kanaeru(71-j-XJv). suitable. ~, pt.

pt(oldform)=t7%.

b. t7%iViiJ(harmonize, suit)(l/71/): tl3-71 ]]--j- )]-7. kanau(71-j-rJ). ~,pt. 2. 'I'i(threat): }j =~-pg-:7:=(big)-6(J) )]- JJ-do(KR) tl3-71

f!l)<.,

ITf7w no

4. [M(sudden):

C -=-::=.
::t-wang [M-71. niwaka(::=. r; 71). ~.
5. ~(5'5fp:ft. sodomy): 5'5-71 /f--7" :ft(female)-ma(K). kagema( 71 7'?). ~~rs'.
~(~~~~5'5fp:ft).30 5'5(male) fp(becomes) :ft(female).
6. ;II (palanquin)( 71 /): JJP-71 P

kago( 71:=1} ;II ii.

7. t!JQ(shackles): 1m-71 *-T-Bb(KR). kashi-kase(71 -t).
8. JIJ(urge): 1~-u(KR) )]---->-j- 71 r9-b---->su(C). unagasu(rJ -j- ;Q";Z). {fE.
9. :iW$(threaten and rob)Cf)$-~-::t-6(JR) - C :7:=-)\(8)-ya(J)
:iW-;Q -$;-b---->su(C). obiyakasu(;t C'-"I 71 A). threaten.
10. ~m(abduct): fIf;j-n-;Q(karasu) * - T - ~ /f:-hwa(KR) m-;Q

W, tt.

:t ='f--su(KR).

11. ;rJ/(deep):

kadowakasu( 71 F r; 71 A).

tJ5, 1V I I.

m- ]]---->7 ;Q
b---->shi(JR). *fukashi-fukai(7;Q 1). ~.
12. rlXiJ(profound): Y,i]-+ j] -+ 7 fJ b-+shi(JR). *fukashi-+fukai( 7 fJ 1). ~. 13. )jJ(win): j]-+fJ ::*:-+(soil)-+tsuchi(J)---+tsu('Y). katsu(fJ 'Y). E). b(myseJf)-+ L (mu).
1. ~~~(sultry): :x-+L :x-+b-+shi(JR) ~(hot)-+atsui(J). mushiatsui( L ~ 7 'Y 1).
2. ~(straw mat): :x-+L :X-+b---+shi(JR). mushiro(.L. ~ E.). ~,frlt, 3. *I:(contrary to): *-+/J'-+so(KR) :X-+.L. 83---+ P -+gu(KR).
somuku( 'J L 1). disobey, revolt. ~. 4. nfs(shrink): 1-+sug(KR) :X-+.L. sukumu(A 1.L.). shrink, cower, crouch. ft*. 5. mffi(pongee): E8---+.:=E-+(soil)-+tsuchi(J) :X-+.L. E8-+~. tsumugi('Y.L.:'). 6. *l(spin): ffi:l-+(soil)-+tsuchi(J) :X-+.L. U-+gu(KR). tsumuguCY L 7"").
7.11ffi1lJ(successor)(fJ/): :x-+L -:s!.-+A TIJ-+P-+::1. musuko(LA ::1). son. )~\T. 8. P~(daughter): son-+musuko(J) -j;;: -+}. musume(.L. A }). daughter, girL cf. VII-A2-22(mother in law) and XVII-24(01der sister). 9. meta face): a.t;!-+.L. 8 (day)-+ka(J) ~ =B-+!!b(KR). mukau(.L. fJ 7). [0]. b.t;! -+.L. [0] -+ P -+gu(KR). muku(.L. 7). [0]. 10. HI(nauseous): jt-+it-+.t;!-+.L. ~-+.:=E-+T-+t@n (soil)-+tsuchi(J) P -+gu(KR). mukatsuku(.L. fJ 'Y 1). 11. Wp(grasp): ~P-+jug(KR).t;!-+.L. tsukamuCY fJ.L.). :t~. 12. it(eat)(fJ/): it-+/\-+/' it-+.t;!-+.L. hamue'.L.). it. 13. W!R(worm-eaten):.:E(worm)-+mushi(J) it-+/\-+/' it-+.t;!-+L. mushibamu(.L. ~ /".L.). 14. ~(cavet): it-+.t;!-+.L. it-+sa(KR) Fb-+ho(KR) 1JE-+ JL-+)v. musaboru(.L. -1j- *,)v). covet, devour. 15. ~(worm):.:E-+L>.:E-+b-+shi(JR). mushi(.L. ~).:E. 16. ~1I(bat):3o.:E-+L :&-+83-+-+sa(KR)x2 83---+ 8-+ l:. musasabi(.L. -1j- -1j- C'). flying squirrel. Ji~M. 17. f5!a(baby wrapper):.:E-+.L.:E-+chung(KR) r=p-+~. mutsuki(.L. 'Y ~). diaper. 18. :tt(whip): #-+L fly -+chiku(JR). muchi(.L. 1-). 19. 'r~2,(spare): tr-+ 8 (day)-+ka(J) #-+tai(JR) #-+.L. katamu( fJ )<.L.). spare, stingy, lazy. I~, 160

iJ 7 Jv).

W-7. tokage( ~ iJ 7'} ~Jf.

21. 1I.(wash)(iJ/): B- ~

W-7lIll.-IL-Jv. torokeru( ~

7 Jv)-toroku. melt.

ri, 11.
22. II%!,(confused): ;?&,-hol(KR) W-7 ,L,,_Jv. hokeru(* 7 Jv) -bokeru(iK7 Jv). grow senile. 'I%!,,~. 23. 'I~(ditto): W-7J-do(KR) ;?&,-hol(KR) W-7 ,L,'-Jv. tobokeru( ~ iK7 Jv). 24. tmCecstasy): hol(KR) ,L,'-Jv. horeru(*
v Jv). take a fancy to. 'fJlt, tm.
25. ~~~(heathaze): W-"J-iJ(karasu) W-7 B-P-p
!k - A. = 1 (radical). kageroi( iJ 7" P 1 ).
26. ~~~(heat haze )(1/): W-"J- iJ (karasu) W-7 B - P ~ (=$ )-fu(JR).

kager6( iJ 7"

Homo. ~(dayfly): ;E.~ B (day)~ka(J)

*(tree

)~ke(J) ;E.~ r:J ~ a

kagero(iJ

!Il1!/!m.
27. {~(injury): W~7 'J~ iJ (karasu). kega( 7 iJ"). 'I~:tlt. 28. Em~(nothingness): Em~re~l:(above)~u(K) ~~EE~(soil)~tsuchi(J)

~~lf~7, EE~IB~ IL ~JV.

utsuke(rf ''J 7) utsukeru. hollow. ~,Em.
29. ~(scour): 4V~yo(KR) m~+~T m~lf~7 m~LIJ~IL~Jv. yonageru( '3 T 7" Jv )~yonagu. 30. _(lift up with both hands): *~=~sam(KR) ~sa(KR) *~4~lf~7

4~/L~Jv.

sasageru(-lf-lf7"Jv). offer, present.
31. E(tell): E~(soil)~tsuchi(J) 4~lf~7 4~il~Jv. tsugeru(''J 7"Jv). 32. E(tell): E~(soil)~tsuchi(J) r:J ~gu(KR). tsugu(''J 1} Homo. C(second): 1t~chu(KR) EE ~ r:J ~gu(KR). tsugu(''J 1} -;f;z, 2.
fukeru( Jv). grow old. ~. 34. m(break): ::E~~ l-.:. +~~b(KR) 1t~lf~7 E~IL~Jv. hishigeru( l-.:. ~ 7"Jv)~hishigu. crush, smash. 35. =(hair)( iJ /)(XVII-86)+-'DtlL: *~lf~7. ke( 7). 36. ~(cataract): (eye)~ma(J) ~~lf~7. make(? 7). pq~!ItN:. 37. Ji:(souvenir)(2/): Ji:~~~=~ 2. Ji:~'lL~ '/ ~/"~/\(8)~ya(J)

~ ~lf~7.

miyage( 2. f 7'} present.
38. iIVc(broken): m~T~gf!n lf~7 m~LIJ~IL~Jv. kakeru(iJ 7 JV)~kaku, kake. 39. iIVc(fragment): m~T~gf!n lf~7 ~~7(~7. kakera(h 7 7). 40. fi(moss)( iJ /): m~ r:J ~:J m~lf~7. *koke(:J 7).

'xJ=1.

41. ~(scale)( iJ /): jr,~ r:J ~:J jr,~lf~7 jr,=~~7(~ 7. kokera(:J 77), *koke(:J 7). 42. (continue): :5t;~(soil)~tsuchi(J) ~~~~A 4~lf~7

J[~ JV.

tsuzukeru(''J 'A' 7 Jv).
43. (continue): :5t;~(soil)~tsuchi(J) ~~~~A ~ r:J ~gu(KR). tsuzuku(' 'J :::( 1 ). 165
44. ~(scorch)(:iJ I): I~::::J ~~'1~~7" E~ IL ~)v. kogeru(::::J 7')v). 45. ~(scorch): :::E~I~::::J =f~@n im(karasu). kogasu(::::J :iJ";Z). 46. iW?(steep): JT~7" ffI~:::E~wang(KR) ffI-+T~~b(KR) :::E~=(2)~i(KR). kewashii( 7" 'J /1). ~~. 47. M(caterpillar): JT~7" S(worm)~mushi(J). kemushi( 7" L /). =BS. 48. J/:(avoid): ffI~~sa(KR) JT~7" Jil,-+/v. sakeru(-1f 7" )v). ~. 49. J/:(avoid): ffI~:::E~ '3 JT~7" Jil,-+)v. yokeru( '37" )v). ~. 50. Jx(lament):

~(blink):

(eye )~ma(J)
T".~/'. )rrj:~;5<
='t. mabataki(? /'~ ;5<
3. ~(countless): *~;;t fE~ 8 ~ t. ~~;5< ;5< EB~+~sib(KR). obitadashi(;;t 1:::' ;5< ;5<" ~). 4. ~~(1arge sum): ~~;5< -1 ~=(3)~san(JR). takusan(;5< -1-+t :/). K). ~(female)~;l (me). (1~15).
~(upper It)~T(na). (16~21).
1. fr$(temporary): *~T~@n iL~rib(KR) iL~ '/ ~~;l. karisome(i; I) '/ ;l).

1&*)], ~~.

3. frl(beginning): #i---+b.---+/' L.---+shi(JR) !x---+). hajimee'V'). 4. Ytt(femaleservant): A---+/\---+/' 83---++---+~b(KR) 83(farm)---+ta(J)

m, frl.

