an ACMO monomer/organo-LDH mixture and then blending CA with the polymer-inorganic hybrid precursor. Particularly 12-hydroxystearic acid-modified LDH was well exfoliated and dispersed in the PACMO/CA matrix on a scale in thickness of less than a few tens of nanometers. This gave rise to a successful reinforcement effect leading to the improvement in viscoelastic property of the polymer blends at elevated temperatures. CELL23 [1167251]: Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabrics Hirofumi Ono, Mikihiko Nakamura, and Naoki Okayama, Central R&D Laboratories, Asahi kasei Corporation, 2-1, Samejima, Fuji, Shizuoka 416-8501, Japan, Fax: +85-545-62-3039, ono.hp@om.asahikasei.co.jp, Phone: +81-545-62-3025 Recently, cellulose microfibril have been paid much attention as a new functional material. We have succeeded in making a cellulose nanofiber sheet (referred to as Cellulose Nanofiber nonwoven Fabrics, CNF) from two types of starting materials; i.e., bacterial cellulose (BC-) and the cellulose microfibrils (Co-) downsized from conventional pulp. Both types of CNF could be controlled the porosity or the degree of ventilation in a certain range. In case of the most porous samples for each CNF series, the SEM observation and the evaluation of specific surface area by a B.E.T. method showed fine average fiber diameters (65nm for BC-CNF and 40nm for Co-CNF) and very large surface area (110m2/g for BC-CNF and 160m2/g for Co-CNF), respectively. Preparation flow of CNF consists of the wet sheet making process by using a paper machine (containing continuous type) and the substitution process of wet paper from water to organic solvent before drying. The preparation technique of nanofiber sheet making and the specific features of these new materials will be introduced. CELL24 [1167948]: Structure and properties of functional cellulose fibrils-based nanocomposites 1 Christian Eyholzer , Francisco Lopez-Suevos , Nico Bordeanu , Tanja Zimmermann , and Kristiina Oksman. (1) Wood Laboratory, Empa, Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland, Fax: +41-(0)44-823 4007, christian.eyholzer@empa.ch, Phone: +41-(0)44-823 4660, (2) Division of Manufacturing and Design of Wood and Bionanocomposites, Lule University of Technology, 93162 Skellefte, Sweden Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) show promising mechanical properties which make them favorable as reinforcing components in bio-based polymers. Due to their high strength and stiffness, low thermal expansion and transparency, a wide range of new applications is conceivable. Chemical modification is necessary to improve the compatibility of the hydrophilic CNF and polymer matrices of varying polarity. A better interface interaction leads to more homogeneous fibril dispersion within the matrix. Furthermore, the functional groups of treated CNF can undergo covalent bonding on the polymer under controlled conditions. Different matrices such as hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), poly lactic acid (PLA) or polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) were used to prepare nanocomposites with functionalized cellulose. Their mechanical properties were determined by tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Morphological characterization was done using electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM). CELL25 [1167784]: Optically transparent cellulose nanocomposites Hiroyuki Yano , Masaya Nogi , Shinsuke Ifuku , Kentaro Abe , Shinichiro Iwamoto , and Keishin Handa. (1) Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan, Phone: +81-774-38-3669, (2) Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan We have developed a transparent polymeric nanocomposite using a web-like bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofiber network as the mechanical reinforcing agent. Surprisingly, the composite is optically transparent at a fiber content of as high as 70% as well as flexible, with a low thermal expansion coefficient (similar to that of silicon crystal), and mechanical strength five times that of engineered plastics. These significant improvements in thermal and mechanical characteristics of the BC composite make it an excellent candidate for transparent substrate of organic EL (OLED) flexible display. CELL26 [1141430]: Processing of polysaccharide nanocrystals reinforced polymer nanocomposites Alain Dufresne, Ecole Francaise de Papeterie et des Industries Graphiques, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 461 Rue de la Papeterie, Domaine Universitaire, BP 65, 38402 Saint-Martin d'Heres, France, Fax: +33476826933, Alain.Dufresne@efpg.inpg.fr, Phone: +33476826995 Crystalline nanoparticles can be extracted from the biomass. Cellulose and chitin nanocrystals occur as rod-like nanoparticles and starch nanocrystals occur as platelet-like nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can be used to process high-performance nanocomposites. The properties of these materials depend strongly on the processing technique used. Biomedical Applications of Cellulose-Based Materials: Structure vs. Function with Polysaccharides & Cellulose CELL27 [1166506]: Photoactive cellulose and synthetic polymers as biocidal and self-cleaning materials Kyung Hwa Hong, Textiles and Clothing, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, Fax: 530-752-7584, khong@ucdavis.edu, Phone: 530-752-9222, and Gang Sun, Division of Textiles & Clothing, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, Fax: 530-752-7584, gysun@ucdavis.edu, Phone: 530-752-0840 Photoactive structures such as benzophenone chromophoric groups were incorporated onto cotton fabrics and synthetic polymers. The prepared cotton fabrics were characterized by FTIR. The modified cotton fabrics were able to show powerful antibacterial activity upon exposure to longer wavelength UV irradiation. The structural properties and functionalities of some modified copolymers were evaluated. As an example, poly (styrene-benzophenone) copolymers were successfully prepared in good yield with benzophenone chromophoric group branched in the resultant polymer. The poly(styrene-benzophenone) copolymers revealed superior radical reactivity and demonstrated powerful antibacterial ability. The fabric and polymer sample could also decompose toxic chemicals and decolorize colorants. CELL28 [1168248]: Biointeractive fibers with antibacterial properties Monica Ek, Eva-Helena Westman, Josefin Karlsson, and Lars Wagberg, Fiber and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm 10044, Sweden, monicaek@kth.se, Phone: +04 Growth of bacteria on various surfaces may cause major concern if encountered in the wrong environment. The ability to impart antimicrobial properties onto surfaces is therefore desirable. Modification of both glass surfaces and cellulose membranes using weak polyelectrolytes as antimicrobial agent is presented. The aim was to incorporate a known carrier of antimicrobial activity into a multilayer structure of adsorbed polyelectolytes at different surfaces and evaluate the antibacterial activities. The approach involved screening for antimicrobial activity in solution of modified and unmodified polymers. The polymers were evaluated against gram-negative E. coli and gram-positive B. subtilis. In order to elucidate the mode of action of the polymers, the charge was determined. This is done since earlier studies have shown that both charge and degree of hydrophobicity are of importance in terms of exerted activity. Results show that the chosen polymers exert activity in the immobilized state. Different techniques have been used to evaluate the mechanisms. CELL29 [1158158]: Rendering cellulose fibers antimicrobial using cationic-modified cyclodextrin polymers/butylparaben or triclosan complexes Liying Qian , Yong Guan , Huining Xiao , and Beihai He. (1) Key

Department of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, B3, 319, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Fax: 3815 5579, dfsp@usp.br, Phone: Carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB) has been largely used in metal coatings and waterborne automotive basecoats. However, there is no report in the literature about the structure and formation of CMCAB thin film. Thin films of carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate have been deposited onto silicon wafers by spin coating. Ellipsometry was performed to determine film thickness. It was found that the film thickness depends linearly on polymer concentration. AFM images revealed that spin coated CMCAB films from solutions prepared in ethyl acetate were homogeneous and flat. On the other hand, films obtained from CMCAB solutions in acetone were very rough. Regardless the solvent used in the film preparation, after annealing all films became flatter. Contact angle measurements showed that CMCAB film surfaces do not suffer molecular reorientation at the solid-air interface after annealing and allowed determining the surface energy of CMCAB. Moreover, in order to understand solution behavior of CMCAB in acetone and ethyl acetate, small-angle X-ray scattering and capillary viscometry have been performed. CELL47 [1166499]: Study of cellulose/wood samples in deuterated conditions under tensile stress Anwesha N Fernandes, Michael C Jarvis, and Clemens Altaner, WestChem, Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom, a.fernandes@chem.gla.ac.uk, Phone: +Cellulose has been extracted from sitka spruce wood shavings following the procedures of delignification, alkaline extraction and acid hydrolysis. Sugar chromatog- raphy has been carried out to determine the quantities of monosaccharides present. FTIR microscopy was carried out on sitka spruce wood/ cellulose under tensile stress. D2O vapour exchange during FTIR microscopy distinguished inaccesible regions of cellulose microfibrils from accessible regions and noncellulosic polymers. We have utilised the principle wherein, when a fibre material is mechanically extended, any load bearing covalent bond within the material lengthens, its force constant diminishes and the frequency of the associated stretching vibrational mode(s) is reduced. Analysis of FTIR bandshifts helped determine how glysocidic linkages in both crystalline and non-crystalline cellulose chains deform under tensile stress. Also, polarised FTIR microscopy undertaken after deuteration helped deduce the orientation of hydrogen bonding patterns in cellulose and wood samples. X-ray scattering experiments have been carried out 13 along with C NMR experiments to characterise the isolated cellulose. CELL48 [1167892]: Study on a novel viscoelastic surfactantbased self-diverting acid Wei Wu and Zhaoli Zhang, Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum(East China), No. 271, North 2 Road, Dongying, Shandong 257061, China, wuwei@hdpu.edu.cn, Phone: 86546-8396052 Based on a visoelastic surfactant(CUP-II) prepared from waste vegetable oil, a novel class of self-diverting acid SDA-CUP was developed. The viscocity of its fresh acid was about 20mPas,and varied in the acid concentratin range of 21 `10%. The property and mechanism for its viscosity change were different from those selfdiverting acid system reported in the literature. In the presence of Ca2+, the viscosity of SDA-SL system decreased with the increasing of temperature. With consuming of acid,the system strated to increase its viscosity to a maximum value of 650mPas. CELL49 [1169067]: Swelling and water-holding ability of adsorbed polyampholytes: Electrolyte concentration effect at the cellulose-solution interface 2 Deusanilde Silva , Takashi Yamaguchi , Song Won Park , Martin Hubbe , and Orlando J. Rojas. (1) Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, deusanilde@gmail.com, Phone: 919-5137494, (2) Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnic University of So Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil Because of their anti-polyelectrolyte behavior, the solubility of amphoteric polymers in aqueous solution can increase with the presence of low molecular weigh electrolytes. In this case, the electrostatic interaction between positive and negative groups is reduced. This leads to a change in the polymer conformation in the bulk. Upon adsorption on charge surfaces (silica and cellulose) amphoteric polymers