[XIII]. Selected kana. A).

<{{, ({ ~ < (ku).

< =~(ku).
1. ~(dive)(IJ/): m~(~~) )L~Jv. kuguru(~ ~"Jv).
2. fl(send): B3~3::~6(JR)m-~~ < (~) B3~rB~ IL ~JV. okuru(;t ~ Jv). ~. 3. M(stalk)( IJ I): <<<~ < (~) M~ +t- ~~. kuki( ~ ~). 4. M(trunk)( IJ I): <<<~:: M~ +t- ~~. miki(:: ~). ~. 5. *~~(garrote)(1J/2=): *~-(~~) t-llIl-IL-Jv. kukuru(~ ~ Jv). bind. ~, 13. a part of compound word, kubi-kukuru (garrote). 6. **(reel)( IJ I):
=*-<<<- < (~) B3-rB~ IL _JV.

kuru( ~ Jv).

7. ml(year-end)( IJ I): m----+<~
< (~) m(low It)~ V. kure( ~

V). i'F.

8. ~(wheel. XVII-45)-W~~~~: ,~~<<<- < (~) ~~~ IL ~Jv
~-,~-ma(KR). kuruma( ~ Jv?). cart. ~.
9.1~(black)(IJ/): <<<~

< (~) B3_P_D.

kuro(~
D). 1*. iku( --1 ~). go. fT.
lo.1oo(WJfT)(sneak): (WJ. secretly)

1---1m--- < (~).

'.t=T(A).
11.100(WJfT)(sneak): (WJ. secretly) m~yu(KR) < (~). yuku(.l ~). go. iT.
B). '.t-sun(JR). '.t(cursive)=T(su).
mura (J. village. ;f1)--t. cf. 16(H) below.
1. H(village): -t~-~(A) *Ctree)-ki(J). suki(:Z ~).
2. SH1I(name of river): S-haku(JR) H--t~T(:Z) *Ctree)-ki(J) {I-I. Hakusukie(F' 3.

;t1~(village ~

:z ~ I).

;tt:t.

chief): -t-T(:Z)
~~P-gu(KR) se~ I). suguri(:Z~" I)).
4. ~~(noble king): ~--t-T(:Z) /\_/'<C-+;< ~~:3T~JT-'7
::E.-=~:: ::E.~::::1 +~ ~.
sumeramikoto(:Z;< '7 :: ::::1 ~). king. :R~.

~mikoto. nobilit'j. ~,

5. ~.(nobility): ~~-t-T(;Z) /\~/,+--+;< ~-:3T-JT~'7.-$~~. sumeragi(;Z ;< '7 ::\} king. :R~. 6.1JTt(bowdown): ffl-11~fu(JR) -t-T(:z). fusu(7 :Z). lie prostrate.
7. Q(roll): B3_P~::::1 D Ef3-iillb(KR) -t~T(;Z). korogasu(::::1 D IJ":Z).
8. Qm(roll)CI)~-X-? B _P_D ~~Ef3-iillb(KR) -t~T(;Z). marogasu(? D IJ":Z). Q.
9. fjHi(roll)CIJ~~X~? B ~ rJ~ 0 EB~ B (sun)~hre(K) Ej3~ID!b(KR)

-t~T(;Z).

marobakasu(?O/'::7JA). Q.
10. Qfi(roll)CIJ~~X~? B ~ rJ ~ 0 EB~ B (sun)~hre(K) -t~T(;Z). marobasu(? 0 /-{;Z). Q. 11. Jllil:(comfort): Nf,f~7J'~/J\~/\(8)~ya(J) -t~sun(JR) ~~ji(JR) I~\~JV. yasuniiru( f ;Z./ :; JV). in peace.
. -t: shorthand of t-f(village)~mura(J).4o
12. 8(attendant~warrior): ~~sa(KR) -t ~*f(vil1age)~mura(J) 1~~ 1. samurai(-tt L 13. it(bush): -t+=1j'[~ B ~ rJ ~gu(KR)

-t+ ~-tt

)~saburai.

m+-+b.

Nf,f~-t~*1(village)~mura(J).
kusamura(.IJ -tt L 7). bush. it. 14. i1H1~(condole): 9j~ ~ -t~ti(village)~mura(D 7J'~=(2)~i(KR). tomurai(

7 1). 9j.

15. 9j(condole): 9j~ ~.:E~.:t: ~~7(karasu).:E~=(2)~i(KR). tomorai( ~.:t: 71). 16. ~(village): r'~rilun(KR) g~ryeo(KR)~ra. mura(L 7). *1.
C). ii(cursive)= Q (ru)=Jv.
v (re): left lower corner of;:&,.lj, a, R, !i, iSR.
1. ~fll(clog, stay)(21): J]~do(KR) EB~+~ ~ rJ~:J B (sun)~ho(J)

fll~ Q (Jv).

todokoru( ~ F:J;t Jv). ~.

B : ho.

2. fll(stop): J]~do(KR) b.~/'+-+Jf fll~Q(Jv). tomeru( ~ Jf Jv). 11::, fll,
3. ?m(accumulate): EB(farm)~ta(J) fll~b.~/'+-+Jf fll~Q(Jv). tameru(3? Jf Jv).

29. ~(scour): 4V~yo(KR) m~+~T m~lf~7 m~LIJ~IL~Jv. yonageru( '3 T 7" Jv )~yonagu. 30. _(lift up with both hands): *~=~sam(KR) ~sa(KR) *~4~lf~7

4~/L~Jv.

sasageru(-lf-lf7"Jv). offer, present.
31. E(tell): E~(soil)~tsuchi(J) 4~lf~7 4~il~Jv. tsugeru(''J 7"Jv). 32. E(tell): E~(soil)~tsuchi(J) r:J ~gu(KR). tsugu(''J 1} Homo. C(second): 1t~chu(KR) EE ~ r:J ~gu(KR). tsugu(''J 1} -;f;z, 2.
fukeru( Jv). grow old. ~. 34. m(break): ::E~~ l-.:. +~~b(KR) 1t~lf~7 E~IL~Jv. hishigeru( l-.:. ~ 7"Jv)~hishigu. crush, smash. 35. =(hair)( iJ /)(XVII-86)+-'DtlL: *~lf~7. ke( 7). 36. ~(cataract): (eye)~ma(J) ~~lf~7. make(? 7). pq~!ItN:. 37. Ji:(souvenir)(2/): Ji:~~~=~ 2. Ji:~'lL~ '/ ~/"~/\(8)~ya(J)

~ ~lf~7.

miyage( 2. f 7'} present.
38. iIVc(broken): m~T~gf!n lf~7 m~LIJ~IL~Jv. kakeru(iJ 7 JV)~kaku, kake. 39. iIVc(fragment): m~T~gf!n lf~7 ~~7(~7. kakera(h 7 7). 40. fi(moss)( iJ /): m~ r:J ~:J m~lf~7. *koke(:J 7).

