985), a prototype Progress freighter improved for Mir. During this EVA, Savinykh and Dzhanibekov augmented the port side solar array using two extension panels delivered by Progress 24 (docked June 23, 1985). One extension had an experimental design. This completed the series of solar array augmentation spacewalks planned at Salyut 7s launch to occur over the stations occupancy. Moscow TV showed portions of the EVA live. The cosmonauts used the Orlan-DMs headset lights to continue work during orbital night. They left a small piece of solar cell material outside as an exposure experiment. Before closing out the EVA, they installed a Soviet/French experiment for collecting meteoritic dust (it was expected to gather dust from Halleys Comet) and changed space exposure cassettes near the transfer compartment hatch.
Izvestiya, August 4, 1985, p. 1 (translated in USSR Report: Space, JPRS-USP-86-001, January 13, 1986, pp. 16-17); Salyut Mission Report, Spaceflight, Neville Kidger, December 1985; Pravda, August 3, 1985, p. 3 (translated in USSR Report: Space, JPRS-USP-86-001, January 13, 1986, p. 18); Izvestiya, August 4, 1985, p. 2 (translated in USSR Report: Space, JPRS-USP-86-001, January 13, 1986, p. 2).

August 27

STS-51I/Discovery launch

August 31

1985 EVA 3 World EVA 64 U.S. EVA 48 Shuttle EVA 10
Duration: 7:20 Spacecraft/mission: STS 51-I Crew: Joe Engle, Richard Covey, James van Hoften, William Fisher, John Lounge Spacewalkers: William Fisher, James van Hoften Purpose: Retrieve Leasat 3 satellite; begin repairs Failure of Syncom-IV/Leasat 3 on STS 51-D in April was followed by four months of intense preparation for a repair EVA. Only a single EVA was planned, but shortly after Discovery reached orbit on August 27 RMS operator Mike Lounge discovered that fuses had blown in the arm, forcing him to position its joints one at a time with no computer assistance. On August 28 mission controllers in Houston determined that two EVAs were necessary to complete the repair and began replanning the mission. Van Hoften and Fisher checked out their suits on August 30. On this date, Discovery made rendezvous with the satellite in a 400-by-290-km (250-by-180-mi) orbit. The astronauts entered Discoverys payload bay and Van Hoften placed his feet in the MFR. The 6818-kg (15,000-lb) drum-shaped satellite rotated very slowly, so Van Hoften found it easy to install a bar for slowing rotation by hand. However, the EVA fell behind schedule because the handling bar - which included a grapple fixture for the RMS end-effector - did not fit at first. The crew complained of being too cold. Van Hoften and Fisher safed the satellite using plugs and specialized tools, then installed a bypass cable harness to work around the faulty switches that prevented activation in April. They discovered that the satellites batteries had not frozen as some had feared. Syncom-IV/Leasat 3s omnidirectional antenna popped up, indicating a successful repair, and Van Hoften and Fisher closed out the first EVA. The crew left Leasat 3 safed on the RMS when they bedded down for the night.

that the airlock was in vacuum using a handheld measuring device. Solovyov and Balandin turned the handwheel too far, releasing the hooks prematurely. Air pressure within the lock remained at 5 kpascal (0.74 psi) so the hatch sprang back against its hinges with a force of 400 kg (880 lb). Flight Engineer Balandin exited first. Traversing Kvant 2s 13.73-m (45-ft) length required longer than expected - about 90 min. The cosmonauts quipped after the EVA that they had plenty of handholds, but needed street signs. They rested during orbital night passes. Three hr passed before the cosmonauts finished installing a straight ladder bridging the gap between Kvant 2 and Soyuz-TM 9, and a curved ladder to the heatshield and explosive bolts. The mood in the TsUP was tense, in part because controllers could not see the cosmonauts - the TV camera cables were not long enough to reach the worksite. Solovyov and Balandin videotaped the descent module for later playback to the TsUP. The cosmonauts detected no obvious damage to the explosive bolts and heatshield. They then folded two of the thermal blankets in half, but left the third alone. By this time more than 5 hr had passed, so they hastened back to the Kvant 2 hatch, leaving ladders and tools at the worksite. They entered the Kvant 2 airlock after exceeding the 6-hr Orlan-DMA safety limit, only to find that the hatch would not close. They used the Kvant 2 instrumentscience compartment (ISC) as a contingency airlock, leaving the SALC in vacuum. Soviet officials stated that the ISC could be used to extend the main airlock compartment for transferring large equipment outside the Mir station. This remains the longest Russian spacewalk to date.
Moscow Television Service, July 17, 1990. Translated in JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Space, October 5, 1990, (JPRS-USP-90-004), pp. 1-2; Moscow Television Service, July 18, 1990. Translated in JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Space, October 5, 1990 (JPRS-USP-90-004), p. 2; Moscow Domestic Service in Russian, July 19, 1990. Translated in JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Space, October 5, 1990 (JPRS-USP-90-004), p. 2; Translated in JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Space, October 5, 1990 (JPRS-USP-90-004), p. 3; Spacewalk to Repair Damaged Hatch, Neville Kidger, Spaceflight, October 1990, p. 349; The Soviet Year in Space 1990, Nicholas Johnson, Kaman Sciences, 1991, pp. 103, 109-110. Mir Hardware Heritage, NASA RP-1357, David S. F. Portree, March 1995, pp. 56, 122.

