(DrrloNeerl'

The Art of Entertainnrent

t--=:::-----t l _ 4 1

ORDER O. N

| 6'r---:-rl

A RP 2 I 3 4
F M / A MD I G I T A L Y N T H E S I Z E R N E R TU S

FIZS|4L F-294

: VERSIONS MODELF-294L, F-294,F-2570t andF-2570HAVEFOLLOWING

Appliceblc modcl

Typc F-294t ZEB F-Z9l

Powcr rcquircmcnt

Dcstination

F-2570t

F-ZEt0
(DC powcrsupply) (DC powcrsupply) (DC powcrsupply)
Europcan continnt and United Kingdom Germany Gencral rnarket Europcan continent Italy

ZEVVXlB ZIXlB

(DC powersupply) (DC powcrsupply)
a This manual is applicable the F-Z9[L|ZEB and F-Z94|ZEWZ types. to o As to the other types, refer to applicable servicemanuals. o F-294L and F-25701 cover MW/IW bandswhile F-294 and F-2570 cover MW. o These productsare componentsof systems.As to the systemcomposition,refer to the system manuals. o Each of these products does not function properlywhen independent to avoid malfunctions,be sure to ;
connect it to the prescribed systemcomponents, otherwisedamagemay result.
o Ce manuel pour le sevicecomprendles explications r6glageon franeais. de a Este manual de serviciotrata del m6todo ajuste escrito en espaFol.
PIONEER ELECTRONIC CORPORATION
1-chome, rokyo Japan 4-1, Mesuro Mesuro-ku, 153,
90801 U.S.A. PIONEERELECTRONICS SERVICElNC. P.O.Box 1760,Long Beach,California OntarioL3R 8E3 Canada PIONEER ELECTRONICS CANADA,lNC. 505 CochraneDrive,Markham, OF 1,2740 Beveren,Belgium PIONEER ELECTRONIC IEUROPEIN.V. Keetberglaan Victoria3195,Australia TEL: [03] 580-9911 AUSTRALIAPTY.LTD. 178j184BoundaryRoad,Braeside, PfONEEBELECTRONICS
1990 CORPORATION ELECTRONIC O PIONEER
F X D E C.9 0P r i n t e dn J a p a n i

CONTENTS

. A I. S P E C t F t C A T t O N S.6.2 D J U S T M E N T S '. '. '. '. '. '. '. 2. E X P L O D E OI E W SP A C K I N G N D V. A. 3 PARTS |ST L. 6 3.ScHEMATtC TAGRAM D 6. REGLAGE
. 4. P. C ,B O A R D O N N E C T I OD I A G R A M S. C N 5.P.C.B' SPARTSLt5T.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.13

1. SPEC|F|CATTONS

FM Tuner Section
Frequency range. 87.5 MH2to lOS MHz Usabf Sensitivity.-. e Mono: 12.8 d9f, IHF 11.2pV17 A) 5 Sensitivity Mono S/N 26 dB: 1 avl{DlN). StereoS/N 46 dB: 35 pVl75 0. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (lHF, 85 dBt Input) Mono: 77 dB S i g n a l - t o - N oRs e i o D l N ) -. -.o.n o.:d B i at { M. Stereo:60 dB Distortion..Stereo:0.5%{lkHz) A n t e n n an p u t. I.O u n b a l a n c e d

MW {AM} Tuner Section

Frequency Range (lHF,Loopantenna) Sensitivity Antenna.,.,.,.,.,,.,. 531 kHz to 1,602kHz.. 350 FVlm , ,. ,. ,. ,. ,.L o o pA n t e n n a ,

LW Tuner Section

Frequency range. (lHF,Loopantenna) Sensitivity An1enna.,.,.,,.,.,.,,.,.-. 153 kHz ro 281 kHz. 1500 pvlm ,. ,. ,. ,. , ,L o o pA n t e n n a.
Miscllaneous Dimensions.0 ( W )x ( H )x 6 ( D )m m ( t W e i g h t w i t h o up a c k a g e ) -.2.2 k g.

FumishedParts

F M A n t e n n.a. AM Loop ntenna. A. - 1.. 1
. Specifications and design subject to possible modification without notice due to imprcvement.
V 2. E X P L O D E D I E W S , P A C K I N G N D P A R T SL I S T A
NOTES:. Parts without part nutnber cannot be supplied,. Parts marked.bg " (D" are not always kept in stock. Their d.elioery lime may be longer lhan usual or theg mag be unaaailable. o The A mark found on some cotnponent parts ind,icates lhe importance of lhe safety laclor of the part. Therefore, uhen replacing, be sure to use parts ol id,entical d,esignation.
PARTSLISTOF EXTERIOR AND PACKING
Marl ilo. & Description
1. 2. 3. ,I. 5. CORDWITH PLUG CHASSTS RUBEER SHEET WASHER PCB MOULD Parl ilo. ADE1102 AE81r11 AED1112
SCREW 7. scREw 3x 18 8. SCREW 18 3X WASHER 10. SCREW 11. L2. 13. L1. 15. LEGASSEMELY FRONTPANEL DISPLAYPLATE GOLDEN BUTTON STATION BUTTON

ABA-298 ABA1O18 ABAllOO ABE-053 BP226POsOFMC AEC1m3 AMB1739 AAK2O82 AAD1682 AAD1892

WAKEUP BUTTON

t7. BONNET 18. FM ANTENNA

LOOP ANTENNA ASSEMELY

20. srDE PAD(L) 21. 22. 23. 24.
AAD1893 ANEI285 ADH1OOs AT81006 AHA1312
AHA1313 AHD1995 AWZ3196 AWZ3199
SIDE PAD(R) PACKINC CASE PACKING SHEET MAIN ASSEMBLY DISPLAY ASSEMBLY
EARTH PLATE(F-294 /ZEWZor.l,r)

ffi\ "-iV

3. SCHEMATICIAGRAM D

" f

" '" I -""" l

t - "l - "