!x---+). hashitamee'~ 5< ). Yiffi!x.
5. ~~(shrink): ~---+5R---+T---+T *---+si(KR) !x---+) {S---+[B---+IL---+Jv. chiiimeru( T -f" ) Jv). ~. 6. W!x(oldlady): W---+83---+8---+ ~ T---+u(KR) !x---+). t6me( ~ r; ). ~!x. 7. J4!l(princess): J4!l---+hi(KR) !x---+). hime(c ). 8. tr~(beautiful): EB---+::E---+----+ ~ !x---+) ::E---+"3 4=(2)---+i(KR). mimeyoi( ~ ) "3 1). 9. fr.I(niece): !x---+) ---+=(2)---+i(KR). mei() 1). 10. :g:jg(invite)(2/): :jg---+!x---+)

J! frJ.

:t =-'f----+su(KR).

mesu() A). summon. :g.

11. ~(take a wife): 9.:---+) JfX(take)---+toru(J). metoru() ~ Jv). 12. a. !x!x(sissy): !x !x ---+) ). memeshii() ) ~ 1 ). !x !x. -shii: suffix. b. $fE$fE(manly): ~---+::E---+6(JR)x21z:---+b.---+shi(JR) ~---+1. ooshii(::t::t ~ 1 ). *Ooshii(::t ::t ~ 1 ) has suffix -shii. 13. !x!x(feminine): !x---+)~'/ ) '/x2. mesomeso() '/) '/). maudlin. 14. tlJi(widow): *---+/\(8)---+ya(J) ---+mog(KR) !x---+). yamome(f"f: ). 15. ~(bride, wife)( 7'J /): -3---+"3 !x ---+). yome("3 ).
16. &(you)(7'J/): !x(upperlt)---+T &---+~. nanji(T/ V'). 17. ~(supple): ~~---+~~---+4---+shi(JR) !x(upperlt)---+T ~~---+yag(KR). shinayaka(~Tf7'J). 18. ~(supple): !x(upper It)---+T ~~---+~~---+4---+yo(J) ~~---+yag(KR). nayoyaka(T"3 f 7'J). 19. P\3'(marriage): a. 8 ---+ r:J ---+gu(KR) !x(upper It)---+T 8 (day)---+ka(J) 8 ---+c. kunagai(J T
if1 )---+kunagu(J T J} intercourse. P\3',
b. !x ---+yeo(KR) 8 (sun)---+hre(K) 8 ---+ c. yobai("3 /';'1). propose. 20. ~(banter)( 7'J /): !x(upper It)---+T )]---+7 83---+[S---+IL ---+Jv. naburu(T 7"JI---). 21. Sm~(by force)ClJIRl---+a(KR) !x(upper It)---+T Sm---+t="j---+7'J(karasu).!t---+
chung(KR)---+tsu~chi. anagachi(7 T

'liT). Sm.

-1 (i): {iiJ, f\;,~, q,T,:O,;WI.
1. {i'iJ~(when): {i'iJ---+1 ~---+(soil)---+tsuchi(J). itsu( 1 '1).
2. {ii] It!;(where): {ii] - 1 Fb--t(7)-chil(KR)-tsu Fb-ko(JR). izuko( 1 ;(:J). chiC 1- )+-+tsu( ''J). tsu( ''J )-zu(''J'')-zu(.:A} J. ~(embank): 1i;-1 4(cattle)-sre(K) 4-:\. iseki( 1 --t :\). :Ij!, *:Ij!. 4. ~(lend)(Ant)(:IJ I): 1i;-1 ffil-~-::7 7. irau( 1 ::7 '/). borrow. {1ft.

1f~Qn(JR).L.~

(1-13).

(7J')~*. (14~19).

~(work):

jig(KR)
r. jigoto( ~ ::f r )~shigoto( ~ '::f r). frJJ.
2. ~(explain):.L.~ 3. W(floor):.L.~

D ~gu(KR). toku( toko(

*(tree)~ko(J).

4. _(bird): ~~.L.~

~~ri(KR).

r ::1). tori( r I). ,~.

r 1). 6. B(footofmountain): *~7 *~mog(KR) J:t~J:.~ r. fumoto(7 ~ r). 7. 7i(rob): 7t~kan(JR) :!z*~A / r 5C~Jv. kasumetoru(iJ;Z / r Jv). ~I&.
5. :;t(big, thick): *~ 7.L.~ ]\,=1 (radical). futoi(7 8. ~(sparrow): ,~~J\"(karasu) 7i~5(~;Z 9. ]?I(hoof)( iJ I): B~ B ~ t 5z=:!i'~A * In 7,8 and 9 above,

suzume(A ;;;(/).

;;Z:' / ).

hizume( t

(sume) comes from
10. JJ:St(dislike): ::EI=~i(KR) $i~lZ. itou( 1 U).
11.1lc(tangle)(iJ I): 5z=$i~7 lZ. matou(? U). wrap round. . * In itou (1
r r;) and matou (7 r rJ), tou( r rJ) comes from il. r

JJ~riki(JR) ffi~D~::1.

12. ~(tumor): 1Jj(~5z=il.~7;Z 5z~/~hetsu(JR). fusube(7 A~). 13. _(captive): ffi~J:.~ toriko(
14. m(bedding): JJZ~shin(JR) ~~

~~'*. shitone(~

r '*).

'0 ~ :\-). ~

15. m(wrapper):.:f~7 D~'O *~-t~gb(KR) *(tree)~ki(J). furoshiki( 7

16. tl(shorts):

-* _7 ---'--- ~
.L-shi(JR). fundoshi(7 /' F :/). fiI!.
17. ffJm(watch)(2/iJ /): Jm-~= 18. ififf(pray): ~= t -:f
-:f ~-7C(lt)-'51 7. nerau(:f 7 rJ). aim.
JT -ggn(KR). illW!(:f 1} ififf.
19. ififf(pray): ~= t -:f JT-kin(JR). negi(

* o').

Shinto priest.

=B--=E,

v. 7, ffi-'?

.f. _;/. r'-r_?

l. rE(felt): @]-kai(JR) =8- -f:. kamo( iJ -f:).
2. ~!&(pluck): ~-=8- -f: ~ IfJ(take)-toru(J). mogitoru( -f: -3f' ~ Jv). ~IfJ. -mogiru, mogu. ~. 3. i~(leak)( iJ /): =8--f: L- v fi(low)- JL-Jv. moreru( -f: 4. ~!fFf(bullet): -EB(farm)-ta(J) r - ' ? tama(5< '?). 5. I*(grandchild):.J--'? rCchild)-ko(J). mago(? ::f). 6. ~(water oat):.::f-'? r(child)-ko(J) JJ1-.L-mo(KR). makomo('?::J -f:). ~~. 7. tffi(measure, volume): ffi-'? ffl-EB-T-SU(C). masu(,? A).
8. ~(recognize): - - - ~ JJ-do(KR)}.]-} 11)_Jv. mitomeru( ~ ~ } JV). 9. $J](brake): J]=}]-JJ-do(KR) }]-} *-$-~. tomegi( ~ } -3f} 10. ~(hot): )\\\=:k(fire)-ho(J)

3. !\;I],(come out)(2/7'J I): ;1],- J.!-7G---.d: )v. deru(T")v). !\.
4. ~(heat): '1\\=j(fire)-ho(J) ~-7G-T )v. hoteru(;i\

)v). j(~~,~.

5. :5t(ancient): 7G-7 )v 7G-=(2)-i(KR). furui(7 )v1). old.
6. '15[.( confused): }L- P -gu(KR) 7G-)v 7. kuruu( -J )v rJ). go mad. H. 7. 19Iil(temperiron)(2/7'J/): %-7G-':::"7 %--J. niragu(':::"7 -J} 8. ffff~(watch)(2/7'J /): ff~-~=::f

J.!-7G-7 7. nerau(

7 rJ). aim. j.
9. 1%(tax): ~-T-+ ~-ka(JR) }L-7G-7. chikara(+ 7'J 7). 10. ~;I],(appear)(2=): ~-JE-a(KR) J.!-7G-7 r-wang(KR)

11. WJ%(t1ash):

)v. arawareru(i 7'7

Jv). ;1],.

W-B-c J%-7G-7 EJ(eye)-me(J) P-gu(KR).
hirameku( c 7 / -J). i;CJ(W J%).
12. ~(rough): ;-'-,(~=;t) )-a 7G-7 =(2)-i(KR). arai(i 71).
13. 5C(perfect)(=iE:): ;-'-,(~=;t) )-a 7G-7 7G(cursive)-.l JL-Jv.
arayuru(i 7.lJV). all. 14. ~(head): EB- B (day)-ka(J) b-shi(JR) JIb-7G-7. kashira(7'J /' 7).aJL

S). 3T(JT, it):

-tt, r, T,

7, 7, I).

1# (abreast)( 7'J /): #-rr(lt)-T 77. narabu(T 7 7} line up. 3lt. H=#.
2. @"c~(mixing)(l/): E:3-fBl-a(KR) 1Z9(4)-shi(JR) ~-rr-JT-7 7. ashirau(i /' 7 rJ). treat, handle. ff~r!itJ, @"c~. 3. *~(shape)( 7'J /): :3f-it-T I). nari(T I)). *~, fW,. 4. t-i(Japanese oak)( 7'J /): W-~-rr-T 7. nara(T 7). 5. #(bowl)( 7'J I): fr-rr-n- 1, 7

donburi( V /'7"

6. J~m<:(chastise)ClJm<:-rr-::J 7 J~-,G'-sim(KR) ,G,-)v. korashimeru(::J 7 /' / )v). f~.
7. BiCexpose): 1Z-9(4)-sa(KR) itS-rr-]f-7 E:3-si(C). sarashi(-lJ" 7/').
8. ~(salty): roIG-=X;-ka(JR) ~-H-]f-7 ~-=(2)-i(KR). karai(7'J 71). t~. 9. (nobility): #-'f-T(/Z)
)\_/'-+--'>/ ~-rr-]f-7

.-9='-:\.

sumeragi( /Z / 7 ='f} king. *~.
10. WCmock): r-=(2)-i(KR) rr-]f-7 7. irau( rJ). tease. 175
11. ~(rumor): gg-ff-JT-7 1Z.9(4)-shi(JR) @-=(2)-i(KR). -rashii(-7

1). The rumor says.

12.~(open): B-l:. ~-ff-7 B-P-gu(KR). hiraku(l:.7). open.~.
13. ~(fly)( iJ I): 7r-+t- ~ 7. tobu( ~ 7'). 14. fB-(boat)(iJ I): +t-7 T(funa)-7 ;f-(fune). 15. :!1tM(appearance)( iJ I): E! -

a+-+e.