'xJ=1.

41. ~(scale)( iJ /): jr,~ r:J ~:J jr,~lf~7 jr,=~~7(~ 7. kokera(:J 77), *koke(:J 7). 42. (continue): :5t;~(soil)~tsuchi(J) ~~~~A 4~lf~7

J[~ JV.

tsuzukeru(''J 'A' 7 Jv).
43. (continue): :5t;~(soil)~tsuchi(J) ~~~~A ~ r:J ~gu(KR). tsuzuku(' 'J :::( 1 ). 165
44. ~(scorch)(:iJ I): I~::::J ~~'1~~7" E~ IL ~)v. kogeru(::::J 7')v). 45. ~(scorch): :::E~I~::::J =f~@n im(karasu). kogasu(::::J :iJ";Z). 46. iW?(steep): JT~7" ffI~:::E~wang(KR) ffI-+T~~b(KR) :::E~=(2)~i(KR). kewashii( 7" 'J /1). ~~. 47. M(caterpillar): JT~7" S(worm)~mushi(J). kemushi( 7" L /). =BS. 48. J/:(avoid): ffI~~sa(KR) JT~7" Jil,-+/v. sakeru(-1f 7" )v). ~. 49. J/:(avoid): ffI~:::E~ '3 JT~7" Jil,-+)v. yokeru( '37" )v). ~. 50. Jx(lament):

A ~ --j- 'X -+ 7"

fJ ~gu(KR). nageku( --j- 7' :7).

PJ!!;.

51. fr&Z.(raise)(:iJ 12=):

'X ~ 7 'X ~7"

~(above F')-+ l1::~ IL ~/v. ageru(7 7' /v).
52. f.\rF(pickled fish): ffI-+_(soil)~tsuchi(J) 1=~7" m(fish)~uo(J). tsukeuo('/7" r] 7t).

~tsukeru(to pickle).

53. ~(sodomy)(~fFy):30 ~~:iJ {'F~1=-+7- :V(female)~ma(K). kaQ:ema(:iJ 7'?). ~ rs~. 54. S1'(yesterday morning)(Ant): S1'~/F-+7" ~~~)<~4~sa(KR). kesa( 7- -+T). this morning. ~lfi,ft

T -1). 2:1,

17. ~(watch-tower): *~/\(8)~ya(J) j!,~~ j!,=~~7C~7. ~(-\" ~"'7). 18. f;t,~(gill)(iJ I): EB~.I. j!,=~~7C~7. era(.I. 7). 19. ~(arrow-head): ~~T~~n *~7C~7 7. kabura(iJ 7"7). ~. 20. mil(standstill): tJ)~A~tai(JR) W~J~~/"~J" jI)~7C~7 7.

tamerau(~ J" 7

rJ). hesitate. !Ri.
21. ~jI)(abandon)(2/iJ I): jI)~7C~ 7 f rz:g~Jv. futeru(7 f JV). ~. 22. ~(bring)(2=): ~mog(KR) 7C~A~tai(JR) 7C~7 A. modarasu(-l: ~ 7 A).
Q). ~ (radical form of :/]()- ~.
1 (=7.1\. water) in CC was read as shi(~) or ji(S/) in making Yamato-kotoba.
2. 3(: awashi(XIV-I-8). 4. ~: isagiyoshi(XIII-F-4). 6.
1. ~?JlU: arakajime(XIV-G-14). 3. S.
m'i: watashi(VIII-FI-29).
mJE: usabarashi(VII-E-S-a). 7. 1i: oshi(XIV-C-2. cf. VII-E-36).
9. ~: kiyoshi(III-B-73). 11. #(: kejime(VIII-A-39). 13. $1f: shioki(XIII-F-ll). IS. ?I~: shioru(XV-K-3). 17. fI&j: shizuku(XII-J-4). 19. i~~F3: shitataru(VI-A-S). 21.
m: ushio(XII-K-S6). 8. 1Jl: kishi(XIV-A-6).

Vt: kohiji(III-B-22).

10. i@: kushi(XVII-76). 12.
14. ~~: shioshio(XII-J-16).
16. m~: shikiri(XIII-I-14).

18. 20.

$foo: shitaku(VIII-F2-9).

shitamu(lX-J-9).

m: shitari(VI-A-6).
ffi: shinotake(XII-J-22).
22. $'{5fQ: shitoyaka(XIV-0-4 7). 24. ~: shinogu(III-A-22).
26. ~i*: shibuki(VII-E-47-c).
23.19.: shinu(III-A-21). 25. 27.

shibui(XII-J-23).

28. miJ(miJli4>f~): shibomu(XI!-J-18).
29. ~7.K: shimizu(XII-J-19).
30. i~: shimesu(VIII-A-4S).
31. Y'[$'{: shimeyaka(VII-E-lS).
33. i[l!I: hanashiru(XI-A-3). 3S.

m: shonbori(XII-J-21).

34. ~i*: tobashiru(VII-E-47-b).
36. ~: hageshii(XIII-G-I0). 38. ~: hishi(III-C-70). 40. 42.

&: nanji(XII-J-20).

?'J'i'itlf: hishi(VII-C2-66).
37. ~~: hashi(VII-Cl-S). 39.

Vt: hiji(III-B-21).

rril: hiroshi(lII-B-44).
41. ~il: hishimeku(VII-C3-28).
3Hi*: hotobashiru(VII-E-47-a).
44. ~i*: honogurashi(XIV-N-17).
In 7 above, the left side ofr(disease) was approximated to 1 (=7.1\. water). R). 7C: '7,.::., 7,

'7, Jv.

