PART I. HISTORY, DIPLOMACY, DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
Part I. History, Diplomacy, Democracy and Development
CHAPTER 1. THE MARSHALL PLAN: HISTORY AND LEGACY 13
Chapter 1. The Marshall Plan: History and Legacy

by Gerard Bossuat

The Marshall Plan, officially called European Recovery Program (ERP), was in place from April 1948 to September 1951. Most contemporary actors considered that it played an essential role in the economic successes of postwar Western Europe. The various European programs of modernization greatly benefited from the ERP, since it financed imports essential to reconstruction and modernization. It produced counterparts in European currencies, the allocation of which needs to be clarified, and generated a debate on their use. Moreover, the Marshall Plan was at the origin of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), created to encourage European unity. The Marshall Plan was a political tool in the hands of the American administration in the context of the Cold War and the defense of the West. What was the role of the Marshall Plan in the development of a consumer society? Was the Marshall Plan Americanizing European societies? The ERP thus also held a socio-cultural dimension. Finally, over the last 60 years the Marshall Plan has become a myth. Whenever our countries are hit by a crisis, the media or politicians ask for a new Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was, and remains, appreciated, but it also raised criticisms in Europe. So we have to separate what belongs to history and what belongs to the collective memory or to the myth.
The Marshall Plan figures
The Europeans asked for USD 22 billion over four years. The US Congress accepted to take into account a basis of USD 17 billion over four years. In fact, the participant countries received USD 11.8 billion as grants between 3 April 1948 and 31 June 1951. See Figure 1.1. To these grants, loans added up to USD 1.139 billion. Globally, the ERP aid amounted to USD 13 billion, decreasing each year. This corresponds to about USD 108.3 billion in 2006 dollars.1 Figure 1.2 helps appreciate the role and the place of the Marshall aid compared to all American aid programs to Europe.
14 CHAPTER 1. THE MARSHALL PLAN: HISTORY AND LEGACY
Figure 1.1. Distribution of American aid in gifts (direct and conditional grants) among European countries

April 1948-June 1951

1 -United Kingdo m 2 826
2-France 2 444.8 3-Italy 131 5.7
4-Germany 1297.3 5-Netherlands 877.2 * 6-A ustria 560.8 7-B elgium and Luxembo urg 546.6 8-Greece 51 5.1

24 CHAPTER 1. THE MARSHALL PLAN: HISTORY AND LEGACY
See the conversion rate table for inflation-corrected dollars in http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/faculty/sahr/sahr.htm, Professor Robert Sahr, Oregon State University. With Joseph E. Johnson, Ware Adams, Jacques J. Reinstein and Carlton Savage. France and the United Kingdom convened in that conference representatives from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey. Harriman report from 8 November 1947, reports by Julius Krug and Edwin Nourse. The Congress approved USD 4.9 billion for European military security, and only USD 1 billion for defense support, a term designating the old economic aid. The ECA is replaced on 1 January 1952 by the Mutual Security Agency (MSA). The Mutual Security Law of 1952-53 ceases to be associated with the ERP. Luxury cars, car audio, cameras and films, clothing, sweets, household appliances, precious metals, musical instruments, personal items, sport accessories, toys. Chase Manhattan Bank with Banque de lIndochine, Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, Bank of the European Union, Banque de lUnion Parisienne, Lazard, Worms, Bank of West Africa. The ECA was interested in manganese and cobalt from Morocco, lead from Northern Africa, graphite and mica from Madagascar, chromium from New Caledonia, and tin from Indochina. Il faut que les Amricains simmiscent dans les affaires du pays et lui apprennent grer ses affaires jusquau moindre sou, wrote Charles H. Kline on 8 October 1948 in US News and World Report. David Bruce, the ECA representative in France, writes to his administration: If the French administration cannot provide a satisfactory commitment on budgetary and fiscal policy and cannot present us with plans calculated to achieve that policy, we should refuse to agree to the release of the counterpart (Archives nationales, 1948c).
Paris, Le Plessis-Robinson, Clamart, La cit universitaire dAntony, en Moselle les villes sidrurgiques, Strasbourg, Le Havre, Rouen, Douai, and the Lyonnaise region: Parilly, Saint Etienne (Archives nationales, 1951b).
CHAPTER 1. THE MARSHALL PLAN: HISTORY AND LEGACY 25
Bull is replaced by Remington Rand for the sale of statistical machines. The Greek ECA refused to buy with American aid Dietrich railcars. See Archives nationales, 1949e and Archives nationales, 1949f.
26 CHAPTER 1. THE MARSHALL PLAN: HISTORY AND LEGACY

Bibliography

Archives nationales (1948a), fonds du SGCI, F 60 ter 379, tel Bonnet, 5 July 1948 diplomatie, Paris. Archives nationales (1948b), CE 75, RV coopration conomique, 31 December 1948 in Washington, Projet dune socit dtude en vue du financement priv en devises trangres du program de dveloppement conomique des TOM. Archives nationales (1948c), 74 AP 31, confidential, Mmorandum reu de Bruce le 31 aot 1948, release of French counterpart. Archives nationales (1948d), RG 59, Lot file 55 D 105, box 2, memo from Ben T. Moore to Kennan, 21 October 1948, meeting of 19 October. Archives nationales (1949a), CE 75, RV coopration conomique, 3 January 1949, n 1 P. Baraduc, note for M. Clappier. Archives nationales (1949b), F60 ter 357, 1399; A. Dutheillet to L. May, Washington, October 1949. Archives nationales (1949c), CE 78, MAE JBd/lr direct Afrique Levant, bureau dAfrique 15 February 1949, n 54 Note, Aide conomique et technique lAfrique. Archives nationales (1949d), CE 53, Athens, 13 January 1949, 10 h, 28. Archives nationales (1949e), CE 53, Athens, 19 May 1949, 19h, 459-461, n 14 DET. Archives nationales (1949f), CE 53, Athens, 31 May 1949, 19h, 507-512. Archives nationales (1949g), Fallow-Vogliotti report, F 60 ter 438, Rapport du comit mixte de coopration conomique ltranger, 14 October 1949, six-week inquiry by two members of the mixed committee. Archives nationales (1949h), F60 ter 357, 1165, PPS to Jean Monnet, 4 August 1949, Technical assistance. Archives nationales (1949i), F 60 ter 521, A. Brard to R. Schuman, 29 April 1949, n 843. Archives nationales (1949j), AMF 13/3/3, 28 March 1949, CGP to Pinay, SE to Affaires conomiques. Archives nationales (1949k), AMF 13/3/7, 7 October 1949, CGP to Finances. Archives nationales (1950a), F 60 ter 444, Pignon, n 16 March 1950, n 904 912, 913 917, 18 March 1950, 1944 954. Archives nationales (1950b), F 60 ter 513, Bingham, 18 January 1950. Archives nationales (1951a), CE 75, JMS 28 November 1951 to Finance Minister, attention M. Guindey.

34 CHAPTER 2. THE MARSHALL PLAN AND THE RECASTING OF EUROPES POSTWAR INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS American technology, new production techniques, work organization, management, and marketing. This, finally, leads to an aspect of the execution of the Marshall Plan on which a good deal of research has been done over the past decade: the Productivity Councils. This was a program developed by ERP administrator Paul Hoffman, a former president of the Studebaker Corporation, and his colleagues to take European managers, trade unionists, politicians, and bureaucrats to the industrial centers of the United States (Raucher, 1985; Hoffman, 1951). They were invited to witness steelmaking in Pittsburgh, tire manufacturing in Ohio and the long assembly lines of the Ford Motor Corporation in Michigan. They were also shown the full car parks outside the factories, department stores, and the benefits of a consumer society (Kipping and Bjarnar, 1998). Hoffmans hope was that these visitors would go back home sufficiently impressed to think of introducing, in their own enterprises, some of the institutions and practices they had seen across the Atlantic. He did not expect them to copy everything, but develop variants that took account of indigenous traditions and attitudes. Although there has been some discussion of Americanization and its Limits of this kind, the impact of this program on gradual economic change in Europe should not be underestimated (Herrigel and Zeitlin, 2000). The fact that West German industry had been earmarked by the Americans to become the motor of European reconstruction and by 1948/49 had in fact taken on this role, inevitably alarmed West Germanys neighbors, particularly the French, the fourth occupying power. One response to what the French government had come to realize the Americans wanted to do in postwar Western Europe economically was to develop a major plan for the modernization of its industries (Kuisel, 1983). It was led by Jean Monnet who, based in Washington during the war, had glimpsed enough of American postwar planning to want to prepare French industry for the new competitive American-dominated world economy and multilateral trading system that he saw coming. But there was also the fear of German industry, especially of the Ruhr that had provided the military hardware of two invasions of France. For a while, Paris fell back on its interwar strategy of trying to keep West German industry weak. When this was vetoed by Washington, the French pushed for the internationalization of the Ruhr and failed again (Hitchcock, 1998; Willis, 1962). It is against this background that the effort of the ERP administrator must be seen to give France a major chunk of the aid package. The blocking of Frances German policies by the Americans and the sense on the part of the latter that something must be done to reassure Paris finally explains why Hoffman made a major speech in Paris in October 1949 in which he encouraged the Europeans to integrate their economies and to start with coal and steel, so vital to the successful reconstruction process. To quote him directly, he began by applauding European reconstruction efforts. He had seen anxiety give way to hope and was now asking his audience to turn hope into confidence. He called upon his audience to move ahead on a far-reaching program to build in Western Europe a more dynamic, expanding economy which will promise steady improvement in the conditions of life for all its people. This means nothing less than the integration of the Western European economy. Later Milton Katz, one of Hoffmans closest collaborators, recalled this speech as the point when we began moving away from the original problem of how to organize a sensible aid program to the larger emphasis on the reorganization and the restructuring of the European economy and European society (Behrman, 2007).