2 M-+t-T

minari( 2 T

16. WfiC(frolic)(2=): H-+t-7 +T fiC-5C-~n(JR) 7G-Jv. fuzakeru(7 -tf'7 Jv). W, fiC.

T). ) (ku): ~, ~,

$E, ~, A.
1. ~(pull)( iJ I): :5E- B - l:. :5E-). hiku( l:. ).
haguru, hagurerue' )"v Jv).
2. ~(stray): :5E- B (sun)-hre(K):5E-) JL- v
3. ~(glamorous): aE-EB-T-T -'S1.(bean)-mame(J) 13-). namameku(T? ;;l

)-namamekashii.

4. ~(hurry): -=r-=(2)-i(KR) I~\_/'+-+ '/ ~-). isogu( 1 '/ )'). 5. ~(hasten): -=r-_(3)-se(K) ~-). seku( k ).
6. M(bychance): lE3-3::-wang(KR)

JEJ-) A-7(karasu)

EB-B(sun)

r:;',;:::.).

-hre(K) 4-=-,;:::. wakurabani(7 ) 7
7. ~i%(odd): 11J -ga(KR) EB(farm)-ta(J) ~-j;\(6)-mutsu(J)

JEJ-).

katamuku( iJ ?< L ). incline. {!;i.
8. IIJ(lottery): &-) &(It)-WW-~n(KR). kuji() :J). ~.
U). &: A, ,;:::., 7, ;l,

(l~5).

a-~,"7 (11~15).
*: J-,.r', 7, "7 *: ""

~,T,';:::",

(6~10).

(16~21).

1. R(sidelong look)( iJ I): & -,;:::. 7 - - - 2. ,;:::,,"(nirami). 2. ~.&(flatfish)(iJ I): EB- B -l:. &-7 l:. 7

Jm. zp.

(hirame). flounder.
3. ~~(reply)(lI): &-=(2)-i(KR) &-7 7. irau( 1 "7 rj). answer. ~.
4.Bl Ej3(husk)CIJ Ej3-T-~n
.Bl-&-7. kara( iJ 7). husk. l\{.
5. &(bend backward): ;2.-;;l +-+ '/ &-7 A. sorasu('/ 7 ;;2,). evade. 6. W;t(drive of)C iJ I): *-/'"77. haraue'"7 7).
7. ~Ir!(sort ofimpotence)(2/iJ I):

~. murato(

~). kidney. ~.
8. $:: B (bygone days)(1/): $::-d->. $::---+geo(KR) -t---+sib(KR). mukashi( L f; ~). long ago.1'. 9. ~JJ!I1(melody)CIJ L---+shi(JR) $::---+ 7.& ---+pre(KR)---+be. shirabe( ~ 7 "-";::). ~. 1O. ~~(lawless): m(left)---+ (farm)---+ta(J) $::---+ (soil)---+tsuchi(J) $::---+ 7. itazura( 1 1i< A' 7). mischief. :}---+a.

giilG.

11. 13)j,Wj(bright): 13)j---+ B ---+ho fI---+ f; (karasu) AA=m~---+ ~---+ 7 fI---+ f; (karasu). hagaraka(;1; f;" 7 f;). AA. 12. *~*(lady): ~---+ B ---+=(2)---+i(KR) ~---+ 7
!x ---+;J. iratsume( ''/ ;J). Oi'rdiBfiO).
"This says (rtl::~)" (2 nd year, Keiko) reads *~~~ as iratsume This is written *~!x in the Kojiki.

cf. *~: means gentleman.

13. *~T(gentleman): B ---+=(2)---+i(KR) ~---+ 7 T(son)---+kQ(J). iratsuko( ''/ ::J). *tsu( ''/): possessive particle like no( J ).
* Kana rae ~, 7) was made from ~(good). The Nihongi says to read *~ as rae 7) using
the phonetic reading of -*l(ra. KR and JR). The KR of *~ is rang while JR is ro. The chronicler read *~ as rang(KR). 14. 7'C~(entirely): 7'C---+~(JR) :7[;---+7 ~---+7. garara(f;"77). 15. ffrU~(wandering): rJrE---+L---+sa(KR)

'1 =7j(---+su

~---+7 B ---+ l::.
sasurai(-if 7. 7 1). rJrE~, ?~{B. 16. *(half): *---+-t---+7- T---+gf!:n *---+/". nakaba(7- f; /"). 17. mW*(beach)(2/iJ/): 83---+:=---+----+ ~ *---+=\-/". migiwa( ~ ='lJ). m,
18. m~(beach)(2/): *---+-t---+7- *---+=\- 83---+---+sa(KR). nagisa(7- :1f-if).
19. **(bridle): *---+=\- (soil)---+tsuchi(J) -t---+7-. kizuna(=\- A'7-). 20. ~(cough): ~---+J\"---+4---+shi(JR) := ---+wang(KR)

!x ---+ 7

~---+*---+ =\-.
shiwabuki( ~ lJ 7" =\-). Il~. 21. *fI (halfmoon): *---+/".:::. fI---+weol(KR). haniwarie".:::.lJ I)). hermaphrodite. V). The I) (ri): left lower corner ofCC (1~11). The.I'(ha): JL=.A.(lower halt)---+.I' (12~14). JL=.A.
There is a group of I) (ri) located in the left lower corner ofthe CC. They are small and can be overlooked. 177
1. ffrJT(pray): 7J'-=(2)-i(KR)
fT- / ffrJT(low It)- I). inori( -1 /

prayer.

-inoru. pray. 2. ffiJ!lj~(wartime rite)(1/): ,~-ma(KR) :::E-(soil)-tsuchi(J)
ffi,~(low It)- I). matsuri(? 'J I). festival, fete, ceremony. ~.
3. ~!\(secret1y): /f(-*(tree)-ko(J) I~\-/"~ ' / f\=frM(low It)- I).
kossori(:J2. '/ I). secretly. 4. ffv?J"tl(blessing)( 7) /): 5. if&(celebrate)( iJ /):

ff&- /

I) _---'-._ ~.

norito( / I)

Shinto blessing.
7J'-'J\-/" lL-][-7 if&- I).
hafurie" 7 I). Shinto priest.
6. *Hl(slim): EB- B (sun)-ho(J) 'J\-so(KR) *Hl(low It)- I). hossori(*.2. '/

7. ~(slowly):

1i. -yU(JR) 5z.-
/j ~(low It)- I). yukkuri(::L 2. /j I).
8. ~(twist)( iJ /): :::E-:3 ~(low It)- I). yori(:3 I). -yoru. ~,~. 9. ~**(machinery)(1/): %-gflg(KR) ~-rag(KR) %-3- /j
~(low It)- I). karakuri( iJ

/j I). ~**, ~~.

cf. XVII-52.

19.1ii(gravel): JfX-chwi(KR) X-7 IN-T -tei. tsubute(,1 7"T). ~1Jt. 20. Ii(tumor, boil): 1t-:t-T -tei 1t-:\- : t - t 1t-{- /. 180
dekimono(T"::'i--t: /). !I*~. 21. ~(law): *~$~':~6(JR) $~::'i- $~ T ~tei. okite(::t::'i- T). fIE. 22. m(imperial seal): 35:-':-6(JR) l*i-4x-4-shi(JR)

ZF- T -tei.

oshide(::t Y T"). handprint, seal. ;j:Ifl=f. 23. ~(surface, face): ':-6(JR) 3:--t: T -tei. omote(::t -t: T). ~, 24. ~I(rake): *(tree)-ku(J) (eye)-ma(J) ~-3:- T -tei. kumade( J 25. !11f(shield): EEI(farm)-ta(J) 3:-T -teL *tate(~ T). ;j;Jg. 26. tl(width)(Ant): ~ - EEl (farm)-ta(J) 3:-T -tei. *tate( ~ T ). length. *lif. 27. JU(plan): EEI-l.J-gu(KR) 3:-wang(KR) EElCfarm)-ta(J) 3:-T -tei. kuwadate( J r; 28. ~(screen): EEI-3:-(soil)-tsuchi(J) =(2)-i(KR) EEI(farm)-ta(J) 3:-T -teL tsuitate(,/ -1 ~ T). :JIlL. 29. f#ff(happy): W(rnountain)-mre(Eq. K)-me 3:-T -tei ffi-dan(KR) rm-i(KR). medetai(;<' T" ~ -1). !Itt. 30. JE(eminence): ~--J:::.(above)-u(K) ~-3:- T -tei +-T. utena( r] T T). watch-tower. 31. BJT(sunrise): B-1:::.

~"T).

'7 T").

~?; =f.

'Er, r'SJ.Ill\!'.

JT- / JT- T -tei.

hinode( I:::. / T"). B!I.
32. ~(pink): Fb-~(7)-nanatsu(J) ~- T -tei ~-si(KR) Fb-ko(JR). nadeshiko( T T" Y :J ). ~ -=f. 33. ~~(entertain)(2/): aE-EEl-3:--t: ~- T -tei

.:-+-T ~-i(KR).

motenashi(-t: TTY). fif$;.
34. ~7E:>f30(at present): ~(cursive)=.B(::t) B-1:::. :>f-T -tei. oite(::t -1 T). at. ~.
Kana Q(.B-::t) was made from~.

on, at, in.

35. ?(rather):

-=(3)-se(K) (eye)-me(J)

T -tei. semete( k ;<' T).
36. fiVi(preliminary)(2/): ffl-T-gan T -tei. kanete(i;;if- T). beforehand. T. 37. ~(unanimously): S(rt side)-:J =f.(hand)-son(K) =f.- T -tei. kosote-kozotte(:J '/2 T). 38. !JJ!(soon): {}_r'-/\(8)-ya(J) ~-':-T-g!n T -tei.

yagate(~

iff). iJI(J. character).
39. H(merge): #~ 'J H~=f~J. T -tei. soete('J J. f). together, attached. ~. 40. ~*(end)(2/): *~mal(KR) *-T -tei. made(7f"). to, till.~. cf. VII-CI-17 and 18.
41. ~*(barely): R-@n(KR) p_1."1 * - 7 *~+~sib(KR) T -tei(JR). kar6iite( iJ 1."1 r; S/ f). *. Several words(34~41) end with final-teo The first of the 4 cardinal particles, te-ni-wo-

=J /',) is tee f). 39,40

42. *-li(provisions): B (day)-ka Ef3 - T -tei(JR). kate( iJ f). 43. *~(splendid): *~su(KR) ;f-T -tei(JR) ~-="r. suteki(A f ="r). ~i'il&. 44. tlli(clumsy):

:t ='f~ T ~tei(JR)

tI:l-chul(KR) -l-tsu. tezutsu(f 7:"1). tlli%', /f~)tL
45. ~~(drought): B ~ 1:. =f~ T -tei C). tf(sound)-on(JR)~o(;;t).