April 5

STS-37/Atlantis launch
1991 EVA 4 World EVA 88 U.S. EVA 52 Shuttle EVA 14 Duration: 4:26 Spacecraft/mission: STS-37 Crew: Steven Nagel, Kenneth Cameron, Jerry Ross, Jerome Apt, Linda Godwin Spacewalkers: Jerry Ross, Jerome Apt Purpose: Deploy jammed GRO high-gain antenna The U.S. resumed piloted spaceflight on September 29, 1988, with the launch of Discovery on mission STS-26, but no EVA was scheduled until this flight. As it turns out, the first U.S. EVA after the January 1986 Challenger accident was a contingency EVA ahead of the planned EVA. On April 6 cabin pressure aboard Atlantis was reduced to 10.2 psi ahead of a possible contingency EVA to assist in Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) deployment and release. On this date, as GRO checkout proceeded prior to release, astronauts Jerry Ross (who participated in the last U.S. EVA in 1985) and Jay Apt checked out their EMUs, with assistance from IV crewman Kenneth Cameron and prebreathed pure oxygen for 1 hr. Linda Godwin used the RMS to lift the 15,750-kg (35,000-lb) GRO from its cradle in Atlantis payload bay. The observatorys solar panels were commanded to open to their full span of 21 m (69 ft). The high-gain antenna unlatched, but its 580
m (16.4-ft) boom did not deploy. Cameron and STS-37 Commander Steve Nagel helped Ross and Apt put on their suits. The crew attempted to open the high-gain by shaking GRO with Atlantis thruster jets and the RMS. The first U.S. spacewalk since November 1985, and the first unscheduled spacewalk since April 1985, began with Ross moving down the starboard slidewire and Apt moving down the port. Seventeen min into the spacewalk, with Atlantis passing through night, Ross shoved loose the boom by exerting about 27 kg (60 lb) of force using his right hand while holding onto a GRO flight support structure trunnion with his left. The astronauts then set up a foot restraint so they could continue manual deployment, a procedure they had practiced four times in the WETF. The procedure involved removing a pin, pulling the antenna to fully deployed position, and using a wrench to lock the boom. Apt monitored Ross movements so that he did not inadvertently damage GRO. Both astronauts had difficulty finding handholds on GRO in darkness. As Atlantis emerged into daylight, they performed some of the EVA Development Flight Experiment activities originally scheduled for April 8. They evaluated handrails (the dog bone cross section design proves superior to the round cross-section design); used the Crew Loads Instrumented Pallet (CLIP) to measure forces placed on foot restraints by simple tasks; and moved along a rope extended across the payload bay. They returned to the airlock but did not repressurize it until GRO was successfully away. Ross and Apt stuck their helmeted heads out the airlock hatch to watch GRO shrink into the distance.

STS-37 Flight Crew Report, Steven Nagel, Kenneth Cameron, Linda Godwin, Jerry Ross, and Jerome Apt, February 4, 1992, pp. 9-13; STS-37 EVA Lessons Learned Report, Lead EVA Flight Control Team, July 11, 1991; Astronauts Give GRO a Helping Hand, Roelof Schuiling and Steven Young, Spaceflight, June 1991, pp. 203-204; interview, David S. FG. Portree with Linda Godwin, June 13, 1996; interview, David S. F. Portree with Jerry Ross, January 11, 1996.

STS-37/Atlantis landing

1991 EVA 6 World EVA 90 Russian EVA 37 Space Station EVA 45 Duration: 2:25 Spacecraft/mission: Mir PE-8 Crew: Viktor Afanaseyev, Musa Manarov Spacewalkers: Viktor Afanaseyev, Musa Manarov Purpose: Inspect damaged Kurs antenna on Kvant Progress-M 7, an automated cargo ship, approached the Mir station aft port on March 21. About 500 m (1640 ft) out, the spacecrafts Kurs automated guidance system was unable to lock on a corresponding antenna on the Kvant module, and the Progress drifted past Mir. A second docking attempt on March 23 ended with a flight controller aborting the docking after noting a catastrophic error in the robot ships orientation just 20 m (65.6 ft) from the station. Progress-M 7 passed within 7 m (23 ft) of Mir, narrowly missing solar arrays and antennas. On March 26 Manarov and Afanaseyev undocked their Soyuz-TM 11 spacecraft from Mirs front port and approached the aft port using the Kurs system. Their spacecraft imitated Progress-M 7s performance, allowing them to localize the problem in the Kurs antenna on Kvant. They completed a manual docking at the aft port. Progress-M 7 docked automatically at the forward port on March 28. Afanaseyev and Manarov spent April 23 checking their Orlan-DMA suits for an EVA to inspect Kurs. On this date the EVA was delayed 15 min while Afanaseyev reconnected a cable in the Kvant 2 airlock. The cosmonauts set up an experimental thermo-mechanical joint outside Kvant 2 early in the EVA. The experiment was designed to provide data supporting Sofora truss deployment on Kvant during the next Mir Principal Expedition. Afanaseyev put the camera taken inside Mir on January 7 back into service on Kvant 2s movable platform. Meanwhile, Manarov
clambered a distance of about 30 m (100 ft) to inspect the balky Kvant Kurs antenna. By doing so he violated the Soviet EVA buddy policy which required that Afanaseyev accompany him. Manarov televised images of the Kurs antenna to engineers in the TsUP. One 23-cm (9.2-in) parabolic dish was missing, apparently knocked off by an accidental kick during the January 26 EVA. The cosmonauts then installed markers (road signs) on handrails to assist future EVA cosmonauts in finding their way around Mirs expanding exterior. They collected the thermomechanical joint installed at the start of EVA before returning to the Kvant 2 airlock. Manarov later received a rebuke for moving off alone to inspect the Kurs antenna.