show a distinctive water-holding ability. In fact, fiber wall swelling capacity is essential in the development of paper dry-strength. Therefore, it is expected that related formulations could be effective in improving this functional property. It has been hypothesized that this effect is closely related to the conformability and the ability of the fibers to form strong joints during the drying process. The objective of this study is to verify the polyampholyte behavior as enhancer of dry strength under different conditions of ionic strength. To this end we monitored the viscoelastic properties of adsorbed polyampholytes by using the QCM-D technique. Comparison of water holding ability for actual fibers will be presented. CELL50 [1168115]: Synthesis of cyclophosphamide conjugates of carboxymethyl Cellulose Alexander Knihnicky, Maren L. Dennis, and Christine A. MarteyOchola, Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085, alexander.knihnicky@villanova.edu, Phone: 610-519-5237 Peritoneal (intra-abdominal) adhesion formation is the primary negative effect from invasive abdominal procedures such as hernia repair, radiation therapy, and other general abdominal surgeries. Their formation can lead intestinal obstruction, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and even hemorrhaging, conditions that are currently alleviated by administration of sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Cyclophosphamide is a nitrogen-mustard with proven alkylating potential that has been shown to stop cell cycle. It is a very toxic compound and its use is usually limited due to severe toxicity. Preliminary results obtained from elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicate successful binding of cyclophospamide to carboxymethylcellulose with the express intention of decreasing dose administration, and having a more controlled drug release. Optimal conditions have been developed for reproducible loading of the carboxymethylcellulose polymer with this drug and current research is focused on monitoring drug activity in vitro using breast and colon cancer cell lines. CELL51 [1160042]: Biochip-inspired ATR analysis of nucleic acidlipid self-assembling complexes for drug delivery 2 Thorsten Neumann , Surekha Gajria , Wirasak Smittipong , Luc Jaeger , and Matthew Tirrell Jr. (1) Department of Chemistry /Materials Research Laboratories, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, neumann@mrl.ucsb.edu, Phone: 805-893-5302, (2) College of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, (3) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510, (4) Dean, College of Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93460 Biochip-inspired ATR analysis of nucleic acid-lipid self-assembling complexes for drug delivery Thorsten Neumann1,3, Surekha Gajria1,3, Wirasak Smitthipong1,2, Luc Jaeger1,3 and Matthew Tirrell1,2 1Materials Research Laboratory, 2College of Engineering, 3Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Please submit all queries by email to tirrell@engineering.ucsb.edu or jaeger@chem.ucsb.edu and by phone to (805) 893-3141 or (805) 8935302. In order to better manipulate the properties of our self-assembling nucleic acid-lipid films, it is essential to determine the different melting temperatures and temperature-dependent reorganization processes that occur with different complexes, as well as their rate of biodegradation and drug release. To do this we have built a homemade ATR (attenuated total reflectance fluorescent reader) that

in combination with biochips can measure many reactions at once in real time. We have used this technique to determine the biodegradation of these materials in blood serum and their melting temperatures in buffer using nucleic acid-intercalating fluorescent dyes. Daunorubicin, which is a fluorescent intercalating cancer drug, was also used as a model for a drug delivery system. We have shown that by changing the type of nucleic acid (Poly AU Poly IC) used in the lipid complex we can vary the degradation rate and the rate of drug release. CELL52 [1163166]: Cyto- and genotoxic effects in the human skin keratinocytes induced by silver nanoparticles 2 Wentong Lu , Paresh Ray , and Hongtao Yu. (1) Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 JR lynch street, Jackson, MS 39218, Phone: 6019793486, (2) Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J R Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, Fax: 601-979-3674, paresh.c.ray@jsums.edu, Phone: 601-979-2171 Noble metal nanomaterials are promising nanomaterials for various biological applications since their size scale is similar to that of biological molecules (e.g., proteins, DNA) and structures (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Metal nanoparticles are currently used in imaging, biosensing, and gene and drug delivery. However, many of the properties that make nanosized materials so useful can also make them toxic to cells and organisms. Nanosized materials have high surface-to-volume ratios, so a high proportion of their atoms are on the surface, allowing them to more readily react with adjacent atoms and substances. These properties also make them more likely to react with tissues in the body and cause cellular and tissue damage. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of three types of noble metal were analyzed by the MTT test and comet assay after exposure of cultured HaCaT cells to silver nanoparticle (20nm), silver nanoprism(120 nm). The cells were cultured in DMEM medium with antibiotics and bovine serum and then incubated for 24hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs with silver nanoparticles at various concentrations. The tail moment and tail length was used as an indicator of DNA damage. Our result showed that the silver nanoparticle (20nm) is cytotoxic to HaCaT cells in concentration dependent way after 24hrs incubation. Moreover, it induced the fragmentation of DNA stands early at 30min incubation. On the other hand silver nanoprisms (120nm) are not cytotoxic to HaCaT cells. This indicated the effect of nanoparticle in cells may be determined by its size and shape. CELL53 [1167618]: Drug release from electrospun biocompatible polymers: Influence of solvents and surface morphology Zhiwei Xie, Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering, Auburn University, 115 Textile Building, Auburn, AL 36849, xiezhiw@auburn.edu, Phone: 334-844-5481, and Gisela Buschle-Diller, Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5327 Electrospun fibers from biocompatible polymers can function as delivery systems for active compounds, such as pharmaceutical drugs, in medical applications. The solubility of the drug in the polymer and the release medium, as well as in the solvent for the polymer, is of major importance for the release characteristics of the drug. Solvents and co-solvents, on the other hand significantly impact the spinnability and the release properties of the product fibers. In this work, the in vitro release rate and amount of several types of common antibiotics were controlled by the choice of the solvent system for both polymer and drugs. The influence of surface morphology and fiber characteristics were also studied. It was further investigated whether exposure of the loaded fibers to prolonged humidity levels impacted the delivery properties of the drugs. CELL54 [1167285]: AFM studies of EB effects on cellulose and performance of biocomposite Seong Ok Han, Functional Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 71-2, Jangdong, YuseongGu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea, Fax: 82-42-860-3133, sohan@kier.re.kr, Phone: 82-42860-3149, and Hye Young Choi, Nano Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 305343, South Korea Cellulose based fibers such as henequen and kenaf have actively been applying for automobiles and construction industries as an alternative of glass fiber reinforcement for composite. Cellulose fiber has comparable specific mechanical properties to glass fiber and also additional advantages of environmentally friendliness, low cost, renewable and biodegradable properties. The surface of natural fiber covers with wax, impurities which induce the poor adhesion between the hydrophilic natural fiber reinforcement and the hydrophobic polymer matrix. Surface modification of natural fiber with alkali or silane treatment is effective to enhance adhesion between the polymer matrix and the natural fiber reinforcement. The properties of natural fiber reinforcement are closely related to the performance of biocomposites. Whereas the chemical treatment is a wet and energy consuming process, electron beam irradiation has been proved as a dry, efficient and environmentally friendly treatment process of natural fiber. In this article, we investigated the effect of electron beam irradiation on the crystalline, mechanical and surface characteristics of henequen fiber. The cellulose fiber was irradiated with an electron accelerator using different energy in air and the untreated was used for comparison. The changes of functional group and mechanical properties were investigated with FT-IR and Instron, respectively. DSC and XRD were applied to examine crystalline properties and the surface morphology was investigated by SEM and AFM. The crystallinity, mechanical properties and surface roughness of treated henequen fibers showed good agreement one another and this relationship coincident with the highest performance of polypropylene biocomposites reinforced with henequen fiber treated with 10 kGy electron beam dose. CELL55 [1170231]: Nanocellulose reinforcements isolated from banana rachis R. Zuluaga , C. Castro , J. M. Vlez , and Piedad Gan. (1) New Materials Group, Pontificia Bolivariana University, Circular 1 # 70-01, Medellin, Colombia, piedad.ganan@upb.edu.co, Phone: 57-4-4159095, (2) Science and Engineering Materials Group, Colombia National University, Medellin, Colombia During the past decade there has been a growing interest in incorporating nanocellulose as reinforcement in polymer matrix. In order to evaluate new promising cellulose resources, several plants have been evaluated, including sugar beet, potatoes and spines of Opuntia ficus-indica. Banana farming residues, especially fibrous wastes as rachises, emerge as potential cellulose residues due to factors such as their high disposability (more than 4 millions metric ton per year) and low cost. In this work, vascular bundles extracted from banana rachises by mechanical decortications and biological retting have been used as a cellulose source. Different chemical treatments alkaline combined with mechanical process using a Manton Gaulin homogenizer have been used. Morphological and chemical characterizations that include AFM and TEM microscopies, FTIR, neutral sugar analysis and X-ray diffraction have been carried out. According with the results obtained, cellulose microfibrils isolated from banana rachis are promising reinforcements for green composite materials and an interesting alternative for other industrial application that include food packing and also food and cosmetic additives products. CELL56 [1170235]: Effect of phenol-oxidase enzymes on thermomechanical properties of Musaceae green composites materials C. Alvrez and Piedad Gan, New Materials Group, Pontificia Bolivariana University, Circular 1, # 70-01, Medellin, Colombia, piedad.ganan@upb.edu.co, Phone: 57-4-4159095 In recent years, non-woody fiber bundles have been used as reinforcement for polymer composite materials because of their interesting combination of advantages that include low density, recyclability, biodegradability and thermal stability at processing conditions at low cost. However, all green composites without additional synthetic matrix can be developed. In this type of composite, the auto-adhesion using chemical, thermo-mechanical or enzymatic fiber treatment is required. In this work, all green composite materials, using Musaceae fiber bundles isolated from agriculture residues by mechanical decortication, were developed. Treatment using laccase, phenol oxidase enzyme produced by a white-rod fungus at oxygen atmosphere, was used. During this oxidative process, free radicals are