ffil313rEi,

1OOOP ZE||Z

.TV.FM "AM

QIO4,11O5 DC AMP

tcl!ot

c1101 tc1102 tc1103

I Lte?001 : LA: AN747OP
I RN12O3 o1001 ! 2SC266a 01103 ! 2SK: 2SC1740SLN 01105 :RN220l 01104-1110.RN- 2 o - , 1.2SC245a 7 | 2SA1O6
0i oo1 Dl 002 D100i,1112-1117, 1119,1121 0111a,1120 L1104 F1002 F1103 F 4 F1105
:1SV156 ! RD7.sESB : Hssl 04-02 : 1SSas : ATE-O79 :ATF-107 ATF*I 19 : ATF-:ATF-2Oa 41F1042 3ATF1 Sg 0 ZEB ZEWZ ZEB ZEWZ
T1103 T 4 v R v R x1101 x1102 TCl 101 C111O,1116 C1114,1140,1166 C1142 D1162
:AXXlOl2 ZEB AXXIOl4 ZEWZ :AXX1O13 : ACPI 042 : ACPl 043 ! ASSi O42 : A T F 7 : ACt\,|-Ol a :ACG1O21 :ACGIO22 :ACG1O16 :ACE1O39
,:l1"" t"'- J *:,r; *:""r r

{ N ) = = 8 a c 9 :

s : F F $ i l F i l F * H F F $ F F; " " f
F PPi P*. * E T f tF F ; i

rclol MlcRo coMPUTER

sl01-120, 12 t - 8. 0

:1SGlO34

l,RESISTORS : lndicated 6-n, t1+W,1/6W and L/gW, +S% tolcrancc unless otherwise noted k; kO, M; MO, (F) ; +l%, (G); +2%, (K); +ro%, (M); +2O% tolcrancc. 2.CAPACITORS : Indicated capacity(pF)/voltagc(V) unless in othcrwise noted p; pF. Indeicationwithout voltagc is 50V exccpt electrolytic capacitor. 3,VOLTAGE, CURRENT: ; DC voltage(V) at no input signal. L] Value in ( ) is DC voltage at rated powcr. mA ; DC currentat no input signal. I mVl ; Signalvoltagcat FM 400H2-f75HzDEV.
, P D A 9 z E BD 1 O 1 - 4. PD4328A ZEB 106"P D 9 ] A Z E W ZD 5.2SC2458 : R N i2 O 3 x10l c ct 07 : HSSl 04-02
. ASSI Oi 8 :ACH1037 :ACG1020
4. O T H E R S: * ; Signal route. @ ; Adjusting point Thc A mark found on sorrc component parts indicatcs the inportance of thc safcty factor of the part. Therefore, whcn rcplacing, bc sure to usc parts of identical dcsignation. X markcd capacitors and resistorshave parts numbcrs. #; D1 and R1 through R7 are uscd with PD4328A9 only. This is the basic schernatic diagram, but the actual circuit may vary duc to improvcmcnts in design.

4. P. C. B O A R D O N N E C T I OD I A G R A M S C N

TUNER AIN ASS'Y M

r-r.,rq]

rgLrql

TO DECK

t-" 6

FE MOOULE SS'Y A (AXOOO2For ZEB t y p s ) I (AXOIOO4 For ZEWZ t y p )
rh. dFds cnh.r hnr.d whho rh. diod. r.mhrr F!*.d w rh 6) {
T U N E RO I S P L A Y A S S ' Y ( A W Z 3 I 9 ) 9

q".,.e

-Yo -,o

(o0. E i 'i

C M KI 4 O S X
-R''5 o o-,.,, o o","6 d",,0 "o,

o o 6 o. o o o. o o.

o o o o a a a a a a a. a o

r+ll$I i *

ERMAIN ASS'Y
(AW23196 or ZEB tvDe) F ( A W 7 o r Z E W Zl v p e ) F

!.r:,-wz

xs0t ) 11l

oll17 ot1l4 olll5

.",;""

. elt{

a ; l P o ! 6 o. t

:Or tl tV.1"

o|ll6 tcl l0J o 12
ot113 Qllll vRl I 02 T C r1 \Rt t03 vRl I 04

o1001 tcl t02 zEa

/*tda4^
o o ot 105 or 103 ol 104 ot l9 o t1 t o

A N P I 4 5C B

tcl lol

- -.'5) -o-

l i e r o o - o

EAF:E!

lclo1 or02

.'rl,;,;

This P.C.B. connectiondiagram is viewed{rom the foil side.
(eovt 83\ rol aelESWA) (eqVt \W3\ roq TefE\WA)

Y'AAA ilIAI/ F

a lo c o lt c l s to ellto lto so I Itv t oI t c r 0tIw |o I tnv

looto s 0 l t 3|

* ;%.:;t;:s, {
ef-l.ti"lr : :y.1:l'1]. &",:"3::3."" P-r : ir" ":. l'"e Ili,r.,:,.,:"A""":::r'. fil: 1",;,'Y:t. $::*:,::." i*-.3-;I " ir. ; I'" "d"; ffit";"" "" o-o o _,.ro.--.*-" ,"- '"rcD; r" +"i*":-5'.:l:1fT-jffiA*.#l 'e I"4E' f i t.d.

'fffi,s[*#ff

' 'k" ;': " ":"" ;-]:lJ"* * o,l:u)::"S-6 il ' "' ?.'.
.lr;- = ,:"i,ffir tF I iirill;.l',,,'
cfi,.-r{.ax i:*:3';,,,,,;i:;::S,a: T '' r @' " oriS4gl'luj li[ :l
H' ,| "fl:&:*,1,0u|"gr".-
u.G ,"=:'.}:-. " x?;r n:Tl-:/T il:'ii ' _
:" ;f[c4gX{":"":
-*,tf '.1,8"=A:;--1 ,1-.< "."fr:# x". d"'b ".TIT * F