CHAPTER 2. THE MARSHALL PLAN AND THE RECASTING OF EUROPES POSTWAR INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS 35
Indeed, in line with American objectives, as formulated during the war, reorganization had always implied a recasting. It is therefore no coincidence that Hoffman, appearing before the Sub-Committee of the Appropriations Committee in Washington in May 1950 (i.e. at the time of the Schuman Plan announcement) argued that the destruction of the European cartel tradition filled him with great hopes for the reestablishment, via Germany, of competition in Western Europe. The aim was to build in the Federal Republic the kind of free competitive economy that we have in the United States. Once this had been achieved with the means that he had developed within the ERP framework, Germany would have a very effective economy whose principles would spill across the Rhine (Berghahn, 1986). After all the adoption of competition in a powerful industrial economy like that of the Federal Republic would also stimulate competitiveness among its neighbors. Germany, in other words, was to be the engine of material recovery and the pacemaker of American-style capitalism with a Keynesian face. The forces of the market were to be unleashed, while upholding the welfare state and a sense of solidarity with those who, for perfectly good reasons, could not fully participate in the rising prosperity (Collins, 1981; de Grazia, 2004; Daniel, 1982; Ellwood, 1992; Herbst et al., 1990; Lundestad, 1998). Again there has been some debate about who initiated the Schuman Plan and the creation of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). There can be no doubt that most of the credit must go to Monnet and his team as the driving force behind this scheme in 1950/51 (Gillingham, 1991; Wilkens, 2004). But again the American contribution to the conception of the ECSC has been very important, and so was the help that Washington gave the French during critical phases in the negotiations. In the end, the managers of the Ruhr industries had to be pushed into accepting the draft that Monnet submitted in the spring 1951, and without the leverage that US High Commissioner John J. McCloy had and used in Bonn, the first step to the later European Economic Community and the European Union might well have come to grief (Schwartz, 1991). If we have examined the Marshall Plan thus far in its various ramifications, including the German question that loomed so large in the postwar settlement, we must finally return to the Soviet question. As is well known, the wartime alliance with Stalin did not hold. The structures and principles of the socio-economic and political order that Washington and Moscow embodied were just too far apart to be integrated under the same roof. The Cold War was probably unavoidable. It is nevertheless intriguing that Marshall extended the invitation of aid also to the countries of Eastern Europe and to Stalin. A good deal of research has been done on how sincere this offer was and how seriously Moscow contemplated it. But the fact remains that Stalin ultimately turned the offer down (Roberts, 1994; Hering, 1997; Westad et al., 1994). There is general agreement that this outcome was very distressing to societies that were soon incorporated into the Soviet Bloc. They had to wait for another 40 years before they could become part of a European Community that had meanwhile emerged as a major zone of prosperity and stability with more or less well functioning parliamentary democracies. It is a story that Professor Geremeks contribution takes up. But there is an irony in that it may well be doubted if the Marshall Plan would have been as successful as it was had Washington not been able to concentrate its effort on Western Europe. Certainly, the original estimates of the funds required were much higher than what Congress eventually approved. We should also not overlook that a good deal of domestic opposition had to be overcome in the United States.6

36 CHAPTER 2. THE MARSHALL PLAN AND THE RECASTING OF EUROPES POSTWAR INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS It is an open question as to whether the Administration would have succeeded if the countries of Eastern Europe had been included in the program. Even more seriously, there is the problem of how much change ERP could have affected. In Western Europe the aid flowed into societies that were largely urban and industrialized. The economies of Eastern Europe, on the other hand, had remained rural and agricultural. However, historians are never happy to draw up large counter-factual scenarios of how things might have developed if Stalin had agreed to the American offer. History took a different turn in 1947. Having prospered under American hegemony, the West Europeans were economically strong enough by the 1980s to help the former Soviet Bloc countries, in conjunction with the United States, in making their transition to modern competitive market economies, consumer societies with rising living standards, and political systems that had left behind the authoritarian and repressive structures of the Soviet period. In a way, this, too, may be seen as part of the long-term impact of the Marshall Plan. As we have seen, the United States learned many lessons from the period prior to 1945 that were applied to the conception and execution of the Marshall Plan. If there is a lesson to be learned from this experience for the 21st century, it is that a successful strategy of postwar socio-economic change that ERP encapsulated has to be prepared well in advance and must bring together the best expertise. Amateurs who are oblivious of history and societal complexity will merely produce disaster.
CHAPTER 2. THE MARSHALL PLAN AND THE RECASTING OF EUROPES POSTWAR INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS 37
On the interconnectedness between economic democracy and political democracy as understood in the United States, see Arnold (1940). On Arnold see, for example, Gressley (1964). See, for example, Mason (1940). This book was, significantly, published under the auspices of the influential Committee on Economic Development, an economic think-tank and discussion circle whose membership included many prominent businessmen and a pendant to the Council on Foreign Relations that was more concerned with political planning. See, for example, Robbins (1997) and Schmidt (1986). There was also an American version of economic appeasement. See Schrder (1970). The basic idea on both sides of the Atlantic to entice Hitler back into the international system by offering political and economic concessions in return for a promise that he would not overthrow the territorial status quo by means of force. By 1938/39 it was clear that Hitler was not prepared to accept this kind of deal. He was aiming at military conquest and an autarkic empire. For an excellent study on this topic, see Mausbach (1996). Cartels had also been formed in other West European countries and there was also a trend toward the formation of international cartels, often directed against their American competitors. Thus Allan Dulles, Marshall Plan, (1993) was originally written to highlight the importance of this program, but was not published at the time, partly because the Administrations domestic propaganda effort was yielding results.

40 CHAPTER 2. THE MARSHALL PLAN AND THE RECASTING OF EUROPES POSTWAR INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS Lundestad, Geir (1998), Empire by Integration: The United States and European Integration, 1945-1997, Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Maier, Charles and Gnther Bischof (eds.) (1991), The Marshall Plan and Germany, Berg, New York, NY. Mason, Edward S. (1940), Controlling World Trade, New York, NY. Mausbach, Wilfried (1996), Zwischen Morgenthau und Marshall. wirtschaftspolitische Konzep der USA, 1944-1947, Droste, Dsseldorf. Das
Mee, Charles, Jr. (1984), The Marshall Plan. The Launching of the Pax Americana, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY. Milward, Alan (1984), The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-1951, Methuen, London. Pisani, Sallie (1991), The CIA and the Marshall Plan, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. Price, Harry B. (1955), The Marshall Plan and Its Meaning, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Raucher, Alan (1985), Paul Hoffman. Architect of Foreign Aid, Kentucky University Press, Lexington, KY. Rich, Norman (1973), Hitlers War Aims, New York, NY. Robbins, Keith (1997), Appeasement, Oxford. Roberts, Geoffrey (1994), Moscow and the Marshall Plan, Europe-Asia Studies, pp. 1371-86. Schain, Martin (ed.) (2001), The Marshall Plan: Fifty Years After, Palgrave, New York, NY. Schmidt, Gustav (1986), Politics and Economics of Appeasement, New York, NY. Schrder, Hans-Jrgen (1970), Deutschland und die Vereinigten Staaten, 1933-1939, Wiesbaden. Schrder, Hans-Jrgen (ed.) (1990), Marshallplan und westdeutscher Wiederaufstieg. Positionen, Kontroversen, Wiesbaden. Schwabe, Klaus (1985), Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany and Peace-making, 1918-19, Chapel Hill, NC. Schwartz, Alan (1991), Americas Germany. John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Smith, Jean E. (ed.) (1974), The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay, Vol. 1, Bloomington, pp. xxxiii, 8. Smith, Denis Mack (1976), Mussolinis Roman Empire, London. Sobel, Robert (1991), The Life and Times of Dillon Read, New York, NY. Stimson, Henry L. and McGeorge Bundy (1948), On Active Service in War and Peace, Harper, New York, NY. Stokes, Raymond (1988), Divide and Prosper. The Heirs of I.G. Farben under Allied Authority, Berkeley.
CHAPTER 2. THE MARSHALL PLAN AND THE RECASTING OF EUROPES POSTWAR INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS 41
Stoler, Mark A. (1989), George C. Marshall. Soldier-Statesman of the American Century, Twayne, New York, NY. Wala, Michael (1994), Council on Foreign Relation and American Foreign Policy in the Early Cold War, Providence, RI. Westad, Odd Arne et al. (eds.) (1994), The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, St. Martins Press, New York, NY. Wilkens, Andreas (ed.) (2004), Le Plan Schuman dans lhistoire, Emile Bruylant, Brussels. Willis, Frank R. (1962), The French in Germany, 1945-1949, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. Young, John W. (1984), Britain, France and the Unity of Europe, 1945-1951, Leicester University Press, Leicester.

The European postwar context and the Marshall speech
We now know that Marshalls Harvard speech was prepared in secret by a team of the Secretary of States closest co-workers, headed by George Kennan, and that it came as a surprise to European leaders. However, there was a growing conviction in both Europe and America that international policy could not be a continuation of the war-time alliances; this was proved right by the growing tensions within the Big Four on the subject of the administration of occupied Germany, as well as about the European situation in general. In his memorable 1946 Zurich speech, Winston Churchill introduced the idea of the United States of Europe, thereby presenting the issue of the unity of continental Europe as an urgent challenge of the moment. Diplomatic activity focused on the political future of Germany. After the foreign ministers of the Big Four met in Moscow in the middle of 1946, it became clear that France would not accept the idea of German unification and the UK minister, Ernest Bevin, convinced US Secretary of State James F. Byrnes that the English-speaking nations should support the French in order to maintain the unity of the West. In his speech in Stuttgart on 6 September 1946, Byrnes stated that American troops would remain in Germany as long as the troops of the other great powers. Through the Bizone and
CHAPTER 3. THE MARSHALL PLAN AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 45
Trizone, this led to the creation of the German Federal Republic and cemented the division of Germany. The challenge was the catastrophic material situation of the German people. In 1997, Helmut Schmidt described those years in the following words, I had imagined that when we lost the war we Germans would have to live in caves and holes in the ground, but this apocalyptic vision turned out to be much worse than our actual conditions. True, we struggled for coal and food; there were days during the winter of 1946-1947 when we stayed in bed because there was nothing to eat and nothing to burn for warmth. Divided into four zones and occupied by the allies, Germany was in agony. Its remaining industrial capacity was being dismantled, unemployment was rising, and the black market was the only market. The situation in France after the end of the war was not very different. The specter of famine and galloping inflation, coal and coke shortages, ration cards providing the citizens with amounts of food that were frequently smaller than during the occupation that was how the French lived in the years after World War II. Reparations from Germany were not enough to revitalize French industry. Frances gold reserves were becoming exhausted at an alarming rate. When American wartime aid under the Lend-Lease program ended, the French economy felt an acute shortage of dollars. Plans for British-French co-operation did not bring political nor economic results. In this situation, Jean Monnets voice was clear: France needs American assistance, and Germany should be given a proper place in the reconstructing Europe. The situation in other countries on the continent was not much different than in Germany and France. Italy and the Netherlands were in a similar situation, as were the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, which had been invited to take part in the Marshall Plan. Jean Monnet noted in his memoirs that England had exhausted its resources to a similar extent as France and in 1947 was forced to suddenly suspend its aid to Greece and Turkey, which threatened not only Great Britains post-imperial interests, but also the stability of all of post-Yalta Europe. The United States response was immediate: President Harry Truman asked Congress for loans and arms for Greece and Turkey. The civil war in Greece influenced the President to make the 12 March 1947 proclamation in which he formulated what came to be known as the Truman Doctrine, stating that all nations fighting for their freedom could count on assistance from the United States. Another element of the doctrine was the declaration that American aid would be primarily economic and financial, in order to support economic and political stabilization. The Marshall Plan should be seen in that context. The failure of its conciliatory diplomatic overtures toward the Soviet Union reinforced the United States belief in its historic responsibility. Jean Monnet records in his memoirs that Marshalls Harvard speech surprised him, but that at the same time he was pleased that it reflected his own analyses, which led to the conclusion that the most important thing was to help others help themselves. He felt admiration for the results of the work of the American team which had developed the plan. Marshall, Acheson, Clayton, Harriman were all people he knew well. Another one was John Foster Dulles, whom Monnet had befriended already in the first years after World War I. In the face of the Russians blocking all decisions on the future of Germany, the future secretary of state, at that time a Republican senator, convinced General Marshall that the resources of the Ruhr should become the focal point for the reconstruction of the European economy, with the region remaining under the supervision of Germanys neighbors. In that way France could receive satisfaction, all of Europe a chance for recovery, and the United States could foster Western solidarity against a rising Eastern Bloc.