1. ~~(temple)(2/7J/): ~-~-5C-T 7. tera(T 7). ~. 2. ~~J:(illuminate)C0J:-J!-5C-T 7 ~~-J\\\(karasu). terasu(T 7 7.). ~. cf. The supreme Shinto deity is Amaterasu(:;R~~). 174
3. !\;I],(come out)(2/7'J I): ;1],- J.!-7G---.d: )v. deru(T")v). !\.
4. ~(heat): '1\\=j(fire)-ho(J) ~-7G-T )v. hoteru(;i\

)v). j(~~,~.

5. :5t(ancient): 7G-7 )v 7G-=(2)-i(KR). furui(7 )v1). old.

'&-~-7. mitegura( ~

T 1"7). iM.

.I. T").

9. tJJ(maple): 58.- B (day)-ka(J) B (m)_.I. $ -T -tei. kaede( iJ 10. ;ff(lever): T-T -tei *(tree)-ko(J). teko(T::J). ;JJ!-=f. 11. Jm(meal): cF-T-gfln +-sib(.R) :t-wang(.R) T-T -tei. kashiwade( iJ

'7 T"). chef.

12. iff(armlet): 4ii:-kon(JR) T-T -tei. *kote(::J T). gauntlet. il'f-.
13. ~(trowel): 4ii:-kon(JR) T-T -tei. *kote(::J T).
14. ~(centipede): J;;;-A 58.-$-T-gfln T -tei. mukade( A iJ T"). B JE. 15. iiOO(ability)C/Jffi-r-u(KR) T -tei f3Z:-X-'7 Jt-.I. udemae( rJ T" '7.I. ). skill. JJB tr. 16. ~ili(sewing)(2/): *~shi(JR) $-:)(.- ~

-=F-- T -tei.

shitate( ~ ~ T). tailoring.

ft:tz:.

17. ~~~(separation, space): B (sun)-hre(K) }j (moon)-dal(K) ~- T -tei. hedate(""'- ~" T). ~. 18. IN(most):50 JfX-X-A B (sun)-hre(K) IN-T -tei. subete(A -'" T). wholly, all. *~,~,

cf. XVII-52.

19.1ii(gravel): JfX-chwi(KR) X-7 IN-T -tei. tsubute(,1 7"T). ~1Jt. 20. Ii(tumor, boil): 1t-:t-T -tei 1t-:\- : t - t 1t-{- /. 180
dekimono(T" ~ -t: /). 21.1f(law): *-+::t-+1='-+6(JR)-r-+~ ~f:-+T -+tei. okite(;t ~ T). 22. r~(imperial seal): :=G:-+:=E-6(JR) m-4x-4-shi(JR)

t\ *t?o.

tIE. tfl3 =F.

zp.- T -tei.

oshide(;t / T} handprint, seal. 23. ~(surface, face): :=E-o(JR) :=E--t:

T -tel. omote(;t -t: T).

24. tICrake): *(tree)-ku(J) (eye)-ma(J) 1E-:=E-+ T -tei. kumade(;7 ?T} ~~=F. 25. !1~(shield): EE(farm)-ta(J) :=E-T -tel. *tate(j< T). *:ku.
26. t~(width)(Ant): ~-EE(farm)-+ta(J) :=E-+T -tei. *tate(j< T). length. {(r){:. 27. J~(plan): EE-I=l-gu(KR) :=E-wang(KR) EE (farm)-ta(J) :=E-+ T -+teL kuwadate(;7 r; j<" T). :1':. 28.

~(screen):

ffl-:=E-(soil)-tsuchi(J) =(2)-+i(KR) EE(farm)-ta(J) :=E-+ T -+tei. tsuitateCY 1 j< T).

iJJ:V:.

29. f!irlChappy): llJ(mountajn)-+ma:(~. K)-+me :=E-+ T -+tei ffit-dan(KR) rm-i(KR). medetai(;Z T" j< 1). 30. ~(eminence): ~--+J:(above)-+u(K) ~-:=E- T -+tei +-+T. utena( n T / -l-

7K:ku.

29. J1l(cheat): ffit-+ (eye)-+ma(J) /\(8)-+ya(J) ffit-+ka ~-+;7.,. mayakasu(?f iJ ;7.,). 30. J1l(imitation): {l-+-1 = A-+nin(JR) ffit-+ -+=(3)-+se(K). nise(.:::. -1:::). 31.(consume): ~-+(soil)-+tsuchi(J) =(2)-+i(KR) ffit-+/~(8)-+ya(J)

~-+;7.,.

tsuiyasuC/' -1 f ;7.,).
32. J1I(letter): ff-+ T-+ T -+tei(JR) ffit-+ka -+--+ 2. tegami(f iJ" 2.). ~*~. 33. I(sidelong glance): 123(4)-+na(K) ffit-+ka T-+sib(KR) (eye)-+me(J). nagashime(T iJ"~ ;J). 34. Jlt(smooth): A =~-+pq-+*-+T ffit-+ (eye)-+me(J) ~-+:;7 ffit-+ka. nameraka(T;J :;7 iJ). r1t. 35. mi(forehead): ~-+Jz-+X-+.x ffit-+ka. nuka(.x iJ). 36. J'il~(temporary burial): ~ -+ -+mog(KR) ffit -+ka ~-+:f-t-+ I). mogari( -=c iJ" I). J'il. 37. Ii! (polite): EB-+.::r:-+6(JR) EB(farm)-+ta(J) ffit-+A(8)-+ya(J) ffit-+ka. odayaka(:;t }?" f iJ). quiet. 38. i1i~J&(calamity)(21): J&-+)z:=.R-+X-+? ffit-+ka. maga(? iJ} bad. 39. ~;g(wealth): ffit-+ (eye)-+ma(J) ffit-+ka 1'f(lt side)-+T -1.