eo o eolro

!olto a0l l0 eot to 0l o tot tf,l

o* ' T

l - '. i I 6 J l

@/-2 [ _ L

l Hlr.__. @

t l.iru*i

eMAfaAto 140lTf,lt/tl/tof, ofAo8.f,.q.$

Y' EEA ViI AM R3I4UT

qMA )Cfo 0T
Y'aaA 3JUOOM 3i ( egyt A3S tol SOOIOXA) ( eqyt \W3S rof $OOIOXA)
( e e 1 \ w A )' ? e AY A J q AI O R 3 t 4 U T Y
5. P. C. B ' S A R T SL I S T P
NOTES: o Parts uithout part nurnbercannol be supplied. o Parts rnarked " A " are not alwags bg kepl in stock. Their d,eliaery time may be longerthan usualor theymag be

o o unaoailable. The A mark found on sotne cotntr,onent perts ind,icates the irnportance ol the safety factor of the part. Therefore, when replocing, be sure to use parts ol id.enl,icald.esignation. When ord,ering resistors, first conoert resistance aalues into code form as shown in the following eramples. Er1 When there are 2 elfecthte digits (ang d.igit apart frorn 0), such os 560 ohm and, 4 ohm (tolerance is s h o w nb y J : 5%, and K: lO%).
.RD1/.ipsFlFl[-l.t 560e 56x 10' 561 '.'.. noi/.tpsT7llslt x 103 47s. 47k!t 17.:.'. o.se lRi noen@l@Ek 1e o1o notr@ffix
When there are I eflectioe digits (such as in high precision metal film resistors)

5.6pke562x 1ot s6z1

notyasn@@@@r

P.rt l{o.

ccMcH150Js0 cEAS330M16 cKDYF223250 ACG1022 cEAS470M10 ACG1016 cKDYF223250 CEAS4RTMSO cEAS470M10 cKcYF473Z50 cKcYB222K50 CEAS2R2M50 cEA5010M50 ccDsL2?1J50 CEASORlM50 cKDYF2232s0 cEAS330M16 cKDYF2232s0 CEANP2R2MsO cKcYF4732s0 ACE1039 CEAS3R3MsO CEASlRSM50 CEASR22M5O ACC1022 cEA5010M50 cKcYB122K50 cEAS470M10 cEASlqlM25 cKDYF103Z50 cEAS101M50

Symbol Description &

Pa.t ilo.

Symbol& Dercription

c1123,C1124 CERAMIC CAPACITOR c1136 ELECTR.CAPACITOR c1137-CI139 CERAMIC CAPACITOR c11lo cAPACITOR(0.022pF) c1141 ELECTR. CAPACITOR
(AW23196) MAtNASS' Y oTUNER

SEMICONDUCTORS

1c1101 1c1102 1c1103 PLL IC AM/FM/tc MPX IC 1M7001 LA12655 ANTITOP RN1203 25C2558 2SK246 2SClTilosLN RN2201 RN1203 25C2458 2SA1oi|8 25C245A RD7.5ESB HSS10+02 1SS85 H5S10402
TRANSISTOR Q1001 TRANSISTOR Q1103 N-FET Q110,0 TRANSISTOR Q1105 Q1108-Q1110 TRANSISTOR Q1111,Q1112 TRANSISTOR Q1114,Q1115 TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR Q1116 TRANSISTOR D1OO2 ZENER DIODF D1003,D1112-D1117 DTODE D1118 DIODE D1119 DIODE D1120 DIODE D1121 DIODE

ctr42 c1143

C11il4
c1145 c1147 c1148 c1149 cl150 c1151 c7152
CAPACITOR(a?p/50) CERAMIC CAPACITOR ELECTR.CAPACITOR ELECTR.CAPACITOR CERAMIC CAPACITOR CERAMIC CAPACITOR ELECTR.CAPACITOR ELECTR.CAPACITOR CERAMIC CAPACITOR ELECTR.CAPACITOR
c1153 CERAMIC CAPACITOR c1154 ELECTR.CAPACITOR c1156,C1157 CERAMIC CAPACITOR c1158 ELECTR.CAPACITOR c1161 CERAMIC CAPACITOR cl162 c1154 c1159 c1166

cAPAclToR(a70pl50) ELECTR.CAPACITOR LECTR.CAPACITOR ELECTR. CAPACITOR CAPACITOR(0.022pF)

H5S10+02

COITS NDFIITERS A
L1OO2 AXIAL INDUCTOR L1104 CO|L 11105,11107 AXIALINDUCTOR F1102,F1103 CERAMIC FM FILTER F1104 AM CERAMIC FILTER LAUOlOM ATE.079 LAU2R2M ATF.107 ATF-208

CAPACITORS

C1OO3 CERAMICCAPACITOR cKDYF223Z50 c1004,c100s ELEcTR. cAPACtTOR CEASORlMSO c11O9/ CERAMTCCAPACTTOR CKDYF223ZEO Cl110 CAPACITOR(0.01pF) ACG1021 C1111 ELECTR.CAPACITOR cEAS470M10 C1114 C1115 C1116 C1117 C1118 CAPACITOR(0.022pF) ACG1022 AUDIOFILMCAPACITORCFTXA224J5O CAPACITOR(0.01pF) ACG1021 ELECTR.CAPACITOR cEAS330M16 AUDIOFILMCAPACITORcFTXA224J50
c1169,C1170 ELECTR.CAPACITOR c1171,C1172CERAMIC CAPACITOR c1173 ELECTR.CAPACITOR c1174 ELECTR.CAPACITOR c1r76 CERAMIC CAPACITOR c1179 RESISTORS vR1102 vR1103 vR1104

ELECTR.CAPACITOR

vR(4.7Ka) VR(10Ko) vR(22KO) OTHERRESISTORS
ACP1042 VRT86VS1O3 ACP1043 RD1/sPMmJ

Symbol& Description

Part o.