CHAPTER 3. THE MARSHALL PLAN AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 49
national efforts into a truly European effort. This will be possible only through a federation of the West. The road to that end did not lead through the OEEC, which was only an inter-governmental organization, nor through the enthusiastic initiative of the 1948 European Congress in The Hague: the first of these was not ambitious enough; the second was not sufficiently pragmatic. He believed the proper solution was to seek an instrument intended to bring together people, and not create a coalition of states: the coal and steel community initiated in 1950 was meant to be such an instrument. History would prove Monnet right. Still, it is difficult to imagine the start of the process of European integration without the Marshall Plan. It played a decisive part in the reconstruction of war-torn Europe. It created links of interdependence between European states. It ensured the inflow of badly needed funds. Tony Judt, a historian of that time, writes of the psychological effect of the plan that it gave the Europeans a new consciousness; helped them reject a nationalist mindset and the temptations of authoritarianism; promoted the need for individual countries to co-ordinate their economic policies; and demonstrated the absurdity of the trade and financial conflicts that neighboring countries had engaged in between the world wars. It is true that for Europe the dollars were less important than the psychological boost. While it covered only Western Europe, in a continent divided into two opposing blocs, the plan created conditions enabling the affirmation of a socio-cultural model formed around a set of fundamental European values. As Jean Monnet wrote about the American aid, the economy, at that time, was not just a matter of material well-being: it was the necessary basis for national independence and the preservation of democracy. The Europeans regained faith in the future and in their own strength. And this was a necessary prerequisite for the unification of Europe.
50 CHAPTER 3. THE MARSHALL PLAN AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
Bossuat, Grard (1992), LEurope occidentale lheure amricaine, 1945-1952, le plan Marshall et lunit europenne, Brussels, Complexe. Duchne, Francois (1996), Jean Monnet: The First Statesman of Interdependence, WW Norton & Co., Ltd. Judt, Tony (2005), Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945, Penguin Press, New York, NY. Mlandri, Pierre (1980), Les Etats-Unis face lunification de lEurope 1945-1954, Volumes 1 and 2, Universit de Lille III, Editions Pdone, Paris. Milward, Alan S. (1984), The Reconstruction of Western Europe: 1945-1952, Methuen, London. Monnet, Jean (1976), Mmoires, Fayard. Perroux, Franois (1948), Le plan Marshall : ou lEurope ncessaire au monde, Mdicis, Paris. Rieben, Henri (1971), Jean Monnet, Fondation Jean Monnet, Lausanne. Rieben, Henri (1987), Des guerres europennes lUnion de lEurope, Fondation Jean Monnet, Lausanne. Roussel, ric (1996), Jean Monnet, Fayard. Schain, Martin (ed.) (2001), The Marshall Plan: Fifty Years After, Palgrave, New York, NY. Soutou, Georges-Henri (2001), La guerre de cinquante ans. Les relations est-ouest, 1943-1990, Fayard. Winkler, H.A. (2000), Der Lange Weg nach Westen. Deutsche Geschichte vom Dritten Reich bis zur Wiedervereinigung, Munich, t. II.

CHAPTER 4. A USABLE MARSHALL PLAN 51
Chapter 4. A Usable Marshall Plan

by Barry Machado

In an age of renewed totalitarian threats, challenges to Western values, and economic crises throughout the developing world, democratic governments seek insights on how best to respond. The Marshall Plan stands, seemingly, as one shining provider. But can an experimental program of the late 1940s and early 1950s actually supply important guidance to foreign policy makers in the 21st century? And by embracing it as a model, do they not choose to overlook what prominent scholars consider its inconvenient truths? At least one influential historian of the European Recovery Program, Alan Milward, has asserted its irrelevance while another, Michael Hogan, has claimed American ideology as its dominant animating force. Is it not then a beacon whose light burns too dimly, or not at all? My answers in this chapter are threefold: Marshall Plan lessons abound, histories that dismiss or diminish its historical significance are flawed in important respects, and other histories illuminate its enduring relevance as well as its current and future limitations. In support of these conclusions about a usable past, this chapter focuses on four related topics: it assesses, briefly, the Marshall Plans two principal misrepresentations; singles out for recognition a long-undervalued Marshall Planner; analyzes how the Marshall Plan was disregarded and misapplied in postwar reconstruction of Iraq; and, lastly, evaluates the Marshall Plans biggest but avoidable weakness.
(Mis)interpreting the Marshall Plan
In their own fashion the Marshall Plans standard, comprehensive, English-language histories suffer from present-mindedness and overstatement. Alan Milwards revisionist account, while deeply researched, powerfully argued, and of great value, exhibits how historians can read contemporary grievances into past conduct, with unfortunate results (Milward, 1984; Diplomatic History, 1989). In apparent reaction to Washingtons controversial European policy of the early 1980s, Milward advanced what seems a perfectly Orwellian subtext: the reinterpretation of Americas landmark program in order to discredit its current proposal. One also suspects a settlement of accounts for Americas Vietnam debacle. His thesis is as much about false consciousness as counterfactuals. Except in France and the Netherlands, he argues, the Marshall Plan really did not matter. He concludes that American diagnosis of Europes economic difficulties in 1947 was wrong, with its underpinnings quasi-religious assumptions and puritanical, missionary zeal to put the Old World to rights. Allegedly, prior conventional wisdom had been a huge misunderstanding. Clues to the authors ulterior motive and animus surface at times. Top Marshall Planners were, in the British historians opinion, parochial, complacent and arrogant, traits identical to those that were to mar American policy making in more helpless parts

CHAPTER 4. A USABLE MARSHALL PLAN 55
tyrannies of historical materialism, theology masquerading as economic theory, and supposedly scientific economic analysis and laws. Where clarification is in order is when the author refers, without comment, to Jean Monnets claim that the Marshall Plan lacked flexibility. Monnet simply erred in this particular case. Wary of what Lincoln Gordon once called purist dogmatism (Hoffmann and Maier, 1984, p. 55), Marshall Planners were not doctrinaire about either economics or politics. Though not always, they generally believed that Europeans understood Europe better than American specialists did. They embraced variety, enlisting for example socialists, Catholics, and Muslims as allies in the battle against communism. They managed 16 counterpart funds by virtually 16 different criteria. More so than historian Michael Hogans, my own research has found a greater American readiness to accept Europes diversity than to proselytize on behalf of Americas real, imagined or exaggerated distinctiveness (Machado, 2007). I concur with Tony Judt in his superb synthesis of postwar Europe that the Marshall Plan, in practice, rejected a one-size-fits-all approach to recovery programs (Judt, 2005, pp. 97-98). A refusal to be doctrinaire was, in fact, a distinguishing feature of the Marshall Plan as it was implemented in different political economies and cultures. Marshall Planners constructed a framework, or process, within which those nations committed to a New Europe could debate those willing to be rebuilt or reformed, as the Italian historian Luciano Segreto once forcefully reminded me at the Htel de Talleyrand, former ECA headquarters in Europe. The critical hinge was always a recipients readiness to change, and push-back was commonplace. Marshall Planners co-operated with governments of both the center and far right in Greece, of the center-right in Italy and West Germany, and the left in, to name just two countries, Norway and the United Kingdom. They partnered with Royalists, Christian Democrats, Socialists and Labourites. Furthermore, as historian Irwin Wall has pointed out, the lions share of Marshall Plan credits went to nationalized enterprises in France, as dictated by the Monnet Plan. In 1949, according to Greg Behrman, 90% of Monnets Modernization Fund came from the Marshall Plan (Wall, 1993, p. 137; Behrman, 2007, p. 221). Besides support for dirigisme in France, American Keynesians and latter-day New Dealers allied with supply-siders like Ludwig Erhard, West Germanys Economics Minister. Rather than inflexibility, a pervasive realism and pragmatism characterized implementation of George Marshalls conception. Americans provided around USD 13 billion in assistance more than USD 500 billion as a comparable percentage of present-day American gross national product (GNP) and USD 100 billion in todays dollars with 90% in grants. Yet they did not impose their will on Europeans. They did not compel Europeans to behave in a manner contrary to their fundamental interests (Marjolin, 1989, p. 180). Largesse combined with proper respect for recipients of that generosity. So, like Marshall Planners themselves and some prominent historians at times, Jean Monnet could be mistaken about how the ERP actually operated. Another great strength of the Marshall Plan, illustrating how fundamentally accommodating it was, inhered in Paul Hoffmans and Averell Harrimans understanding of the essence of genuine leadership, particularly the requirements of world leadership. They believed, unlike Josef Stalin in Eastern Europe at the same time, in shar[ing] power with people rather than display[ing] power over them (Hoffman, 1951, p. 42). In practice, this translated into European Marshall Planners showcasing to maximum benefit the superiority of intellectual, human and social capital over physical assets in rebuilding

Chateau de la Muette, Paris, 17 October 1957
1960: Signing of the OECD Convention Member countries gather in the Salon de lHorloge at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to sign the convention establishing the OECD.
Quai dOrsay, Paris, 14 December 1960
Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet
Parlement europen Source : Mdiatheque de la Fondation Jean Monnet pour lEurope, Lausanne.

Netherlands-bombed homes

Netherlands-rebuilt homes

Sixtieth Anniversary

the Marshall Plan
U.S. OECD Ambassador Constance Morella (second to right) and U.S. UNESCO Ambassador Louise Oliver (far right) greet retired U.S. Ambassador and Marshall Planner Arthur A. Hartman (far left) and his wife Donna during the evening reception at the Hotel De Talleyrand.
U.S. Ambassador to France Craig R. Stapleton speaks with Marshall Planner Dr. Thomas Schelling, economist and 2005 Nobel Prize Laureate, and his wife Alice Coleman-Schelling at the reception.
U.S. OECD Ambassador Constance Morella (right) opens the rst plenary session of the Paris symposium organized by the Marshall Foundation, the OECD, UNESCO and George Washington University. Seated from left to right are Dr. Barry Machado, Deputy of the Sejm (lower chamber of Polish Parliament) Bronislaw Geremek, Dr. Volker Berghahn, Dr. Grard Bossuat, Ambassador Louise V. Oliver, and moderator Dr. Eliot Sorel.
U.S. OECD Ambassador Constance Morella (far left), U.S. UNESCO Ambassador Louise V. Oliver (middle front) and U.S. Ambassador to France Craig R. Stapleton (right) join Marshall Planners (left to right) Dr. Thomas Schelling, Mr. Pierre Vallee, retired U.S. Ambassador John Gunther-Dean, retired U.S. Ambassador James Lowenstein, and retired U.S. Ambassador Arthur A. Hartman.
Guests at the reception listen to comments by U.S. Ambassador to France Craig R. Stapleton about the multi-year project undertaken to restore the historic rooms of the George C. Marshall Center located in the Htel de Talleyrand.
U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns (right) speaks with George C. Marshall Foundation Trustee Jay Adams (center) and Marshall Foundation President Brian D. Shaw (left). Seated from left to right are rst plenary session panelists Dr. Barry Machado, Deputy of the Sejm (lower chamber of Polish Parliament) Bronislaw Geremek, Dr. Volker Berghahn, Dr. Grard Bossuat, U.S. UNESCO Ambassador Louise V. Oliver, and moderator Dr. Eliot Sorel.