Vremya newscast, April 25, 1991 (translated in JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Space, JPRSUSP-91-003, June 26, 1991, p. 1; TASS in English, in JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Space, JPRS-USP-91-003, June 26, 1991, p. 1; 1991-1992 Europe & Asia in Space, Nicholas Johnson and David Rodvold, U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, 1993, pp. 64-65; Mir Hardware Heritage, NASA RP 1357, David S. F. Portree, March 1995, p. 129; Progress-M 7: Catastrophe Avoided, Neville Kidger, Spaceflight, June 1991, p. 192.
April 28-May 6 May 18 May 26 June 5-14
STS-39/Discovery Mir/Soyuz-TM 12 PE-9 launch Mir/Soyuz-TM 11 PE-8 landing STS-40/Columbia

June 25

1991 EVA 7 World EVA 91 Russian EVA 38 Space Station EVA 46 Duration: 4:48 Spacecraft/mission: Mir PE-9 Crew: Anatoli Artsebarski, Sergei Krikalev Spacewalkers: Anatoli Artsebarski, Sergei Krikalev Purpose: Replace damaged Kurs antenna on Kvant; test new joint ahead of Sofora assembly Progress-M 8 delivered tools and equipment for the planned 6-hr Kvant Kurs antenna repair EVA on June 1, and Artsebarski and Krikalev practiced the planned repairs inside Mir on June 14. The work was considered unusually delicate and complex because it involved small tools, such as a dental mirror, and many small parts not designed for EVA handling. In addition, there were few handholds and footholds at the Kvant work site. Getting into proper working position required a full hour when the repair was simulated in the Hydrolaboratory. Artsebarski and Krikalev rested during orbital night when visibility was too poor to permit delicate work. After repairing Kurs, the cosmonauts assembled a prototype thermo-mechanical joint outside Kvant 2 in preparation for the planned Sofora truss assembly EVAs. The joint had sleeve couplings made of titanium-nickel alloy with memory effect, which shrank and snugged tight when heated by a hand-held heating and assembly device. Sofora was expected to be more durable than the URS truss tested on Salyut 7 (May 1986), which employed a mechanical hinged joint system. The newspaper Izvestia stated that: It is sad that we have of late referred to the Mir orbital complex. almost exclusively in connection with repair work. No one will argue that it is [not] taking ever-increasing effort to maintain the aging orbital complex. Yet it is still not fully equipped.
Troubled Night On Board Mir, S. Leskov, Izvestiya, June 26, 1991, p. 1 (translated in JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Space, JPRS-USP-91-004, September 20, 1991, p. 2); abstract of Vremya TV news report, July 10, 1991, in JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Space, JPRS-USP-91-004, September 20, 1991, p. 3; 1991-1992 Europe & Asia in Space, Nicholas Johnson and David Rodvold, U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, 1993, pp. 67-68.

STS-57 Space Shuttle Mission Report, NSTS-08285, August 1993, pp. 27-28; memo, Randall McDaniel to EVA Section personnel (STS-57 EVA debrief notes), August 13, 1993; STS-57: EVA Lessons Learned, presentation materials, Richard Fullerton, July 9, 1992.
July 1 July 1 July 22 September 12
STS-57/Endeavour landing Mir/Soyuz-TM 17 PE-14 launch Mir/Soyuz-TM 16 PE-13 landing STS-51/Discovery launch

