, Ne O

, Ne F

, Slq Tz {KKIH}

, Kms {KD}

, Mt {Hl.}

v. 'flay' (Mt M {Sp.}

'I flay') Y: OY K {Bil.}

, Y K {IN} 'skin', {Ang. Jc.} (?) 'Balg, Fell, Haut' Coll. 26, UEW 184, Ht. #3O6, Stn. D 542, Jn. 69, KKIH 117, Hl. M #495, IN 332, IN RJ s.v. , Ang. 252, Rd. UJ 46 [#66] (Y U) A > NaT > Osm {Rl.} v. 'die Haut abnehmen, abkratzen' Rl. II 1252 But T 'bellows' (> OT , Tkm , Yk , etc., cf. ET KQ 118) is either akin with or borrowed from M cf. MED 48O) M 'bark, peel, rind' > MM [S] = 'bellows' (> WrM , HlM , 'skin, uppermost stratum of earth', WrM
, HlM id., 'peel, rind', Kl 'bark, hard crust, skin' H 1O4, MED 491, KW 24O Tg n. 'bark' > Lm , Ud , Ul , Ork , Nn Nh/B , ? WrMc 'film, vt. 'cover with bark' > Lm , Ork STM II 282 ? pKo {S} 'oister' ( 'shell') > MKo membrane'; Tg > NKo S AJ 257 [#181] ? J {S} 'shellfish (and its shell)' > OJ > ltOJ >JT 'the shellfish Meretrix meretrix L.' S AJ 272 [#218] S AJ 38. 128 [fn. 75], 291 [#441] (A 'bark, shell'), DQA #1O92 [A 'bark, shell'; incl. M, Tg, Ko, J]. 1138. 'to bite, gnaw, chew, eat away' > HS: CS (or WS) > Ar (araQa / ) 'gnaw' (of mice), Ug 'bite', ? Gz 'lacerate, tear away' (semantic infl. of 'incise, scar'?) BK II 713, Ln. 2514-5, OLS 373, L G 44O-1, 444 IE: NaIE v. 'chew' > OI 'grinds with the teeth, chews' Gk [Hs.] 'morsel, bit' W v. 'graze, browse, eat, pasture', v. 'pasture, graze' P 642, F II 63O-1, M K I 379, Fw. WE 49, YGMIE v. 'chew' v. 'crush' (< N 'to hammer, pound') K: G 'to gnaw, make holes' (of woodworms) Chx. 631 U: FU v. 'bite' > Prm 'bite (

)' > Z

?? Lp: OSw {L} 'rodere', Vfs {Lgc.} 'beien, schnappen' (going back to a FU root variant with - probably due to vw. harmony) ?? Chr 'eat' (unless from , as supposed by UEW) Hg v. 'bite, take a bite out of sth.' UEW 129 (rejects the Lp and Chr cognates), LG 147 D {tr.} , {GS} v. 'bite, nibble' > Tm v. 'nip off the husks of grain, nibble grain', Ml v. 'nibble (as a mouse); eat grains by nipping off the husk', Kn , , , Tl v. 'bite, gnaw', Kdg 'eat grain by cracking husk' (of rats), 'strike' (of snakes), Tu v. 'gnaw' (as rats), Klm v. 'bite, sting, nibble', Nkr v. 'bite', Prj v. 'cut with the teeth, gnaw, nibble', Gdb, Gnd v. 'gnaw', Knd 'crush wuth the teeth, bite' D #2164, GS 149 [#377] IS I 358 [#234] [IE - A; supposes that the N (i.e. {AD} ) 'worm' is identical with the etymon in question]. 1139. 'rock, isolated mountain' > HS: S > Ar (coll.) (sg.) 'colline isole, norme rocher isol' ( N 'pointed, sharp; point, peak, rock') BK II 833 A > NaT 'rock(s); stones (fragments of rock)' ( 'crumble, collapse' [> Tkm id.]) > OT {Cl.} 'a massive rock; pile of rocks', Xlj {DT} 'Hgel, Anhhe', ET {Jr.} 'rock', Qzq 'small stones', Qrg 'pile of )', Tv rocks (big rock stones); big stone ( )', Alt, QK, Tb 'fragments of rock ( id., 'burial mound', Tf 'rock', Xk id., 'very big rocks', QK/Shor/Tlt {Rl.} 'Bergsturz; das Gerll, das sich durch Einstrzen von Feldmassen gebildet hat' Cl. 66O, ET Q 8O-1, Ra. 19O, Jr. 252, Jud. 4O9, BT 88, Rl. II 562, BIG 279, TvR 485, B DChT 129, B DLT 166, DT 121 Tg 'mountain' > Ul , Ork 'mountain, wood(s)', Nn Nh , Nn B , Nn KU id., 'wood(s), Sln 'mountain', Ewk 'mountain, mountain woods', Neg 'mountain, isolated hill ], boundary'; ( )', Lm id., 'stone' STM II 289, S AJ 212 [#79] DQA #1148 [A 'hill; embankment [ incl. T, Tg] ? U: FP 'hill, steep slope' ( N 'hill, mountain', q.v. ffd.) ? D ({ GS} ) 'hill country' ( N '', q.v. ffd.) There may have been other cognates, but because of reg. phonetic changes in some daughter lgs. they coalesced with reflexes of other roots. Namely, in lgs. that lost certain vowel oppositions the reflexes of N 'rock' may have coalesced with those of 'pointed, sharp; point, peak, rock' (q.v.).