JL~}v. hideri( 1:.

T"JJ.
This character was read strictly as o(::t) in word-making.
1. tf(sound): tf~Qn(JR) B ~ ~. oto(::t ~ ). 2. M(mute): 1r-Qn(JR) r(lt side)-~. oshi(:t ~). Homo. ~(eating): B (sun)-ho-o(hn ~-shi(JR). oshi(:t ~). 3. Milt(fabric): 1r~Qn(JR) 1L-rib(KR). ori(::t

7K:ku.

29. J1l(cheat): ffit-+ (eye)-+ma(J) /\(8)-+ya(J) ffit-+ka ~-+;7.,. mayakasu(?f iJ ;7.,). 30. J1l(imitation): {l-+-1 = A-+nin(JR) ffit-+ -+=(3)-+se(K). nise(.:::. -1:::). 31.(consume): ~-+(soil)-+tsuchi(J) =(2)-+i(KR) ffit-+/~(8)-+ya(J)

~-+;7.,.

tsuiyasuC/' -1 f ;7.,).
32. J1I(letter): ff-+ T-+ T -+tei(JR) ffit-+ka -+--+ 2. tegami(f iJ" 2.). ~*~. 33. I(sidelong glance): 123(4)-+na(K) ffit-+ka T-+sib(KR) (eye)-+me(J). nagashime(T iJ"~ ;J). 34. Jlt(smooth): A =~-+pq-+*-+T ffit-+ (eye)-+me(J) ~-+:;7 ffit-+ka. nameraka(T;J :;7 iJ). r1t. 35. mi(forehead): ~-+Jz-+X-+.x ffit-+ka. nuka(.x iJ). 36. J'il~(temporary burial): ~ -+ -+mog(KR) ffit -+ka ~-+:f-t-+ I). mogari( -=c iJ" I). J'il. 37. Ii! (polite): EB-+.::r:-+6(JR) EB(farm)-+ta(J) ffit-+A(8)-+ya(J) ffit-+ka. odayaka(:;t }?" f iJ). quiet. 38. i1i~J&(calamity)(21): J&-+)z:=.R-+X-+? ffit-+ka. maga(? iJ} bad. 39. ~;g(wealth): ffit-+ (eye)-+ma(J) ffit-+ka 1'f(lt side)-+T -1.

BB, i1if,\L

makanai(7 fJ T 1

)~makanau.

fix, arrange.
40. ~13(bribe): ~~ (eye)~ma(J) 1(lt)~1 77. mainau(71 77). 41. a. m'Jr(reality): m~ (eye)~me(J)~ma ::E~_(3)~sam(KR) 'Jr~ J't~
(eye)~ma ~=~sam(I(R). mazamaza(7-1f'77'} vividly.
b. m'Jr(reality): (eye)~ma ::E~_(3)~sam(KR) ~~ka. masaka(7Y fJ). c. m'Jr(reality): ::E~
'3 ~mog(KR) J't~h~/\(8) ~ya(JR).

yomoya( '3 -'f: -'1').

The above two words are synonyms, used with negative words to mean "cannot be." 42. :fitz(poor): (eye)~ma 9~A z~Z ~shi(JR). mazushi(7 A' /'). :fit. 43. :fitz(poor): ~~ ~ma 7J~do(KR) z~Z ~shi(JR). madoshi(7
44. ~(guest): (eye)-+ma(J) 9-+7 ~-+rJ T---+

F /'). :fit.

maraudo(77 r]

r").

45. jlil(guest): (eye)~ma(J)

c-'-7_

mauto(~). ~.
46. ~(guest): ~mog(KR) c-'-7~ 7 T ~ ~. mouto( -'f: 7 ~). ~. 47. dlb~ft(sort)(2!): ~~~~ka 9-7. gara(fJ"7). quality.
48. dlb~~(sort)(2!): *~+-gb(I(R) 7\.-A-7. shina(/' 7). quality. dlb. 49. ~~(J1H])(short face): ~-- -2 15-=f-1- ~(clam)~kai(J)
00 (face)-kao(J). mijikai-kao. -mijikai( -2 :.; fJ 1). short. J1L
50. *~(wish): *~)j<-)(-4-ne(K) J't(clam)-kai(J). negai(;f fJ"1). ~. 51. '~~(chin): ~~otodo(::kJ2:)* J't-J't(clam)-kai(J). otokai(;t ~ fJ 1).

**~(otodo):

minister of government (VII-Al-48).
52. Jj(small): IJ\(small)-ko(J) (eye)-ma(J) J't(clam)~kai(J). komakai(:J 7 fJ 1). *Bl. 53. JJll(small)(Ant): ::E-6(JR) (eye)-ma(J) J't(clam)-ka(J). omaka(;t ;t 7 fJ). gross. A. 54. ~1':iillffl(side-frame of wagon): J't-ka (eye)-ma(J) l!!-(soil)-tsuchi(J). kamachi(fJ 71-). 55. rJ!(annoy):

:r:p- [J-7

B (day)-ka(J) ,~-~-IL-Jv. agaru(77'fJv).

7 (a).

28. Vz(yawn): Vz - 7 -1.A(human)-hito(J). akubi(7 -1 c'). 190
29.~(entertain)(;1]/): ~-+7 S(m)-+x. ae(7x).
30. ~lE.(dangerous): ~ -+ 7 il'L(= ~ )-+bu(KR) -++-+--j- =(2)-+i(KR). abunai(7 7"--j-1'). 31. ~uMj(pant)(2=):

7 (a). 7(a).

T -+ 7
-+x P-+gu(KR). aegu(7 x/'} uMj.
32. 'I'i(yearn): ii(child)-+f!i(K) EB-+ P -+:=1 Ef3-+gf!b(KR) ,[, ={}-+ JL-+ V }v. akogareru(7 :=1;1]" V )v). 33. ~mg(shallow): mJ(front)-+f!p(K) ~-+~;-+4-+sa(KR) g -+ I=J (mouth)-+ib(K). asai(7 +T 1').~. 34. ~(morning. old): f!chim(K) j~-+ )(-+4-+sa(KR). asa(7 +T).* ~jL 35. ~(ridicule): ~jj(morning)-+asa(J)* Jj -+.@tsu(JR) Jj -+ I). azakeri(7 -11'7 I)). 36. (J'8(temporary residence ofa king on a trip): (J-+h<eng(KR)-+an '8-+gu(JR). angu(7:/ /"''7). 37. 1JH(paper-covered night light): 1J-+h<eng(KR)-+an H -+dung(KR)-+don. andon(7:/ V:/). 38. ~T(apricot): ~-+h<eng(KR)-+an T-+tzU(C). anzu(7:/ A} J).

f"I'\,

a(K). a(K). a(J).

h<e-+a.

.1'\+-+

'I (+ '\ )-+ 'Y (tsu).

cf. 'J +-+;/ +-+/ "(VIII -A).
This gave the so+-+me+-+ha ('I +-+;/ +-+/,,) loop a branch tsu('/) from soC 'I).
1. }f[(east. XVII-31)-1,: ~-+ T -+ 7 '""-+/"+-+ 'J (+ " )-+ '/ T-+7.
azuma(7 ;;(7). Eastern region.
3. ~(swanow): '"'-+/"+-+ 'J (+ " )-+ '/ /"+-+;/. tsubame(,/ /-( ;/).
6. D.~(mutter): 3r(midd\e)-+ '/ (+ " )-+ '/ 3r(upper Jt)-+ 7
.L-+/"-+/\(8)-+ya(J) P -+gu(KR). tsubuyaku(,/ 7"f /').
7. 1f~(fonnerly)(2=): ~-+ S (day)-+ka(J) ~-+ 'J (+ '\ )-+ '/ ~-+x-+ T.

--I-. k atsute ( f j

T ). ,"', -s. ,@"
JE (jog KR)-+tsuku, zuku, zuki.
cf. The chi (1-) and tsu ('/) in Chapter IV-B. 191
1. ~t(squat): JE-jog(KR)-tsuku
w-/\-/, ]Z:l.'i-=(2)-i(KR). tsukubai(,/' -1/" -1).
2. ~i:t(fussy): ~- D _:J :zt-::E-_(3)-se(K) JE-jog(KR)-tsuku. kosetsuku( :J -t '/' -1). 3. ~t(crouch): lI::.-J:(above)-u(K) JE-jogKR)-zuku lI::.(stop)-mal-da(K). uzukumaru(rJ ;( -1"7 )v). 4. ~(stumble): ~ -1'r -mg(KR) E1 (eye)-ma(J) JE-jog(KR)-zuku. tsumazuku( '/' "7 ;( -1). 5. ~Jf(red bean): JE-JE-a(KR) JE-jog(KR)-zuki. azuki(77:A-). Ij\.TI'. JE-jQg(KR)-ts!!ku, z!!ku, z!!ki. This o-u change started withjQ(KR)-tsu('/')_ L). L--1::(mo). L- v (re). The last stroke of -t: is similar to L.
Kana re(v) was made from L part offL(rei. JR).

1. ~(bush warbler): -*----+*_7 -u(ht) *-ku T----+1' ""-su(karasu).
uguisu('; /'" l' A). 2. t-*(fodder): *----+mal(KR) *----+ku -sa(KR). magusa('? 1"-Jt). ,~1i. 3. ~(work): *-ga(KR) -*-T-sen(JR) *-ku. kasegu( h k 1} 4. ti;(stake): *-ku -t-ig(KR). *kui( /' 1'). ttL. 5. i'*(tree stump): *-ku *-*-=(2)-i(KR). *kui(/' 1').
6. ~(gatepost): *--+ku ~F--+---+sam(KR) ~F--+bi(KR). kusabi( 1-1f 1:::'). wedge. ~. 7. tTE(comb): *--+ku L--+shi(JR). kushi( 1 ~). fffp.
S. tTE(to comb): L--+su(C) *--+ku. suku(/Z. 1).

9. ~(strike):3o *--+ku

;t =---+su(KR) S--+ P --+gu(KR) B (rn)--+ IL --+)v.
kusuguru( 1 A 1")1-) tickle. ~.39
10. twl3ffi(cleaning)(2/): 13ffi--+~--+/" *--+ku. hakue" 1). sweep. tw. 11. tJ~(decay)(2=): *--+ku

#--+--tC. 3cm)--+chi(K).

kuchi(1 T).
12. tJ ~(decay)(2=): *--+ku ~(flesh)--+sal(K). kusaru( 1-1f )v). 13. ~I(a variety of oak): *--+ku ~~--+M--+4--+ne(K) *(tree)--+ki(J). kuneki( 1
-* :\- )--+kunugi( 1.l. o}

cf. XIV -E-2(kinuta).