OTHERS

cN54 x1101 x1102
14PJUMPER CONNECTOR KPE14 RESONATOR(7.20MH2) ASS1042 CERAMICRESONATOR ATFTO2T ANTENNATERMINAL +P AM RF TUNINGBLOCK (T1103) AM RF TUNING BLOCK (T110/0) 2SERIALFE MODULEAS5'Y AKAIO1O AXX1O12 AXX1OT3 AXQlOO2
ASS'Y (AWZ3r99) oruNERDrsPrAY
tc101 Q1O1 Q1O2 coNTRoLtc TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR
PD4328A 25C2458 RN1M3 1SS152 H5S1o+02 RD9.IESB HSSlM-02
Dl DIODE D10t-D104 DTODE D1O5 ZENER DIODE Dlo6Dl13 DTODE

SWITCHES

5101-5120. SWTTCH s12&s128,S130

LlO1 AXIAL INDUCTOR

ASG1034

LAU22OK

C1OI C1O2 C1O3 c104 C1O5 C1O6 C107 C1O8 C1O9 AUDIO FILM CAPACITOR ELECTR.CAPACITOR ELECTR.CAPACITOR CAPACTTOR(47I1o) ELECTR.CAPACITOR CERAMICCAPACITOR CAPACITOR(1q)0P/50) ELECTR, CAPACITOR CERAMIC CAPACITOR CFTXA224J5O CEJA1OOM35 CEJA47OM16 ACH1037 CEJA47OM16 CKDYX473M25 ACG1020 CEJA4R7M35 CKDYX4?3M25

RESISTORS

ALL RESISTORS

RD1/sPMfmJ

VlO1 x101 FL IUAE MV1O7O RESONATOR(4.19MH2) ASS1018

6. ADJUSTMENTS

O As to connections and points to be adjusted, refer to Fig. 6-1 and Fig. 6-2. O Where and asterisk(*) is given for "level dBpr," set to the level (dBp) at which the voltage is roughly half the voltage between TP1104 and GND at 60dB.
6. 1 A M T U N E RA D J U S T M E N T
O Set the BAND selector to '(AM",

Stcp ilo.

AM SG(feOHz, 30olo modslrtion) Adjurtmcnt Titlc
Frcqucncy(lHr) Icvcl(dBp)
Rcccption Frcqucncy Dirolrv
Adiuctment Spccificetionr Adjust so that the DC voltagc bctwccn TP11O4 and GND is maximum. Adjust so that lights up. thc indicator
Tracking adjustment (ZEWZ typc only)

1395 Rcpcatland2abovc

Adjurtmcnt Location MW blockANT coil 603kHz (T1103) 1395kHz TC1101 999kHz
TUNED indicator scnsitivitv adiustmcnt

55-t-5

vR1104

A 6.2 FM TUNER DJUSTMENT

O Set the BAND selector to "FM". O Perform VCO adjustment two minutes or more after turning the power ON. Note : Stereo modulation : Main lkHz L t R+68.25H2 dev. Pilot l9kHzt

Stcp No.

6.75kHz dev. Adiurtment

FM SG(trHztT5lHr dcv.)

Adjortmcot Titlc Frequcncy( ll Hz) !cvcl(dBp)
Rcccption Frcqocncy Dirohv
Adjuctmcnt Locrtion Adjust
Spccificetionr so that thc DC voltage
Detector coil T-mctcr adjustmcnt
98.0 (No modulation) 98.0 (No modulation)

98.0 (No modulation)

98.0MHz
between TP1101 and TP1l02 is-F 50mV.

VCO adjustment

vR1102 vR1103
Adjust so that the frcqucncy bctwccnTP1105and GND is 76t 0.5kHz
Adjust so that the indicator lights uP.
TUNED indicator scnsitivityadjustmcnt

6. REGLAGE

. Les raccordements les points de rdglages et sont reprdsentds la Fig. 6-l et Fig. 6-2. i o Lorsqu'un astdrisqueaccompagneun "niveau dBp", rdgler i un niveau (dBl) tel que la tension soit i peu prds la moitid de cellequi estpr6sente entre TP1104et GND pour 60 dB.
6I RGIAGE SYNTONISEUR DU AM

Et.pe No.

. Placerle s6lecteur BAND sur la Dosition'AM".
AM SG (400H2, 30o/o modulationl Items de 169lage Fr6quence (kHz) Repdtelet2ci-dessus. lndicalcurs TUNED dc Nivcaud'aclaircrrcnt 999 999kHz Affichage de l.6qusnce de Niveau (dBll rcception 603kHz 1395kH? R6glage Lieu de rglage Caract6ristiques

Ajustedel medidorT de la bobinadetectora

Aiustevco

vR1102
Nivcl dc iluminaci6n de TUNED.

vR1103

AM antenna terminal
terminal R (Ell83) L, Output

FM 75 A anlenna torminal

wiringdiagram Fig,6-1AM and FM adjustment

Borne AM d'antenne

Borne de sortie L, R (

Voltmalre CA

Borne d'antonne FM de 75 ohmios
AM et FM Fig.6-1 Diagramme cdblage r6glage de de
Terminal la de antenade AM
Terminal salidaL, R (ll de
Terminal de la antena de FM de 75 ohmios
I l-.,".","1

I r'ecuencia I

Fig.6-1 Diagramma conexi6n ajuste AM y FM de de de
*1 : OnlyZEWZtype les Seuls type ZEWZ 56lolostipo ZEWZ

TC110.tfl

FE assenbly

* Lgl 3l33u!oo,

T1101 TP1101

BLocx | MTu

TPl 102

TPr105

04 L11

*;,;*@

vRl 104

l$1(r2

,@ L cltr

TUNER MAIN ASS'Y

Fig.6-2Adjustmentpoints Fig.6-2 Pointsde 169lage Fig.6-2 Puntosde ajuste

7. FOR F-294/ZEWZ TYPE

NOTES :. Parts uithout part number cannot be supplied,. t Parts matked by ( O" are not always kept in stock. Their d,elioerytime may be longer than usual or they may be unatailable. o The A mark lound on sorne cornltonenl parts ind,icates the importance of the safety factor ol the part. Therefore, uhen replacing, be sure Io use parts of identical d,esignation.
F'ZC0IZEWZ type is the same the F-Z 94L as of sections. IZEBtypewith the exception the following
Mark Symbol Dcscription &
FM antenna FM antcnna asscmbly Packingcasc Front panel Main assembly
Part No. F-294L/ZEBlvpe F-794/LEWZ tvpc

Rema rks

i:::::

AHD1995 AMB1739 AWZ3196

ADHlOO2 AHD1994 AMB1738 AWZ3197

For packing

(AWz3l9z Main Aee embty ) The Main assembly(AWZ3l9?)is 6ameas the Main assembly(AWZ3l96)with exception the the the of

followingsections.