September 16

1993 EVA 5 World EVA 111 U.S. EVA 60
Shuttle EVA 22 Duration: 7:05 Spacecraft/mission: STS-51 Crew: Frank Culbertson, William Readdy, James Newman, Daniel Bursch, Carl Walz Spacewalkers: James Newman, Carl Walz Purpose: Test HST repair tools and procedures Discoverys pilot, William Readdy, was IV crewmember; he helped Walz and Newman begin preparations for their EVA 30 min early. Immediately after leaving the airlock, they made a practice translation down the payload bay door sills. At the back of the bay Walz investigated damage caused by a pyrotechnic fastener malfunction in the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite payload. Walz found that the explosion had torn a hole in Discoverys aft payload bay bulkhead, but caused no damage to the payload bay doors or other equipment. He decided not to handle the debris because it might cut his gloves. The astronauts then commenced DTO 1210 and DTO 671 tests, tools for which were stored in the Provisional Stowage Assembly (PSA) compartment in the floor of Discoverys payload bay, next to the contingency payload bay door closure tools. Walz and Newman conducted a glove-warming evaluation using the payload bay lights, then tested tethers for high- and low-torque work and a Portable Foot Restraint (PFR) designed for HST SM-01. They also compared ground training with actual work on orbit. The astronauts reported that their WETF experience was more difficult than the actual EVA. The HSTrelated tests assured planners that ground preparations for the flight were on a sound footing. The astronauts accomplished more than planned and remained ahead of schedule until closeout, when a PSA door refused to close, so the EVA required 45 min more than scheduled. In their debriefing the crew stressed the importance of thermal vacuum tests as part of EVA testing and training.
STS-51 Space Shuttle Mission Report, NSTS-08286, December 1993, pp. 30-33; Eleven Day Missions with EVA, Roelof Schuiling, Spaceflight, December 1993, pp. 425-426.
1993 EVA 6 World EVA 112 Russian EVA 52 Space Station EVA 60 Duration: 4:18 Spacecraft/mission: Mir PE-14 Crew: Vasili Tsibliyev, Alexandr Serebrov Spacewalkers: Vasili Tsibliyev, Alexandr Serebrov Purpose: Prepare for Rapana truss assembly The Soviet Union planned to follow Mir with Mir-2, a large station building on Mir/Salyut hardware and incorporating a large truss to support solar dynamic power generation systems and antennas. Mir-2 was to have been resupplied in part by the Buran space shuttle, as well as advanced automated cargo vehicles based on Progress-M. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 scuttled these plans, but paved the way for merging Mir-2 and SSF into one International Space Station (ISS). This EVA is often identified as Mir-2-related. Tsibliyev and Serebrov moved equipment from Kvant 2 to Kvant using Strela. They installed a grate, then attached a platform behind Sofora. They then moved the container holding the Rapana truss to the attachment site and linked it to Mirs electrical system.

STS-64 Space Shuttle Mission Report, NSTS-08293, January 1995, pp. 35-36; Rescue Device Shines in Untethered EVA Tests, James McKenna, Aviation Week & Space Technology, September 26, 1994, pp. 2526; interview, David S. F. Portree with Clifford Hess, May 30, 1996; interview, David S. F. Portree with Mark Lee, June 10, 1996.
September 20 September 30-October 11 October 3 November 3-14 November 4
STS-64/Discovery landing STS-68/Endeavour Mir/Soyuz-TM 20 PE-17 launch STS-66/Atlantis Mir/Soyuz-TM 19 PE-16 landing
February 3 STS-63/Discovery launch
1995 EVA 1 World EVA 125 U.S. EVA 67 Shuttle EVA 29 Duration: 4:39 Spacecraft/mission: STS-63 Crew: James Wetherbee, Eileen Collins, Michael Foale, Janice Voss, Bernard Harris, Vladimir Titov (Russian Space Agency) Spacewalkers: Michael Foale, Bernard Harris Purpose: Mass handling and Shuttle EMU thermal evaluations in preparation for ISS assembly and maintenance This was the first EVA in the EVA Development Flight Test (EDFT) program, which aimed to prepare NASA for ISS assembly. Foale and Harris commenced EVA preparations on February 8, soon after Discovery completed proximity operations with Russias Mir space station. The astronauts wore EMUs with thermal modifications, including thicker underwear, better-insulated gloves, and a bypass switch to allow reduction of cooling water flow through the LCVGs without reducing ventilation. A 4-hr prebreathe was required because the crew could not lower cabin pressure prior to the EVA without compromising experiments in the Spacehab module in Discoverys payload bay. Foale and Harris waited in the airlock while Janice Voss retrieved the 1.37-m (4.5-ft) cube-shaped SPARTAN 204 freeflyer with the RMS. A few minutes before Voss berthed the 1363-kg (3000-lb) subsatellite, Foale and Harris entered the payload bay through the airlock extension tunnel linking Discoverys mid-deck to Spacehab. The astronauts secured two Universal Handling Tools on the SPARTAN for mass-handling experiments, then Harris and
Foale stepped onto the RMS. Russian cosmonaut Vladimir Titov took charge of the RMS and moved the astronauts 9.1 m (30 ft) above the payload bay for a 15-min cold soak. Discoverys attitude was purposely maintained to make the astronauts as cold as possible - the payload bay was pointed away from the Sun during daylight and toward deep space during orbital night. A thermal cube sensor package on the MFR and sensors in the EMU gloves recorded ambient temperatures so they could be compared with the astronauts subjective impressions. The astronauts were not cold when the payload bay pointed toward the Earth. Then Foale moved to the PFR and Harris to a foot restraint by SPARTANs port side. Voss unlatched the SPARTAN and Titov moved Foale into position over the freeflyer so he could lift it in an experiment to determine astronaut and EMU ability to handle large loads. Foale then handed the SPARTAN to Harris. (He commented later that the air-bearing floor simulated EVA mass-handling well.) During orbital night Foales glove temperature dropped below minus 6 deg C (20 deg F). The ECCs went blank from the cold, so the astronauts fell back on printed checklists. Harris feet became cold through contact with Discoverys structure as a temperature of minus 148 deg C (minus 130 deg F) was recorded by the thermal cube. The astronauts reported that the thermal overgloves produced only slight warming. Foale took back the SPARTAN, but Mission Control canceled the remainder of the mass-handling experiment and terminated the EVA early after the astronauts rated the cold as a 3 (unacceptably cold) on a 1 to 8 scale devised before launch. Foale put the SPARTAN back in its berth. Commander James Wetherbee and Pilot Eileen Collins maneuvered Discovery to warm Harris and Foales EMUs before they returned to the airlock. After taking off his helmet, Harris smelled an odor and suffered burning eyes. Wetherbee collected an air sample and Harris washed his eyes with water. Postflight analysis revealed no contaminants. The irritation could have been caused by contact with an anti-fogging soap solution - four EVA astronauts encountered the same problem on previous flights. During the EVA, a pressure drop occurred in the Spacehab module, which was isolated from the rest of Discoverys pressurized volume. The leak, equivalent to a loss of 7.7-9 kg (17-20 lb) of air per day, stopped after the EVA.