114O. ??

?) 'worm, maggot' > A

'worm' > M

> Kl T {Rm.}

'maggots of the

gadfly'; M 'worm' > MM [MA] , [IM] , WrM , HlM Kl , {Rm.} 'worm', MM [HI] 'insect', [IsV] , WrO , Dx , Dgr {T} , Mnr {SM} 'worm, insect' KW 187-8, Pp. MA 3O2, 445, MED 97O, T DnJ 116, T DgJ 177, SM 173, Krg. 283, Ms. H 9O, Lg. VMI 45 Tg 'earthworm' > Ewk , Neg, Ud STM 289 S AJ 54, 282 [#224] T 'worm' ( N 'worm, parasytic insect', q.v. ffd.) DQA #1O69 ( 'worm, gadfly'; incl. M, T) U > Sm {Jn.} 'maggot, fly' > Ng {Cs.} 'maggots in tainted meat', {Mik.} 'fly', Kms {KD} 'worm', d {KD} , {Cs.} 'fly', Koyb d {Sp.} IE: NaIE (att. in Sl) , Mt {Hl.} d 'worm' > Sl 'fly' (Mt M {Sp.} 'worm' > OCS , Blg , id.) Jn. 79, Hl. M #6O5 , SCr , Slv , Cz, Slk
,P , OR, RChS , , ,R ESSJ IV 171-2, Glh. 167-8 (unc. : Sl < IE 'make'), EI 649 (Sl < IE ) ?? HS: ECh: Ll {Cp.} 'louse', Bdy 'flea of fowls', Mkl {J} 'larva of locust' ( N '') WCh: Hs 'louse' AlJ 92, 156, J LM 129, ChC, Ba. 69O, Abr. H 592 The A long vw. and in IE (Sl) and Hs may point to a N ( ) IS I 358 [#234] ( 'to gnaw; worm': IE A [M, T 'worm']). Cp. N 'worm, insect', 'stinging insect', ' stinging insect' and 'hornet, wasp' (some of them originally connected as derived or compound words?). 1141. or 'foot, hoof' ( 'hand') > A {ADb.} > Tg 'hoof' > Ewk , Ork 'hoof (of a reindeer)', Orc , Ud , Nn Nh , Nn B 'hoof'; Tg 'handful' > Ewk , Ud , Ul, Orc , Nn STM II 287-8 M 'finger, toe' ( 'hoof') > MM [IM] , [IsV] , [MA,
, Mnr M {Pot.} , WrM , HlM , Mnr H {SM} , {Pot.} , MMgl [Z] , Mgl {Rm.} , Dx {T} , Dg {T} 'finger, toe' MED 991, Pot. 417, Pp. MA 312, 445, Pp. L III 63, Iw. 129, Rm. M 32, SM 185, T 378, T DgJ 3O, T DnJ 117 IE: NaIE (or , if the Sl cognate is rejected) 'hoof, (?) handle' > Clt: W, Crn 'hoof', OBr id. ('ungula caballi, sabot de cheval'), Br 'hoof' ('sabot de bte') ? Sl 'handle' > Blg, R
LV] 576 (< 'handle, haft, graft', SCr , Slv , HLs 'das Oberste am Krper'), EI 272 (W , Chr L/Uf/B ,P < IE id. YGM-1 76, Flr. 97, Hm. 426, ESSJ IV 69-7O, P 'horn') U: FP 'hollow of the hand' > Chr H