BB, i1if,\L

makanai(? f; T 1 )-makanau. fix, arrange. 40. ~fl(bribe): R- a (eye)-ma(J) i3(lt)-1 T 7. mainau(? 1 T rJ). 41. a. JJ.Jr(reality): JJ.- a (eye)-me(J)-ma ::E-_(3)_sam(KR) Jr- Ra (eye)-ma a -=-sam(KR). mazamaza(?-lf'?'"if} vividly. b. JJ.Jr(reality): a (eye)-ma ::E-=(3)-sam(KR) R-ka. masaka(?-+J f;). c. JJ.Jr(reality): ::E- '3 a -mog(KR) R-/'-/\(S) -ya(JR). yomoya( '3 -t f). The above two words are synonyms, used with negative words to mean "cannot be." 42.1tZ(poor): R-a(eye)-ma9.-A L-shi(JR). mazushi(?;(/,). ~. 43. ~z(poor): ffit- a-rna n-do(KR) L-shi(JR). madoshi(? F /'). ~. 44. Jt(guest): a (eye)-ma(J) 9.-7 --rJ T- ~. maraudo(?7 rJ F). 45. j1t(guest): a (eye)-ma(J) - - rJ T 46. JJ:(guest): a -mog(KR) - - rJ T ~. mauto(? rJ ~).

~. mouto( -t rJ 1,).

a+--+e.

:g. :g.

47. 6&~J:(sort)(2/): ~- R-ka 9.-7. gara( f;"7). quality. tP'i. 4S. 6&~J:(sort)(2/): *-T-~b(KR) )(-7c-T. shina( /' T). quality. 6&. 49. ~~(tDIID)(short face): a - - - 2 15-'+-1- R(clam)-kai(J) [j(face)-kao(J). mijikai-kao. -mijikai(

;/ f; 1). short. ;Ji.

50. :s:K:JIDl:(wish): :s:K:-)j<-)(-4-ne(K) R(clam)-kai(J). negai(* f;"1). JIDl:. 51. [~(chin): g-otodo(7cI:2:)* ~-R(clam)-kai(J). otokai(;t ~ f; 1). *7cg(otodo): minister of government (VII-Al-4S). 52. 3J'1(small): IJ'(small)-ko(J) (eye)-ma(J) R(clam)-kai(J). komakai(:3? f; 1). *ffl. 53. ;fjl(small)(Ant): ::E-o(JR) a (eye)-ma(J) ffit(clam)-ka(J). omaka(;t ;t? f;). gross. 54. 3t~fm(side-frame of wagon): R-ka a (eye)-ma(J) 1fl:-(soil)-tsuchi(J). kamachi(f; ?1-). fm. 55.

r~(annoy):

j(-hwa(KR) 9.-A 7 7. wazurauC7 :;{7 rJ). worried.
56. ?}J)(,IiIl(often): fr-shi(JR) ffit _/ '. shiha x 2. shibahiba( /' r:; /' r~). ~,~. H). r-'-7-:ti:(cursive)=i.b(a).

Kana rJ (u) was made from - of 'j:::(u); hiragana &) (a) is the cursive form of ~ (an), which is also crowned with
More often r~' from CC other than 'fZ (an) was used as f!(7) in the making of words; like any other f!(7), used only at the beginning of words. L ~(open): ",-,(~=tb )---a ~~ku(JR). aku(7;7).
2. *(trash): ~~r~'('fZ=tb)~a ~~j:;~;7;!J. akuta(7;7 ;!J). fro
3. '98(as if): ~('fZ=t':J)~a /y~;!J 9B(4 th stroke)~;'J(karasu) JB~L~-=t:(XIV-L).
atakamo(7 ;!J ;'J -=t:). 4. ~~(discoJor): ?i]*~~('fZ=tb )~a /Y~seki(JR) JB~ )L~Jl.-. *aseru(7 -c Jv). 1~.
5. freeburn): 0t---~('fZ=tb )~a /y ---seki(JR) Y'B~ )L~Jv. *aseru(7 -c Jv). impatient. ~.
6. ~(hit):r-'--,('fZ=tb )---a 7:------+ J\:------+tai(JR) )L~Jv. ataru(7;!J Jv). 7.1JcCwash): 'jC~r~'('fZ=tb)~a 5G(left)---'51 7. arau(7'51 rJ). 15'c. 8. ijj(broth): m---r~'('fZ=tb )~a m~chu(KR) ::E----=t: tt~
atsumono(7 ''J -=t: /). soup. . 9. ~(hollow): 1\: ~rJ~C~=tb )~arfiJ~pq~A~1-. ana(71-). cave.1\:. 1O. h~(rib): ~~~('fZ=tb )---a ::F~ :1 ~/, fj~(Iow Ieft)------+ 7. abara(7 /{ 7). RD. 11. 37~Jj(large sum)(2/): ::g---~(~=tb )---a

5z ~ Y.~? 5z ~;!J.

amata(7?;!J). plenty.
12. 7~(rough): ~(~=tb )---a 5G(left)~ 7 =(2)~i(KR). arai(7'51 1).
cf. kasumetoru(XIII-N-7). 13. 'jC(perfect): r~~('fZ=tb )~a 5G(left)---'51 5G(cursive)---.l )L~JV. arayuru(7

7.l Jv). all.

14. ~}t~(redeem)C0~ ---~('fZ=tb )~a ~ ~.R(c1am)~kai(J) [[[1---~(4)---na(K)
.R~ 7. aganau(7 ;'J"1- rJ). buy, redeem. ~.
15. f2:(dangerous)=~'fZCIJ~=tb---a Y---yeo(K.R)---ya /f~ 71. ayaui(7 -\> rJ 1).
J 6. ~M30(grateful)(2/): M---"'-'('R=tb )~a )L~Jv f;f.IIJ(from popular form of M)~
Ej3~&!b(KR) EE(farm)~ta(J)+~gb(KR). arukatasi:
aru(:f3) katashi(ft). :f3ft~arigatashi---arigatai(7 I) ;'J";!J 1). :ffft. 17. ~M30(grateful)C0*I~(from popular form ofM)~Ej3~&!b(KR) EE(farm)------+
ta(J)i-'~gb(JR) *(tree)~ke(J) ~~ *~1- {}~gm(KR).
katajikenashi------+katajikenai(;'J ;!J /" 71-1). ~. 188

~~(name

ofplace)(7'J I):

~=~-?a ~-?+t--?~.

~). ~~.

19. nl;M(secluded)(1/):

,-L--,(~=~ )-?a ~-?b-?sa(KR) jJ-?T
azanau(7 -lfT 0). twine. ;M.
20.IA(~E.=-~~-m)(coquette)-?~=-~: ,-L--,(~=~)-?a Sl-?83-?den(JR)

,+-+/. tsubame(''J/~/).