The hydrolysis was not significantly affected by the concentration of acid or the treatment time. Butyrate fermentation of waste paper hydrolysate gave a high butyrate yield of 0.44 g/g carbon source consumed and a reactor productivity of 1.73 g/L/h. This work will be very helpful to the utilization of some cellulose resource in the future. CELL90 [1166791]: Pyrolysis kinetics and decomposition characteristics of pine trees 2 Seung-Soo Kim , Young-Hun Park , Jinsoo Kim , and Young-Kwon 3 Park. (1) Research Center, Korea Institute of Petroleum Quality, 653-1, Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, South Korea, Fax: +82-43-240-7949, sskim@kipeq.or.kr, Phone: +82-43-240-7916, (2) College of Environment and Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea, (3) Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, South Korea The efforts are increased to find renewable fuel as alternatives due to the security of the oil supply and the negative impact of fossil fuel on the environment. Lignocellulose feedstocks such as forest residues and agricultural as well as dedicated crops are promising for the production of bio-oil. In Korea, pine wilt disease has frequently taken place in pine trees by Japanese pine sawyer since 1989, and pine trees are consisted of over 30% in forest. As a renewable resource, pine can be converted to bio-oil, gas and char through pyrolysis. Pyrolysis characteristics was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and most of the materials decomposed between 330 C and 370 C at heating rates of 5~20 C/min. Apparent activation energies increased from 145 kJ mol-1 to 302 kJ mol-1 with increasing pryolysis conversion from 5% to 95%. Kinetics of pine trees have been studied experimentally and mathematically. A lump model of combined series and parallel reactions for bio-oil and gas formation is proposed. The kinetic parameters were determined by nonlinear least-squares regression of the experimental data with first order. It was found from the reaction kinetic constants that the predominant reaction pathway was A (pine) to gas (C1 ~ C4) formation rather than A to bio-oil formation at a temperature of 330~370 aC. Furthermore, the most suitable conditions for the production of bio-oil were investigated using a bubbling fluidized bed and the two-staged char removal system. The yield of bio-oil and char was decreased with increasing temperature between 440 C and 590 C, whereas the yield of gas was increased. CELL91 [1167889]: Viscoelastic surfactant made from recircled vegetable oil and its application in petroleum industry Wei Wu and Zhaoli Zhang, Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum(East China), No. 271, North 2 Road, Dongying, Shandong 257061, China, wuwei@hdpu.edu.cn, Phone: 86546-8396052 A novel viscoelastic surfanctant-based fracturing fluid system (CUP-II) was prepared from waste vegetable oil and its rheological property was investigated. The viscosity of CUP-II fracturing fluid was less affected by the alkyl structure of the surfactant. It can still maintain a relatively high viscosity even at ralatively low concentration. Its viscosity can be notably enhanced by use of additive I and certain inorganic salts. CUPII showed a better anti-thermal degradation and anti-shearing degradation property than HPG fluids. Experimental results also showed that CUP-II exhibits a high viscosity and low cost and low core damage, indicating great advantage over HPG fracturing fluids. CELL92 [1167922]: Characterization of cellulose fibers hydrophobically modified with alkyl ketene dimers Yutaka Yoshida, Department of Biometerials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-11 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan, Fax: +5841 5270, bbdrum.yoshida@gmail.com, Phone: +5841 5270, and Akira Isogai, Graduate School of Agricultural ans Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) was introduced into hydroxyls of solid celluloses via beta-ketoester linkages under the solvent-free conditions without any pretreatments to develop new cellulose derivatives for new composite materials. The reaction products were separated as fibrous fraction as white solid and chloroform-soluble fraction. It was revealed that yields and degrees of substitution of the fractions were controllable by selecting the resource of celluloses. The chloroformsoluble fractions of AKD-modified celluloses prepared had almost the same properties as those of cellulose beta-ketoesters prepared with AKD under homogeneous conditions. On the other hand, the fibrous fractions of AKD-modified celluloses had proceossibility as new translucent/transparent film materials having high water repellency, orientation and thermodeformability because AKD modification took place just on the surface of cellulose crystals. Additionally, ultrasonic treatment was carried out to the AKD-modified celluloses, and they turned to nanofibers having 20 nm in width and several micrometers in length. CELL93 [1167678]: Characterization of hydrogen bonding in 2 native cellulose by high-resolution solid-state H, C, and H NMR spectroscopies Qing Luo , Shinji Suzuki , Fumitaka Horii , Tadashi Shimizu , 4 Masataka Tansho , Kiyonori Takegoshi , Takashi Mizuno , and 4 Takahiro Nemoto. (1) Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Fax: 81-774-38-3148, Luoqing@icr.mbox.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp, Phone: 81-774-38-3150, (2) NIMS, Tsukuba, Japan, (3) Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, (4) JEOL, Akishima, Tokyo, Japan It is well known that the native cellulose crystals consist of two allomorphs, cellulose I and I and their precise crystal structures including the positions of hydrogen atoms were recently determined by wide-angle X-ray and neutron diffractometries. However, different kinds of inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bondings, particularly associated with the CH2OH side groups, are proposed including some amount of disordered structure and their dynamic structure is not unclear yet. In this paper, we characterize the hydrogen bonding in native cellulose by using H CRAMPS, H/ C HETCOR and H MAS 13 NMR. H/ C HETCOR measurements will be also made for C1 enriched OH-deuterated bacterial cellulose by using a H/ C/ H triple resonance probe newly developed. CELL94 [1168063]: Characterization of cellulose fiber surfaces 2 Franz J. Schmied , Christian Teichert , Andrew T. Horvath , and 3 Robert Schennach. (1) Institute of Physics, Montanuniversitt Leoben, Franz Josef Strae 18, Leoben 8700, Austria, Phone: 03842/ 402 4661, (2) Paper Divison, Mondi Packaging Frantschach GmbH, Frantschach 5, St. Gertraud 9413, Austria, andrew.horvath@mondipackaging.com, Phone: +43-4352-530-500, (3) Institut fr Festkrperphysik, Technical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria Paper fibers consist of cellulose fibrils that are embedded in a matrix of lignin and hemicellulose. The nano- and microstructure of the fibers, as well as the influence of this structure on the inter-fiber bond strength are not yet completely understood. For improvement of paper strength, a deeper insight into this interrelation is desirable because the structure is besides the chemical composition the most important influence on the mechanical paper properties. For our investigations we applied atomic-force microscopy (AFM) to study the surface of unbleached chemical pulp fibers. It was possible to visualize the single fibrils and their arrangement. Complementary infrared spectroscopy measurements have also been made to investigate the chemical composition of the fiber surface. The investigation showed that AFM and infrared spectroscopy are appropriate tools to characterize the effect of chemical modifications on the surface morphology and the fibrillar structure of chemical pulp fibers on the nanometer scale. CELL95 [1166093]: Characterization of regenerated hemicelluloses Ren Junli, Peng Feng, Li Weiying, Liu Chuanfu, and Sun Runcang, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China, Fax: 86-20-87111861, renjunli@scut.edu.cn, Phone: 86-20-87111861 Ionic liquids ILs are designated as green solvents because they have extremely low vapor pressure, are noninflammable, and thermally and chemically stable. Therefore, the use of ILs in many branches of science is expanding fast. The aim of our work was to investigate the

The diameter of cellulose fibrils ranges from 2 to 20 nm, and thus native cellulose is regarded as nanofibrous material with quite high crystallinity. Any synthetic polymers have not been successfully converted to such nanofibers even by using the state-of-the-art technologies. In recent decades, selective oxidation of primary alcohols catalyzed by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyperidine-1-oxy radical (TEMPO) has been applied to various compounds. Application of this catalytic oxidation to polysaccharides leads to a highly selective conversion of primary hydroxyl groups to carboxylates under moderate aqueous conditions. Cellulose nanofibers are known to be obtained by mechanical treatment of TEMPO oxidized cellulose. Generally, the vaterite form calcium carbonate is thermodynamically unstable in water. However some researchers reported that some kinds of additives make vaterite stable in water. In this study, the vaterite form calcium carbonate and cellulose nanofibers are hybridized as films. The stability of vaterite in the hybridized film is then studied. CELL102 [1169526]: Langmuir-Blodgett films of cellulose nanocrystals and their interfacial behavior Youssef Habibi , Xavier Turon , Susanna Ahola , Monika sterberg , Justin Zoppe , and Orlando J. Rojas. (1) Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695, yhabibi@ncsu.edu, Phone: 919-513-7884, (2) Laboratory of Forest Products Chemistry, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo 02015, Finland We are using model cellulose surfaces manufactured from nanocrystals to investigate the interfacial properties of native cellulose at the molecular level. Related inquires about the nature of interaction in the cell wall are difficult to access by using natural fibers. Therefore, smooth films of cellulose nanocrystals were prepared by Langmuir Blodgett deposition on silica surfaces using DODA as an aid to transfer the crystals from the A/L to the A/S interface. Swelling behavior and adsorption of macromolecules as well as degradative behavior in the presence of enzymes were investigated and compared to other substrates. We tested cellulose nanocrystals with different aspect rations by using QCM, SPR and AFM. The results of this research will be presented and discussed. CELL103 [1166629]: Micropatterning of cellulose nanocrystals by ink-jet printing Fernando Navarro and Maren Roman, Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Tech, 230 Cheatham Hall (0323), Blacksburg, VA 24061, fernav72@vt.edu, Phone: 540-250-0631 Drop-on-demand inkjet printing of aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) might enable the controlled deposition of CNCs onto glass substrates. A CNC stock suspension was obtained by hydrolysis (60% sulfuric acid) of dissolving grade softwood sulfite pulp and used to prepare CNC suspensions of different concentrations (0.05 1.00 wt%). Glass substrates with different surface energies were obtained by cleaning glass slides with either soap (Alconox), aqua regia, or an ethanol/chloroform mixture (1:1). To test the printability of the CNC suspensions, various grid patterns and microdot arrays were printed onto the glass substrates. The resulting CNC patterns and deposits were characterized by atomic force, scanning electron, and optical microscopy. Due to limited wetting of the substrate, printing of grid patterns resulted in more or less regular patterns of droplets, depending on the grid spacing. Printing of microdot arrays gave regular arrays of spherical droplets. At low CNC concentrations, the nanoparticles accumulated at the edges of the dried droplets (coffee drop effect). The effect was less pronounced at higher concentrations. CNCs exhibited a higher affinity for glass substrates cleaned with aqua regia (intermediate surface energy). The results of this study suggest that ink-jet printing can be used for micro patterning and controlled multilayer co-deposition of cellulose nanocrystals and solutions of polymers or bioactive molecules. CELL104 [1167177]: Ultrathin cellulose fibrils from parenchymal tissues 1 Hiroshi Niimura , Yuji Matsumoto , Satoshi Kimura , and Shigenori 1 Kuga. (1) Department of Biomaterials Science, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan, Fax: +81-3-56840299, sh-kuga@sbp.fp.