STS-69 Space Shuttle Mission Report, December 1995; Successful EVA, Landing Cap Troubled Shuttle Flight, Aviation Week & Space Technology, September 25, 1995, pp. 118-119; Space Shuttle Mission STS69 Press Kit, August 1995, p. 42; NASAs Two-Satellite Mission, Roelof Schuiling, Spaceflight, December 1995, p. 419.

September 18

STS-69/Endeavour landing
1995 EVA 11 World EVA 135 ESA EVA 1/Russian EVA 67 Space Station EVA 75 Duration: 5:11 Spacecraft/mission: Mir PE-20 Crew: Yuri Gidzenko, Sergei Avdeyev, Thomas Reiter Spacewalkers: Thomas Reiter, Sergei Avdeyev Purpose: Perform first ESA EVA; install experiments on Spektr On October 6, the Russian Space Agency (RSA), ESA, and RKK Energia agreed to extend the Euromir 95/PE-20 mission by 44 days (from 135 days to 179 days) because of Russian financial problems and a shortage of Soyuz launch vehicles. Extending the mission shifted Principal Expedition 21 launch processing costs to FY1996. The crew was advised of a possible extension before launch. Despite some reports, indications are that they welcomed the extension, not least because RSA offered ESA a second EVA for Reiter. On this first EVA by an ESA astronaut, Reiter led the way out the Kvant 2 hatch. In addition to being a guest-researcher, he was the first cosmonaut from outside the former Soviet Union to earn the title Flight Engineer. This made the EVA the first by two flight engineers. Reiter climbed onto the end of the Strela boom, then Avdeyev handed him the payload bag, moved him to Spektr, and used Strela as a handrail to join him. The cosmonauts crawled to the opposite side of Spektr to reach the European Space Exposure Facility (ESEF)-1. Reiter threaded a tether from the payload bag through wire loops attached to pins on ESEF-1, then pulled the tether to release covers, exposing four attachment sites. The cosmonauts installed two dust collectors, a space environment monitoring package, and a control electronics box. The dust collectors had motorized covers operable from within Mir. One of the dust collectors remained open at all times unless a Shuttle, Soyuz-TM, or Progress-M was near the station, then it was closed to avoid spacecraft thruster contamination. The other was opened only when Earth passed through dust left behind by comets. Commander Yuri Gidzenko powered up the ESEF-1 instrument from inside Mir and verified that it was functioning as expected. Reiter and Avdeyev then moved to a second worksite 2 m (6.5 ft) away from ESEF-1, where they replaced exposure cartridges with cartridges delivered by Progress M-29.

Moscow Office Report #155, ANSER Center for International Aerospace Cooperation, October 20, 1995; ESA Press Release Number 42-95, October 13, 1995; In Orbit They Still Do Not Know That Their Mission Has Been Extended: And ESA Prepares to Receive an Unexpected Gift From Their Russian Colleagues, Sergei Novikov, Segodniya, October 14, 1995, p. 1 (translated in JPRS Report, Science & Technology, Central Eurasia: Space, FBIS-UST-95-030, November 30, 1995, pp. 44-45); MirNews 276, Chris Vandenberg, October 19, 1995; U.K. Scientists to Collect Cosmic Dust, RAS Press Release, October 20, 1995; Possible Extension of EUROMIR Mission and ESAs First Spacewalk, ESA Press Release 42-95, October 13, 1995.
October 20-November 5 November 12-20
STS-73/Columbia STS-74/Atlantis (Shuttle-Mir 2)
1995 EVA 12 World EVA 136 Russian EVA 68 Space Station EVA 76 Duration: 0:37
Spacecraft/mission: Mir PE-20 Crew: Yuri Gidzenko, Sergei Avdeyev, Thomas Reiter Spacewalkers: Sergei Avdeyev, Yuri Gidzenko Purpose: Transfer docking cone to receive Priroda module. For the 50th EVA using the Orlan-DMA space suit, the cosmonauts entered the base block transfer compartment, sealed hatches leading into Soyuz-TM 22, Spektr, Kvant 2, Kristall, and the base block, and vented the atmosphere into space. They then transferred the Konus #2 docking drogue from the -Z port to the +Z port to receive the Priroda module. Reiter waited out the EVA in the Soyuz-TM 22 descent module.
Mir Highlights: Crew Work On and Welcome in 1996, Neville Kidger, Spaceflight, March 1996, p. 93.
January 11 STS-72/Endeavour launch