14. ~(cherry tree): --+---+sam(KR) *--+ku ~ --+ 7. sakura(-1f 1 7). 15. ft(bend):

*--++--+T

~F--+bi(KR) *--+ku. nabiku(T ~":7). flutter, wave.
16. JW~(fishy)(2=): }j =~--+pg--+*--+T lJ:(stop)--+mal-da(K) *--+ku
~--+sai(JR). namagusai(T'? 1"-1f -1).

DCIl!.

17. ~1*(dusky): ~--+hon(KR) 1*--+*--+ku

*(left)--+7 1*--+~.

honogurashi--+honogurai(* J 1"7 -1).
IS. ~(dim): ~--+hon(KR) B (day)--+ka(J). honoka(* J iJ). DC.
19. ~(medicine): *--+ku ~--+L--+su(C)

--r+ --+

kusuri( 1 A I).
This Japanese word, kusuri( 1 /Z. I) ) may lead to the original Korean word meaning medicine, which was replaced by the simple Chinese loan-word yag(KR. ~). In 19 above, *--+ko(J) and L--+sa(KR) were not chosen avoiding the resulting kosari meaning bracken in Korean, an important food item. The Ainu word for medicine is akohosari; without the initial f!:, it becomes kohosari (cf. V-C-14). Bracken and many herbs are preserved by drying. Perhaps, kosari was the original Korean word for medicine. 0). i\(8)--+ya(J).

/"~i\(8)--+ya(J).

The kana Yf!:( -?, f) was made from ill; it is rarely seen as a part of a CC, and is a poor supplier ofya(f) in the making of Yamato-kotoba. Besides, ill is closer to k(se). Yasurnaro circumvented this by creating the Japanese numeral Yf!:(S) which is abundant in the form of /\(S) or

/,,(~/\)

in Cc.
1. ~(house): /"(8)-ya(J). *~(~).
2. ~(valley): /"(8)-ya(J). *~(~).
. Korean sal-Japanese ya.

sal (K)-ya (J).

Arrow(SR) and spokes(~) are homonyms in Korean(sal) and Japanese(ya). 3. SR(arrow): *-/"(8)-ya(J). ~(~). 4. 'M(spokes): sal(K)-ya(D'* ~(~). 5. 3f*(monkey): ~-*(arrow)-sal(K). saru(-IT Jv). SR(arrow)-sal(K)-ya(J).* SR, NfJ.

59. *f.:(forest): *----+/\.----+/" *----+/\.(8)----+ya(J) -r----+mb(KR). *hayashie"f ~). 60. !Iij(~5t /ff ~)(at all, ever)----+/ff: /f----+ -1 /\.(8)----+ya(J) ffi----+ *----+-r ----+sib(KR) * (tree)----+ku ----+mog(KR). iyashikumo( -1 f ~ -7.:c). !Iij. 61. ~(weir): D----+/"----+/\.(8)----+ya(J) *----+-r----+T. yana(fT). ~,~. 62. ~(weir): ~----+.:r. ----+r----+u(KR) ----+.I. ue( rj.I.). 63. ~(ridge-pole): I]'----+/" J]=

U----+ 1). harie"

64. ~~(bridge)(2/): ~----+I]'----+/" ~----+ ~. hashie" ~). ~. 65. 0ii(sneeze): ~----+lI:----+shi(JR) '}----+/\.(8)----+ya(J) IJ ----+gu(KR) 1I:----+ 1). shakuri( ~ ~ -7 1) )----+shakkuri. hiccup. 66. 0ii(sneeze): ~----+sai(JR) IJ ----+gu(KR) 1I:----+ 1). sakuri(-1T -7
67. ~(dry): j( ----+hwa(KR) -r----+sib(KR) *----+/\.(8)----+ya(J) IJ ----+gu(KR). hashiyagu(-"" ~ f -7} 68. ~(dry): j( ----+ka(JR) *----+/\.----+/" IJ ----+gu(KR). kawaku( 7J '7 -7).
[XV]. The verb ending: -ru, -reru.

-Jv(ru), - v Jv(reru).

The final-l of Korean words: dal(moon. }j), sil(thread. *), kal(sword. JJ), sal(flesh. ~), bul(fire. :k.), mul(water. 7./(), etc. and the final-l of the KR ofCC give the Japanese verb ending ru (-Jv) and reru(- v Jv). Many of them are in VI, IX and XI. These are all from the Korean sound ofthe final-l unlike Chinese sources which are parts of CC. In the latter, no sound is involved; but a visual approximation of kana Jv(ru) can be extracted from them.
1TrE~ JL~Jv(ru)~ v Jv(reru).
This means that they spoke Korean in Japan using the Korean reading of CC. Many of the simpler Chinese sources: JL, JL,
n, {}, )c, ~t, rill, ~(G), etc., have been shown aleady.

4, 4-, 1.1:,

The rest of this group is listed in M) at the end of this chapter. The second group:
a (OJ), 83, ill, I~' ~, "it, LlJ, BB, DO, iHf, , etc. is shown first.
A).lJ:.(upper part)~/L~Jv(ru). 1. j::(live): :=E~~=(2)~i(KR) 4~::\- 4~/L~Jv. ikiru( -1 ::\- Jv). 2. j::(grow):
:=E~(soi1)~ha(J) ~I 4~/L~Jv. haerue'-IJv).
3. 15 (tell): (soil)~tsuchi(J) 4~"f~7 4~/L~Jv. tsugeru('/' ~'Jv). 4. ~(make): 15~(soi1)~tsuchi(J) D~gu(KR) 4~/L~Jv. tsukuru('/'.IJ Jv). fF. 5.
~~(hear): Jt=(ear)~gwi(K)~gi 15~

D ~::J

15~~I 4~/L~Jv.
kikoeru(::\6. Iff5-(hear): Jt=(ear)~gwi(K)~gi 15~D~gu(KR). kiku(::\-.IJ). 00. 7. ~~(solve): JJ~do(KR) 4..-+"f~7 4~/L~Jv. tokeru( ~ 7" Jv).
8. ~~(untie): ft3~ a (sun)~ho(J) ft3~.IJ 4~/L~Jv. hoguru(*.IJ"Jv). 9. ~~(divide): ft3~:=E~wang(KR) 4~"f~7" 4~/L~Jv. wakeru(7 7" Jv)~wake. 10. _(present):
~~_~sam(KR) ~sa(KR) ~~4~"f~7" 4~/L~Jv.
sasageru( -lJ -lJ ~' Jv). 11.
~(sit): ~~jwa(KR)~;(7 ~~4~/L~Jv.

suwaru(/Z. 7 Jv).

* Note: 4~7" Jv in 3,7,9 and 10.
B). 4~IL~Jv(ru). 1. ~(descend)(7J/): ~~jz~.IJ 5< 4-~IL~Jv. kudaru(.IJ 5<"Jv). T,~. 2. ~(fall)(7J/): ~~~~X.~7 4-~IL~Jv. furu(7 Jv). ~. 199

3. a. ~~(oldage)(:IJ/): ~_7 ~-q:--7" ~-4-IL-lv. fukeru(7

-7" lv).

grow old. ~.
b. ~~: ~-nen(JR) ~-l:::-bi(KR) 4-IL-lv. nebiruC:f 1:::'lv). grow old. c. ~~: ~-nen(JR) ~- 7. nebu(

grow old.

4. 3(suspect):t:J(mouth)-ib(K) ~-ka(JR) ~-IL-lv. ibukaru(17":IJ lv).

C). ll:.-IL-Jv(ru).

r 11:-IL-lv. *odoru(:::t F lv). jffl. 2.!IiGump): ft-3:-6(JR) 11:- r 11:-IL-lv. *odoru(:::t Flv). !Ii.
1. jffl(dance): ffl-3:-o(JR) 11:-
3. fi(gnaw): lJ-7J(karasu) ~-11:-ji(KR) 11:-IL-lv. kaiiru(7J ~ lv).
4. JIi(trample): ft-3:-=--=- 11:-ji(KR) 11:-IL-lv. nijiru(-=- ~ lv). ~Iil, JIi.
5. (grimace): ?p--11:-shi(JR) Jt(clam)-kai(J)
(eye)-me(J) ?p--11:-IL-lv. shikameru(~:IJ J lv).

6. (frown):.gp-hi(JR)

Jt-/,,~ 'J
(eye)-me(J) ?p--11:-IL _lv. hisomeru( 1:. 'J J lv).
7. ~(give): /"-/\(8)-ya(J) ~-11:(above /")-IL _JV. yaru(f lv). 4(used in place of

which was deleted). The

does not exist in Japanese dictionaries as an independent
character. It was erased while the much more complicated ~, ~, because the

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their understanding and cooperation, and College, London). to congratulate them on organizing excelThe ESI Junior Research Fellows Prolent programmes in spite of the reduced gramme (which is in the last year of its curbudget. rent funding cycle) supported 13 Junior ReThe Senior Research Fellows Pro- search Fellows for varying periods during gramme of the ESI offered three lecture the rst half of 2010 to work at the Institute courses for graduate students and postdocs and to partcipate in its scientic activities. during the rst half of 2010: Eisenstein Se- We are hoping that a planned meeting with Due to nancial constraints the budgets ries by Neven Grbac (Rijeka), Quantum the Minister of Science, Dr. Beatrix Karl, in of these programmes had to be cut back Field Theory on Curved Spacetimes by Ste- July 2010 will help to clarify future funding at fairly short notice. I would like to take fan Hollands (Cardiff) and E11 -symmetry for this programme. this opportunity to thank the organizers for of strings and branes by Peter West (Kings
Erwin Schrdinger Institute of Mathematical Physics