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp, Phone: +81-3-5841-5240, (2) Department of Biomaterial Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138657, Japan Higher plant cellulose has been considered to have basic fibrillar unit of 3-4 nm wide. The true value of width, however, has been controversial due to the lack of direct evidence. We applied the height measuring capability of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to cellulose fibrils deposited on to atomically plat surface of mica. The cellulose specimens were taken from various parenchymal tissues including fruit flesh, seed coats, leaves, stalks, petals, and primary wall of wood. Isolated through removal of hemicelluloses and lignin by mild chemical treatments, the cellulose gave microfibrils of 0.8-3 nm wide. Widths less than 1 nm correspond to only several glucan chain molecules, representing very high level of fiber-forming ability of beta-1,4-glucan chains. Also the fibril width was variable with the types of plant species and tissue, suggesting diversity in the mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis. CELL105 [1134070]: Modification of bulk cellulose to generate antiviral surfaces 1 JaimeLee Iolani Rizzo , James Nicotri , Gloria Wan , Karin Melkonian , Maria Michta , Annika Adelmann , Alice Melkonian , and 3 Robert Engel. (1) Department of Chemistry & Physical Sciences, Pace University, 1 Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038, Fax: 212-346-1256, jrizzo@pace.edu, Phone: 212-346-1761, (2) Department of Biology, C.W. Post, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY 11548, (3) Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367 Bulk cellulose has been modified in a two-step process to incorporate functionalities (lipophilic chains with associated polycationic units) that bear antiviral activity when organized on a surface. Treatment of the parent powdered cellulose with the cationic lipophilic pre-agent, upon drying, results in the formation of a new surface. The effectiveness of this modified surface for antiviral action against Bacteriophage T-4 is reported. CELL106 [1158372]: Near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for estimation of hexenuronic acids in kraft pulps of Eucalyptus globulus Mariel Monrroy , Juanita Freer , Jaime Baeza , Jaime Rodriguez , 1 Jose Ruiz , Andr Ferraz , and Regis Mendona. (1) Faculty of Forest Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepcin, Universidad de Concepcin, Casilla 160-C, Concepcin, Chile, mmonrroy@udec.cl, Phone: 56-41-2204601, (2) Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepcin, Concepcin, Chile, (3) Biotechnology Center and Faculty of Forest Sciences, Universidad de Concepcin, Concepcin, Chile, (4) Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepcin, Concepcin 160-C, Chile, (5) Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de So Paulo, Lorena, So Paulo, Brazil Fourier transformed near infrared (FT-NIR) was evaluated as an analytical tool for monitoring hexenuronic acid and kappa number content in kraft pulps of Eucalyptus globulus. Pulps samples sets were prepared under different cooking conditions to obtain a wide range of concentration of the compounds and characterized by conventional wet chemistry analytical methods. The sample group was also analyzed by FT-NIR spectroscopy in order to establish prediction models for the pulp characteristics. Several models were applied to correlate chemical composition in samples with the NIR spectral data based by means of PCR or PLS algorithms. Calibration curves were building by using entire spectral data or selected regions. Best calibration models for the quantification of kappa and HexA were proposed presenting r2 values of 0.92-0.99. Calibration models were used to predict pulp titers of 20 external samples in a validation set. Kappa number in the range of 8-62 was predicted fairly accurately (standard error of prediction, SEP 3.5). The concentration of HexA (range of 5-71 mmol kg-1 pulp) was more difficult to predict and the SEP was 7.0 mmol kg-1 pulp in a model of HexA quantified by an UV technique and 6.1 mmol kg-1 pulp in a model of HexA quantified by anion-exchange chromatography (AEC). NIR spectroscopy associated with multivariate analysis provided a rapid estimative of kappa number

CELL129 [1167261]: Bacterial cellulosebased nanocomposites with controlled cartilagelike mechanical properties 2 Dieter O. Klemm , Friederike Kramer , Falko Wesarg , Dieter A. Schumann , and Wolfgang Fried. (1) Transfergroup Polymet Jena e.V, Friedrich Schiller University, Wildenbruchstr. 15, Jena 07745, Germany, Fax: 0049-3641-548288, Dieter.Klemm@uni-jena.de, Phone: 00493641-548281, (2) Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany, (3) Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Jena University, Jena 07743, Germany In the range of investigations on bacterial nanocellulose (BC) materials one important aim was the reinforcement of the soft and high watercontaining unmodified BC. As published recently the BC nanofiber network can be coated or filled with photopolymerized polyacrylate and methacrylate networks. By variation of the monomer type and the crosslinker concentration the stiffness and water absorption capacity (WAC) could be modified effectively. However, this variance leads to an unmanageable diversity of composite samples and properties. A controlled development of composite types with cartilage-like mechanical properties could be achieved by a stepwise optimization of the monomer composition in relation to the complex Young's Modulus. Using a mixture of 2-ethylhexylacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate and N-vinylpyrrolindone in few experimental steps composites with Moduli of 5-20 MPa were formed. These data correspond with natural hyaline cartilage. The hydrophilicity/hydrophobility-balance of the monomers allows simultaneously the control of WAC. CELL130 [1166899]: Pattering in movements and deposition of the secreted cellulose nanofiber of Acetobacter xylinum directed by an interfacial interaction on ordered chitin templates 3 Tetsuo Kondo , Wakako Kasai , Masanobu Nojiri , Yukako 6 Hishikawa , Eiji Togawa , Dwight Romanovicz , and R. Malcolm Brown 6 Jr. (1) Bio-Architecture Center & Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan, Fax: +81-(0)92-642-2997, tekondo@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp, Phone: +81-(0)92-642-2997, (2) BioArchitecture Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan, (3) Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan, (4) Forestry And Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan, (5) Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan, (6) University of Texas, Austin Recently we found that Acetobacter xylinum, secreting a cellulose nanofiber was to deposit it epitaxially, by following the molecular tracks of nematic ordered cellulose (NOC) substrates due to the strong interfacial interaction between the surfaces of the nanofibrils and template. Thus, this study attempts to examine whether templates from -chitin and -chitin/cellulose blends that were also prepared to possess the nematic ordered structure at a different scale from the NOC may have the similar guiding effects for the bacterial movements as the case of molecular tracks of the NOC substrate. In fact, each chitin template provided a unique patterning of the bacterial movement and deposition of their secreted cellulose nanofibers, indicating that some kinds of interaction between the template and nanofibers that are considered as anchors to regulate the phenomenon were engaged. We show in this presentation a unique directed patterning of both A. xylinum movement and the nanofiber deposition on the guiding chitin substrate using real-time video analysis and other visualization techniques. CELL131 [1168641]: Assembly of cellulose and other polysaccharide building blocks into hierarchical materials Paul Gatenholm, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and Virginia Tech, Gteborg SE41296, Sweden, Fax: +46317723418, paul.gatenholm@chalmers.se, Phone: +46317723407 In biological systems, advanced micro-architecture is assembled with precise control of size and structures. Biomimetic design of future manmade materials requires understanding of structure-property relationship which can be achieved by advanced characterization of biological materials in wet state at all length scale. The aim of this research is to prepare supramolecular materials with the controlled structure and ability to administrate water. This can be achieved by controlled assembly of well defined polysaccharide building blocks in combination with bioprocessing. Biomineralization is an example of biofabrication processes where biopolymeric templates induce and control the crystal growth. Another way to control nano and micro structure is to use the cells guided by templates to produce materials. This lecture will review our current research of preparing advanced packaging materials, biocomposites and biomaterials for replacing organs in human body using cellulose and other polysaccharides as building blocks. CELL132 [1167725]: Effects of added electrolytes on the phase separation behavior in aqueous suspensions of bacterial cellulose microfibrils and on the magnetic alignment of the chiral nematic phase Asako Hirai, Osamu Inui, Fumitaka Horii, Shinpei Yamamoto, and Masaki Tsuji, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Fax: +81-774-38-3148, hiraiasa@icr.mbox.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp, Phone: +81-774-38-3148 Effects of added NaCl (0-5.0 mM) on the phase separation behavior of the aqueous suspensions were investigated for bacterial cellulose microfibrils (BCMF). The aqueous suspensions of BCMF were o prepared by the treatment with 60 wt% sulfuric acid at 51 C for 1 h. Above the critical concentration, the suspensions separated into the upper isotropic and lower anisotropic chiral nematic phases. At the fixed total cellulose concentration of 3 wt%, the volume fraction of the chiral nematic phase decreased with increasing NaCl concentration from 0 to 1.0 mM, took a minimum value at about 1.0 mM, and then increased with increasing NaCl concentration up to 1.5 mM. At NaCl concentrations from 2 to 5 mM, the suspensions did not separate into two phases and became liquid crystalline in the entire region. The influence of the added salt on the chiral nematic pitch and on the domain size of the chiral nematic regions will be discussed. Next, effects of added NaCl on the magnetic alignment of BCMF suspensions were investigated. Under a static magnetic field of 9 T, the helical axis of the chiral nematic phase aligned almost parallel to the applied field at NaCl concentrations below 0.75 mM. However, such alignment of the helical axis was not observed at salt concentrations higher than about 1mM. CELL133 [1166941]: Chiral structures in plants Derek G. Gray, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A2A7, Canada, Fax: 514-398-8254, derek.gray@mcgill.ca, Phone: 514-398-6182 The chirality of lignocellulosic materials is expressed at many length scales, from the twisting of tree trunks to the molecular chirality of the sugar units in cellulose and hemicellulose. Some chiral structures and effects observed in tree-trunks, wood and paper will be reviewed, and recent evidence for chiral structures in plant petioles will be presented. There is also clear evidence for a chiral interaction between cellulose nanocrystals in suspension, but the source of this interaction and its relationship with chiral structures at larger length scales remains unclear. Biomedical Applications of Cellulose-Based Materials: Fibers, Gels and Protein Interactions CELL134 [1167443]: Cellulose aerogels: Highly porous, ultralightweight biomaterials Falk Liebner , Emmerich Haimer , Martin Wendland , Antje Potthast , 1 and Thomas Rosenau. (1) Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A - 1190 Vienna, Austria, falk.liebner@boku.ac.at, Phone: +43-1-360066074, (2) Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, A - 1190 Vienna Cellulosic aerogels are intriguing new materials produced by supercritical drying of regenerated cellulose obtained by solvent exchange of solid Lyocell moldings. From N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide solutions with cellulose contents between 1 and 12%, dimensionally