Mark Symbol Dcscription & Part No.

Q1110 Q1111,Q1112 Ql113

AWZ3196 RN2201 :::::

AWZ3197

Remarks

25C2458 1SV156

D1001 D , D , D , D H5S10402 D1118,D1120 15S85 t1001,11003 F1102 F1104 F1105 TC1101 c1001 c1002 c1003 cl011,c1013 c1012 c1136 c1137 c1138 c1159 c1160 c1167,C1168

LAUOlOM

:1::::v
LAU4TOK ATF-119 ATF1O42 ATF1088 ACM-018 cKDYF102Z50

ATF-107 ATF-208

cKDYF223Z50

:::::i:""

CKDYBlO2K5O ccDsL680J50 cKDYX473M25 ;;;;;;;,*, CEAS2R2M50 CKDYB392K5O
cEA5330M16 cKDYF223Z50 cKDYF223Z50

Symbol& Dcscription

Part No.

AWZ3196

cLr7L.C1L72 c1175 c1176

:::::i:'o'

cKDYF103Z50 RD1/8PM472J
R1001 R1002 R1003 R1007 R1139,R1142,R1143 R1140 R1141 Rl144 R1163 R1164 R1165 R1166 R1167 Rl174 R1183,R1184 R1192 Antenna tcrminal(PAL 4P) Antenna tcrminal(2P) FE modulc assembly(21) FE modulc asscmbly(4L) AM RF tuningblock( MW) AM RF tuningblock(LW)
:v::i:"* ::11:'.y'*' 1:t/::v'"'

RD1/8PM153J RD1/8PM560J

AWZ3197 cKcYB102K50

Rcmarks

RDl/8PM681J RD1/8PM104J RD1/8PM102J RD1/8PM392J RDl/8PM224J RD1/8PM473J RD1/8PM222J RD1/8PM122J RD1/8PM472J RD1/8PM473J RD1/8PM472J RD1/8PM472J
RD1/8PM913J RDl/8PM302J RD1/8PM103J AKAlOlO

AKA1O12

AXQlOO2 ;;;; AXX1O13

;;'* AXX1014

F 8. PANEL ACILITIES

REARPANELFACILITIES

O FM/AM ANTENNAterminals
you will not Antennas must be connected theseterminals: to otherwise be able to receivestations. See page 4 for details on ANTENNA CONNECTIONS.
cord @ rururn input/output
Connect to the TUNER jack of the cassette deck amplifier.

FRONTPANELFACILITIES

-.--*^-./,-

-----.

@ Displaysection
Shows current time, received frequency, contents of timer settings, etc.

@ ser button

Used for current time, timer playback, and timer recording setting.

99 l l

I rwEo

@ clocK ADJ button

Used for starting the clock adiustment.

frvf Ml lU lTtil ,AI

Itrff r ,Xl**",-{

Y.Il-l?trtr

{-, @ TUNTNG/TIMER + I buttons
lDuring tuningl Used for locating stations. " " " " Use button for lower, and + button for higher frequencies. [During time and timer settingl Used for adjusting the clock, timer settihgs and its related adjustments.

.El 'Ll El o.

lJ rrme
6) MoNo indicator Lights when the MPX button is set to ON. When this indicator is lit, FM stereo broadcasts are reproduced monaurally. @ TUNED indicaror Lights when a broadcast is received and tuned in well @ srEREo indicator Lights when an FM stereo broadcast is received (MPX button set to OFF}. @ LocAL indicaror Lights when the LOCAL button is set to ON. @ Timer indicators These show various timer settino. G) SLEEP indicator Indicates that the sleep timer is activated. @ Frequency display Shows received broadcast frequency. Also gives scrolling display of main function status. FM and MHz light: FM reception. AM and kHz light: MW or LW reception. @ Time display This shows the present time and during recording, it shows the elapsed recording time. When you listen to a broadcast, the STATION CALL number is displayed. O Deck REC TIME indicator Lights when deck is recording.

@ LocAL button

Use this if the broadcast signal is too strong, causing noise and distortion. The atttenuator reduces the strength of the signal, reducing noise and distortion.

@ MPX (FM MoNol button

Turn on when there is much noise during reception of FM stereo broadcasts. The reproduced sound will become monaural but noise will be reduced.

button @ nnennony

Used for memorizing stations. When the button is pressed, the frequency display will flash. To memorize the frequency of any station, press a station call button while the frequency display flashes.

@ BAND selectorbutton

Each time this button is pressed, FM, MW or LW reception is selected in order.

@cHEcK button

Used for confirming timer settings, after setting for timer playback or timer recording.

@ sleeP button

Sets the sleep timer. Each time you press this button, the setting changes as shown here. The current setting is shown on the tuner display. Power turns off when your set time has elapsed.

@srATIoN CALLbuttons

Used for memorizing and recalling memorized stations.

@ Timer selectorbuttons

1,21 IWAKE-UP Usedfor timer playbacksetting. TRECI setting. Usedfor timer recording I I I I '
90.+ (Approx. 90 minutes) (AUT
(Approx. 60 minutes) OFF.

30(Approx. 30 minutes)

lf you press the SLEEPbutton during recording, AUTO is displayed,and power is switched off at the end of recording.