CHAPTER 9. COMMEMORATING THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE MARSHALL PLAN 121
industries, leading to todays European Union. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, created in 1949, also owes its birth to the spirit of co-operation that came into being as a result of the Marshall Plan. Marshall, in that sense, can be seen as the grandfather of the OECD and NATO. In some ways, he is the American who did the most to encourage the creation of the European Union. And so it is that today we remember the paramount lesson of the Marshall Plan that the United States and Europe working together can build peace and a better future. If the United States and Europe continue to work together galvanized by our shared core values of freedom, democracy, market economics, and the rule of law we can overcome the greatest of challenges that we face in our time global climate change, trafficking in women and children, international drug and criminal cartels, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction. Working together, we can help to nurture, expand throughout the world, freedom of speech, religion, press and assembly; the rule of law; private property rights; and a system where political parties compete in free and fair elections. These are the fundamental elements of all democracies that President Bush outlined in his speech in Prague last week; the rights and institutions that, as he put it, are the foundation of human dignity. These lessons also speak to Americas alliance with France. We share a long history of friendship, dating to the founding of our republic some 230 years ago. Like all the best friendships, it was one forged in the trenches. In the American Revolution, Frances aid to General Washingtons troops and to our fledgling democracy was decisive. You signed a treaty with us when no one else was willing to take that risk, and thus are now our oldest ally. The basis of our unique partnership also rests on ideas, on how much one side has influenced the other intellectually, from the works of Voltaire and Jefferson, the wisdom of de Toqueville, Montesquieu, Franklin, Adams, and many others. It was renewed again with Truman, de Gaulle and, of course, George Marshall. This strong alliance continued through both world wars last century, when we fought for democracy against the forces of darkness which threatened to overwhelm Europe and the world. And we were together also during the Cold War, when we affirmed the primacy of democratic values. Secretary Rice declared during her speech at Sciences Po in February 2005, The history of the United States and that of France are intertwined. Our history is a history of shared values, of shared sacrifice and of shared successes. So too will be our shared future. What are these values? They are an abiding commitment to democracy; pluralism; freedom of speech; equality of our citizens regardless of race, religion or ethnicity. France believes, like the United States, in a patriotism not based just on blood and soil, but in one of shared commitment to the ideals we cherish. Thank you.

[11] 2,183,860 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6H04B 1/66 [25] EN [54] PROCESS FOR THE CASCADE CODING AND DECODING OF AUDIO DATA [54] METHODE DE CODAGE ET DE DECODAGE EN CASCADE DE DONNEES AUDIO [72] Keyhl, Michael, DE [72] Popp, Harald, DE [72] Eberlein, Ernst, DE [72] Schmidmer, Christian, DE [72] Brandenburg, Karl-Heinz, DE [72] Gerhuser, Heinz, DE [73] Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Frderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., DE [85] 1996-10-10 [86] 1994-10-21 (PCT/EP94/03478) [87] (WO95/22858) [30] DE (P4405659.1) 1994-02-22
[11] 2,181,178 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6G02B 7/00 [25] EN [54] MECHANICAL FASTENING SYSTEM FOR MODULAR MICROOPTICAL ELEMENTS [54] SYSTEME DE FIXATION MECANIQUE DELEMENTS MICROOPTIQUES MODULAIRES [72] Andreasch, Wolfgang, CH [73] LEICA GEOSYSTEMS AG, CH [85] 1996-07-12 [86] 1995-11-10 (PCT/EP95/04423) [87] (WO96/15467) [30] DE (P 772.6) 1994-11-15 [30] DE (426.4) 1995-09-11
[11] 2,181,927 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6A61G 7/015 [25] EN [54] FOOT EGRESS CHAIR BED [54] LIT FAUTEUIL A SORTIE PAR LE PIED [72] Foster, L. Dale, US [72] Ruehl, John Walter, US [72] Vogel, John David, US [73] HILL-ROM, INC., US [85] 1996-07-23 [86] 1995-04-28 (PCT/US95/05384) [87] (WO95/29658) [30] US (08/234,403) 1994-04-28
[11] 2,183,274 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6H04L 9/32 6G07F 19/00 [25] EN [54] SECURE USER CERTIFICATION FOR ELECTRONIC COMMERCE EMPLOYING VALUE METERING SYSTEM [54] DISPOSITIF DE CERTIFICATION DUSAGERS SUR POUR LES OPERATIONS COMMERCIALES UTILISANT UN SYSTEME DE COMPTABILISATION [72] Cordery, Robert A., US [72] Lee, David K., US [72] Pintsov, Leon A., US [72] Weiant, Monroe A., Jr., US [72] Ryan, Frederick W., Jr., US [73] Pitney Bowes Inc., US [22] 1996-08-14 [30] US (08/518,404) 1995-08-21
[11] 2,183,926 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6G03F 7/23 6H01Q 15/16 6G03F 7/24 [25] EN [54] METHOD OF MANUFACTURING REFLECTOR [54] METHODE DE FABRICATION DE REFLECTEURS [72] Yamashita, Akira, JP [72] Furukawa, Koichi, JP [72] Orikasa, Teruaki, JP [72] Matsunaka, Shigeki, JP [72] Kawada, Yoshitaka, JP [72] Goto, Noriaki, JP [73] Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba, JP [22] 1996-08-22 [30] JP (7-215594) 1995-08-24 [30] JP (7-215595) 1995-08-24
[11] 2,185,183 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6F04B 53/10 [25] EN [54] VALVE APPARATUS OF ENCLOSED RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR [54] SOUPAPE DE COMPRESSEUR ALTERNATIF SOUS ENVELOPPE [72] Hong, Myung-Jung, KR [72] Kim, Ju-Hwan, KR [73] SAMSUNG KWANG-JU ELECTRONICS CO., LTD., KR [22] 1996-09-10 [11] 2,188,414 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6G01N 21/59 6G01F 25/00 6G01N 15/00 6G01N 15/06 6G01F 1/66 6G01F 1/712 6G01N 21/85 [25] EN [54] CONTINUOUS PARTICULATE EMISSIONS MONITOR CALIBRATOR [54] DISPOSITIF DE CALIBRAGE ET DE CONTROLE CONTINUS DES EMISSIONS DE MATIERES PARTICULAIRES [72] Santschi, Mark, US [72] Van Vickle, Brian, US [72] Reinsch, Ted, US [73] BHA Group, Inc., US [85] 1996-10-21 [86] 1994-04-22 (PCT/US94/04492) [87] (WO95/29399) [11] 2,190,558 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6F16K 11/074 6F16K 3/34 [25] EN [54] WATER TEMPERATURE SETTING STRUCTURE OF A COMBINATION FAUCET [54] REGULATEUR DE TEMPERATURE POUR ROBINET MELANGEUR [72] Ko, Hsi-Chia, TW [73] CHUNG CHENG FAUCET CO., LTD., TW [22] 1996-11-18

[11] 2,185,289 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6H04B 10/20 6H04B 10/17 [25] EN [54] OPTICAL NETWORK [54] RESEAU OPTIQUE [72] Tan, Han Hiong, NL [73] KONINKLIJKE KPN N.V., NL [22] 1996-09-11 [30] NL (1001209) 1995-09-15
[11] 2,189,314 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6F24J 3/06 [25] EN [54] VISCOUS FLUID TYPE HEAT GENERATOR WITH AN ELONGATED ROTOR ELEMENT [54] GENERATEUR DE CHALEUR A LIQUIDE VISQUEUX A ROTOR DE FORME ALLONGEE [72] Ban, Takashi, JP [72] Mori, Hidefumi, JP [72] Yagi, Kiyoshi, JP [73] KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYODA JIDOSHOKKI SEISAKUSHO, JP [22] 1996-10-31 [30] JP (7-286153) 1995-11-02
[11] 2,185,965 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6B01F 3/08 6B01F 5/00 [25] EN [54] MIXING DEVICE FOR MIXING A LOW-VISCOSITY FLUID INTO A HIGH-VISCOSITY FLUID [54] MELANGEUR SERVANT A INCORPORER UN LIQUIDE DE FAIBLE VISCOSITE A UN LIQUIDE DE VISCOSITE ELEVEE [72] Streiff, Felix, CH [72] Walder, Andreas, CH [72] Signer, Arno, CH [73] SULZER CHEMTECH AG, CH [22] 1996-09-19 [30] EP (95810630.4) 1995-10-05
[11] 2,191,173 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6F16K 5/06 6B23P 19/04 [25] EN [54] PROCESSING AND ASSEMBLING MANNER FOR CONTROLLING VALVE OF SINGLE-HANDLE FAUCET [54] METHODE DE TRAITEMENT ET DASSEMBLAGE DE DISPOSITIF DOBTURATION DUN ROBINET COMPORTANT UN SEUL ORGANE DE MANOEUVRE [72] Ko, Hsi-Chia, TW [73] CHUNG CHENG FAUCET CO., LTD., TW [22] 1996-11-25
[11] 2,186,067 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6F02B 63/02 6B25D 9/10 [25] EN [54] FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM FOR COMBUSTION-POWERED TOOL [54] SYSTEME DINJECTION DE CARBURANT POUR OUTIL A MOTEUR A COMBUSTION INTERNE [72] Robinson, James W., US [73] ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS INC., US [22] 1996-09-20 [30] US (08/563,213) 1995-11-27
[11] 2,190,421 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6F04B 39/16 [25] EN [54] A PISTON AND CYLINDER ASSEMBLY FOR MINIMIZING WATER BLOW-BY IN AN AIR COMPRESSOR [54] UNE CULASSE PERMETTANT DE MINIMISER LEFFET "BLOWBY" DANS UN COMPRESSEUR DAIR [72] Goettel, Walter E., US [73] WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE COMPANY, US [22] 1996-11-15 [30] US (660,627) 1996-06-06
[11] 2,191,264 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6B27B 19/00 [25] EN [54] RECIPROCATING DRIVE MECHANISM [54] MECANISME DENTRAINEMENT ALTERNATIF [72] Fuchs, Rudolf, DE [73] S-B Power Tool Company, US [22] 1996-11-26 [30] US (08/563,135) 1995-11-27
[11] 2,191,918 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6G01S 7/48 6G01S 17/06 6G01S 7/486 [25] EN [54] CIRCUIT AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING TIME OF ARRIVAL [54] CIRCUIT ET METHODE POUR DETERMINER LES INSTANTS DARRIVEE [72] Nourrcier, Charles E., US [73] RAYTHEON COMPANY, US [22] 1996-12-03 [30] US (08/568,326) 1995-12-06 [11] 2,193,298 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6B29C 45/00 6B65D 63/10 6F16G 11/14 [25] EN [54] REMOVAL OF INJECTIONMOLDED TIE FROM MOLD BY UTILIZING BULGES AT OPPOSITE ENDS OF ABUTMENT WALL OF TIE [54] DEMOULAGE DE CONNECTEURS DE CABLES MOULES PAR INJECTION, EN UTILISANT LES SAILLIES AUX DEUX EXTREMITES OPPOSEES DE LA SURFACE DE BUTEE [72] Sorensen, Soren Christian, GB [72] Sorensen, Jens Ole, GB [73] GB ELECTRICAL, INC., US [22] 1996-12-18 [30] US (08/583,800) 1996-01-03 [11] 2,194,449 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6C09D 10/00 [25] EN [54] AQUEOUS CORRECTION FLUIDS [54] LIQUIDES CORRECTEURS AQUEUX [72] Sanborn, Norman G., US [73] THE GILLETTE COMPANY, US [85] 1997-01-06 [86] 1995-07-06 (PCT/US95/08269) [87] (WO96/01878) [30] US (273,093) 1994-07-08