parts, packaging, and construction. In this study, cellulose fibers and starch were used to produce light-weight, strong, bio composite materials. Starch microcellular foams (SMCF) were utilized to produce micro foams with high concentrations of pores in the 0.5-10 micron range. The starch foam is produced by gelatinizing the starch in water at elevated temperature and with mechanical action. Then the starch is placed in molds, cooled to develop sufficient strength for handling, and then the water is replaced with ethanol with a series of successive exchanges. The incorporation of cellulose fiber to the SMCF improves the properties, particularly the toughness, of the foam. To further improve the properties of the starch-fiber composite, a heating process in inert gas was utilized. An optimum maximum temperature for this heating process was observed and a yield of around 90% was realized. The starch type, the concentration of starch in the gel, the fiber type, and the concentration of the fiber in the gel have important effects on the properties of the resulting composite. Bio composites with densities of around 0.3 g/cm3 were prepared that had excellent toughness. Structure and Properties of Cellulosic Polymers, Assemblies, and Nanocomposites: Anselme Payen Award Symposium Honoring Professor Fumitaka Horii CELL152 [1168263]: Structures and interaction properties of cellulose revealed by molecular modeling Karim Mazeau, CERMAV-CNRS/Grenoble University, BP53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France, Fax: 33(0)03, karim.mazeau@cermav.cnrs.fr, Phone: 33(0)39 Many of the physical, chemical and biological properties of cellulose depend on the interaction of cellulose-based products with a number of external agents. In order to understand the fundamental of such interactions, a detailed atomic model of the crystalline and amorphous structures of cellulose, together with that of the interacting species is highly desirable. To reach this goal, molecular modelling is a powerful tool as it reveals not only the geometry of the interactions at the atomic scale, but also yields the energies associated with the interactions. This presentation will successively focus on the modelling of: (i) the association of the cellulose chains in the crystalline and amorphous phases, (ii) the external morphology of the cellulose fibers and finally (iii) the interaction of cellulose fibers with selected polymers. The validity of the modelling will be confirmed by systematically comparing the predicted data with measured ones. CELL153 [1133358]: Structural and mechanical analysis of cellulose using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction Stephen J Eichhorn, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester M17HS, United Kingdom, Fax: 0161 2003586, stephen.j.eichhorn@manchester.ac.uk, Phone: The structure and mechanics of cellulose fibres are presented. Using Raman spectroscopy the molecular deformation of a wide-range of cellulose fibres are reported. These measurements of the molecular deformation are compared to X-ray diffraction measurements of the crystal deformation and conclusions are drawn on the possible morphology of cellulose fibres (series aggregate, hybrid series/parallel structures). It is shown that the use of Raman spectroscopy must be coupled with X-ray diffraction if a full-picture of the morphology, related to mechanical properties, is to be elucidated. CELL154 [1169021]: Structural investigations of crystalline cellulosics Peter Zugenmaier, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, Fax: 49-5323-722584, Zugenmaier@pc.tu-clausthal.de, Phone: 49-5323-722372 A survey of crystal structures of cellulosics reveals that the conformation and packing arrangements of some of these chain molecules depend on the methods used due to a limited database and especially due to the constraints applied in the refinement procedure. Additional data are necessary for a unique structure determination and can be supplied by solid-state NMR measurements. This technique not only can supply valuable geometric data for the conformation of the chain molecule and the pendant side groups but also may provide information on the symmetry of a chain, the symmetry of the unit cell and the number of independent chains within the unit cell. However, it was found that a crystal structure determination relying solely on NMR data and molecular modeling was not successful but should be incorporated into the generally fiber X-ray diffraction procedure with simultaneous computer modeling. The importance of symmetry elements in the structure determination of chain molecules will be stressed and the crystal and molecular structure of trimethyl cellulose will be discussed with an unusual elongated base plane (a = 45.3 , b = 4.58 , c (fiber axis) = 10.4 ) in space group P21221. CELL155 [1168580]: NMR for the softer regions in polysaccharides: William T. Winter, Cellulose Research Institute and Dept. of Chemistry, SUNY ESF, 121 Edwin C. Jahn Laboratory, Syracuse, NY 13210, Fax: 315-470-6856, cellulose@esf.edu, Phone: 315-470-6876, and DeAnn Barnhart, Cellulose Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210 Soft materials like gels, primary cell wall tissues, surfaces of nanocrystals, etc. offer many challenges for characterization in situ. Here, we report the use of 1 and 2 dimensional High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy to investigate such materials. As examples, we shall present some recent results on starch gels and knockout Arabidopsis thalliana plants. In the latter, each mutant is deficient in a gene that codes for a putative carbohydrate glycanase. Through comparisons of spectra obtained from juvenile root tissue, it is possible to associate specific chemical changes in the carbohydrate material with the mutated gene. Progress in relating these changes to other physical data will also be presented. Although clearly a work in progress, the preliminary results are encouraging for further development of this approach to complex soft polysaccharide systems. CELL156 [1166472]: Dimensions and structure of wood and primary cellwall cellulose microfibrils 1 Anwesha N Fernandes , Michael C Jarvis , Adriana Sturcova , David C Apperley , Craig J Kennedy , Andrew Parkin , Timothy J. Wess , 1 and Clemens Altaner. (1) WestChem, Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom, a.fernandes@chem.gla.ac.uk, Phone: +330 6571, (2) Department of Chemistry, Solid-State NMR Service, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom, (3) Structural biophysics group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff Cf103NB, United Kingdom, (4) Structural Biophysics Research Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom Cellulose was isolated from a variety of higher plant cells. The diameter of the microfibrils was estimated by three separate 13 techniques. (1) C CP-MAS NMR measurements of the surface to interior chains. (2) Estimation of the dimensions of the crystalline lattice from wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements and (3) Small angle xray scattering (SAXS) patterns which can be attributed to (a) the form (Bessel) function dependent on the diameter and shape of the microfibrils and (b) the interference function which depends on the regularity that might be present in the spacing of the microfibrils. FTIR polarised microscopy in deuterated conditions was also used to characterise the hydrogen bonds which attach one microfibril to the next within an microfibril aggregate. The results were not consistent with the well-known 36-chain model. Models from wood and primary wall cellulose were similar in diameter but different in structure. CELL157 [1167227]: Surface structure of native cellulose fibrils 1 Tommy Iversen , Per Tomas Larsson , Kristina Wickholm , and 2 Vincent Bulone. (1) STFI-Packforsk, Box 5604, Stockholm SE-114 86, Sweden, Fax: +18, tommy.iversen@stfi.se, Phone: +10, (2) School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden

CELL191 [1162202]: On the use of FTIR spectroscopy and TGA to investigate cellwall structure and composition of developing cotton fibers Noureddine Abidi , Eric Hequet , Luis Cabrales , John Gannaway , Thea Wilkins , and Leslie Wells. (1) International Textile Center and Dept. Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, 1001 East Loop 289, Lubbock, TX 79403, Fax: 806-747-3796, n.abidi@ttu.edu, eric.hequet@ttu.edu, Phone: 806-747-3790, (2) Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, Lubbock, TX 79403, (3) Dept. Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the structural changes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers as a function of developmental programming. The presence of noncellulosic compounds (wax, protein, hemicelluloses, pectic substances, amino acids, etc.) was revealed from FTIR spectra of fibers at 10, 14, 17, and 20 dpa (day post-anthesis). The vibrations corresponding to the noncellulosic compounds disappeared between 21 and 36 dpa 36 dpa. The vibration located at 1204 cm-1, attributed to COH in-plane bending mode, appears as a small shoulder at 20 dpa and is more pronounced at 36 dpa and thereafter. This vibration appears along with the vibration at 1429 cm-1 (CH2 symmetric deformation). Thus, 1204 cm-1 and 1429 cm-1 could be both due to structural organization of the cellulose during fiber development and could be used as secondary cell wall fingerprint. The vibration located at 900 cm-1, attributed to beta(14) linkage (glucosidic bond between two glucose units), appears only when the fiber reaches 20 dpa. From 10 dpa to 20 dpa, this vibration is present only as a very small shoulder. The switch from primary cell wall synthesis to secondary cell wall synthesis (cellulose synthesis) is associated with strong vibration at 900 cm-1 (higher concentration of glucosidic bonds). This indicates that the condensation reactions between glucose units have been initiated which leads to the formation of beta (14) glucopyranose macromolecules (cellulose). Furthermore, independent TGA analysis supported the results obtained with FTIR, showing that the transition from primary cell wall synthesis to secondary cell wall synthesis occurs at or around 20 dpa. This study is the first to report on the use of the UATR-FTIR and TGA to elucidate structural changes during cotton fiber development. CELL192 [1133024]: Low resolution NMR studies of hydrated cellulosic fibres Roger N Ibbett, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, United Kingdom, roger.ibbett@manchester.ac.uk, Phone: 0044-161-306-3173, K. Christian Schuster, Textile Innovation, Lenzing AG, Lenzing 4860, Austria, Mario Fasching, Innsbruk, Austria, and Gerhard Zuckersttter, Kplus Wood Competence Centre, Lenzing AG, Lenzing 4860, Austria The measurement of the NMR properties of water provides a unique insight into the hydrated structure of regenerated cellulosic fibres, which is essential for a successful interpretation of the performance of textile or technical products. Recent work has shown that spin-spin relaxation in cellulosic materials is strongly dependant on waterhydroxyl proton chemical exchange, which is influenced to both acid and base catalysis. Behaviour is strongly sensitive towards fibre morphology and hydroxyl group accessibility, although traditional twostate models describing populations of free and bound water may need revision. A population of accessible cellulose hydroxyl protons can also be detected by deuterium oxide exchange, which has been shown to differ from the amount predicted from relaxation measurements. Such discrepancies have led to a more complete description of the cellulosewater interface, where it is suggested that water molecules experience motional restrictions as well as exchanging protons through a variable thickness disordered polymer layer. Cellulose Solvents: New Media and