The Study of the Anomalous Acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11
Slava G. Turyshev, John D. Anderson ((Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech)) Michael Martin Nieto ((Los Alamos National Laboratory, U of California))
Journes du GREX 2004 Nice, France, 29 October 2004
THE STUDY OF THE PIONEER ANOMALY THE STUDY OF THE PIONEER ANOMALY
Conclusions & Outline:
The Pioneer 10/11 anomalous acceleration:
aP = (8.74 1.33) 108 cm/s2
A line-of-sight constant acceleration towards the Sun:
We find no mechanism or theory that explains the anomaly Most plausible cause is systematics, yet to be demonstrated
Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002) 082004, gr-qc/0104064
Possible Origin? Conventional Physics [not yet understood]:
Gas leaks, heat reflection, drag force, etc
New Physics [many proposals exist, some interesting] Both are important a win-win situation:
CONVENTIONAL explanation: improvement of spacecraft engineering for precise navigation & attitude control NEW physics: would be truly remarkable

Pioneer 10/11 Mission

Built: TRW (Northrop-Grumman Space Technology) Navigation: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Project management: NASA Ames Research Center
Position of Pioneer 10 on 29 October 2004:
Last successful precession maneuver to point the spacecraft to Earth was accomplished on 11 Feb 2000 (distance from the Sun of 75 AU)

Pioneer 10/11 Spacecraft

Pioneer 10/11 were excellent for dynamical astronomy:
Spacecraft design permits precise acceleration estimations, ~108 cm/s2, unlike a Voyager-type 3-axis stabilization
Accurate celestial mechanics experiments - one of the main objectives of the Pioneer extended missions

On-board Power and Heat

Thermal system and on-board power:
Design based on well understood process of on-board nuclear-toelectric energy conversion and heat dissipation within the craft
Pioneer F during checkout tests
The Pioneer F spacecraft during a checkout with the launch vehicle third stage at Cape Kennedy. Pioneer F became Pioneer 10.
Pioneer 10 Launch: 2 March 1972
Pioneer 10/11: Main Missions
Trajectories for Pioneer 10 and 11 during the main mission phase
Trajectories of Pioneers and Voyagers
Ecliptic pole view of Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyager trajectories. Digital artwork by T. Esposito. NASA ARC Image # AC97-0036-3.

Detection of the Anomaly

Mid 1979 (search for Planet X with Pioneer 10):
Solar-radiation pressure away from the Sun became < cm/s2 Search for unmodeled accelerations started (~ 20AU)
Early 1980 (Orbit Determination Analysis ODP):
JPL analysis found the biggest systematic error in the accel residuals is a constant bias aP ~ (8 3) 108 cm/s2 directed towards the Sun
An ODP plot of the early unmodeled accelerations of Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, from about 1981 to 1989 and 1977 to 1989, respectively

The Observed Anomaly

In the 1995-98, from the JPL-ODP analysis we concluded:
There is an un-modeled acceleration towards the Sun (8.09 0.20) 108 cm/s2 for Pioneer 10 (8.56 0.15) 108 cm/s2 for Pioneer 11 The error is determined with a 5-day BSF with radial accel as a stochastic parameter subject to white Gaussian noise (~500 independent 5-day samples of radial acceleration). NO magnitude variation with distance over a range of 40 to 70 AU
PRL 81(1998) 2858-2861, gr-qc/9808081

The two-way Doppler anomaly to first order in (v/c) behaves as:
Equivalent forms of the Anomaly:
Steady frequency drift: Anomalous acceleration: Clock acceleration:
Modeling the Motion of Pioneer 10/11
Relativistic eq.m. for celestial bodies are correct to (v/c)4:
Relativistic grav. accelerations (EIH) include: Sun, Moon, 9 planets are point masses in isotropic, PPN, N-body metric; Newtonian gravity from large asteroids; terrestrial, lunar figure effects; Earth tides; lunar physical librations
Relativistic models for light propagation are correct to (v/c)2:
Standard Models of Non-Gravitational Forces
Model accounts for many sources of non-grav. forces, including:
Solar radiation and wind pressure; the interplanetary media Attitude-control propulsive maneuvers; gas leakage from the propulsion system DSN antennae contributions to the spacecraft radio tracking data Torques produced by above mentioned forces
Orbit determination procedure, includes:
Models of precession, nutation, sidereal rotation, polar motion, tidal effects, and tectonic plates drift; Model values of the tidal deceleration, non-uniformity of rotation, polar motion, Love numbers, and Chandler wobble are obtained observationally via LLR, SLR and VLBI (from ICRF):
Now [after Pioneer] model can be adjusted to include:
Effects of the recoil force due to emitted radio power Anisotropic thermal radiation of spacecraft
Unknown forces are routinely modeled as stochastic accels:
Exponentially correlated in time, with a variable time constant Stochastic variable was sampled in 0-, 5-,10-day batches
Models Used to Explain the Anomaly
Models and suggestions that failed to explain the anomaly:
Non-gravitational effects: Solar pressure, solar wind, interplanetary medium Precessional attitude control maneuvers and gas leaks Nominal thermal radiation, plutonium half life Some viscous drag force (ULY: solar radiation, maneuvers) Gravity from the Kuiper belt; gravity from the Galaxy Dark Matter distributed in a halo around the solar system Drifting clocks, general relativity, the speed of gravity Hardware problems at the DSN tracking stations Errors in the planetary ephemerides Errors in the values of the EOP, precession, and nutation; Identical design of Pioneer 10/11 spacecraft (GLL, ULY: solar radiation, maneuvers)

Error in JPL's ODP?

Numerous internal checks NASA Grant to The Aerospace Corporation: 1996-1998

The Pioneer Anomaly

The two-way anomaly to first order in (v/c) simply is:

1998.8

CHASMP two-way Doppler residuals (observed Doppler velocity minus model Doppler velocity) for Pioneer 10 vs time. [1 Hz is equal to 65 mm/s range change per second]
Adding one more parameter to the model a constant radial acceleration led to residuals distribution ~ zero Doppler velocity with a systematic variation ~3.0 mm/s. The quality of the fit may be determined by the ratio of residuals to the downlink carrier frequency, 0 2.29 GHz.
Sources of External Systematic Error [PRD, 2002]
Interesting, but not a major source of concern!
Sources of On-board Systematic Error [PRD, 2002]
Pioneer DSN antenna at Goldstone

Pioneer 10/11 spacecraft

A drawing of the Pioneer spacecraft
1987 [97 W] ~32.8% reduction 1998.8 [65 W] 2001
Heat is clearly important source, but:
NOT strong enough to explain the anomaly Exponential decay (or linear decrease) is NOT seen in the anomaly aP
IJMP A 17 (2002) 875-885, gr-qc/0107022
New Focus: the Pioneer 10 Spin History
Most spacecraft show spin-down behavior usually due to structure tiredness, connection loosening, etc.