http://www.esi.ac.at/

Big Game Hunting in Styria

David Masser

for all (k, l) in Z2. Then there is 2-mixing but not 3-mixing (see below).
Similar things can happen for any compact abelian group X and any mutually commuting T1 ,. , Td. It turns out that the Albert Einstein famously derided quantum-mechanical entangle- study of such X, and T1 ,. , Td is equivalent to the study ment as spukhafte Fernwirkung1 or spooky action at a dis- of Rd -modules M, where Rd is the Laurent polynomial ring tance. Z[x1 , x1 ,. , xd , x1 ]. Thus for each M we have three possi1 d In 1978, Francois Ledrappier described a simple mathematical bilities: dynamical system exhibiting an unexpected, but extremely strong, (a) there is n-mixing but not (n + 1)-mixing for some unique dependence between observations at three arbitrarily far sepa- integer n = n(M) 2, rated locations, although any two such observations become in(b) there is no 2-mixing, dependent exponentially fast with increasing distance. (c) there is n-mixing for every n 2. Mathematics tends to be less spooky than physics, but the mathematical analysis of such systems exhibiting this phenomenon of In case (b) we could write n(M) = 1 and in case (c) we could widely separated independent observations occasionally resulting write n(M) =. in strong dependence (in the sense that any n sufciently sepaThe Ledrappier example corresponds to M = R2 /P, where rated observations a1 ,. , an can always be independent, but can P is the prime ideal of R2 , now say Z[x, x1 , y, y 1 ], generated completely determine the outcome of a further observation an+1 by 2 and 1 + x + y. Here the non-3-mixing arises from the fact far away from the other n observations) still turned out to be quite that P contains a polynomial 1 + x + y with only 3 terms, leading r r challenging and led to surprising connections with other matheto 1 + x2 + y 2 = 0 (r = 0, 1, 2,.) in R2 /P or matical areas. (k, l) + (k + 2r , l) + (k, l + 2r ) = 0 (r = 0, 1, 2,.) (2) The following article by David Masser gives a very brief account of these developments. Much of this work was done by David for all (k, l). Masser himself during extended visits to the ESI in 2006 and 2010. Now dene B in X by (0, 0) = 0 and S = {0, e, f } in K. Schmidt 2 Z by 0 = (0, 0), e = (1, 0), f = (0, 1). Then with the notation Tk = T k U l for k = (k, l) and q = 2r the sets Tq0 B, Tqe B, Tqf B are not independent, because by (2) with A measure-preserving automorphism T of k = l = 0 the intersection of any two is contained in the other. Of a probability space X is said to be mixing course here the exponent vectors have a special shape correspondif for any Borel subsets B, B of X, the sets ing to the multiple qS. T k B, T k B become more and more indepenIt may be difcult to determine n(M) in general, and it is dent as k, k grow apart; more precisely the not quite clear if this problem has a meaning. But in his 1995 measures satisfy monograph Klaus Schmidt has asked if it is possible to determine lim (T k B T k B ) = (B)(B ). n(Rd /P) for any given prime ideal P in any Rd. |kk | This was done in the summer of 2006 by Harm Derksen and myself. In 2004 I had shown that non-(n + 1)-mixing always comes from some S in Zd as above, called a non-mixing set, of cardinality n + 1. Klaus Schmidt then asked if it was possible to nd all non-mixing sets with smallest n = n(Rd /P) (when nite). This we have now done. In particular we have proved that when 1 < n < there are only nitely many such animals modulo a certain natural equivalence relation, and these can be found Perhaps surprisingly the situation changes completely when in an effective way. one takes another automorphism U commuting with T and replaces T k , T k ,. with T k U l , T k U l ,. Namely in 1978 Already the Basel Master Thesis of Dominik Leitner shows Ledrappier showed that the analogue of 2-mixing does not imply that {0, e, f } is the only class of non-3-mixing set for the the analogue of 3-mixing. Ledrappier example. Here P can be considered as principal in F2 [x, x1 , y, y 1 ], and it occurred to me that a more convincing His example concerns the standard shift operators T, U on the 2 conrmation of the above effectivity would be for a non-principal set FZ of maps from Z2 to F2 = Z/2Z, or more precisely the 2 ideal. The simplest interesting example seems to be that generated subset X dened by (I + T + U ) = 0 or by x2 + x + 1 + y, x3 + x + 1 + z (3) (k, l) + (k + 1, l) + (k, l + 1) = 0 (1)

1 A. Einstein, The Born-Einstein Letters; Correspondence between Albert Einstein and Max and Hedwig Born from 1916 to 1955. New York: Walker 1971. (Cited in Quantum Entanglement and Communication Complexity (1998), by M. P. Hobson et. al., p. 1/13.)
In that case one might reasonably expect that for a third B the sets T k B, T k B , T k B would automatically exhibit a similar independence. But no-one can prove (or disprove) this, an old problem in ergodic theory, so the latter property has to be assigned the separate name of 3-mixing. More generally one can dene nmixing for any integer n 2. At least it is clear that 2-mixing is implied by 3-mixing is implied by 4-mixing and so on.
in F2 [x, x1 , y, y 1 , z, z 1 ]. We see from the above discussion sure that these are all; on the other hand one or two may well have that it is essentially a question of nding all shortest" polynomi- escaped under cover of the exceptionally drinkable Murauer beer. als in P. This problem is not covered by the standard algebra alI do not know any explicit expressions for (4) as combinations gorithms of Hermann, Hentzelt, Seidenberg, Lazard, Buchberger, of the generators (3). But here the ideal membership can be tested Grbner,. very easily, because we get an isomorphism from R3 /P to F2 [x] Of course (3) themselves are good candidates and each one im- by sending y to x2 + x + 1 and z to x3 + x + 1. So for the last in plies that there is no 4-mixing. One can prove relatively quickly (4) all one has to do is check that that there is 3-mixing, so it is now a question of nding all polynomials in P with four terms. Already Derksen had observed that x +x (x +x+1)(x +x+1)+(x +x+1) +(x +x+1) = 0 (5) the sum x3 + x2 + y + z of (3) is one, as well as in F2 [x]. x2 + 1 + xy + z = x(x2 + x + 1 + y) + (x3 + x + 1 + z). In fact it is the study of equations like G0 +G1 +G2 +G3 = 0 We expected that there might be at most a couple more, so I hap- in (5), to be solved in elements of a nitely generated multiplicapily embarked on the hunt, working interactively with Maple. Un- tive group, that lies behind the material explained here. This confortunately it took me about 20 hours of stalking, during which nexion was rst observed by Klaus Schmidt and Tom Ward in time more and more examples turned up. I stuck to it, supposing 1993, and here it is the analogue for positive characteristic that is that they would sort themselves into relatively few equivalence needed. Such analogues, even in the much broader context of soclasses. But no! As well as the harmless called Mordell-Lang for semiabelian varieties, had been proved x + xy + y + z = (x + 1)(x + x + 1 + y) + (x + x + 1 + z) by logicians such as Hrushovsky, Scanlon, Moosa, Ghioca using model theory; but Derksen and I gave a more elementary approach and the wilder in the multiplicative case leading to effective and even explicit estimates. The estimates are large but they have to be; and we close x7 + 1 + xz 2 + z, x10 + x5 z 2 + y 2 + yz 3 , this article with some really big game: the smallest solution of x42 G + G = 1 with G, G in the group generated by x83 and the ferocious 1 x in F2 (x) is x21 + 1 + x16 yz + y 4 z 4 G = (x83 )29130742641316365655570 , turned up in a country house near Murau over Easter; and nally G = (1 x)2417851639229258349412352. x21 z + x20 y + y 12 + z 4 , x25 + x20 yz + y 12 + z 4 (4) were detected lurking in the suburbs of Vienna. In all I found 137, David Masser works at the Institute of Mathematics of the Univerwhich would have pleased Sir Arthur Eddington, and I am fairly sity of Basel, Switzerland

6 Already in October 1933, Menger had been worried about the political censorship of letters and therefore wrote to his colleague O. Veblen in Princeton from Geneva rather than from Vienna:
ences, America is the presence and Europe to leave their work and projects in shambles and unnished. This was denitely not the past. Menger had to wait three more years voluntary! before nding a position at the University of Notre Dame near Chicago; but he came in January in 1937, one year before the Germans occupied Austria, making him technically speaking an early emigrant according to our denition. Voluntary emigration? Which mathematical research elds have to be included in the discussion: logic and philosophy? In a work on emigration of mathematicians it is a major methodological problem to decide which disciplines belong or do not belong to mathematics, how in particular one has to delimitate mathematical physics from mathematics. One wants to represent mathematics in as broad as possible a thematic variety, and, on the other hand, has to avoid an inappropriate ination of the notion of mathematician which could disperse the historical focus.
Karl Menger (1902-1985), the famous topologist (dimension theory) went to the United States already before 1938, due to increasing anti-Semitism in Austria Courtesy: Karl Sigmund (Vienna) (reproduced from Sigmund (2001), p. 14)
What I could not write you from Vienna is a description of the situation there. You know how fond I am of Vienna and how many things I started there in the intention of staying there still a good many years. But the moment has come when I am forced to say: I hardly can stand it longer. First of all the situation at the university is as unpleasant as possible. Whereas I still dont believe that Austria has more than 45 percent Nazis, the percentage at the universities is certainly 75 percent and among the mathematicians I have to do with, except of course some pupils of mine, not far from 100 percent. At the same time Menger acknowledged that - for all his fondness of Vienna - he had found a good many years a move to the United States as being in the interests of his scientic career: I never did anything to move to America (v. Neumann, for instance, told me in September that he sometimes was wondering if I would like to go), though it has been my desire since a good many years,. since I realized that in some of the most important matters of culture particularly in sci-

Hilda Geiringer (1893-1973): the able applied mathematician (statistics, plasticity) from Vienna, was dismissed in Berlin 1933 and followed Richard von Mises into Turkish and American emigration. They married in 1943. Courtesy: Magda Tisza (Boston)
The effect for the host countries and the specic conditions for the Austrian emigrants after 1938 Which conditions were specic for the emigration of Austrian mathematicians after 1938 as opposed to the previous emigration from Germany? At least two things: Nazi enforced emigration occurred rather late compared to Germany, only after March 1938, and there were peculiarities of Austrian research traditions in mathematics (topology, statistics, logic, epistemology) compared to the German ones. The rst point implies that many positions abroad were already lled. Thus about 90 percent of the mathematicians expelled from Berlin and Gttingen were able to emigrate, while only two thirds of those from Vienna were able to ee after the occupation of Austria, and only one third of the dismissed were able to escape from Prague after the annexation of the Czech Republic. The second point, however, the peculiarities of Austrian research topics, softened the effects of the late emigration, inasmuch as there was a demand abroad for the respective special disciplines. In another somewhat contradictory way
Geiringer, who was dismissed 1933 at Berlin University from her position in applied mathematics as an assistant to Richard von Mises. Rightly recognizing that she was in a particularly disadvantaged position as a woman in the male profession of mathematics, Geiringer apparently felt the need to formally diminish her age in 1933 from 39 (i.e. nearly 40) to 37 in order to improve her chances of emigration. She gave 1895 as her year of birth in all her correspondence with the British Society for the Protection of Scientic Learning (SPSL) and with other refugee organizations, only to return to the correct year of birth 1893 in her American marriageand naturalization certicates of the mid1940s. In spite of this very reasonable move, Geiringer fell nearly victim to the Nazis in October 1939 when desperately waiting for an American visa in Lisbon.
8 the fates of the emigrants were affected by the particularities of the Nazi occupation of Austria: sometimes the immigrants were considered as Germans, and thus as enemyaliens, sometimes, however, they counted as victims of the Nazis (and rightly so, unlike many Austrians back home) and were thus easier eligible for war research although not with the same priority as American citizens. However, the exigencies of war could also lead to early naturalization, as apparently in the case of the Austrian immigrant Abraham Wald,