[11] 2,214,230 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6E21B 17/00 [25] EN [54] METHOD OF FABRICATING A ROD GUIDE AND A ROD GUIDE/ SUCKER COMBINATION [54] METHODE DE FABRICATION DUN GUIDE DE TIGE ET DUNE COMBINAISON GUIDE DE TIGE ET TIGE DE POMPAGE [72] VERMEEREN, Thomas Hubert, CA [73] RG INDUSTRIES LTD., CA [22] 1997-08-27
[11] 2,214,570 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6B29C 51/14 6B65D 1/28 [25] EN [54] FOOD CONTAINER PRODUCED FROM POLYESTER RESIN FOAM SHEET [54] FABRICATION DUN CONTENANT ALIMENTAIRE A PARTIR DUNE FEUILLE DE RESINE DE POLYESTER EXPANSEE [72] HAYASHI, Motoshige, JP [72] HIRAI, Takaaki, JP [72] AMANO, Norio, JP [72] TAKI, Takeshi, JP [73] Sekisui Kaseihin Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha, JP [22] 1989-11-30 [62] 2,004,300 [30] JP (302233/88) 1988-12-01 [30] JP (3669/89) 1989-01-12 [30] JP (88633/89) 1989-04-06 [30] JP (88300/89) 1989-04-07 [30] JP (250049/89) 1989-09-25 [30] JP (273049/89) 1989-10-20
[11] 2,216,128 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6H03H 17/02 [25] EN [54] EFFICIENT DIGITAL FILTER AND METHOD USING COEFFICIENT PRECOMBINING [54] DISPOSITIF ET METHODE DE FILTRAGE NUMERIQUE EFFICACES UTILISANT DES PRECOMBINAISONS DE COEFFICIENTS [72] LaROSA, Christopher P., US [72] SCHIRTZINGER, Tracie A., US [73] MOTOROLA, INC., US [22] 1997-09-23 [30] US (08/726,018) 1996-10-04
[11] 2,219,844 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6G11C 29/00 [25] EN [54] METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TESTING MULTI-PORT MEMORY [54] METHODE ET APPAREIL DE VERIFICATION DE MEMOIRES MULTIPORT [72] NADEAU-DOSTIE, Benoit, CA [72] CT, Jean-Franois, CA [73] LogicVision, Inc., US [22] 1997-10-31 [30] US (08/775,856) 1996-12-31
[11] 2,217,924 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6H01P 1/20 [25] EN [54] COLLAPSIBLE POCKET FOR CHANGING THE OPERATING FREQUENCY OF A MICROWAVE FILTER AND A FILTER USING THE DEVICE [54] SOUFFLET UTILISE POUR CHANGER LA FREQUENCE DE FONCTIONNEMENT DUN FILTRE A HYPERFREQUENCE ET FILTRE UTILISANT CE SOUFFLET [72] THOMSON, R. Glenn, CA [73] COM DEV LTD., CA [22] 1997-12-12
[11] 2,220,332 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6B63G 8/00 6B63G 8/30 [25] EN [54] METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DEPLOYING AN EXPENDABLE AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLE FROM A SUBMARINE [54] PROCEDE ET DISPOSITIF POUR DEPLOYER UN VEHICULE SOUSMARIN AUTONOME NON REUTILISABLE A PARTIR DUN SOUSMARIN [72] PATTEE, William D., US [72] MANNING, Mark C., US [72] CARROLL, Alf L., III, US [72] WAPNER, Michael P., US [72] MATHER, John E., US [73] SIPPICAN, INC., US [73] SONATECH, INC., US [85] 1997-11-05 [86] 1996-05-15 (PCT/US96/06886) [87] (WO96/39325) [30] US (08/461,744) 1995-06-05
[11] 2,220,729 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6C12N 9/50 [25] EN [54] METHOD FOR REFOLDING INSOLUBLE AGGREGATES OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS PROTEASE [54] PROCEDE DE REPLIEMENT DAGREGATS INSOLUBLES DE LA PROTEASE DU VIRUS DE LHEPATITE C [72] WENDEL, Michele, US [72] RAMANATHAN, Lata, US [73] SCHERING CORPORATION, US [85] 1997-11-10 [86] 1996-05-09 (PCT/US96/06388) [87] (WO96/35709) [30] US (08/439,680) 1995-05-12 [30] US (08/571,643) 1995-12-13 [11] 2,230,191 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6A61C 17/26 [25] EN [54] ELECTRIC TOOTHBRUSH [54] BROSSE A DENTS ELECTRIQUE [72] HERZOG, Karl, DE [72] SCHWARZ-HARTMANN, Armin, DE [72] HILFINGER, Peter, DE [73] BRAUN AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, DE [85] 1998-02-23 [86] 1997-02-11 (PCT/EP97/00617) [87] (WO98/01083) [30] DE (752.3) 1996-07-10 [11] 2,247,083 [13] C [51] Int.Cl. 6H04N 5/222 6H04N 13/02 6H04N 5/30 [25] EN [54] VIDEO VIEWING EXPERIENCES USING STILL IMAGES [54] EXPERIENCES DE VISUALISATION VIDEO AU MOYEN DIMAGES IMMOBILES [72] MARTIN, H. Lee, US [72] GRANTHAM, H. Craig, US [73] INTERACTIVE PICTURES CORPORATION, US [85] 1998-08-20 [86] 1997-02-20 (PCT/US97/02530) [87] (WO97/31482) [30] US (012,033) 1996-02-21 [30] US (742,684) 1996-10-31

[21] 2,248,513 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6F26B 21/06 6F26B 23/00 6F26B 9/02 6F26B 3/04 [25] FR [54] SYSTEME DE GESTION DENERGIE ENTRE LES SECHOIRS A BOIS [54] SYSTEM FOR MANAGING ENERGY BETWEEN WOOD DRYERS [72] LACOURSIERE, Yves, CA [71] LACOURSIERE, Yves, CA [22] 1998-09-25 [43] 2000-03-25
[21] 2,248,522 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6G06F 17/30 6G06F 9/45 [25] EN [54] FRAMEWORK FOR REPRESENTATION AND MANIPULATION OF RECORD ORIENTED DATA [54] CADRE DE REFERENCE POUR LA REPRESENTATION ET LA MANIPULATION DE DONNEES AXEES SUR ENREGISTREMENT [72] KLICNIK, Vladimir, CA [72] STEPHENSON, John W., CA [72] GARTNER, Harold J., CA [72] GREEN, John H., CA [71] IBM CANADA LTD. - IBM CANADA LIMITE, CA [22] 1998-09-25 [43] 2000-03-25
[21] 2,248,533 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6E01C 19/27 6E01C 19/20 [25] EN [54] DEVICE FOR COMPACTING [54] DISPOSITIF DE COMPACTAGE [72] MILTON, Scott, CA [71] MILTON, Scott, CA [22] 1998-09-25 [43] 2000-03-25
[21] 2,248,589 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6B65D 41/34 6B65D 53/02 [25] EN [54] A NEGATIVE-PRESSURERESISTIBLE LEAKAGE-PROOF BOTTLE COVER [54] COUVRE-BOUTEILLE A LEPREUVE DE FUITES ET RESISTANT LA PRESSION NEGATIVE [72] DAI, Keith Hon-Chuan, TW [71] TAIWAN HON CHUAN ENTERPRISE CO. LTD., TW [22] 1998-09-23 [43] 2000-03-23
[21] 2,248,564 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6F41J 1/12 6F41A 17/00 6F41A 35/00 6F41C 27/00 [25] EN [54] GUN SAFETY DEVICE [54] DISPOSITIF DE SURETE DUN FUSIL [72] GORAL, Norbert, CA [71] GORAL, Norbert, CA [22] 1998-09-23 [43] 2000-03-23
[21] 2,248,633 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6A61F 13/15 6A61F 13/46 [25] EN [54] FOLDED FLUID ABSORBING STRIP [54] BANDE PLIEE ABSORBANTE DE LIQUIDE [72] OCONNOR, Lawrence J., CA [71] KT INDUSTRIES LTD., CA [22] 1998-09-23 [43] 2000-03-23
[21] 2,248,634 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6H04L 29/02 6H04L 12/46 [25] EN [54] COMMON CONNECTOR FRAMEWORK [54] CHASSIS COMMUN DE CONNEXION [72] PRZYBYLSKI, Piotr, CA [72] BEISIEGEL, Michael, CA [72] STARKEY, Michael, CA [71] IBM CANADA LTD. - IBM CANADA LIMITE, CA [22] 1998-09-24 [43] 2000-03-24 [21] 2,249,929 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6E01C 19/41 6E01C 19/28 6E02F 3/76 [25] EN [54] DEVICE FOR COMPACTING [54] DISPOSITIF DE COMPACTAGE [72] MILTON, Scott, CA [71] MILTON, Scott, CA [22] 1998-10-14 [43] 2000-03-25 [30] CA (2,248,533) 1998-09-25 [21] 2,255,528 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6B25B 31/00 6B43M 17/00 [25] EN [54] CLIP DRIVER [54] ORGANE PROPULSEUR DAGRAFES [72] SATO, Hisao, JP [71] SATO, Hisao, JP [22] 1998-12-07 [43] 2000-03-22 [30] JP (10-306276) 1998-09-22
[21] 2,249,079 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6H01L 21/205 [25] EN [54] REACTOR FOR GENERATION OF MOISTURE [54] REACTEUR POUR LA GENERATION DHUMIDITE [72] IKEDA, Nobukazu, JP [72] TANABE, Yoshikazu, JP [72] MORIMOTO, Akihiro, JP [72] MINAMI, Yukio, JP [72] OHMI, Tadahiro, JP [72] KAWADA, Koji, JP [71] FUJIKIN INCORPORATED, JP [71] OHMI, Tadahiro, JP [22] 1998-09-25 [43] 2000-03-25

[21] 2,281,180 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6A61K 7/42 6A61K 7/06 [25] FR [54] COMPOSITIONS COSMETIQUES PHOTOPROTECTRICES ET UTILISATIONS [54] PHOTOPROTECTIVE COSMETIC COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR USES [72] JOSSO, MARTIN, FR [72] HANSENNE, ISABELLE, US [72] DE CHABANNES, KARINE, FR [71] LORAL, FR [22] 1999-08-31 [43] 2000-03-25 [30] FR (042) 1998-09-25
[21] 2,281,118 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6A01C 7/20 6G01F 3/00 6G06T 11/00 [25] EN [54] INFRARED REFLECTIVE ARTICLE COUNTING/DETECTING DEVICE [54] DISPOSITIF DE DETECTION/ DENOMBREMENT DARTICLES ANTIINFRAROUGE [72] PENFOLD, BARRY, US [71] DICKEY-JOHN CORPORATION, US [22] 1999-08-25 [43] 2000-03-23 [30] US (09/159,213) 1998-09-23
[21] 2,281,151 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6B65D 75/06 6B65B 21/24 6B65B 11/50 [25] EN [54] MULTIPLE MODULUS CONTAINER CARRIER [54] PORTE-CONTENANTS A MODULES MULTIPLES [72] WEAVER, WILLIAM N., US [71] ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS INC., US [22] 1999-08-25 [43] 2000-03-25 [30] US (09/161,131) 1998-09-25
[21] 2,281,197 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6A61K 7/48 6A61K 31/60 6A61K 9/70 [25] FR [54] SYSTEME DE DELIVRANCE DACTIF COMPRENANT, SUR UNE STRUCTURE EN FILM, UNE COMPOSITION A BASE DUN DERIVE DACIDE SALICYLIQUE, ET SES UTILISATIONS [54] ACTIVE COMPONENT DELIVERY SYSTEM COMPRISING A COATING STRUCTURE ON WHICH IS FOUND A SALICYLIC ACID DERIVATIVEBASED COMPOSITION, AND ITS USES [72] LAUGIER, JEAN-PIERRE, FR [72] AYACHE, LILIANE, FR [71] LORAL, FR [22] 1999-09-01 [43] 2000-03-23 [30] FR (883) 1998-09-23
[21] 2,281,233 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6H02K 15/08 [25] EN [54] APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR HOLDING A WIRE IN AN ARMATURE WINDING MACHINE [54] APPAREIL ET METHODES POUR ASSUJETTIR UN FIL METALLIQUE DANS UN BOBINEUR DARMATURES [72] SBRILLI, FABRIZIO, IT [72] RANDAZZO, ANTONIO, IT [72] STRATICO, GIANFRANCO, IT [72] MUGELLI, MAURIZIO, IT [71] AXIS USA, INC., US [22] 1999-08-31 [43] 2000-03-22 [30] US (60/101,352) 1998-09-22 [30] US (09/371,156) 1999-08-09 [21] 2,281,265 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6C23C 14/10 [25] EN [54] METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A NONLINEAR OPTICAL THIN FILM [54] METHODE DE FABRICATION DE COUCHES MINCES DESTINEES A LOPTIQUE NON LINEAIRE [72] NAKAMURA, NAOKI, JP [72] NAKAYAMA, HIDEKI, JP [72] HASEGAWA, HIROSHI, JP [72] MURATA, KIYOHITO, JP [71] TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA, JP [22] 1999-08-31 [43] 2000-03-22 [30] JP (10-268126) 1998-09-22 [30] JP (11-4750) 1999-01-11 [21] 2,281,299 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6B23K 9/095 [25] EN [54] METHOD OF CONTROLLING A WELDING PROCESS AND CONTROLLER THEREFOR [54] METHODE DE REGULATION DUN PROCESSUS DE SOUDURE ET REGULATEUR DE SOUDURE [72] KRAMER, ARTHUR, US [71] LINCOLN GLOBAL, INC., US [22] 1999-09-01 [43] 2000-03-21 [30] US (09/157,671) 1998-09-21