4. JT\.(nail): JT\="'--+/'+-+'/(+, )--+''J /'+-+/. tsume(''J /). 5. !lt~(Iocust): ,,\--+/,+-+ '/(+, )--+''J ~--+::k--+tai(JR). battae~23<). m~j. 6. ax/mutter): 5r(middle)--+ '/ (+ \ )--+ ''J 5r(upper It)--+ 7
L--+/'--+J\(8)--+ya(J) I.J --+gu(KR). tsubuyaku(''J

7".J,;: :1).

7. '~~(formerly)(2'=): '~--+B(day)--+ka(J) '~--+,/(+ '\ )--+''J ~--+5E--+T.
./-, -) 1 mtsute ( /~ ''J T.

Ii".'

Ff, 1IDls.
JE (jog KR)--+tsuku, zuku, wid.
ef. The chi (1-) and tsu (''J) in Chapter IV -B.
jQ(K)--+ts1!( ''J), z1!( ;(}
1. ~t(squat): JE-jog(KR)-tsuku
w-/\-/, ]Z:l.'i-=(2)-i(KR). tsukubai(,/' -1/" -1).
2. ~i:t(fussy): ~- D _:J :zt-::E-_(3)-se(K) JE-jog(KR)-tsuku. kosetsuku( :J -t '/' -1). 3. ~t(crouch): lI::.-J:(above)-u(K) JE-jogKR)-zuku lI::.(stop)-mal-da(K). uzukumaru(rJ ;( -1"7 )v). 4. ~(stumble): ~ -1'r -mg(KR) E1 (eye)-ma(J) JE-jog(KR)-zuku. tsumazuku( '/' "7 ;( -1). 5. ~Jf(red bean): JE-JE-a(KR) JE-jog(KR)-zuki. azuki(77:A-). Ij\.TI'. JE-jQg(KR)-ts!!ku, z!!ku, z!!ki. This o-u change started withjQ(KR)-tsu('/')_ L). L--1::(mo). L- v (re). The last stroke of -t: is similar to L.
Kana re(v) was made from L part offL(rei. JR).

jo(K)-tsu( '/').

L ES(eddy): B -
J' ES-L--t: ES-x. tomoe( ~ -t: X).
2. 7(!,(child): 8(from rt and It)_:J ~ JL-L--t:. kotomo(:J ~ -t:. XIX-Jl). T{t!;,/j\{t!;.
T, 7(!,(child): kO(:J ).* child.
Ij\(small): kO(:J -).* prefix.
3. ~m(struggle): -E-L--t: ~-71(karasu) D-gu(KR). mogaku( -t: 71" -1).

cf. agaku(XII-A-3).

4. ffi(blister, smallpox): -E-L--t: ~-71(karasu) E-sa(KR). mogasa( -t: 71"--Jt). m~, 7:~m. 5. ~JG(newt): 7G-=(2)-i(KR)jL-L--t: 6. flj(burn):

~-JC-L--t:

S-9=J- I). imori( -1 -t:
_x )L-)v. moeru(-t: Xlv).
7. %:(as if): r-'-7-32=cb(a) :9B-?< :9B(4 th stroke)-71 (karasu) :9B-L--t:.
atakamo(7 ?< 71 -t:). 8. Jt(borrow)(Ant): tlt-L--t: ~-'7 7. morau(-t: '7 rJ). be given. 9. i1:(confine):

~_D_:J

D-L--t:

~(lower

part)- JL-)v. komoru(:J -t: )v).
10. ~(wig): m-71(karasu) m-L--t: :f0-L-shi(JR). kamoji(71 -t: S/). 11. ~~(brew): ~-t=j-71(karasu) ]Z:l.'i-JL-L--t: X-A. kamosu(71 -t: A). 12. ~(gull): 1~-71 (karasu) JL-L--t: X-;<. kamome( 71 -t: ;<). ~~. 13. R(haze): ~-~-L--t: 14J-A-J~(8)-ya(J). moya( -t: ""I). 14. ~(dried fish):

n- L- c

L-L--t: 17- /. himono( c -t: /). =f~fzJ.
15. ::t~(most): ::t-L-t ~-B3-+- 1, :::E-t. mottomo(tz ~ t). J1i,::t. 16. A~(coffin room): ~-G-L-t G_::J ~-~-L-shi(JR).

mokoshi( t ::J /). A.

17. t;J~(peach): *-mog(KR) ~~-)L-L-t. *momo(t t). 18. ~~H~(thigh)(2=):

Jt- !::::'-L-t

)Z'-JL-L-t. *momo(t t). H~.
19. Ef(hundred. XVII-56)+-,~fu: ,~-:::E-ttJ1-L-t. *momo(t t).
20. ~(very): + - ~ 7G-T 1Z1-)L-L-t. totemo( ~ T t).

cf. XI-A-6(~).

21. ffi5(dotage): ~(aged)----+oi(J) :/J----+h6(JR) =B-L- v. oibore(:T l' 22. ~{}(witty mind): ~-sha(JR) {}-L----+ v. share( / 23. t1B(village)(h/): *----+7 B-L-v. fure(7 v). M). Jfqtree)----+muk(AC)-mu.

*' v).

v). stylish, witty.

H, HES.

1. ~~~(gather)(2/): ~-1' :::E-wang(KR) *-mu. iwamu( l' '} L). ~k
2. ~~~(conect)(2=): X----+'? ~-chu(KR) *-mu. matsumu('?'/ L). ~. 3. '1fl3,*(flavor): f1f----+:::E----+o(JR) :::E----+t ,*-*----+mu *----+~. omomuki(:T t L ~). J6!1k. 4. mJ(proceed): *-:T *-mog(KR) *-mu D----+gu(KR). omomuku(:T -t: L /'). go. 5. Jm:(pass): 11:.----+ ~ -*-*-+-7- *-mu. tonamu( ~ 7- L). go around (asking questions). 6. i'*(sandalwood): *----+mu

g ----+ D -gu(KR).

muku( L /').
7. *IliJt(chief carpenter): *----+mu I-ku(JR) liJt(chief)----+kami(J).

mukunokami( L /' L f;

N). *Ctree)----+ku(J).
The customary Japanese(~IIUl) for *(tree) is ki, ke and ko. The * was read as ku in making many Yamato-kotoba.
1. ~(bush warbler): -*----+*_7 -u(ht) *-ku T----+1' ""-su(karasu).
uguisu('; /'" l' A). 2. t-*(fodder): *----+mal(KR) *----+ku -sa(KR). magusa('? 1"-Jt). ,~1i. 3. ~(work): *-ga(KR) -*-T-sen(JR) *-ku. kasegu( h k 1} 4. ti;(stake): *-ku -t-ig(KR). *kui( /' 1'). ttL. 5. i'*(tree stump): *-ku *-*-=(2)-i(KR). *kui(/' 1').
6. *~(gatepost): *~ku 3F~=~sam(KR) 3F~bi(KR). kusabi(:; -tt 1:::'). wedge. t~. 7.1Jt(comb): *~ku b~shi(JR). kushi(:; /). ~IL 8. t-1t(to comb): b~su(C) *~ku. SUkU(A :;).