Pioneer 11 Spin History

Causes for de-spin are different: Pioneer 11 spin increases in between the maneuvers, leaking thruster?

ODP/Sigma residuals

ODP/Sigma Doppler residuals in Hz for the entire Pioneer 10 data span. The two solid vertical lines indicate the boundaries between data Intervals I/II and II/III. Maneuver times are indicated by the vertical dashed lines.
The Pioneer Anomaly: Summary
Our latest result for the Pioneer 10/11 anomalous acceleration:
A line of sight constant acceleration of the s/c toward the Sun: We find no mechanism or theory that explains the anomaly; The most plausible cause is a systematic, yet to be demonstrated.

Behavior of the Anomaly:

We have no real idea how far out the anomaly goes; aP continues out roughly as a constant from ~10 AU; Constancy: temporal and spatial variations less then 3.4%; Amplified (or turned on) for hyperbolic, escape trajectories (?)

Three Different Codes Used:
JPL Orbit Determination Program [DPODP various generations]; Aerospace Corp [CHASPM/POEAS]; GSFC [brewed by Craig Markward in 2003, data from NSSDC].

Next Steps:

Early data processing [work initiated at JPL: fly-byes, entire data set] A European study of the PA recently initiated (ZARM, Bremen)
Meanwhile Pioneer 10 @ Arecibo
Pioneer 10, as seen by 305 m antenna at Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico
One data point we need more!

Thank You!

Solutions for Different Data Intervals
Determinations of the anomalous value for aP from Intervals of Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 data in units of 108 cm/s2
A Mission to Test the Pioneer Anomaly

Mission Objectives:

To search for any unmodeled small acceleration affecting the spacecraft motion at the level of <0.cm/s2 Determine the physical origin of any anomaly, if found.

Unique Features:

A standard spacecraft bus that allows thermal louvers to be on the sides for symmetric fore/aft thermal rejection. Fore/aft symmetric design with twin antennae (``yo-yo'' concept).
With Off-the-Shelf Technology:
Accuracy a ~ 0.cm/s2 is achievable in about 5 years GIVEN THAT the thrusters are reliable and gas leaks can be eliminated or monitored to a high enough accuracy

New Technology?

FAST ORBIT TRANSFER using solar sails, nuclear propulsion DRAG-FREE systems would help, but are not sufficient DC ACCELEROMTERS are very useful OPTICAL COMM very good, but currently very expensive THRUSTERS: good performance and high repeatability are needed
Minimal investment in new technologies would enable not only to test the Anomaly, but also to uniquely determine its Origin.
Finding Direction of the Pioneer Anomaly
CQG 21 (2004) 1, gr-qc/0308017

1) 2) 3) 4)

Towards the Sun: gravity? Towards the Earth: time? Along the velocity: drag or inertia? On the spin axis: internal systematics?
Directional Modulation of the Anomaly
Clearly different behavior; easy to separate.
Lessons Learned from the Pioneers

Attitude Control:

3D ACCELERATION SENSITIVITY: <0.01 10-8 cm/s2 for each axis Spin-stabilized (preferred) If 3D stabilization use of DC accelerometers and reaction wheels

Navigation & Communication:
3D ACCELERATION SENSITIVITY: <0.01 10-8 cm/s2 for each axis POINTING: control 6 rad; knowledge 3 rad; stability 0.1 rad/s COMM: X and Ka band with significant dual-band tracking DATA TYPES: Doppler, range, DOR, and VLBI

Thermal Design:

ENTIRE SPACECRAFT: heat-balanced & heat-symmetric KNOWLEDGE of all heat sources RTGs, electronics, thrusters, etc ACTIVE CONTROL of all heat dissipation channels within & outward PRECISE KNOWLEDGE of 3D vector of thermal recoil force If spin-stabilized thermal louvers are on the sides of the bus If 3D stabilization harder to balance recoil forces and torques
Investigation emphasized effects previously thought to be insignificant: rejected thermal radiation, gas leaks, radio beam.
Lessons Learned from the Pioneers (2)

On-board Power RTGs:

LOCATION: must provide thermal and inertial balance & stability If spin-stabilized position as farther as practical from the bus If 3D stabilization balance, balance, balance! (see below)

Propulsion System:

Precisely calibrated thrusters, propellant lines & fuel gauges AUTONOMOUS real-time control of their performance
Symmetric Design (Yo-Yo concept):
FORE/AFT SYMMETRIC design with TWO identical Cassegrain antennae transmitting in opposite directions, and ROTATE the craft once in a while (done for Pioneer Earth acquisition maneuver, took ~2.5 hours and 0.5 kg of fuel)

Mission Design:

TRAJECTORY: a hyperbolic solar system escape trajectory >15 AU from the Sun possibly in the plane of ecliptic, co-moving with the solar system's direction within the galaxy FAST TRANSFER ORBIT spacecraft moving with a velocity of 5 AU or more per year, reaching 15 AU in 3 years time or less Heavy class launch vehicle (Delta IV, Proton, Ariane class) Solar sail, or nuclear propulsion at least to 15 AU
Other Possibilities to Study the Anomaly
Experimental possibilities:

The 305-meter antenna of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico might be able to detect Pioneer's signal for a longer time The existing data for Pioneer 10 [complete to July 2000]
High-rate data from 1978 to Jan 1987: not used in our analysis: Study FLYBYS!
Current or near future missions:
Cassini [RTGs very close]:
Heat recoil force ~40108 cm/s2

GP-B [in orbit]

Acceleration resolution at ~ 1108 m/s2 Earth polar circular ~ 92 min orbit,
LISA Pathfinder [launch 2006]
Acceleration resolution at ~ 11012 cm/s2 Multiple noise cancellation strategies
Technology exists to further test the Pioneer Anomaly
Are There Any Other Possibilities?