[21] 2,283,378 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6G01R 35/00 6G01R 13/02 [25] EN [54] PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL METERS [54] APPAREIL DE MESURE A INDICATION NUMERIQUE PROGRAMMABLE [72] KARSLAKE, ROBERT JAMES, GB [72] LAMING, GRAHAM, GB [71] LONDON ELECTRONICS LIMITED, GB [22] 1999-09-24 [43] 2000-03-24 [30] GB (9820695.6) 1998-09-24
[21] 2,283,473 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6A47K 3/02 [25] EN [54] SYSTEM FOR THE FIXATION OF SIDE PANELS ON A BATHTUB SUPPORT STRUCTURE AND THE LIKE [54] SYSTEME DE FIXATION DE PANNEAUX LATERAUX A UNE STRUCTURE PORTEUSE DE BAIGNOIRE ET A DAUTRES STRUCTURES SEMBLABLES [72] MORETTO, ALESSANDRO, IT [71] AMERICAN STANDARD INC.,, US [22] 1999-09-23 [43] 2000-03-25 [30] IT (RE98U000048) 1998-09-25
[21] 2,283,532 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6H01L 21/465 [25] EN [54] AN EPITAXIAL WAFER, A MANUFACTURING METHOD OF THE EPITAXIAL WAFER, AND A SURFACE CLEANING METHOD FOR A COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR SUBSTRATE USED IN THE EPITAXIAL WAFER [54] TRANCHE EPITAXIALE, METHODE DE FABRICATION DE LA TRANCHE EPITAXIALE ET METHODE DE NETTOYAGE DE LA SURFACE DUN SUBSTRAT DE SEMICONDUCTEUR COMPOSE UTILISE DANS LA TRANCHE EPITAXIALE [72] MATSUOKA, TORU, JP [72] DOI, HIDEYUKI, JP [71] SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD., JP [22] 1999-09-24 [43] 2000-03-25 [30] JP (JP-10288902) 1998-09-25
[21] 2,283,539 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6B65D 25/42 [25] EN [54] MOBILE LIQUID-TRANSPORT CART WITH ERGONOMIC DESIGN FEATURES [54] CHARIOT MOBILE DE TRANSPORT DE LIQUIDE DOTE DE CARACTERISTIQUES DE CONCEPTION ERGONOMIQUE [72] ROBINSON, ROBERT S., US [71] KAIVAC, INC., US [22] 1999-09-24 [43] 2000-03-24 [30] US (60/101,641) 1998-09-24 [30] US (60/124,114) 1999-03-12 [21] 2,283,544 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 6F42B 33/02 [25] EN [54] ARRANGEMENT FOR DOSING POURABLE SUBSTANCES AND ASSOCIATED USES [54] DISPOSITIF DE DOSAGE DE SUBSTANCES VERSABLES ET UTILISATIONS CONNEXES [72] HOERMANN, KARL L., DE [71] HOERMANN, KARL L., DE [22] 1999-09-24 [43] 2000-03-25 [30] US (60/101,823) 1998-09-25 [21] 2,283,596 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7C09J 175/04 7C09J 5/04 6B32B 7/06 6B32B 7/12 [25] EN [54] SPECIFIC ADHESIVE COMPOUND SUITABLE FOR EASY REMOVAL [54] COMPOSE ADHESIF SPECIAL POUVANT ETRE ENLEVE FACILEMENT [72] BURCHARDT, BERND RUDI, CH [72] WIRZ, THOMAS, CH [72] MERZ, PETER W., CH [71] SIKA AG, VORM. KASPAR WINKLER & CO., CH [22] 1999-09-27 [43] 2000-03-25 [30] CH (1953/98) 1998-09-25

[21] 2,297,733 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7A61F 9/007 7A61B 18/20 [25] EN [54] SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH LASER TARGET [54] INSTRUMENT CHIRURGICAL MUNI DUNE CIBLE LASER [72] DODICK, JACK MURRAY, US [72] THYZEL, REINHARDT, CH [71] DODICK, JACK MURRAY, US [71] THYZEL, REINHARDT, CH [85] 2000-01-25 [86] 1998-07-24 (PCT/US98/15417) [87] 1999-02-04 (WO99/04737) [30] US (08/901,302) 1997-07-28
[21] 2,297,735 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7G01V 1/28 [25] EN [54] METHOD OF SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE GENERATION AND SEISMIC EXPLORATION [54] TROCEDE DE GENERATION DATTRIBUTS SISMIQUES ET DEXPLORATION SISMIQUE [72] MARFURT, KURT J., US [72] KIRLIN, R. LYNN, US [72] GERSZTENKORN, ADAM, US [71] BP AMOCO CORPORATION, US [85] 2000-01-26 [86] 1998-07-28 (PCT/US98/15556) [87] 1999-02-11 (WO99/06855) [30] US (08/904,040) 1997-07-31
[21] 2,297,737 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7A46B 9/04 [25] EN [54] BRUSH, IN PARTICULAR FOR AN ELECTRIC TOOTHBRUSH [54] BROSSE, NOTAMMENT POUR BROSSE A DENTS ELECTRIQUE [72] WEIHRAUCH, GEORG, DE [71] CORONET-WERKE GMBH, DE [85] 2000-01-25 [86] 1998-07-22 (PCT/EP98/04602) [87] 1999-02-18 (WO99/07251) [30] DE (287.6) 1997-08-07
[21] 2,297,738 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7H01M 2/20 7H05K 3/32 [25] EN [54] SOLID-STATE ENERGY STORAGE MODULE EMPLOYING INTEGRATED INTERCONNECT BOARD [54] MODULE DE STOCKAGE DENERGIE TRANSISTORISE A CARTE DINTERCONNEXION INTEGREE [72] ST-GERMAIN. PHILIPPE, CA [72] TURGEON, THOMAS A., US [72] RANGER, MICHEL, CA [72] HAGEN, RONALD A., US [72] KNUDSON, ORLIN B., US [72] ROUILLARD, ROGER, CA [72] DAIGLE, DOMINIK, CA [72] MORIN, ANDRE, CA [72] ROUILLARD, JEAN, CA [72] COMTE, CHRISTOPHE, CA [72] ROSS, GUY, CA [72] SUDANO, ANTHONY, CA [71] MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, US [71] HYDRO-QUEBEC CORPORATION, CA [85] 2000-01-24 [86] 1998-07-23 (PCT/US98/15224) [87] 1999-02-04 (WO99/05731) [30] US (08/900,427) 1997-07-25
[21] 2,297,740 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7C07C 51/215 7G05B 13/00 7B01J 10/00 7B01J 19/00 7C07C 55/14 7C07C 51/31 [25] EN [54] METHODS AND DEVICES FOR CONTROLLING HYDROCARBON OXIDATIONS TO RESPECTIVE ACIDS BY ADJUSTING THE SOLVENT TO HYDROCARBON RATIO [54] PROCEDES ET DISPOSITIFS DE REGULATION DOXYDATION DHYDROCARBURES EN ACIDES RESPECTIFS PAR AJUSTEMENT DU RAPPORT SOLVANT/ HYDROCARBURES [72] DASSEL, MARK W., US [72] ROSTAMI, ADER M., US [72] ALDRICH, SHARON M., US [72] VASSILIOU, EUSTATHIOS, US [72] DeCOSTER, DAVID C., US [71] RPC INC., US [85] 2000-01-25 [86] 1998-07-13 (PCT/US98/14506) [87] 1999-02-04 (WO99/05086) [30] US (08/900,323) 1997-07-25