January 15

1996 EVA 1 World EVA 137 U.S. EVA 69 Shuttle EVA 31 Duration: 6:09 Spacecraft/mission: STS-72 Crew: Brian Duffy, Brent Jett, Leroy Chiao, Winston Scott, Koichi Wakata, Daniel Barry Spacewalkers: Leroy Chiao, Daniel Barry Purpose: Gain EVA experience for ISS assembly The first EVA of 1996 commenced shortly after midnight Houston time. The planned six-and-ahalf-hr EVA tested equipment for ISS assembly tasks. Chiao and Barry attached a PFR to the RMS, then unfolded and practiced attaching a rigid umbilical diagonally across Endeavours payload bay. Rigid umbilicals will carry fluid and electrical lines between the modules and trusses in the U.S. segment of the ISS. The astronauts then assembled and tested the Lockheed Martinbuilt Portable Work Platform (PWP), which consisted of three components - the Temporary Equipment Restraint Aid, a holding place for ORUs; the Portable Foot Restraint Workstation Stanchion, which included two toolboards, sliding locks for holding tools, and two rigid tether sockets for ORU tethers; and the Articulating Portable Foot Restraint. They then installed the PWP on the RMS. Chiao and Barry both accidentally switched on their suit lights during the EVA. Barry told Chiao at the end of the EVA that well come out together [again], Leroy. theres going to be plenty of work to do for Station. During the postflight debriefing, Chiao said that the ECC was a good idea poorly executed. Glare made it hard to read and it got in the way of suit controls. He summed up NASAs EVA emphasis during a TV interview by stating that, were testing the materials that are going to go into Station and were testing techniques we will ultimately use to build that station. finally, were training people to go out and do those techniques in the space environment.

INSTRUCTIONS

DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS
Self-Timer/Battery Check Beeper Rangefinder Window Exposure Counter Shutter Release Rewind Knob/ Camera Back Release Film Winder Dust Barrier Flash Guide Pin Hole Non-Slip Finger Grip Rewind Crank (Side View)
Self-Timer/ Battery Check Lamp Strap Eyelet Viewfinder

Flash Retaining Socket

Aperture Lever Distance Scale Window CdS Light Sensor
ASA Film Speed Lever Focusing Lever

X-Synchro Contacts

Film Rewind Shaft

Film Chamber Charge Lamp

Sprocket

ASA Film Speed Window

Film Take-Up Spool

Film Speed

Adjustment Lever
Auto Flash Sensor Flashtube Flash Diffuser Window Flash Clamping Screw Battery Chamber

Tripod Socket

Control Lever

Film Pressure Plate

Camera Back

Rewind Release Button

TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Olympus XA is an aperture priority auto-exposure rangefinder camera setting new standards for function and feel, appearance and performance. Please read the following pages carefully and your new camera will provide maximum performance and satisfaction.
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS. Page 12 PREPARATION Installing the Batteries. 4 Loading the Film. 56 SIMPLE STEPS FOR TAKING PICTURES Setting the Aperture. 7 Focusing. 8 Releasing the Shutter. 9 Unloading the Film. 10 Self-Timer. 10 Automatic Flash Photography. 1112 PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES Aperture and Depth of Field. 1314 Shutter-Speed Priority Photography. 15-16 Backlighting Compensation. 17 Daylight Synchronization. 18 HELPFUL HINTS. 19 CARE AND STORAGE. 20
MAIN SPECIFICATIONS. 2122

PREPARATION

Installing the Batteries
If the beeper doesn't signal, the batteries are inserted incorrectly or are exhausted. The batteries will last about one year and must be replaced with two 1.5V silver oxide batteries (SR 44, EPX-76 or equivalent). Do not press the shutter release during battery check operation, or the battery will run down quickly, leaving the shutter opened. Return the lever to the normal position.
1. Insert the batteries correctly. SR 44

(EPX-76, MS-76 or

2. Check the batteries.
Set the control lever to "CHECK". The beeper emits a tone and the check lamp glows brightly.

equivalent)

Loading the Film
1. Open the camera back and insert the film cartridge. (Dust Barrier is in closed position.) 5
Never load the film in direct sunlight.
2. Attach the film end to the take-up spool.
The film end must not stick out of the slot excessively.
3. Start winding the film and close the camera back.
Film perforations must engage with sprocket teeth and the film

must be drawn flat.