Reactions CELL193 [1152677]: Cellulose dissolution in ethylene diamine/salt systems Min Xiao, Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design, Cornell University, 227 MVR Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, mx26@cornell.edu, Phone: 607-254-6439, and Margaret W. Frey, Fiber Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4401 Salt plays a critical role in dissolving cellulose in ethylene diamine/salt systems. A certain amount of salt is required in the cellulose dissolution process. DP (degree of polymerization) measurements indicated that cellulose was not degraded by the solvent system. The increase in the salt concentration did not change the thermal stability of cellulose, as evidenced by the measurements of thermal decomposition temperature of recovered cellulose. The kinetics studies showed that cellulose dissolution rate was affected by shear rate, dissolution temperature, cellulose concentration, and salt concentration. At the shear rate of 10 1/s, cellulose dissolved faster in the solvent with lower salt concentration and at higher temperatures. However, increasing cellulose concentration gave rise to the decrease in the dissolution rate of cellulose. Titration experiments suggested that one mole of glucose was surrounded by 3 moles of ethylene diamine in cellulose solutions. CELL194 [1166792]: Inorganic molten salts: A new reaction medium for cellulose Steffen Fischer and Katrin G. Thmmler, Institute of Wood and Plant Chemistry, TU Dresden, Pienner Str.19, Tharandt 01737, Germany, Fax: 49-35203-3831201, sfischer@forst.tu-dresden.de, Phone: 4935203-3831240 The behavior of cellulose in molten inorganic salt hydrates was investigated. As a result new and efficient solvents for cellulose with different degree of polymerization were found. The melt composition, the water amount and the structure of the molten salt hydrate as well as the acidity influence the dissolution ability of inorganic molten salts on cellulose. Dissolution of cellulose and regeneration of the polysaccharide from different molten salt hydrates can be applied to modify the polymer properties. For cellulose characterization before dissolution in molten salts and of regenerated products FT Raman spectroscopy was used. Using this method information about cellulose modification, crystallinty as well as specific interactions between cellulose and molten inorganic salts are available. Furthermore molten inorganic salts can be applied as reaction medium for the derivatization and blend formation of cellulose. The formation of polymer blends between cellulose and polyacrylonitrile in molten salts as solvent will be discussed. CELL195 [1166373]: Influence of the synthetic pathway on the properties of cellulose ethers Bert Volkert and Wolfgang Wagenknecht, Natural Polymers, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselberstr. 69, Potsdam 14476, Germany, bert.volkert@iap.fraunhofer.de, Phone: 49331-5681516 Commercial cellulose ethers are usually prepared under heterogeneous reaction conditions. In contrast, this contribution also describes the derivatization under homogeneous conditions in Nmethylmorpholine-N-oxide monohydrate (NMMNO*H2O) and under heterogeneous conditions after converting native cellulose to amorphous cellulose. Amorphous cellulose is prepared by dissolving cellulose in NMMNO*H2O followed by precipitation in different media. The degree of order and the porosity of the regenerated cellulose is significantly influenced by the content of water in the precipitating agent. The differences are described by measurements using wide angle X-ray scattering, solid-state 13C-NMR, mercury porosimetry, and water/liquid retention values. Three synthetic pathways (heterogeneous, heterogeneous with amorphous cellulose and homogeneous) are compared regarding the structure-property relationship of the cellulose ethers formed. The choice of synthetic pathway has a significant influence on the degree of substitution (DS), the distribution of substituents on the level of the anhydroglucose unit (AGU), solubility behavior, and the viscosity of aqueous solutions. CELL196 [1167270]: Interfacial and rheological properties of enzymatically treated cellulose solutions Pedro Fardim, Lab of Fibre and Cellulose Technology, Abo Akademi

University, Porthansgatan 3, Turku FI20500, Finland, pfardim@abo.fi, Phone: =358504096424, Peter Rosenberg, Lab. of Fibre and Cellulose Technology, Abo Akademi University, Turku FI20500, Finland, and Tatiana Budtova, Ecole des Mines de Paris, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matriaux (CEMEF), Sophia-Antipolis 06904, France Cellulose is the most abundant natural raw material on the earth. It can be applied to make various industrial products. However, the dissolution of cellulose is very hard to handle due to its strong fibrillar structure, which restricts its dissolution into a few solvents without chemical changes. Currently, most of the regenerated cellulosic materials are manufactured by the viscose process which has many shortcomings related to environmental issues. More recently, many efforts towards development of new solvent systems such as ionic liquids (ILs) or NaOH have been taken. In this work we investigate the interfacial and rheological properties of cellulose solutions prepared by enzymatic treatment prior to dissolution in NaOH. We compare the results with cellulose xanthate, cellulose-NaOH and cellulose-ILs systems. The advantages and drawbacks of enzymatically treated cellulose solution for various technological applications are also critically discussed. CELL197 [1164832]: Cellulose solutions in NaOH/water and ionic liquid (EMIMAc): Similarities and differences Tatiana Budtova , Martin Gericke , Magali Egal , Cedric Roy , Patrick 2 Navard , Thomas Heinze , and Tim Liebert. (1) Ecole des Mines de Paris, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matriaux (CEMEF), BP 207, Sophia-Antipolis 06904, France, Tatiana.Budtova@ensmp.fr, Phone: 93957470, (2) Kompetenzzentrum Polysaccharidforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitt, Jena 07743, Germany The understanding of the flow of cellulose solutions as well as their molecular organisation is a crucial need for a successful processing. The flow and molecular characteristics of cellulose solutions, cellulose/(7-9)%NaOH/water and cellulose/1-N-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) were investigated and compared. Viscosity-cellulose concentration and viscosity-temperature dependences were built. Intrinsic viscosities were obtained considering solutions in dilute regime. Temperature increase leads to the decrease of both solvents thermodynamic quality. Authors are members of the European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE) CELL198 [1167775]: Low-cost cellulose solvent (concentrated phosphoric acid)-based lignocellulose fractionation Y-H. Percival Zhang, Geoffrey Moxley, and Zhiguang Zhu Zhu, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Fax: 540-231-3199, biofuels@vt.edu, Phone: 540-231-7414 Efficient liberation of fermentable soluble sugars from lignocellulosic biomass is still challenging. A new cellulose-solvent-based lignocellulose fractionation (CSLF) (Zhang et al. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007, 97: 214-223) that can separate lignocellulose components based on their different solubility in different solvents was applied to treat various biomass corn stover, switchgrass, poplar and wood-like industrial hemp hurds. The phosphoric acid whose concentration was beyond the critical concentration was a good cellulose solvent because of its low cost, tolerance to water presence in wet biomass, lowtemperature cellulose dissolution ability, non-volatility, and stability. After CSLF, the pretreated amorphous biomass was hydrolyzed by cellulases with high sugar yields at the fastest rate. At the optimal treatment condition for hurds (84.0% H3PO4 at 50C for 60 minutes), the glucan digestibility was ~97% after 24-hour hydrolysis at the enzyme loading of 15 FPU of cellulase and 60 IU of cellobiase per gram of glucan. The supramolecular structures of lignocellulosic biomass before and after CSLF were presented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at the first time. The SEM images clearly indicated that CSLF can completely destruct the plant cell wall structure. CSLF may be regarded as a generic method with slight modifications for pretreating various lignocellulosic biomass at modest reaction conditions without sugar degradation. Structure and Properties of Cellulosic Polymers, Assemblies, and Nanocomposites: Anselme Payen Award Symposium Honoring Professor Fumitaka Horii CELL199 [1167912]: Potential of cellulosics as a functional material Tohru Shibata, Life Sciences Development Center, Daicel Chem.Research Center, Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd, 1239 Shinzaike, Aboshi-ku, 671-1283 Himeji, Japan, Fax: +81-79-274-4165, tr_shibata@daicel.co.jp, Phone: +81-79-274-4183 Recent topics in the functional utilization of cellulosics will be reviewed. Then the potential of cellulosics and its source will be discussed. Separation membrane, drug excipient, optical film, chiral chromatography will be included in the topics. While competing with synthetic material in each field of application, there is no membrane material applicable to such wide variety of use. In optical film and chiral chromatography, cellulosics are the dominant materials. As to the last example, the mechanism of the function has been clarified by Yashima et al. for a model case. However, there seems to be still many unknown mechanisms of interaction with other molecules. Thus the problem now seems not how to mimicrize the function with synthetic way but how to optimize the performance of cellulose itself. In combination of its unrevealed functuions with the environmental cinsiderations, cellulosics will and should be utilized even more in the future. CELL200 [1167281]: Localization of cystalline allomorphs in algal cellulose microfibril Junji Sugiyama and Yoshiki Horikawa, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Fax: 81-774-38-3635, sugiyama@rish.kyoto-u.ac.jp, Phone: 81774-38-3632 Localization of cellulose I alpha and I beta allomorphs was first characterized by electron micro-diffraction technique in 1991. The authors suggested that each allomorph localized alternatively along the microfibrillar direction. Later in 1998, from the similar but scrutinizing diffraction analyses, a mixed lateral / longitudinal distribution was suggested. The observation of enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of algal cellulose microfibrils, however, preferred the lateral localization of allomorphs, where I alpha moiety was covering the core I beta moiety. In this talk, the authors would like to review those previous findings and present new evidences on the distribution of I alpha and I beta in algal cellulose microfibrils, from the analysis of deuteration / rehydrogenation behavior at elevated temperature by FTIR technique. CELL201 [1164851]: Processing of cellulosic materials under magnetic field Tsunehisa Kimura and Fumiko Kimura, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwakecho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, Fax: +81-75-753-6300, tkimura@kais.kyotou.ac.jp, Phone: +81-75-753-6246 In this presentation, we demonstrate the use of magnetic fields for the processing of cellulosic materials. There are two ways: (i) the use of magnetic torque that acts on cellulose fibers and align them, and (ii) the use of magnetic force that can arrange cellulosic particles into a micropattern. Pulp samples with different sizes were subjected to a static and rotating magnetic field to achieve the alignment. Under a static field, fiber axis aligned perpendicular to the field, while under a rotating field, fiber axis aligned perpendicular to the rotating plane. Under a static field, chiral nematic phase of cellulose microcrystal suspension formed a monodomain in which the helical axis aligned parallel to the applied field. On the other hand, under a rotating field, helix unwound to form a nematic phase. Bacteria cellulose floating in the cultivation medium was patterned into lines by combining the filtration process with a field modulation.