9. ~(strike):30 *~ku

:r ==F~su(KR) S~ I.J ~gu(KR)

B (m)~ IL ~JV.

kusuguru(:; A :;"Jv). tickle. ~.39 10. tw~(cleaning)(2/): ~~~~/, *~ku. hakue' :;). sweep. tw. 11. T7]~(decay)(2=): *~ku #~~('. 3cm)~chi(K). kuchi(:; +). 12. T7] ~(decay)(2=): *~ku ~ (flesh)~sal(K). kusaru(:; -tt Jv). 13. tl(a variety of oak): *~ku *:5K~;'A~4~ne(K) *(tree)~ki(J). kuneki(:; :f.

;.ln~kunugi(:;

5Z :?>f}

cf. XIV -E-2(kinuta).

14.1t-Ccherrytree): ~_~sam(KR) *~ku ~~7. sakura(-tt:; 7). 15. _Cbend): *~-t~T 3F~bi(KR) *~ku. nabiku(T1:::"::7). flutter, wave. 16. iW1JCfishy)(2=): }j =~~pg~::k~T ll:(stop)~mal-da(K) *~ku

~~sai(JR). namagusai(T?

:;"-tt 1). ,11=.*.
17. J;{i(dusky): J;~hon(KR) *~ku *(left)~ 7 {i~ /.

honogurashi~honogurai(1t

/ :;"71). DCag.
18. J;(dim): J;~hon(KR) B (day)~ka(J). honoka(1t / iJ). DC. 19. ~(medicine): *~ku.k~b~su(C) This Japanese word, kusuri(:; A

kusuri(:; A !)).

may lead to the original Korean word meaning
medicine, which was replaced by the simple Chinese loan-word yag(KR. ~). In 19 above,
*~ko(J) and b~sa(KR) were not chosen avoiding the resulting kosari meaning bracken
in Korean, an important food item. The Ainu word for medicine is akohosari; without the initial !, it becomes kohosari (cf. V-C-14). Bracken and many herbs are preserved by drying. Perhaps, kosari was the original Korean word for medicine. 0).
j\(8)~ya(J).I"~-d\.(8)~ya(J).
The kana Y!( -?, --\'") was made from ill; it is rarely seen as a part of a CC, and is a poor supplier ofya(--\'") in the making of Yamato-kotoba. Besides, ill is closer to k(se). Yasumaro circumvented this by creating the Japanese numeralY!(8) which is abundant in the form of )\(8) or

/'(~J\.)

in CC.
1. ~(house): /"(8)-ya(J). *~(~).
2. ~(valley): /"(8)-ya(J). *~(~).
. Korean sal-Japanese ya.

sal (K)-ya (J).

Arrow(SR) and spokes(~) are homonyms in Korean(sal) and Japanese(ya). 3. SR(arrow): *-/"(8)-ya(J). ~(~). 4. 'M(spokes): sal(K)-ya(D'* ~(~). 5. 3f*(monkey): ~-*(arrow)-sal(K). saru(-IT Jv). SR(arrow)-sal(K)-ya(J).* SR, NfJ.
6. h(bucktooth): :;g-/"(8)-ya(J) B (sun)-hre(K)-he lW="iI-*-*_/"

yaeba(~.TJ'l /"lW.

7. ~(slowly): ~-/"(8)-ya(J) *-:;1- ~(low It)-7. yaora(~:;1- 7).
8. ~(slowly): ~-/"(8)-ya(J) IJ\_h_wa('7) ~(low It)-7. yawara(~'7 7). 9. fgSE(mansion): ~-/"(8)-ya(J) 'g -kan(JR) t-tag(KR). yakata(~ iJ 3?). fg. 10. ,B:(noisy): ~-/"(8)-ya(J) ~(clam)-kai(J) 1~-ma(KR) J\\\-4-shi(JR).

yakamashi(~

iJ '? ~).
11. ~(malt): *-mog(KR) /"(8)-ya(J) *-mn(KR). moyashi( -'t: ~ ~). SA,~.
12. m(relations): ~-/"(8)-ya(J) [J - iJ (karasu) 12.-::K-7.

yakara(~

iJ 7). fellows.
13. /" ~(eight kinds): /"(8)-ya(J) ~- ~ B-sa(KR). yakusa(~ ~ -IT).

/,,11:.

14: 1t(watch-tower): *-/"(8)-ya(J) ~-~ ~=~-::K-7. yagura(~ ~'7). 15.!fG(shame): ,i)-/,'-/"(8)-ya(J) It---sam(KR) 1~\-sim(KR) It-i(KR). *yasashii(~-IT ~ -1). shy, gentle. ii, !fG. 16. ::fft(easy): ::f-/"(8)-ya(J) ft_-H---ITft-.3::-T-mb(KR) ft--1. *yasashii( ~ -IT ~ -1).
17. ~(raise): /"-/"(8)-ya 0(-si(KR) *-77. yashinau(~ ~7 7).

SRm, ifJk.

18. jij(arrowhead): ~-/"(8)-ya(J) oo-tl-T-sib(KR) :lL-rib(KR).

yajiri(~:; I).

n, {}, )c, ~t, rill, ~(G), etc., have been shown aleady.