[21] 2,297,763 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7F16L 11/24 [25] FR [54] CONDUIT FLEXIBLE, PAR EXEMPLE TUYAU A USAGE MEDICAL OU CHIRURGICAL [54] FLEXIBLE CONDUIT, SUCH AS PIPE FOR MEDICAL OR SURGICAL USE [72] BAILLY, PIERRE, FR [71] NORTON GESSIL, FR [85] 2000-01-21 [86] 1998-07-22 (PCT/FR98/01623) [87] 1999-02-04 (WO99/05441) [30] FR (97/09668) 1997-07-24
[21] 2,297,757 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7C07D 209/02 7C07D 413/00 7C07D 473/00 7C07D 251/18 7C07D 209/ 36 7A61K 31/40 7A61K 31/44 7A61K 31/ 445 7C07D 251/48 7A61K 31/535 [25] EN [54] CASPASES AND APOPTOSIS [54] CASPASES ET APOPTOSE [72] LEE, DENNIS, US [72] LONG, SCOTT ALLEN, US [71] SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, US [85] 2000-01-27 [86] 1998-07-30 (PCT/US98/15935) [87] 1999-02-11 (WO99/06367) [30] US (60/054,255) 1997-07-30
[21] 2,297,761 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7F23Q 13/02 [25] EN [54] GAS FUELLED FIRE LIGHTER TORCH [54] ALLUME-FEU A GAZ [72] DUNBAR, KENNETH BARRIE, AU [72] DUNBAR, STUART BARRIE, AU [71] DUNBAR, KENNETH BARRIE, AU [71] DUNBAR, STUART BARRIE, AU [85] 2000-02-01 [86] 1998-07-28 (PCT/AU98/00592) [87] 1999-02-11 (WO99/06770) [30] AU (PO 8356) 1997-08-01
[21] 2,297,764 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7A61K 31/455 7A61K 9/20 7A61K 31/465 [25] EN [54] COMBINATIONS OF HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS AND NICOTINIC ACID AND METHODS FOR TREATING HYPERLIPIDEMIA [54] COMBINAISONS DINHIBITEURS DE REDUCTASE HMG-COA ET DACIDE NICOTINIQUE ET PROCEDES DE TRAITEMENT DE LHYPERLIPIDEMIE [72] DUNNE, JOSEPHINE, US [72] BOVA, DAVID J., US [71] KOS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., US [85] 2000-01-25 [86] 1998-07-31 (PCT/US98/15989) [87] 1999-02-11 (WO99/06046) [30] US (903,871) 1997-07-31
[21] 2,297,765 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7B65D 83/14 [25] FR [54] VALVE POUR DISPOSITIF DES FLUIDES SOUS PRESSION [54] VALVE FOR PRESSURISED FLUID DEVICE [72] AUMEGEAS, JEAN-MARC, FR [72] LASSERRE, PIERRE, FR [71] LOREAL, FR [85] 2000-01-24 [86] 1998-05-27 (PCT/FR98/01059) [87] 1999-12-02 (WO99/61347)
[21] 2,297,767 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7C09K 7/02 [25] EN [54] FLUID LOSS CONTROL ADDITIVES AND SUBTERRANEAN TREATMENT FLUIDS CONTAINING THE SAME [54] ADDITIFS REGULANT LES PERTES DE FLUIDE ET FLUIDE DE TRAITEMENT SOUTERAIN CONTENANT CES ADDITIFS [72] NGUYEN, NINA, US [72] SOLAREK, DANIEL B., US [72] SWAZEY, JOHN M., US [72] SKAGGS, C. BRYAN, US [72] SIFFERMAN, THOMAS R., US [71] NATIONAL STARCH AND CHEMICAL INVESTMENT HOLDING CORPORATION, US [71] MONSANTO COMPANY, US [85] 2000-01-25 [86] 1998-07-24 (PCT/US98/15379) [87] 1999-02-04 (WO99/05235) [30] US (08/901,805) 1997-07-28
[21] 2,297,766 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7B01J 27/224 7C04B 38/00 7B01J 27/22 [25] FR [54] MOUSSE DE CARBURE DE SILICIUM A SURFACE SPECIFIQUE ELEVEE ET A CARACTERISTIQUES MECANIQUES AMELIOREES [54] SILICON CARBIDE FOAM WITH HIGH SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA AND IMPROVED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES [72] OLLIVIER, BENOIST, FR [72] PRIN, MARIE, FR [71] PECHINEY RECHERCHE, FR [85] 2000-01-24 [86] 1998-07-20 (PCT/FR98/01579) [87] 1999-02-04 (WO99/04900) [30] FR (97/09743) 1997-07-25

[21] 2,297,829 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7C08G 65/22 7C08G 65/26 7C11D 1/72 [25] EN [54] COMPOSITIONS INCLUDING ETHER-CAPPED POLY(OXYALKYLATED) ALCOHOL SURFACTANTS [54] COMPOSITIONS RENFERMANT DES TENSIOACTIFS A BASE DALCOOLS POLY(OXYALKYLES) COIFFES PAR UN ETHER [72] SIVIK, MARK ROBERT, US [72] SCHEPER, WILLIAM MICHAEL, US [71] THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, US [85] 2000-01-26 [86] 1998-07-31 (PCT/US98/15976) [87] 1999-02-11 (WO99/06466) [30] US (60/054,688) 1997-08-02
[21] 2,297,827 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7C08L 23/06 [25] EN [54] POLYETHYLENES WITH ENHANCED HEAT SEAL PROPERTIES [54] POLYETHYLENES AUX PROPRIETES DE THERMOSOUDAGE AMELIOREES [72] FARNHAM, DIANE HINES, US [72] GILLESPIE, BRUCE ALEXANDER, US [72] EDWARDS, RAY, US [71] EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY, US [85] 2000-01-26 [86] 1998-08-03 (PCT/US98/16122) [87] 1999-02-25 (WO99/09097) [30] US (60/055,770) 1997-08-14 [30] US (09/088,904) 1998-06-02
[21] 2,297,830 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7G06K 19/00 7G06K 19/06 7G06K 19/063 [25] EN [54] METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPEDING THE COUNTERFEITING OF CARDS, INSTRUMENTS AND DOCUMENTS [54] PROCEDE ET DISPOSITIF DESTINES A EMPECHER LA CONTREFACON DE CARTES, INSTRUMENTS ET DOCUMENTS [72] ZAZZU, VICTOR, US [72] HAN, WENYU, US [71] ZAZZU, VICTOR, US [71] HAN, WENYU, US [85] 2000-01-24 [86] 1999-05-25 (PCT/US99/11524) [87] 1999-12-02 (WO99/62027) [30] US (09/084,844) 1998-05-26
[21] 2,297,831 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7C08G 65/26 7C08G 65/22 7C11D 1/72 [25] EN [54] PROCESS FOR PREPARING ETHER-CAPPED POLY(OXYALKYLATED) ALCOLHOL SURFACTANTS [54] PROCEDE UTILE POUR PREPARER DES TENSIOACTIFS A BASE DALCOOL POLY(ALCOXYLE) A COIFFE DETHER [72] SIVIK, MARK ROBERT, US [71] THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, US [85] 2000-01-26 [86] 1998-07-31 (PCT/US98/16034) [87] 1999-02-11 (WO99/06468) [30] US (60/054,702) 1997-08-02
[21] 2,297,834 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7A61K 33/24 [25] EN [54] CHROMIUM/BIOTIN TREATMENT OF TYPE II DIABETES [54] TRAITEMENT AU CHROME/ BIOTINE DU DIABETE DE TYPE II [72] MCCARTY, MARK F., US [71] NUTRITION 21, US [85] 2000-01-19 [86] 1998-07-31 (PCT/US98/16103) [87] 1999-02-18 (WO99/07387) [30] US (08/908,819) 1997-08-08 [30] US (09/110,511) 1998-07-06
[21] 2,297,837 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7A61B 17/82 [25] EN [54] SURGICAL CABLE SYSTEM AND METHOD [54] PROCEDE ET SYSTEME DE CABLE CHIRURGICAL [72] WAGNER, ERIK J., US [72] JONES, ROBERT J., US [72] DINSDALE, MICHAEL C., US [71] SPINAL CONCEPTS, INC., US [85] 2000-01-20 [86] 1998-07-07 (PCT/US98/14058) [87] 1999-03-04 (WO99/09904) [30] US (08/919,127) 1997-08-26 [30] US (09/085,186) 1998-05-26

[21] 2,297,847 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7G01T 1/164 7G01T 1/29 [25] EN [54] METHOD OF IMAGING BY SPECT [54] PROCEDE DIMAGERIE PAR SPECT [72] WALRAND, STPHAN, BE [72] VAN DULMEN, ADRIANUS A., NL [71] VAN DULMEN, ADRIANUS A., NL [85] 2000-01-20 [86] 1998-07-30 (PCT/EP98/04994) [87] 1999-02-25 (WO99/09431) [30] EP (97202538.1) 1997-08-19
[21] 2,297,848 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7C07C 49/707 7C07C 45/81 [25] EN [54].ALPHA.-CRYSTAL OF CYCLOPENTENONE [54] CRISTAL.ALPHA. DE CYCLOPENTENONE [72] KATSUSHIGE, IKAI, JP [72] MORIGUCHI, MAKOTO, JP [72] KATO, IKUNOSHIN, JP [72] MASAO, FUNAKOSHI, JP [72] KOBORI, HIROSHI, JP [72] OCHIAI, KAZUYORI, JP [71] TAKARA SHUZO CO., LTD., JO [85] 2000-01-20 [86] 1998-08-19 (PCT/JP98/03696) [87] 1999-03-11 (WO99/11595) [30] JP (9/247577) 1997-08-29
[21] 2,297,889 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7C07D 401/00 [25] EN [54] ALPHA 1A ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST [54] ANTAGONISTE DE RECEPTEUR ADRENERGIQUE ALPHA 1A [72] LI, WENJIE, US [72] CHARTRAIN, MICHEL, US [72] BILLS, GERALD F., US [72] IKEMOTO, NORIHIRO, US [72] LARSEN, ROBERT D., US [72] ROBERGE, CHRISTOPHER M., US [72] TAYLOR, COLLEEN S., US [72] SIDLER, DANIEL R., US [71] MERCK & CO., INC., US [85] 2000-01-26 [86] 1998-07-31 (PCT/US98/16011) [87] 1999-02-18 (WO99/07695) [30] US (60/054,815) 1997-08-05 [30] GB (9719706.5) 1997-09-16 [30] US (60/054,902) 1997-08-05 [30] GB (9719708.1) 1997-09-16 [30] US (09/122,301) 1998-07-24
[21] 2,297,891 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7G01H 1/00 [25] EN [54] SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR SENSING A PERIODIC SIGNAL IN NOISE [54] SYSTEME DE TRAITEMENT DE SIGNAL PERMETTANT DE DETECTER UN SIGNAL PERIODIQUE A LINTERIEUR DUN BRUIT [72] CLARKE, IRA JAMES, GB [71] THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR DEFENCE, GB [85] 2000-01-27 [86] 1998-08-27 (PCT/GB98/02566) [87] 1999-03-04 (WO99/10715) [30] GB (9718026.9) 1997-08-27
[21] 2,297,888 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7A61K 7/13 [25] EN [54] DYES [54] COLORANTS [72] HOEFFKES, HORST, DE [72] TANAKA, HIROSHI, DE [72] SCHRADER, DIETER, DE [71] HENKEL KOMMANDITGESELLSCHAFT AUF AKTIEN, DE [85] 2000-01-26 [86] 1998-07-22 (PCT/EP98/04604) [87] 1999-02-11 (WO99/06016) [30] DE (975.6) 1997-07-31
[21] 2,297,890 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7G06K 19/16 [25] EN [54] DEVICE FOR RECOGNIZING DIFFRACTION OPTICAL MARKINGS [54] DISPOSITIF POUR LA RECONNAISSANCE DE MARQUES OPTIQUES DE DIFFRACTION [72] TOMPKIN, WAYNE ROBERT, CH [72] STAUB, RENE, CH [71] ELECTROWATT TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION AG, CH [85] 2000-01-28 [86] 1998-06-03 (PCT/EP98/03302) [87] 1998-12-10 (WO98/55963) [30] CH (1367/97) 1997-06-06
[21] 2,297,892 [13] A1 [51] Int.Cl. 7H04L 9/08 7G06E 1/00 [25] EN [54] METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING A CHOICE OF EITHER SINGLE PHOTONS OR PAIRS OF PHOTONS IN AN OPTICAL CHANNEL [54] PROCEDE ET DISPOSITIF POUR LA PRODUCTION AU CHOIX DE PHOTONS INDIVIDUELS OU DE PAIRES DE PHOTONS DANS UN CANAL OPTIQUE [72] DULTZ, WOLFGANG, DE [72] DULTZ, GISELA, DE [72] SCHMITZER, HEIDRUN, DE [72] BECKER, HELMAR A., DE [71] DEUTSCHE TELEKOM AG, DE [85] 2000-01-27 [86] 1999-05-17 (PCT/EP99/03395) [87] 1999-12-02 (WO99/62220) [30] DE (849.5) 1998-05-28

2,282,984

2,283,049

2,280,556

2,282,943 2,272,186 2,282,905 2,283,189 2,282,213 2,277,509 2,275,732 2,246,702 2,283,192 2,283,192 2,283,014 2,282,174 2,282,984 2,282,991 2,248,436 2,282,165 2,282,896 2,281,985 2,282,000 2,247,703 2,282,174 2,248,633 2,281,747 2,249,079 2,283,518 2,283,349 2,282,774 2,282,871 2,282,877 2,247,880 2,247,880 2,282,217 2,276,917 2,277,338 2,282,926 2,281,048