Cellulose is the most abundant renewable biological resource. Production of biofuels (e.g., ethanol and hydrogen) and renewable materials from lignocellulosic biomass would bring benefits to the economy, environment, and national energy security. Enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis is complicated but extremely important in global carbon cycle and emerging biorefineries. Crystalline cellulose hydrolysis at normal cellulase loading (e.g., 15 FPU/g glucan) proceeds with a transition from substrate access to substrate limited, is a surface peeling-like process requiring endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and beta-glucosidase to work synergically; the drastic decrease in hydrolysis rate during the hydrolysis is mainly attributed to substrate consumption and a decrease in substrate reactivity and slightly attributed to enzyme denaturation and production inhibition. In contrast, amorphous cellulose can be hydrolyzed fast due to with much larger cellulose accessibility to cellulase and each cellulose component can work very efficiently and independently and their synergy is not so vital for hydrolysis. Comparison of enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover treated by dilute acid treated and cellulosesolvent-based lignocellulose fractionation would bring new insights to effective sugar release from lignocellulose. Surface Modification and Properties of Cellulose-Based Materials: Chemical and Enzymatic Modification CELL240 [1168911]: TEMPO-mediated oxidation of cellulose substrates Youssef Habibi, Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695, habibi_y@hotmail.fr, Phone: 919- 513-7884, and Michel R. Vignon, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolcules Vgtales, C.N.R.S, Grenoble cedex 9 38041, France Catalytic oxidation using TEMPO-mediated system has become one of the most promising procedures to convert polysaccharides into the corresponding polyuronic acids. This method is very suitable for selective oxidation of primary alcohol groups into aldehydes and/or carboxylic acid groups. The success of TEMPO-NaCl-NaBr oxidation method to produce oxidized cellulose derivatives seems to depend on the accessibility and on the crystalline state of the starting cellulosic material. In this study we investigated the TEMPO mediated oxidation of cellulose substrates including tunicate and parenchyma cell cellulose (PCC) microfibrils. We produced fully oxidized cellulose cellouronic acids' and also controlled surface-oxidized cellulose nanocrystals. Both synthetic procedures and their results are discussed in this presentation. CELL241 [1138530]: Enzymatic modification of cellulose acetate with fusion proteins 2 Teresa Matama , Rita Araujo , Margarida Casal , and Artur Cavaco1 Paulo. (1) Textile Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurm, 4800- 058 Guimares, Portugal, Fax: 00351-253510293, teresam@det.uminho.pt, Phone: 00351-253-510280, (2) Biology, University of Minho, 4710-553 Braga, Portugal Cellulose acetate has been modified superficially by a cutinase. Naturally occurring acetyl esterases are able to recognize and hydrolyse acetylated polysaccharides but not the ones of high degree of substitution. The cutinase used was able to act on cellulose acetate but also on cellulose triacetate. For a treatment of eight hours, the amount of acetic acid released was dependent on the enzyme concentration and degree of substitution. The specificity of reactive staining showed that hydroxyl groups were formed at the surface of both cellulose acetates. The increments in colour of these fibres were further amplified by using fusion proteins of cutinase with cellulose binding domains. The functionalization of cellulose acetates will be another field for the successful application of cellulose binding domains. CELL242 [1158279]: Grafting antimicrobial polymers on the surface of cellulose fibers via in situ polymerization Liying Qian , Yong Guan , Huining Xiao , Anna Zheng , and Beihai 1 He. (1) Key State Lab of Pulp & Paper Eng, South China University of Technology, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China, lyqian@scut.edu.cn, Phone: 86-20-87112607, (2) School of Material Sc & Eng, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China, (3) Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick/South China University of Technology, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada, hxiao@unb.ca, Phone: 506-453-3532 Grafting guanidine-based antimicrobial polymers onto cellulose fibers was performed via in-situ free-radical polymerization using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an initiator. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to visualize the morphology of the polymers grafted on the fiber surface. It was found that the grafted polymer tended to form fine grains (up to 200 nm) on fibers. The measurements of interaction forces between a colloid probe and the fiber samples using AFM also enabled us to identify the location of the grafts on the surfaces of cellulose fibers. The grafting polymerization conditions were optimized in an attempt to achieve high grafting efficiency. The cellulose fibres become antimicrobial after 0.5 - 1.0% (wt) guanidinebased polymers were grafted. The excellent antimicrobial activity (over 99% inhibition) toward E.coli was obtained. The AFM results also demonstrated that the antimicrobial mechanism is to destroy the membrane structure of the cells. CELL243 [1167649]: Modification of linerboard softwood kraft pulp with laccase and amino acids Suteera Witayakran and Arthur J. Ragauskas, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, suteera@gatech.edu, Phone: 404-680-9485 This paper demonstrates the potential of laccase-facilitated addition of amino acids to high lignin content pulps to improve their physical properties in paper products. Research studies have recently reported that increases in anionic fiber charge, especially surface charge, can improve strength properties of paper. In an effort to increase carboxylic acid groups, we developed a unique two-stage laccase grafting protocol in which fibers were initially treated with laccase followed grafting reactions with amino acids. The bulk and surface acid group content was measured, and the amino acid that provided the best yield of acid groups was used for the preparation of handsheets for physical strength testing. This presentation will summarize the results of the grafting chemistry as followed by NMR and AFM. The effects of optimizing laccase charge, substrate specificity of the amino acids, and their effects on fiber modification chemistry will be reviewed. CELL244 [1162130]: Imparting multifunctional properties to cotton fabrics: Surface modification and characterization Noureddine Abidi and Eric Hequet, International Textile Center and Dept. Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, 1001 East Loop 289, Lubbock, TX 79403, Fax: 806-747-3796, n.abidi@ttu.edu, Phone: 806-747-3790 Cotton fabric surface was successfully modified using the sol-gel process and microwave plasma. To impart antibacterial property, the fabric was padded with dodecanethiol-capped silver nanoparticles-doped sol, dried at 60C, and cured at 150C. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of a uniform and continuous layer on the fiber surface. The treated cotton fabric showed excellent antibacterial performances against Escherichia Coli. To impart ultraviolet radiation protection, cotton fabrics were padded with a titania nanosol solution, dried at 60oC, and cured at 150oC. Excellent ultraviolet radiation scattering was obtained. Increasing titanium content in the nanosol led to increased ultraviolet radiation protection. This is attributed to the increase of the refractive index of the film formed on the fabric surface. Excellent durability of the treatment to repeated home laundering was obtained, which could be attributed to the establishment of covalent linkages between the OH groups of the cellulose and OH groups of the titania alkoxydes network. Dodecanethiol-capped silver nanoparticles were also incorporated in the titania nanosol. The treated fabric exhibited excellent dual property: antibacterial and anti-ultraviolet radiation. Finally, to impart water repellency, cotton fabrics were successfully functionalized with vinyltrimethoxysilane using the sol-gel process and with vinyl laurate using microwave plasma technology.