4, 4-, 1.1:,

The rest of this group is listed in M) at the end of this chapter. The second group:
a (OJ), 83, ill, I~' ~, "it, LlJ, BB, DO, iHf, , etc. is shown first.
A).lJ:.(upper part)~/L~Jv(ru). 1. j::(live): :=E~~=(2)~i(KR) 4~::\- 4~/L~Jv. ikiru( -1 ::\- Jv). 2. j::(grow):
:=E~(soi1)~ha(J) ~I 4~/L~Jv. haerue'-IJv).
3. 15 (tell): (soil)~tsuchi(J) 4~"f~7 4~/L~Jv. tsugeru('/' ~'Jv). 4. ~(make): 15~(soi1)~tsuchi(J) D~gu(KR) 4~/L~Jv. tsukuru('/'.IJ Jv). fF. 5.
~~(hear): Jt=(ear)~gwi(K)~gi 15~

D ~::J

15~~I 4~/L~Jv.
kikoeru(::\6. Iff5-(hear): Jt=(ear)~gwi(K)~gi 15~D~gu(KR). kiku(::\-.IJ). 00. 7. ~~(solve): JJ~do(KR) 4..-+"f~7 4~/L~Jv. tokeru( ~ 7" Jv).
8. ~~(untie): ft3~ a (sun)~ho(J) ft3~.IJ 4~/L~Jv. hoguru(*.IJ"Jv). 9. ~~(divide): ft3~:=E~wang(KR) 4~"f~7" 4~/L~Jv. wakeru(7 7" Jv)~wake. 10. _(present):
~~_~sam(KR) ~sa(KR) ~~4~"f~7" 4~/L~Jv.
sasageru( -lJ -lJ ~' Jv). 11.
~(sit): ~~jwa(KR)~;(7 ~~4~/L~Jv.

suwaru(/Z. 7 Jv).

* Note: 4~7" Jv in 3,7,9 and 10.
B). 4~IL~Jv(ru). 1. ~(descend)(7J/): ~~jz~.IJ 5< 4-~IL~Jv. kudaru(.IJ 5<"Jv). T,~. 2. ~(fall)(7J/): ~~~~X.~7 4-~IL~Jv. furu(7 Jv). ~. 199
3. a. ~~(oldage)(:IJ/): ~_7 ~-q:--7" ~-4-IL-lv. fukeru(7

-7" lv).

grow old. ~.
b. ~~: ~-nen(JR) ~-l:::-bi(KR) 4-IL-lv. nebiruC:f 1:::'lv). grow old. c. ~~: ~-nen(JR) ~- 7. nebu(

grow old.

4. 3(suspect):t:J(mouth)-ib(K) ~-ka(JR) ~-IL-lv. ibukaru(17":IJ lv).

C). ll:.-IL-Jv(ru).

r 11:-IL-lv. *odoru(:::t F lv). jffl. 2.!IiGump): ft-3:-6(JR) 11:- r 11:-IL-lv. *odoru(:::t Flv). !Ii.
1. jffl(dance): ffl-3:-o(JR) 11:-
3. fi(gnaw): lJ-7J(karasu) ~-11:-ji(KR) 11:-IL-lv. kaiiru(7J ~ lv).
4. JIi(trample): ft-3:-=--=- 11:-ji(KR) 11:-IL-lv. nijiru(-=- ~ lv). ~Iil, JIi.
5. (grimace): ?p--11:-shi(JR) Jt(clam)-kai(J)
(eye)-me(J) ?p--11:-IL-lv. shikameru(~:IJ J lv).

6. (frown):.gp-hi(JR)

Jt-/,,~ 'J
(eye)-me(J) ?p--11:-IL _lv. hisomeru( 1:. 'J J lv).
7. ~(give): /"-/\(8)-ya(J) ~-11:(above /")-IL _JV. yaru(f lv). 4(used in place of

which was deleted). The

does not exist in Japanese dictionaries as an independent
character. It was erased while the much more complicated ~, ~, because the

fI, ;f$ and. are intact

in these CC does not divulge the origin ofyaru(f lv).

S(tD)_IL_Jv(ru).

1. ~(remonstrate): ~-t:J(mouth)-ib(K) ~-$--sa(KR)

H). ~~E~IL~)v(ru).

l. ~(give): ~~::::::::~4~sa(KR) ~~chu(KR) -5i.=5z.~7 E~IL~Jv.
sazukeru(-tJ 7,.'7 Jv). ~. 2. ~(burn):.r:~~::1 ~~q:~7 E~IL~Jv. kogeru(::1 "T"Jv). 3. M(leave): ~~r:9~L~sa(KR) ~~E~IL~Jv. saru(-tJ JV). $;. 4. JI(turn): W~ (eye)~ma(J) ~~.r:~wang(KR) ~~E~IL~Jv. mawaru(? '7 Jv). @J. 5. JI(turn): (eye)~ma(J) ~~.r:~wang(KR) X.~A. mawasu(? '7 A). @J. 6. tx~(distinguish)(2=): tx~X.~/Z tx~bal(KR) X.~5< ~~q:~7

IL ~JV.

zubanukeru(7,.'/'~

5< 7

Jv)~zunukeru(;(

5< 7 Jv).

~nukeru( 5< 7 Jv). come out. tx.

I).1t~JL~IL~J1;(ru).

1. r1f(slide): A=~~*~T *~)\~/:.,.".u~ 1t~JL~Jv. mimeru(T.J JV). 2. ~(slide):
:1 =7j(~su(KR) 1t~'--'~beki(JR) JL~Jv.

suberu(/Z.:Jv).

Homo. mJE(rule): L~su(C) *~beki(JR) 3'E~Jv. suberu(/Z.:Jv). Note: ,--,~beki(JR), *~beki(JR). 3. ~(bend): X.~? 1t~ A ~iJ (karasu) 1t~JL~Jv. magaru(? iJ"Jv). 4. ~(bend): X.~? 1t~A ~~tsu(JR) 1t~JL~Jv. mageru(?"T"Jv).

EIE,19. EIE,19.

J). Ll1~IL~)v(ru).