2,281,122

2,282,114
2,282,991 2,247,771 2,281,118 2,282,937 2,247,773 2,277,509 2,282,167 2,266,269 2,281,985 2,282,000 2,246,006 2,246,049 2,246,095 2,277,713 2,260,739 2,280,322 2,275,985 2,282,906 2,262,247 2,283,373 2,277,713 2,282,876 2,282,940 2,282,941 2,282,917 2,283,025 2,282,872 2,282,866
SILLARD, HLENE SILVESTER, Joseph SILVESTER, Joseph SIMARD, Ronald SINCO RICERCHE S.P.A. SKALA, Glenn William SLABBINCK, HANS SMITH, AUSTIN SMITH, BRUCE E. SMITH, RICHARD ROBINSON SNELGROVE, William Martin SOCIETE DES PRODUITS NESTLE S.A. SOCIT ANONYME DES FORGES ET ACIRIES DE DILLING SOGEPASS SOLANKI, Sandeep C. SOLLAC SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT INC. SPEIER, JON S. SRIRAM, KOTIKALAPUDI ST. JEOR, CHRIS J. ST-AMAND, Germain STANGER, KEITH A. STARK, Iain STARK, IAIN STARKEY, Michael STAUDENMAYER, OLIVER STEINER, EDWARD F. STEPHENSON, John W. STINE, Laurence O. STOBER, REINHARD STRATICO, GIANFRANCO STRAUS, JOZEF STUKEY, Kevin STUMM, Michael SUGIYAMA, TOMOAKI SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD. SUMMERS, TIMOTHY F. SURANYI, Leslie SYKA, JOHN EDWARD PHILIP SZKLAR, Oleh TACKE, THOMAS TACTEX CONTROLS INC. TAIWAN HON CHUAN ENTERPRISE CO. LTD. TAIWAN HON CHUAN ENTERPRISE CO. LTD. TAKAHASHI, KOICHI TAKAHASHI, Makoto TAKAHASHI, MITSUO TAMKO ROOFING PRODUCTS, INC. TAN, BOON HEE TAN, THIAM HOCK FRANCIS TANABE, Yoshikazu TANAKA, YOSHINORI TANG, KEQI TANIKOSHI, SADAO TAYLOR, MICHAEL L. TEE, M. Richard 2,282,932 2,246,006 2,246,095 2,248,396 2,283,039 2,260,739 2,282,911 2,282,721 2,283,541 2,281,735 2,264,407 2,281,492 2,282,937 2,282,937 2,247,838 2,282,937 2,283,014 2,277,509 2,279,030 2,283,367 2,248,504 2,282,990 2,248,424 2,283,771 2,248,634 2,282,856 2,283,010 2,248,522 2,247,727 2,282,917 2,281,233 2,282,117 2,260,739 2,264,407 2,282,882 2,283,532 2,281,449 2,246,680 2,282,804 2,248,526 2,283,040 2,247,855 2,248,430 2,248,589 2,283,048 2,259,783 2,282,160 2,275,985 2,283,022 2,283,022 2,249,079 2,282,149 2,282,784 2,282,882 2,283,022 2,266,726 TEKONSHA ENGINEERING COMPANY TEMPERINI, MARIA TEQUI, PIERRE TERRANOVA, ERIC TETRA PAK PLASTICS LIMITED TETRA TECHNOLOGIES INC. THE BOEING COMPANY THE COE MANUFACTURING COMPANY THE FRYMASTER CORPORATION THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY THE LOUIS BERKMAN COMPANY THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION THOMAS & BETTS INTERNATIONAL, INC. THOMAS & BETTS INTERNATIONAL, INC. THOMAS & BETTS INTERNATIONAL, INC. THOMAS, DIRK THOMAS, James A. THOMSON CSF DETEXIS TIETEX INTERNATIONAL, LTD. TOKIN CORPORATION TOKYO GAS COMPANY LIMITED TORAY INDUSTRIES INC. TOTH, Delmar TOWNSEND, BRUCE E. TOYOSATO, Kazuyucki TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA TSAI, DANIEL TU-HSIEN TUCK, ALAN TUROLLA, SILVIA TYCO SUBMARINE SYSTEMS LTD. UGINE SA UGINE-SAVOIE IMPHY ULBRICHT, HORST UNI-CHARM CORPORATION UNIVERSITE LAVAL UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA UNVERFERTH MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC. UNVERFERTH MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC. UOP LLC VAN DE VOORDE, INGRID ZULMA BENOIT 135 2,283,541 2,281,492 2,283,189 2,282,885 2,282,799 2,247,794 2,280,322 2,283,099 2,282,990 2,281,138 2,281,735 2,282,027 2,282,045 2,282,905 2,272,521 2,283,361 2,283,543 2,283,009 2,272,186 2,283,032 2,280,608 2,282,783 2,283,518 2,283,349 2,267,911 2,281,449 2,261,905 2,281,265 2,282,985 2,279,210 2,277,713 2,282,941 2,282,181 2,281,991 2,282,937 2,282,901 2,282,149 2,248,396 2,280,234 2,283,114 2,283,548 2,247,727 2,282,911 VAN DEN BERG, KAREL VAN DER LELY, ALEXANDER VAN ELDIK, Gerben VAN MILL, MICHAEL D. VAN MILL, MICHAEL D. VAN OVERVELD, CORNELIS JOHANNES MARIA VANCE, Bennet VANDENBERG, ELIS VANDERLINDEN, ROGER P. VETTER, JAMES W. VETTER, PETER JOHANNES VZINA, Louis-P. VIARD, MARTINE VIETS, ALAN K. VINCENT, Marc VOGL, KARLHEINZ VOITH SULZER PAPIERTECHNIK PATENT GMBH VOITH SULZER PAPIERTECHNIK PATENT GMBH WALKER, Lloyd L. WALKER, Lloyd L. WANG, YUNG-TERNG WASSERMANN, ALEXANDER WATKINSON, Susan Frances WEAVER, CARL FRANCIS WEAVER, WILLIAM N. WEBBER, JOHN P. WEBER, MAARTEN JOHANNES JACOBUS WEI, Ching-Yeu WEISSELDINGER, EDOUARD WERLING, Donald L. WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE COMPANY WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE COMPANY WEYERHAEUSER WHEELER, Alan WHITE, KEVIN T. WIERZBICKI, ALEX LAWRENCE WILDEMAN, MARTIN WILSON, RANDALL JOE WINDINGS, INC. WINER, MICHAEL J. WIRELESS SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. WIRZ, THOMAS WOLFE, STEVEN R. WOLFERSBERGER, MARTHA ALICE HARBAUGH WOLSKI, THOMAS PAUL WOODSIDE, Terence D. WRIGHT, JOHN O. WYGENT, Mark A. XYBERNAUT CORPORATION YEARWOOD, GRAHAM DE LISLE YELLE, Serge YOSHIDA, YOICHI 2,282,818 2,282,818 2,244,959 2,283,114 2,283,548 2,282,818 2,248,393 2,248,287 2,285,730 2,281,045 2,282,911 2,248,396 2,280,602 2,281,288 2,247,794 2,282,984 2,283,009 2,283,425 2,248,484 2,282,822 2,279,030 2,283,425 2,246,972 2,279,677 2,281,151 2,280,322 2,283,373 2,247,717 2,282,937 2,272,186 2,251,316 2,280,707 2,281,030 2,282,779 2,281,449 2,279,033 2,280,608 2,279,033 2,282,994 2,249,080 2,264,407 2,283,596 2,282,210 2,281,499 2,282,027 2,247,776 2,276,917 2,266,172 2,261,905 2,282,217 2,248,396 2,283,048

2,297,107 2,297,774 2,297,660 2,297,654 2,297,842 2,297,082 2,297,770 2,297,775 2,297,172 2,297,755 2,297,736 2,297,917 2,297,806 2,297,906 2,297,906 2,291,260 2,297,178 2,297,903 2,297,728 2,297,678 2,297,687 2,297,140 2,297,102 2,297,669 2,297,894 2,297,914 2,297,450 2,297,738 2,297,739 2,297,835 2,297,839 2,297,845 2,297,956 2,297,960 2,297,678 2,297,436 2,297,889 2,297,070 2,297,191 2,298,142 2,297,838 2,297,919 2,297,058 2,297,692 2,296,711 2,297,067 2,297,743 2,297,698 2,297,908 2,297,897 2,297,772 2,297,182 2,297,748
ISTITUTO DI RICERCHE DI BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE P. ANGELETTI S.P.A. JAE, HWAN-SOO JAGER, WILLEM WABE JAIN, ASHISH JAIN, PRADEEP JAMES, DAVID L. JANSCH, MANFRED JENSEN, FLEMMING R. JENSEN, GREGORY N. JENSEN, THOMAS B. JOHANNES, LUDGER JOHANSSON, DOROTA JOHNSON, KENNETH A. JOHNSTON, RAYMOND P. JONASSON, PER JONCZYK, ALFRED JONES, BARBARA LYNN JONES, ROBERT J. JOONG, DONALD JORDAN, SCOTT D. JOZSA, ALEXANDER JAMES JURA, PATRICK KHKONEN, HEIDI KALMAN, KATALIN KALTWASSER, JOACHIM PETER KANG, KYEONG OK KARANDE, SEEMA V. KARUNANITHI, NACHIMUTHU KATINAKIS, NIKOS KATO, IKUNOSHIN KATSUSHIGE, IKAI KAWAHARA, TOSHIRO KAWAHARA, TOSHIRO KAWAKAMI, KEIICHI KAWASAKI KASEI CHEMICALS LTD. KEMENY, MATTHIAS D. KENNY, ROBERT KESSLER, ERICH KESSLER, HORST KESSLER, RONALD N. KESTER, JEFFREY A. KHOE, GING HAUW KILMER, PAUL R. KIM, DAI W. KIM, HEE SOO KIM, JAE-YOEL KIM, YOUNG-KY KIMBERLY-CLARK LIMITED KING, STEVEN A. KINNEY, WILLIAM ALVIN KIRLIN, R. LYNN KISHI, TAKAO KISSIN, YURY VIKTOROVICH KLINAIR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES (IRELAND) LIMITED KLINE, ALAN KLOOW, GORAN KLUN, THOMAS P. KNEER, ROLAND KNUDSON, ORLIN B. KNUDSON, ORLIN B. KNUDSON, ORLIN B. KOBORI, HIROSHI KOCH ENTERPRISES, INC. KOCH, DANIEL
2,297,408 2,297,894 2,297,146 2,297,901 2,297,135 2,297,687 2,297,652 2,297,753 2,297,743 2,297,753 2,296,711 2,297,924 2,297,828 2,297,140 2,297,382 2,297,181 2,297,087 2,297,837 2,297,459 2,297,801 2,297,791 2,297,807 2,297,904 2,297,103 2,297,959 2,297,774 2,297,135 2,297,901 2,297,459 2,297,848 2,297,848 2,297,770 2,297,775 2,297,748 2,297,106 2,297,772 2,297,151 2,297,842 2,297,181 2,297,676 2,297,894 2,297,912 2,297,814 2,297,121 2,297,774 2,297,143 2,297,143 2,297,480 2,297,894 2,297,411 2,297,735 2,297,690 2,297,481 2,297,094 2,297,085 2,297,904 2,297,145 2,297,895 2,297,738 2,297,739 2,297,835 2,297,848 2,297,141 2,297,455