4. Open the Dust Barrier.
If the Dust Barrier is not fully
5. Wind and expose two blank shots until the exposure counter shows "1".
The lens should be aimed toward a bright light when shooting.

6. Set the ASA film speed.

opened, the released.

shutter

cannot

SIMPLE STEPS FOR TAKING PICTURES

Setting the Aperture

Aperture guideline (ASA 100)
(To make full use of aperture control, see pages 13 & 14.)
If the shutter speed needle enters the striped, overexposure warning zone, push the aperture lever downward so that the needle points to "500" (1/ 500 sec) or under. If the needle points to
1. Open the Dust Barrier and set the aperture lever ( mark) to the F-number required. 7
2. Confirm the shutter speed in the viewfinder, aiming at the subject.
(The arrows indicate parallax correction marks.)
"30" (1/30 sec) or under,
be careful not to shake the

camera.

Focusing
3. Looking through the viewfinder, compose and focus.

Out of focus

In focus
Turn the focusing lever until the double image in the central rectangle fuses into one. Focusing can also be done with the knurled mount (e.g. when a tripod is in use).
If the subject distance is 0.85 ~ 1 meter (2.8 ~ 3.3 feet), frame the subject in the area under the
2 parallax correction marks. 8

Releasing the Shutter

Take care not to block the lens, flash diffuser window or auto flash sensor.
4. Hold the camera steady and
lightly press the shutter release.
The release requires a minimum of finger pressure, reducing chance of image blur due to camera shake.

Unloading the Film

Self-Timer
Set the control lever to "SELF TIMER" and release the shutter.
The beeper emits a tone and the check lamp glows intermittently. The shutter will release after a delay of about 12 sec. The lever also serves as a camera support. To stop the timer midway, return the lever to its normal position.
5. When the film ends, rewind and remove it.
Close the Dust Barrier, depress the rewind release button and rewind the film. When the crank turns freely, open the camera back and remove the film in the shade.
Automatic Flash Photography (Only the Electronic Flash A11 can be used.)
1. Set the ASA film speed.
If the ASA speed of the film to be used is close to "100" or "400", use the nearest setting. (ASA or 125 "100").

2. Connect the flash unit to the camera.
1.5V AA battery Insert the guide pin into the guide pin hole and turn the clamping

(Alkaline preferred)

screw clockwise.
After connecting, do not twist

the A11.

Maximum

working

distance

2.5m (8.2

ft.) at ASA 100, 5m (16.4 ft.) at ASA 400.
The charge lamp pops up and the
A11 turns on automatically.
3. Set the aperture lever to"Flash". 4. When the charge lamp glows, you are ready to fire.
Do not move the lever once it
has been set for auto flash, or in-
The flash setting has been designed to require a stronger pressure
than the aperture setting.
correct flash exposure may result.
5. At the end of flash photography, fully depress the charge lamp to turn the flash unit off.

PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

Aperture and Depth of Field
Depth of field is the area of acceptable sharpness in front of and behind the subject in focus. The larger the F-number used (from F2.8
to F22), the deeper the depth of field. On the contrary, the smaller the F-number (from F22 to F2.8), the shallower this zone of acceptable sharpness.
The table on the opposite page
shows that when the camera-tosubject distance is 1m, the depth
Making use of "out of focus" background or foreground effects

Deep-focus effects

of field at F4 ranges from 0.91m

to 1.12m.

Depth of field table
(in meters) Circle of least confusion 1/30 mm.
Depth of field table (in feet) Circle of least confusion 1/760 in.
(Camera-to-subject distances with camera's distance scale.)

are indicated on the

Shutter-Speed Priority Photography
When photographing fast moving
subjects, the impression of movement can be emphasized by intentionally allowing the image to be blurred using a stow shutter speed. On the contrary, the movement can be "frozen" using a fast shutter speed.

To emphasize motion

To stop movement
An aperture-priority auto-exposure camera, the XA lets you select the aperture freely, then automatically sets the right shutter speed for correct exposure. The shutter scale is visible in the viewfinder, so you can pick exactly the speed and aperture you like.
Move the aperture lever until the needle points to the shutter speed required.
If the shutter speed needle enters the striped zone, push the aperture lever downward so that the needle points to "500" or under.
If the needle points to "30" or under, hold the camera steady or support with a tripod; or use a faster shutter speed by pushing the lever upward; or use autoflash. 16
Back Lighting Compensation

Before compensation

Compensated +1.5EV
When shooting against the light
Turn the lever to "BACK LIGHT
+1.5" and release the shutter.
(bright sky, beach, snow, or facing You can get the same effect by a window), the face tends to apreducing the ASA film speed setpear dark on the image. In this ting. case, use the control lever to properly expose the most important area.

Daylight Synchronization

In situations like these, compensate for the back lighting by using

the control lever.