6r(evening)~yfi(J).

cf.VII-A2-78(yume).
1. ~(broken): ffi~T~~n ffi~q:~7 Ll1~IL~Jv. kakeru(iJ 7 Jv)~kaku, kake. 'X. 2.1t(shake): ffi~T~=(2)~i(KR) =r =-~su(KR) ffi~bu(KR)
ffi~Ll1~ IL ~Jv. isuburu( -1 /Z 7"Jv). 1tf)IR.
3.1t(shake): 6'*cevening)~yU(J) =r~su(KR) ffi~Ll1~IL~Jv. yusuru(.:::L/ZJv).
4. ~(shake): 3*(evening)~yii(J) ifr~LlJ~ IL ~ v JV. yureru(.::L V Jv). 5. ~(shake): 3*(evening)~yii(J) 1 =~~su(KR) ifr~bu(KR)

ifr~LlJ~IL-Jv.

yusuburu(.::L/Z 7"Jv). ~~.
6. ~(shake): 3*(evening)~yii(J) ifr~LlJ~ IL _Jv ifr~=f~g:n 1 =:~-su(KR). yurugasu(.::L Jv if 7. ).
7. ~(shake): 3*-yii(J) 9=JJ~'7(karasu) 1=-~SU(KR). yurasu(.::L'7 /Z).
8. ~(shake): 3*-yii(J) 9= JJ ~ '7 (karasu) 9 - J. yuragu(.::L '7 J}
K). r~~aa~rB~IL-}\,.,. nD~ID~IL~}v. iHi~IL~}v. g!~IL~}v.
1. lUJ(related): lUJ-kan(JR) r~~ B (day)~ka(J) B (sun)-hre(K)

r~~aB~IB-IL~Jv.

kakawaru(iJ iJ r; Jv).
2. ~(cease): ~-/\(8)~ya(J) *~J~~/"~;' r~-BB-IB~IL~Jv. yameru(f;' Jv). It:, B.
3. WlJ(moisten): WlJ-~ ~6(JR) r~~BB~IB-IL~Jv. shioru(~;;f Jv).

17. nt(roll up): ~(roll)-+maku(J. VIII-D-26) m-+ JL-+/v. makuru(? /' }v). 18. 5:0 (know): ~-+si(KR) 5:0-+ JL-+ v}V shiru(/ }v), shireru(/ v}v). 5:0. 19. ~lI(defect, short)(Ant): A-+tai(JR) ~---+7- 5:0-+ JL-+}v. takeru(J<' 7- }v). excel. ~.
M). The rest of ru(Jv) and reru( v Jv).
1.(polish): =.F~su(KR) M(last 2 strokes)~ )L~Jv. suru(/Z Jv).
2. (rub): *(tree)~ko(J) =.F~su(KR) M~ )L~Jv. kosuru(::J /Z Jv). ~.
3. ~ft(wither): ~~/K~+~~b(KR) *~;t M(last 2 strokes)~)L~ v JV.
shioru(:/;t Jv), shioreru(:/;t
4. ~(nightmare): tE~T~u(KR) A~T *~L~sa(KR) *~)L~ v Jv.
unasareru('7 T S. WCpass): [PJ~do(JR) W~)L~Jv. toru( ~ ;t Jv).

Jv). have a nightmare.

6. 5~(rebuke): e~+~T %~~n(KR) il3~ JL~Jv. najiru(T:; Jv). 5.
7. ~~~(wring)(2=): *~shi(JR) X~ho(JR)30 ~~ )L~Jv. shiboru(:/ *Jv). ~,~~.
8. ~](close): -a:;~sim(KR) ;lt~gi(KR) -a:;~rz:c;~JI/. shimekiru(:/ / :::\- Jv). 9. ~(destroy): 8~gu(KR) x~/Z J1~ JL~ v JV. kuzureru( -J ;(' v Jv).
10. ;li@(weak liquor)( 7J I): i'~:/ IZ9~Jv. shiru(:/ Jv).

*wtJJ.

11. D(audience): (eye)~ma(J) _---t 2. ~----7----7.:L R,----7Jv.
mamieru(? 2.:L JV)----7mamiyu. see, meet. R,. 12. lli(vexed): ;@';~i(JR) B (day)----7ka(J) {}----7Jv. ikaru( 1 7J Jv). rJI;.
13. m:(weary): ~(upper It)----7}t----7gu(KR) Im----7tai(JR) WCupper rt)----7l::
{}----7 JL----7 v JI/. kutabireru( -J ;Z C' 14. lfG(shame): {}~/, Jt----7ji(JR) {}----7JI/. hajiruC", :; JV)----7haji. lfG. 15. P;tt(groan): P~,----7um(KR) {}----7Jv. unaru(rJ T Jv). 16. {~(abuse): -( ----7/ /K----7 /
*----7+----7~b(KR) 1~\----7JV. nonoshiru( / / :/ Jv). :~.

Jv). ~w.

17. '[Jk(endure):
'I' (upper part)':"/J\(small)----7ko(J) 7](---t '77](----7~i(JR) 'I' ='L}----7Jv.
koraeru(::J '7.:L Jv). ~.

~ ----77

'I. (indignant):

'I' =1~\----7~m(KR)

----7 P ----7gu(KR) 1~\----7 Jv. fushikuru(7 :/

-J Jv).

'I' ='~\----7~m(KR)
----7 P ----7::J 1~\----7 Jv. fushikoru( 7 :/ ::J Jv). ,~. furueru(7 Jv.:L Jv). ~.
20. 'rl1J'I:~(tremble): ;fJ1----77
'I' =1~\----7JV *----7T----7.:L 'I' =1~\----7)V.
21. 'i~(proud): Fb----7ho(KR) f----7ko(JR) 'i' =1~\----7)V. hokoru( It ::J Jv). ~%.
22. 'lMi.(arrogant): m---*o(KR) ---*::J

'I' ={}---*)v.

ogoru(:t ::J")v). ,~.
23. 'I~(regret): B ---* P ---*gu(KR) B ---*=(2)---*i(KR)

kuiru( /'

-1 )v). 'ii.
24. 't:tlCimprudent): j( ---*ka(JR) '/, ={}---*)v. karu x 2 j( =1lI'---*4---*shi(JR). karugarushi( fJ )v fJ")v :Y). '~'f. adjective.
25. *8~~(hang): *8---*sung(KR) B (day)---*ka(JR) {}---*)v. *sugaru(/Z fJ")v). ~. 26. S(empty bowl): X---*/Z EJ3---*@b(KR) IL---* JL---*)v. *sugaru(/Z fJ"Jv). past a person's prime time. ~,"* ti. 27. ~~(become hoarse): *---*shi(JR) IJ\---*/', F---* B (day)---*ka(J) IL---* JL---* v )v. shiwagareru(:y 1) fJ" 28. a. :JJ(gather): Jr---*)t(front)---*~p(K) (soil)---*tsuchi (eye)---*ma(J)