CELL277 [1168630]: Effect of isolation conditions on the structure and material properties of barley arabinoxylans Anders Hije, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Biopolymer Technology, SE-Gteborg, Sweden, Fax: +772 3418, anders.hoije@chalmers.se, Phone: +772 3403, and Paul Gatenholm, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and Virginia Tech, Gteborg SE41296, Sweden Arabinoxylan has been extracted from barley husks and endosperm fiber using different methods and the chemical composition and detailed structure has been determined. Barley husk arabinoxylan was found to have longer branches with a terminal xylose unit on the arabinose, and also glucuronic acid substituents, as shown by NMR. Barley fiber arabinoxylan on the other hand had disubstituted xylose residues. The Ara/Xyl ratio was a lot higher in the fiber sample, 0.63 compared to 0.22 for the husk arabinoxylans. The extraction process has been scaled up to pilot scale with promising results. The focus when designing the isolation process has been mild conditions and minimal use of chemicals to preserve high molecular weight. Enzymes were used to degrade glucans and proteins, and the arabinoxylan was extracted by alkali. Films have been made by water casting and material and barrier properties of these have been evaluated. The isolated arabinoxylan formed films without addition of external plasticizer. The degree of arabinose substitution had a large effect on water holding capacity and plasticization of the material. The films were transparent, strong, rather stiff and moisture sensitive. They had good gas barrier properties, and thus have a potential application as biodegradable oxygen barrier films in multilayer food packaging. CELL278 [1166364]: Microbial lipid production with mixture sugar by Rhodotorula glutin Jianan Zhang, Green Chemistry and Technology Division, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Fax: 861062785475, zhangja@tsinghua.edu.cn, Phone: 861089796086, Hongjuan Liu, Green Chemistry and Technology Division, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, Jian Li, Department of Applied Chemistry, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China, and Jian Liu, Department of Applied Chemistry, Chang an University, Xi'an 710054, China With the increasingly serious problem of global energy shortage and environmental deterioration, developing a kind of new and renewable sources to replace fossil fuels is very important. Biodiesel is such a kind of renewable clean energy and it has great potential for development. Microbe lipid can provide cheap raw materials for biodiesel production. Rhodotorula glutin, as an oleaginous yeast, which can ferment both pentoses and hexoses derived from hemicellulosic hydrolysate simultaneously to synthesis. Microbial production of lipid by glucose Axylose and cofermentation of glucose and xylose with Rhodotorula glutin were investigated respectively. The cell growth was inhibited by xylose but not by glucose. When the total sugar concentration was less than 100 g/L, the cell growth was inhibited. However, it was not confined when xylose and glucose concentration was regulated as 2.5:1. The optimum initial glucose and xylose concentration in the culture media were 50g/L and 35g/L. With a higher kalium and lower natrium condition (potassium nitrate as nitrogen source), lipid accumulation was promoted. By using a novel fed-batch strategy, biomass and lipid content reached 16.8 g/L and 54.2%. The yeast also was strongly affected by dissolved oxygen. The optimal condition for the mixed sugar fermentation is 1vvm and 550rpm in 1L fermenter. The biomass reached 17.4 g/L and the lipid content was 40.5%. Key words: Rhodotorula glutin, lipid, glucose, xylose, fermentation CELL279 [1167141]: Isolation of hemicelluloses and lignin in high yield and purity from mild ball-milled Periploca sepium Feng Xu, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China, Qinghua North Road 35, Beijing 100083, China, Fax: +86-10-62338460, xfx315@163.com, Phone: +86-10-62338430, Runcang Sun, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China, Beijing 100083, China, JinXia Sun, College of Forestry, The North-Western Science and Technology University of Agriculture and Forestry, JinTai Road, Yangling 712100, China, src888@126.com, Phone: 0086-2987082214, and Meizhi Zhai, College of Forestry, The North-Western University of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Technology, Yangling 712100, China The sequential treatments of the mild ball-milled Periploca sepium with 80% aqueous dioxane containing 0.05 M HCl at 85C for 4 h, DMSO at 85C for 4 h, and 8% NaOH at 50C for 3 h resulted in a total release of over 85% of the original hemicelluloses and 86% of the original lignin. In particular, approximate 36% of the original hemicelluloses and 50% of the original lignin were obtained during the first mild acidolytic hydrolysis process after low intensity milling. The structure of the acidic dioxane-, DMSO-, and alkali-soluble hemicellulosic and lignin fractions were elucidated using wet chemical analysis, FT-IR, and solution-state 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR techniques. Results showed that both the mild ball milling and the mild acidolysis under the conditions given did not affect the isolated lignin macromolecular structure.It was found that the acidic dioxane-soluble hemicelluloses mainly contained more branched and less acidic arabinoxylans, and the 8% NaOH-soluble hemicellulosic fraction H3 was both less branched and less acidic in structure, whereas the DMSO-soluble hemicelluloses were more acidic but less branched and consisted mainly of 4-O-methylglucuronoarabinoxylan. Surface Modification and Properties of Cellulose-Based Materials: Adsorption of Polyelectrolytes CELL280 [1166892]: Adsorption of polyampholytes on silica and cellulose surfaces Junlong Song, Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, Fax: 919-515-6302, junlong.song@gmail.com, Phone: 919-889-9182, Orlando J. Rojas, Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, and Martin A. Hubbe, Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 Polyampholytes are charged macromolecules carrying both acidic and basic groups. Our previous research indicated that polyampholytes were able to provide superior strength properties in paper manufacture, compared to conventional polyelectrolytes used in the wet end. In this investigation we used Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) to unravel the adsorption behaviors of polyampholytes on charged surfaces (silica and cellulose surfaces). Adsorption amount and viscoelasticity (energy dissipation) of the adsorbed layers were measured for different conditions (pH, charge density balance, and concentration) on silica and cellulose surfaces. The results demonstrate that the extension of adsorption and conformation of the adsorbed species depend on a subtle balance of factors including charge properties of surfaces, charge density of polyampholytes and pH of the aqueous medium. CELL281 [1166749]: Polyelectrolyte diffusion into cellulose fibers: Tailoring the surface from the bulk Andrew T. Horvath, Paper Divison, Mondi Packaging Frantschach GmbH, Frantschach 5, St. Gertraud 9413, Austria, andrew.horvath@mondipackaging.com, Phone: +43-4352-530-500, A. Elisabet Horvath, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden, and Lars Wagberg, Fiber and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden Polyelectrolyte adsorption to cellulose is an entropic process that strives to release counterions bound to ionizable functional groups, which are typically dissociated carboxyl groups under normal papermaking conditions. Despite the porous nature of cellulose fibers and the presence of charged groups located throughout the fiber wall, the stiff molecular structure of cationic polyelectrolytes has traditionally been thought to limit adsorption. Thus, adsorption is often described as an equilibrium process. Fluorescent confocal microscopy has recently

Co-sponsored Contributions Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry Bioenergy and Carbohydrate Structure: Modeling and Experiment 292, Nanoscale characterization of plant cell-wall microfibril structure, Shi-You Ding 293, Cooperativity effect of hydrogen bonding interactions in native celluloses from ab initio calculations, Xianghong Qian 294, Thermal response in crystalline cellulose: A molecular dynamics study, Malin Bergenstrhle, Lars Berglund, Karim Mazeau 295, Simulation of assigned infrared spectra from molecular dynamics simulations, B. Lachele Foley, Robert J. Woods 296, A new era of carbohydrate modeling using cutting edge DFT methods, Udo Schnupf, J. L. Willett, Wayne B. Bosma, F. A. Momany 297, Structural characterization of the esterified wheat straw hemicelluloses induced by microwave irradiation, Feng Xu, Runcang Sun, Bai Peng 298, Substrate distortion in -glycoside hydrolases: Insights from firstprinciples simulations, Xevi Biarns, Albert Ardvol, Alessandro Laio, Michele Parrinello, Antoni Planas, Carme Rovira
299, Efficient electron density functionals and basis sets for carbohydrates, Gabor I. Csonka, Alfred D. French, Glenn P. Johnson 300, Conformational landscapes of polysaccharides and glycopeptides: Spectroscopy and modeling of the building blocks, Timothy D. Vaden, Emilio C. Cocinero, E Cristina Stanca-Kaposta, David P. Gamblin, Eoin Scanlan, Lavina C. Snoek, Benjamin G. Davis, John P. Simons 301, New correlations between NMR J-couplings and saccharide structure and function, Anthony S. Serianni 302, Modeling the properties of cellulose microfibrils, Tongye Shen, Alfred D. French, Paul Langan, Gnana Gnanakaran 303, Quantum chemical study on changes in structure and chemistry of lignin with energy, Thomas Elder 304, Automated docking shows that Asp463 is the catalytic proton donor in human endoplasmic reticulum -1,2-mannosidase I, David Cantu, Wim Nerinckx, Peter J. Reilly 305, Conformation of the five-membered ring in 3,6-anhydrogalactose derivatives, Carlos A. Stortz, Diego A. Navarro 306, Molecular dynamics in glassy methyl -L-rhamnopyranoside and trehalose studied by solid-state NMR experiments in natural isotopic abundance, Detlef Reichert, Nicole Hunter, Michael Kovermann, Christiane Forst, Peter Belton 307, Oxidative footprinting with mass spectrometry and molecular modeling as methods for studying carbohydrate-protein interactions, Olga Charvatova, B. Lachele Foley, Marshall Bern, Joshua Sharp, Ron Orlando, Robert Woods 309, Preparation and evaluation of chitosan sulfate-based proton exchange membranes for fuel cells, Zheng Cui, Yan Xiang, Tao Zhang 310, Using replica exchange molecular dynamics to describe the free energy of disaccharide conformation change in vacuum and solution, R. Kramer Campen, Ana Vila Verde 311, Computational analysis of the structure and dynamics of alginate oligosaccharides, Richard A Bryce 312, Molecular dynamics simulation studies of cellulose crystal models: Structure conversion upon swelling and adsorption behavior of a cellulose binding protein at the crystal surface, Toshifumi Yui, Takayuki Arikawa, Sachio Hayashi 313,Stability of two-fold screw axis structures for cellulose, Alfred D. French, Glenn P. Johnson 314, GLYCAM06, a generalizable biomolecular force field: Carbohydrates, lipids, lipid bilayers and glycolipids, Austin B. Yongye, Matthew B. Tessier, Karl Kirschner, Sarah M Tschampel, Jorge Gonzalez-Outeirino, Charlisa R. Daniels, B. Lachele Foley, Robert J. Woods Division of Colloid & Surface Chemistry Surfactants from Renewable Resources 315, pH dependence of adsorption of alkyl maltoside on solids, Shaohua Lu, Ponisseril Somasundaran, Jun Wu 316, Adsorbed polymer-surfactant layer structure probed using atomic force microscopy, Emily Meyer, Nick Ainger, Neil Shaw, Raymond Dagastine 317, Alkylpolyglycoside Based ionic surfactants, Shamim A. Momin, Adinath M. Ware 318, Betaine ester surfactants, Krister Holmberg, Dan Lundberg 319, Novel nanocomposites of hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine), sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecyl maltoside, Robert Meszaros, Amalia Mezei 320, Lignins: Renewable surface-active polymers, Orlando J. Rojas, Johnny Bullon, F. Ysambertt, Jean L. Salager 321, Extended surfactants : A friendly way to solubilize natural oils, Jean L. Salager, Ana Forgiarini, Cesar Scorzza 322, Microemusion glass templates for nanomaterials synthesis, Hiteshkumar R. Dave, Carlos C. Co, Chia-Chi Ho 323, Natural surfactants in paper recycling, Kelley L Spence, Orlando J. Rojas, Richard A. Venditti, Justin Zoppe 324, Phase behavior, microstructure, and rheology of aqueous mixtures of the sugar based n-dodecyl--d-glucoside and anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactants, Travis Hodgdon, Hidehiro Nagasawa, Eric Kaler 325, Studies in Biosurfactants : Sophorolipids, Shamim A. Momin, Asmita A. Prabhune, Bhushan P. Sonchal, Sachin Shah, Shrinivas C. Kothekar