Manual

method

is recom-
mended for daylight fill-in. Set the A11 film speed lever to
"FULL" and the aperture lever to
the F-number (after having set to 18 the flash symbol) obtained from the guide number formula.

HELPFUL HINTS

Dust Barrier Opening the Dust Barrier fully switches the power ON, and all camera functions are ready to shoot. Closing the Dust Barrier switches the power OFF, and all camera functions are locked.
Electronic feather-touch shutter release The release (pressure conductive polymer) responds to very light pressure. Pressing with a stroke as you normally do with other cameras is not needed. Treat the camera with care! Do not exert stronger pressure on moving
parts than needed (Dust Barrier, levers,
Foolproof electronic circuit
With the Dust Barrier closed and camera func-
tions locked, the foolproof electronic circuit nonetheless allows the camera back to be opened for film loading, unlocking all relat19 ed functions.
knobs). When attaching a tripod, care should be taken not to tighten the screw excessively and not to rotate the camera on the screw. Filters cannot be used with the XA.

CARE AND STORAGE

At the completion of photography, completely close the Dust Barrier to prevent battery drain and dust.
Do not drop or hit the camera. Cameras that have been submerged in water are generally irreparable.
Do not touch the lens, viewfinder and rangefinder window. If touched, wipe the surface

Store the camera in a dry, well-ventilated place. Never store the camera where temperatures exceed 50C (122F) or below -20C (-4
F). When you use the camera in temperatures
under -10C (14F), it may sometimes fail to operate properly. To avoid this, warm the camera before use. Have all repairs performed by an authorized OLYMPUS Service Center. You may send it directly or through the store where your
lightly with a clean, soft cotton cloth. Fingerprints, if not wiped off immediately, will eventually be unremovable.
Never leave the camera near radios, TV sets,

or magnets.

camera was purchased.
MAIN SPECIFICATIONS (OLYMPUS XA)
Camera type: 35mm rangefinder electronic lens-shutter camera.
Film format: 35mm standard cassette (24 x 36mm). Lens: F. Zuiko 35mm F2.8, 6 elements in 5 groups. Shutter: Electronic between-lens shutter.

Shutter

release:

Electromagnetic

feather

shutter release.

Self-timer: Electronic self-timer with 12 second delay.
Blinking LED and electronic beeper (Piezoelectric Ceramic Vibrator) during self-timer operation.
Viewfinder: Bright frame finder, 0.55x.
Shutter speed readout and over-exposure warning

mounting:

Exclusive

automatic

Electronic
Flash A11 attaches to (or detaches from) the cam-
zone visible in finder. Focusing: Double-image coupled rangefinder, 0.85m (2.8 ft.) ~ infinity.
era in seconds. Setting camera's aperture lever to flash symbol switches the A11 on, and sets the XA for autoflash.
Exposure control: Aperture-priority automatic exposure. Automatic shutter speed range 10 sec. to 1/500 sec. Backlighting compensation + 1.5EV.
Lens/finder cover: Sliding Dust Barrier. When opened,
power is switched on and shutter release unlocks. When closed, power is switched off and shutter release locks.
Film speed range: ASA 25 ~ 800. Aperture range: F2.8 ~ F22.
Film advance: Rear winding thumbwheel.
Power source: Two 1.5V silver oxide batteries
SR 44 (Eveready EPX-76 or equivalent).
Exposure counter: Progressive type with automatic
reset. 21 Film rewind: Crank type with rewind release button.
Dimensions: 102 (W) x 64.5 (H) x 40 (D) mm (4" x
2.54" x 1.6"). Weight: 225 grams or 7.9 oz. (less batteries).
MAIN SPECIFICATIONS (ELECTRONIC FLASH A11)
Unit type: Automatic electronic flash unit exclusively for use with Olympus X A and XA2. Connection to camera: Fitted onto left-hand edge of

XA ( X A 2 ).

Guide number: 10 (ASA 100, meters) or 33 (ASA

100, feet).

Power switch: The flash unit is activated by setting
camera's lever to flash symbol, popping up the charge lamp and initiating electrical charge. The flash unit turns off when the charge lamp is pressed down.

Applicable ASA film speeds: ASA 100 and 400.
Flash modes: Normal auto (XA, X A 2 ) and manual mode ( X A only) with switch lever.
F stop for auto flash: F4
Angle of coverage: Picture area of 35mm focal-length
lens. ( X A and XA2 utilize 35mm Zuiko lens.)
Power source: One 1.5V AA 'penlight' battery (including Ni-Cd battery).
Dimensions: 60 ( H ) x 36 ( W ) * x 33 (D) mm (2.4" x 1.4" x 1.3"). * Measured from interface. Weight: 65 grams or 2.3 oz. (less battery).
Number of flashes: Approx. 150 with AA 'penlight'

alkaline battery.

Recycling time: Approx. 7 sec with AA alkaline battery.
Max. working distance: 2.5m (8.2 ft.) at ASA 100,
5m (16.4 ft.) at ASA 400. 22

OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO., LTD

San-Ei Building, 22-2, Nishi Shinjuku 1-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Tel. 03-3340-2211
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