Also on the level of disciplines and matical statistics in this country, although progress in this area had already been made ideas, the re-import did not always work, due to the inuence of British, Scandina- as is clear in the case of the analytical philosophy of science in the tradition of the vian and Polish research. In mathematical logic (K. Gdel) and Vienna Circle. These traditions were rein topology (K. Menger) the more inu- incorporated in Austria too late to make up ential immigrants were again from Austria for the losses due to emigration. (compared to Germany); in topology they encountered a strong American tradition (O. Veblen, J. W. Alexander, R. L. Moore), which had already benetted greatly before from the early immigration of non Germanspeaking countries (S. Lefschetz, E. R. van Kampen). The rise of analytical philosophy of science in the U.S. occurred at the intersection of the theory of probability, foundations of mathematics and philosophical research. It was among others inuenced by former members of the Vienna Circle, who, as outlined above, cannot generally be considered as mathematicians. After the war Literature
Binder, Ch. (1984): Alfred Tauber (1866-1942) - ein sterreichischer Mathematiker; Jahrbuch berblicke Mathematik 17, 151-166. Dawson Jr., J.W. (1997): Logical Dilemmas. The Life and Work of Kurt Gdel; Wellesley, MA: A. K. Peters. Einhorn, R. (1985): Vertreter der Mathematik und Geometrie an den Wiener Hochschulen 1900-1940; 2 volumes, Wien: VWG. Pinl, M. and A. Dick (1974-1976): Kollegen in einer dunklen Zeit. Schlu; JDMV 75 (1974), 166-208, Nachtrag und Berichtigung; JDMV 77 (1976), 161-164. Reiter, W. L. (2001): Die Vertreibung der jdischen Intelligenz: Verdoppelung eines Verlustes - 1938/1945; Internationale Mathematische Nachrichten, no.187, 1-20. Reiter, W.L. und R. Schurawitzki (2005): ber Brche hinweg Kontinuitt: Physik und Chemie an der Universitt Wien nach 1945 eine erste Annherung. In: Margarete Grandner/Gernot Heiss/Oliver Rathkolb, Hg.: Zukunft mit Altlasten. Die Universitt Wien 1945 bis 1955. Querschnitte Band 19, Innsbruck: Studienverlag 2005, 236-259. Siegmund-Schultze, R. (2009): Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany. Individual Fates and Global Impact; Princeton University Press. Sigmund, K. (2001): Khler Abschied von Europa - Wien 1938 und der Exodus der Mathematik (Catalogue to an exhibition Vienna September 2001), Wien: sterreichische Mathematische Gesellschaft. Stadler, F. (ed. 1987/88): Vertriebene Vernunft I/II. Emigration und Exil sterreichischer Wissenschaft 1930-1940; 2 volumes, Wien, Mnchen: Jugend und Volk.Reprint in 3 volumes LIT-Verlag 2004. Stadler, F., P. Weibel (eds. 1986). The Year 1938 and ist Consequences for the Sciences in Austria. The Cultural Exodus from Austria. Second revised and enlarged edition. Wien und New York: Springer-Verlag.

No general and ofcial invitation was ever extended to the emigrants to return to Germany or to Austria after the war, nor was it always made easy for them to regain their German or Austrian citizenship. Only very few Germans or Austrians returned, among Abraham Wald (1902-1950) came from the latter the applied mathematician Albert a Jewish family of Kolozsvr (Klausen- Basch (1882-1958). burg/Cluj) in Hungary. He studied geomQuite to the contrary, some authorietry under Menger in Vienna. After his em- ties used at least temporarily the arguigration to the United States in 1938 Wald ment of alleged voluntary emigration (as turned to statistics. His sequential analysis described above) to deny emigrants their became famous and already part of the war compensation claims. effort. In several cases honorary doctorates Courtesy: Portrait Collection Mathematical (von Mises, Geiringer, Hempel etc.) were Research Institute Oberwolfach extended to emigrants by German and Austrian universities, and were accepted. whose statistical sequential analysis was of However, invitations to join societies and particular importance to the American war Academies in Germany often received negeffort. ative responses from former refugees, owIn terms of the impact of emigration of ing to old wounds and disappointments. those disciplines which had been particu- According to Stadler Mengers wish to relarly cultivated in Austria one should re- turn to Vienna failed miserably, while mark: several former Nazis continued to blossom The late immigration to the U.S. of the in their careers at their original institutions Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze is Professor for Austrians E. Helly, A. Wald, E. Lukacs after the war. (Reiter/Schurawitzki 2005) History of Mathematics at the Universitetet i Agder, Kristiansand, Norway. contributed to the development of mathe-
New Appointment in Gravitational Physics at the University of Vienna: Piotr T. Chrusciel
Robert Beig and Wolfgang L. Reiter
Piotr T. Chrusciel had been appointed in April 2010 Professor of Gravitational Physics, Working Group of Gravitational Physics, Faculty of Physics at the University of Vienna. Chrusciel, in the recent past was a frequent visitor at the ESI and co-organizer of programmes on gravitational physics and related topics together with Bobby Beig at the ESI. Chrusciel is a leading researcher in the eld of Mathematical General Relativity. He has made important contributions to several areas within that eld, most notably Penroses cosmic censorship hypothesis and the mathematical theory of black holes. He has been a participant in several ESI workshops and a co-organizer (with Robert Beig) of the 1993 workshop on Penrose Inequalities. A Penrose inequality is a lower bound of the total mass of a balck hole spacetime in terms of the area of the black hole. By the time when the workshop took place, there had been several proofs of this inequality in an important special case. Progress on the general case, started at that workshop, is still happening, but no nal proof has emerged so far. Chrusciel and Beig also collaborated on a number of other issues in the eld of general relativity. An example is a paper introducing and studying the concept of KIDs or Killing initial data, i.e. initial data for the Einstein equations having the property that the evolved spacetime has a continuous symmetry. This concept has been further studied by several other researchers in the eld.

Curriculum vitae: Born 1957, Zabrze, Poland; 1975 "Certicat de Maturit" (baccalaurat) at College Rousseau, Geneva, Switzerland; 1980 Graduated from the Department of Physics, Warsaw University;
1980-1985 PhD student, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; 1983 Participant of the "Relativity, Groups and Topology II", Les Houches Summer School; 1984 French Gouvernement Scholarship at Universit Paris VI; 1986 PhD in Physics, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; 1985-1996 Research Position, Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; 1987-1987 "Maitre de Confrence", Department of Mathematics, Universit de Tours, France; 1987-1989 Research Associate Physicist, Physics Department, Yale University; 1988 Visiting Fellow, Center of Mathematical Analysis, Australian National University, Canberra; 1989 Visiting Member, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University; 1990 Visiting Fellow, Center for Mathematical Analysis, Australian National University, Canberra; 1991-1992 Australian Research Council Senior Research Associate position, Center for Mathematical Analysis, Australian National University, Canberra; 1992 "Professeur invit au contingent national", Department of Mathematics, Tours University, France 1992-1993 Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, Max Planck Institut fr Astrophysik, Garching; 1993 Habilitation Thesis: "Asymptotic problems in general relativity", Scientic Council of the Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; 1993 Visiting Research Physicist, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara; 1993-1994 Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, Max Planck Institut fr Astrophysik, Garching; since 1994 Professor of Mathematics at the Dpartement of Mathematics, Universit de Tours, France; 1998 Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, Albert Einstein Institute for Gravitation, Potsdam; 2005 EPSRC Fellowship, Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge; 2006 Research Fellowship at the Albert Einstein Institute for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Institute, Golm; 2007 Fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, University lecturer with title of Professor at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford.
News from the ESI Community
Anton Zeilinger was afliated as member of the Acadmie des tic community for their work. It is considered one of the most Sciences de lInstitut de France together with the US-physicist prestigious prizes in the scientic world. Curtis G. Callan of Princeton University. Peter Zoller received the Benjamin Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute for physics 2010 together with Ignacio Cirac Anton Zeilinger was awarded the Wolf Price of the Wolf Foun- (MPI, Munich) und David Wineland (Bolder, USA) dation (Israel) for physics 2010 together with Alain Aspect (Laboratoire Charles Fabry de Institut dOptique - Institut dOptique- The 65th birthday of Anton Zeilinger was celebrated on May 20 CNRS-Universit Paris-Sud 11, France) und John Clauser (USA) with lectures by Helmut Rauch on From Neutron Research to The Wolf Prize is awarded to prominent researchers of the scien- Quantum Information and by Jeffrey Bub on How Can It Be

Like That at the Lise Meitner Lecture Hall. The lectures were Maria Marouschek, ne Windhager, one of our three most followed by a reception at the premisses of the Faculty of Physics. charming ladies at the ESI secretariat since many years, was married to Christian Marouschek in May. All our best wishes are with the newly married couple!

ANNOUNCEMENT

In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Erwin Schrdingers2 death, ESI is organizing a Symposium on January 14 15, 2011 on
ERWIN SCHRDINGER 50 YEARS AFTER
in cooperation with the Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna. Organizing Commitee: Christoph Dellago, Wolfgang L. Reiter, Jakob Yngavason The Symposium will be accompanied by an exhibition organized by the sterreichische Zentralbibliothek fr Physik on the Life and Work of Erwin Schrdinger at the premisses of the ESI. The following speakers have accepted intivations to date: Roberto Car (Princeton), Olivier Darrigol (Paris), Jrg Frhlich (Zrich), Helge Kragh (Aarhus), Jrgen Renn (Berlin), Walter Thirring (Wien), Anton Zeilinger (Wien) and Peter Zoller (Innsbruck).

2 Erwin

Schrdinger, 12 August 1887, Wien-Erdberg 4 August, 1961, Wien
Volume 5, Issue 1, Summer 2010 mathematicians forced to stay behind.

New Books

Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze: Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany: Individual Fates and Global Impact. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press 2009 The emigration of mathematicians from Europe during the Nazi era signaled an irrevocable and important historical shift for the international mathematics world. Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany is the rst thoroughly documented account of this exodus. In this greatly expanded translation of the 1998 German edition, Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze describes the ight of more than 140 mathematicians, their reasons for leaving, the political and economic issues involved, the reception of these emigrants by various countries, and the emigrants continuing contributions to mathematics. The inux of these brilliant thinkers to other nations profoundly recongured the mathematics world and vaulted the United States into a new leadership role in mathematics research.