Future missions:

JIMO [~2012]:
Nuclear reactor [unlimited power / weight] Focus on technology, very minimal science

Pluto-Kiuper [>2014]:

Cassini spacecraft
The launch data is uncertain at the moment A mission from the Prometheus family?

Solar Probe [>2016]:

a low-mass module may be ejected during solar flyby out of the plane of the ecliptic

GP-B Launch 04-20-2004

Interstellar Probe [>2020]

Todays reality:

The anomaly source is still unknown Analysis of early data (and the entire set) Needs a wider community support Pioneer is a low priority for NASA Designated mission today is hard, but

JIMO spacecraft

Dust in the Kuiper Belt
Possible acceleration caused by dust in the Kuiper belt.
Suggested Explanations: Familiar Physics
A new manifestation of known physics? Interplanetary dust:
i) additional gravitational frequency shift; ii) resistance of s/c antennae as they transverse the dust Contradicts to known properties of the interplanetary medium. Density varies greatly within the KB; not large enough to produce acceleration ~aP
Dark matter hard to understand:
A spherically-symmetric distribution of matter, with produces a constant acceleration inside the distribution. To produce aP even only out to 50 AU would require the total dark matter Ephemeris accuracy allows of DM within orbit of Uranus
Modification of gravity a Yukawa force:
is the new coupling strength relative to Newtonian gravity, and is the new force's range. For instance, = for = 200 AU
Suggested Explanations: MOND & New Physics
MOND (MOdified Newtonian Dynamics):
Gravitational acceleration of a massive body is constant and for. Depending on the value of H, the Hubble constant, Indeed, if H = 82 km/s/Mpc, Variations of MOND to account for the Pioneer anomaly Viking ranging data limit any unmodeled radial acceleration on Earth and Mars to 0.cm/s2 if the anomalous radial acceleration acting on spinning spacecraft is gravitational in origin, it is not universal. for some

Observation aP~cH, stimulated many suggestions:
Gravity of the solar system is not static w.r.t. the cosmic expansion 5-D Kaluza-Klein with a time-varying scale factor for 5-th dimension Effect of a scale-dependent cosmological term in the Grav. action Cosmological models with a time-varying Newtonian G(t)
Suggested Explanations: New Physics
Several scalar-field ideas have also appeared:
Long-range scalar field, with oscillatory decline in aP, d>100 AU Self-interactions of a scalar condensate could be the origins of both Milgrom's inertia modification and also of the Pioneer effect. Flavor oscillations of neutrinos in the Brans-Dicke theory of gravity may produce a QM phase shift of neutrinos A theory of conformal gravity with dynamical mass generation
Phenomenological time models:
Drifting Clocks; Quadratic Time Augmentation; Carrier Frequency Drift; Speed of Gravity Rejected: poor fits / inconsistent solutions among spacecraft
Quadratic in time model (pseudo-acceleration, less likely):
Mimics a line of sight acceleration of s/c, and could be thought of as an expanding space model. Note that aquad affects only the data.
Initial PRL paper was cited ~108 times, including ~ 78 papers with suggested mechanisms to explain the anomaly.
Data Acquisition and Preparation
Data acquisition with JPL's Deep Space Network (DSN):
Goldstone, California; Robledo de Chavela, near Madrid, Spain; Tidbinbilla, near Canberra, Australia. The DSN Frequency and Timing System: At its center is an H-maser that produces a precise and stable reference frequency with Allan deviations of (1.3 1.0)1012, for a 103 sec Doppler integration time (for the S-band) Calculations of the motion of a spacecraft are made on the basis of the range time-delay and/or the Doppler shift in the signals GLL has S-band range data near the Earth. ULY has 2-/3-way S-up/X-down Doppler and range, S-up/S-down: processed S-up/X-down Doppler and range Considerable effort has gone into estimating measurement errors: to provide the data weights necessary to accurately estimate the parameter adjustments and their associated uncertainties To correct for the Earth's tropospheric refraction (affects Doppler observable) the data can be deweighted for low DSN antennae elevation angles to correct for a Doppler bias due to spinning antennae
Radio Doppler and range techniques, the most common for navigation
Data types: Pioneer craft have only 2-and 3-way S-band Doppler
Data preparation and data weighting
Spin calibration of the data:
Data Collection by the DSN
THE PIONEER ANOMALY AND MISSIONS TO TEST IT THE PIONEER ANOMALY AND MISSIONS TO TEST IT
QDP/Sigma 1-day batch residuals
ODP/Sigma 1-day batch-sequential acceleration residuals using the entire Pioneer 10 data set. Maneuver times are indicated by the vertical dashed lines.

Equivalent forms (PRL, 1997): Steady frequency drift: Anomalous acceleration: Clock acceleration: Unknown forces are routinely modeled as stochastic accels:
Basic methods of spacecraft navigation
Relativistic equations of motion; Small non-gravitational forces; Data acquisition and preparation.
The latest (2002) results:
An error budget for the anomaly.

Outline for This Talk:

The Pioneer Anomaly:
Pioneer spacecraft and missions JPL OD process: data and models Initial detection for PA How unique these condition? JPL ODP process Aerospace Corporation Error budget Attempts to explain

Recent Analysis:

Lessons Learned & Next Steps:
Missions of interest A designated mission concept How to get support? NASA? ESA?

This Talk will Cover:

PA history, analysis, lessons learned, and mission to test the PA

A Long Journey Ahead

A group of yellowish stars at the upper right is dominated by the red giant Aldebaran, where Pioneer 10 is heading.

Typical JPL ODP Output

One data point of Pioneer 10 (spacecraft #23).

Typical CHASPM Output

Several data points of Pioneer 10 (spacecraft #23).
Consistency Between ODP and CHASPM

Pioneer 10

ODP: 5-day sample averages of using BSF with a 200-day correl time (dots). Solid lines mean values of aP in three Intervals; dashed lines large BSF computational error bounds. CHASMP: The 200-day accel values using CHASMP solid squares.