The book reveals the alienation and solidarity of the emigrants, and investigates the global development of mathematics as a consequence of their radical migration. An in-depth yet accessible look at mathematics both as a scientic enterprise and human endeavor, Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany provides a vivid picture of a critical chapter in the history of international science. Content
Chapter 1: The Terms "German-Speaking Mathematician," "Forced," and "Voluntary Emigration"; Chapter 2: The Notion of "Mathematician" Plus Quantitative Figures on Persecution; Chapter 3: Early Emigration; Chapter 4: Pretexts, Forms, and the Extent of Emigration and Persecution; Chapter 5: Obstacles to Emigration out of Germany after 1933, Failed Escape, and Death; Chapter 6: Alternative (Non-American) Host Countries; Chapter 7: Diminishing Ties with Germany and Self-Image of the Refugees; Chapter 8: The American Reaction to Immigration: Help and Xenophobia; Chapter 9: Acculturation, Political Adaptation, and the American Entrance into the War; Chapter 10: The Impact of Immigration on American Mathematics; Chapter 11: Epilogue: The Postwar Relationship of German and American Mathematicians.
Based on archival sources that have never been examined before, the book discusses the preeminent emigrant mathematicians of the period, including Emmy Noether, John von Neumann, Hermann Weyl, and many others. The author explores the mechanisms of the expulsion of mathematicians from Germany, the emigrants Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze is Professor of the History of Mathematacculturation to their new host countries, and the fates of those ics at the University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
New ESI Lectures in Mathematics and Physics
researchers given by the author at the ESI and at Texas A+M University.
The introductory chapter provides an overview of the contents and puts them in historical perspective. The second chapter presents the basic L2 -theory. Following is a chapter on the subelliptic estimates on strictly pseudoconvex domains. The two nal chapters Lectures on the L2 -Sobolev Theory of the on compactness and on regularity in Sobolev spaces bring the -Neumann problem reader to the frontiers of research. Prerequisites are a solid backZrich: European Mathematical Society ground in basic complex and functional analysis, including the elPublishing House 2010. ementary L2 -Sobolev theory and distributions. Some knowledge in several complex variables is helpful. Concerning partial differThis book provides a thorough and selfential equations, not much is assumed. The elliptic regularity of contained introduction to the -Neumann the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian is quoted a few times, but problem, leading up to current research, in the context of the the ellipticity results needed for elliptic regularization in the third L2 -Sobolev theory on bounded pseudoconvex domains in Cn. It chapter are proved from scratch. grew out of courses for advanced graduate students and young Emil J. Straube (Texas A+M University, College Station, USA)

well as making important and interesting texts more widely known, their contents will be put into context by careful annotations and, of course, archived. EPJ H s scope emphasizes themes from physics and astrophysics, in particular quantum eld theory and particle physics, cosmology and quantum gravity; also statistical mechanics and nonlinear dynamics, particular in relation to complexity sciences and even applications outside core physics. It emphasizes modern physics but without explicitly excluding pre-twentieth-century physics. As a whole then, EPJ H will help physicists to better understand their own culture, thereby improving present day research work: and at the same time it will pave the way for historians and philosophers future studies. EPJ H will also be glad to receive papers discussing experimental physics (including instrumentation where relevant), and demonstrating that the strong intertwining of theoretical and empirical work should be seen as the backbone of the entire endeavour of concept building. EPJ H is not a journal on the foundations of physics, in the sense of publishing new results or ideas at the forefront of research. Rather it attempts to explain and analyze progress in terms of the evolution of thinking and our past ideas about the physical world. The purpose of this journal is to catalyse, foster, and disseminate an awareness and understanding of the historical development of ideas in contemporary physics, and more generally, ideas about how Nature works. The scope explicitly includes: Contributions addressing the history of physics and of physical ideas and concepts, the interplay of physics and mathematics as well as the natural sciences, and the history and philosophy of sciences, together with discussions of experimental ideas and designs - inasmuch as they clearly relate, and preferably add, to the understanding of modern physics. Annotated and/or contextual translations of relevant foreignlanguage texts. Careful characterisations of old and/or abandoned ideas including past mistakes and false leads, thereby helping working physicists to assess how compelling contemporary ideas may turn out to be in future, i.e. with hindsight. The scope explicitly excludes: The publication of new results at the forefront of physics research. EPJH addresses the history of physics primarily from the physics and physicists perspective. Being an integral part of a core physics publishing platform, it will: Support physicists in any serious attempts to reect, understand, and improve on the culture of their own discipline. Promote fruitful interaction between working physicists and historians of sciences. Articles may therefore vary signicantly as regards the type, level and amount of technical discussion that is required to convey precise meaning to the respective communities. However, the editors will insist that comprehensive and lucid non-technical introductions and summaries are provided for every contribution. All papers will be published in English. Both regular articles and reviews will be considered.

7th Vienna Central European Seminar on Particle Physics and Quantum Field Theory. The topic and date of the Seminar: tba. This Semininar, organized by the Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, is supported by the ESI. Organizer: H. Hffel
ESI May Seminar 2010 in Number Theory
The aim of this workshop was to introduce young researchers at the PhD and post doc level to exciting recent developements of current research at the crossroads of number theory and related elds. Several mini-courses and invited research talks on a variety of topics ranging from number theory proper over automorphic forms and arithmetic quantum chaos were given by leading experts. The seminar took place at the Erwin Schrdinger Institute from May 2nd to May 9th, and was organized by Joachim Schwermer (University of Vienna, ESI). Graduate students and post docs from various countries attended the seminar. Informal discussions between the students from Princeton, Zrich, Bonn, Essen Tel Aviv, Austin among others and the students of the Vienna based mathematical community took place right away from the start of this enterprise. This also lead to a fruitful interaction between the participants and the lecturers through all the week. Emanuel Kowalski (ETH Zuerich) gave a series of lectures on Sieve methods and some recent applications. Sieve methods have been used for more than a century to extract information about the distribution of prime numbers. There are now many variants available, and recent years have seen striking successes and developments of sieve principles, sometimes in surprising areas. The lecturer gave a survey of some of the techniques and results, emphasizing the recent and more surprising applications (for instance, sieving in the context of discrete groups, the work of Holowinsky and Soundararajan on Arithmetic Quantum Unique Ergodicity, and that of Goldston, Pintz and Yildirim on gaps between primes) Zeev Rudnick discussed Topics in arithmetic quantum chaos in his minicourse. He gave an introduction to a collection of recent results and conjectures on the spectrum and the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian, with emphasis on arithmetic models. In particular, he discussed The universality conjectures for spectral statistics and relations with the classical subjects of uniform distribution and lattice point problems, zeros of zeta functions and
Erwin Schrdinger Lectures

Spring Term 2010

The Erwin Schrdinger Lectures are directed towards a general audience of mathematicians and physicists. In particular it is an intention of these lectures to inform non-specialists and graduate students about recent developments and results in some area of mathematics or mathematical physics. These lectures take place in the Boltzmann Lecture Room of the ESI. Each lecture will be followed by an informal reception at the Common Room of the ESI. Zeev Rudnick (Tel-Aviv University, Israel): Arithmetic Quantum Chaos. May 4, 2010 George Ellis (University of Cape Town, South Africa): The Crystallizing Block Universe. June 10, 2010
Senior Research Fellows Lecture Courses
To stimulate the interaction with the local scientic community, the ESI offers lecture courses on an advanced graduate level. These courses are taught by Senior Fellows of the ESI, whose stays in Vienna are nanced by the University of Vienna, the Vienna University of Technology, and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Science and Research. These courses take place in the Erwin-Schrdinger Lecture Room of the ESI.
Neven Grbac (University of Rijeka)
hole radiance), the Unruh effect, the generation of primordial Eisenstein Series, March 17 - May 6, 2010, Lectures: Wednesday uctuations in the context of Early Universe cosmology, includingtime permittingthe effects of nonlinearities which and Thursday: 09:00 - 11:00, Seminar: Thursday: 16:00 - 17:00 give rise to the much talked about "Non-Gaussianities in the Eisenstein series play an important role in the spectral CMB spectrum. In part (b) I am going to describe in detail the decomposition of the space of square-integrable automorphic formalism that is necessary in order to describe composite forms on the adelic points of a reductive algebraic group dened quantum elds ("Wick powers"), and the prescription for over a number eld. In particular, the continuous part of the constructing an interacting (non-linear) quantum eld theory spectrum can be described using direct integrals of Eisenstein from an underlying linear one. This discussion will include series, while the non-cuspidal part of the discrete spectrum is mathematical topics such as renormalization procedure, and the spanned by certain residues of Eisenstein series. Their necessary tools from microlocal analysis. I will also discuss in importance goes beyond square-integrability in view of the fact detail recent developments concerning the "Operator Product that the space of all automorphic forms can be described using Expansion" in interacting quantum eld theory models, the the residues and principal values of the derivatives of Eisenstein underlying algebraic and cohomological structures, and its series. This course is ment to be an introductory course to calculation in renormalized perturbation theory. I will nish off Eisenstein series at the graduate level. Hence, it sticks most of the the course with some fundamental, model independent physical time to the example of the split general linear group, and, in theorems in QFT on curved spacetimes that can be proven with particular, to GL2. Main results concerning analytic properties of the help of this construction, namely the Parity-Time-Charge Eisenstein series are considered in that case. The course covers theorem, and spin-statistics theorem. The course is aimed at also the Langlands-Shahidi method for normalization of students with an interest in quantum aspects of relativity, and interwining operators, as well as the application of Eisenstein QFT. A knowledge of quantum mechanics/special relativity is series to the spectral decomposition. assumed, and it is also to have a basic knowledge in QFT on Minkowski spacetime. The level of presenation can be adapted if Stefan Hollands (Cardiff University, UK) necessary to the demands of the audience. Quantum Field Theory on Curved Spacetimes, March 19 - June 1, 2010, Lectures: Friday: 09:00 - 11:00, Seminar: Thursday: 16:00 Peter West (Kings College, London, UK) - 17:00 E Theory, June 2 - 22, 2010, Lectures: Wednesday: 15:00 - 17:00, In this series of lectures, I will describe the theory of quantized elds on curved spacetime backgrounds. The two main topics of the course are (a) the physical effects that this theory is able to describe and (b) the mathematical foundations of this formalism. In (a) I will describe in some detail the Hawking Effect (black