id., 'handful' Mk

'handful' Prm {LG}

'hollow hand' > StZ

'hand', Z I/Ud, Prmk 'hollow of the hand, handful', Yz , Vt 'handful' UEW 677, MRS 223, Ker. II 73, Ep. 46, 75, LG 154, Lt. J 132 D {tr.} ({GS} [?]) 'thigh' ( N 'hip, side', q.v. ffd.) If the Sl cognate is accepted, the IE has an intial , in that case the pN rec. must be ( > lost in IE before the root-final sonant). But in this case the (otherwise plausible) connection of the N etymon with the cd 'shin' (with a front vw. suggested by IE in ) is ruled out. Otherwise, if the qu. Slavic cognate 'handle' is rejected, the N etymon is likely to be , in accordance with its connection with The D, IE and U cognates are likely to go back to a cd or cds ( ). 1142. (or ?) 'to plait\wattle\tie together' > IE: NaIE 'build, make' ( 'pot, kettle') > OI , (pp. ) 'does, makes', Av 'er schafft', 'they will make', YAv , OPrs [unvocalized script] pp. 'made', KhS 'do, make'; OI 'pot, kettle' W 'I make, accomplish'; OIr ,W 'form (Gestalt)'; OIr ,W 'kettle' ON , OHG 'kettle', AS 'kettle, pot' BSl: [1] Lt 'to make up, create, build', Pru 3s p. 'built' or 3s prs. 'builds' Sl 'cup, bowl, goblet' > OR ,P id., R 'goblet', Uk , R, Uk 'wineglass'; ??? ChS and R , 'blacksmith, boiler-maker' (more likely to be a loan from T, smth. like OQp OQp 'steel' (cf. Cl. 647) ? [2] ( 'practive withchcraft'): Lt pl. 'witchkraft, spell, sourcery', 'to practice witchcraft' Sl , 'witchcraft, magic, spell' > OCS, RChS, OR , RChS, OR 'spell, witchkraft', Cr , Slv , , Cz id., P ,R id., 'charm', Blg 'charm', Uk 'magic potion' On the typological acceptability of the semantic change 'make' 'practice witchcraft' see Bern. I 136-7 and Bu. 494-6 (: Sp <L ); an alt. connection of the BSl stem for 'witchcraft' is NaIE v. 'abuse, blame, punish' (< N 'to curse, scold, 'punish'), because abusing and blaming may be originally perceived as magic P 641-2, EI 362 ( 'do, make, build'), M K I 169, 258, M E I 3O7-9, Frn. 241-2, 319, Vs. IV 316-7, Vn. C 256, Vr. 272, Ho. 181, Kb. 117O, OsS 439, En. 199, Tp. P K-L 3OO-7, ESSJ IV 21-6, Glh. 171-2 U 'to fold, bind, tie with string' > F v. 'gather, pucker up (in a garment)', {UEW} 'flteln, mit Falten versehen, kruseln; abschnren, schnren', 'gather, pucker; wrinkle, crumple; fold' pLp {Lr.} 'tie together' > Lp: S {Hs.} '(an-\um-\zu-\zusammen-)binden', Vfs 'tie together', L {LLO} 'tie\stitch together (with strings, twigs, root fibres, etc.), N {N} 'tie {Lgc.} together', Kld v. 'tie' Sm {Jn.} , {Hl.} {Lh.} 'die Last im Schlitten festschnren', Ne F {Lh.}

id., v. 'tie, plait', vi. 'be tied, plaited' > Ne T id., Ng {Mik.} 'entangle, enmash

)', Slq Tz {KKIH}

)', Kms {KD}
id., 'to bandage (' , Koyb {Sp.} pLp {Lr.} , Mt {Hl.}
'), En {Ter.} 3s aor. sbcj.
v. 'plait' (Mt M {Sp.} , L {LLO}
'he tied up, strapped 'I plait') pY {IN} (proposed in IS I 359) , N {N} , Kld
> Y K {Jc.} ' > Krl {It.} v. 'stitch' Prm {LG} wicker-work: Chr E , LK , MK Os: V/Vy/Ty/Y , D/K
' ({Ang.} 'sich verkettet habend') A variant FU (FP) stem

'sew' > Lp: S {Hs.}

>Z 'gather (in a garment)' U 'basket of bark' ObU {Ht.} , UK ,P / pl. , NV/SV , Nz , Kz ,O Sm
is probably the source of some words for 'sack' > pVg > Vg: T / pl. , LL / , UL/Ss ; pOs id. > 'vessel' > Ne T 'bucket, keg', 'Fass', Ne F P
{Lh.} 'birchbark bucket', Ng {Ter.} , {Cs.} 'barrel', En {Cs.} id., 'box (Kiste)', Slq Tm {KD} 'birchbark basket', Kms {KD} 'small box for fat' UEW 215, Coll. 29, Lr. ##459, 48O, Lgc. ##2568, 2668, Hs. 566, TI 149, It. LC 115 (Lp N , Krl), LG 141, Jn. 74, 76, KKIH 121, Hl. M #6O1, Ht. #321, IN 23O, Ang. 13O A {SDM97} 'wattle, fence, enclosure, building' > T 'put sth. in working order, erect (a building), establish' > XwT XIII 'set up', Chg
id., 'erect', Tk erect', Qzq , Qq, Qrg ( N
'install, build', Tkm, Az , Uz, ET, Nog, Qmq , VTt , Bsh 'set up, establish, build' Cl. 643, Rl. II 92O, ET Q 156-7 ?? M: [1] , HlM id., Mnr
'build, 'enclose, shut in'
'to cover, protect', q.v.) > WrM
'enfermer, enprisonner, mettre ltable'; M
> WrM , HlM 'enclosure, enclosed place'; M 'courtyard with houses' > MM [S] 'Hofraum, umfriedeter Platz, Schutzwehr', [HI] 'cour avec habitations', WrM , HlM 'courtyard, fence', {Mr.} 'enclos', WrM 'enclosure, monastery', Kl , HlM , {Rm.} id., 'stockade for horses & cattle, corral' [2] M 'anything girdling \ encircling \ enclosed; 'monastery; circle (for games)'; WrM > MM [HI] {Ms., Lew.}
'courtyard, enclosure', Dg {T} fence; enclosure, yard', WrO
, HlM v. 'fence off, enclose', WrO 'surround, encircle' Ms. H 58, 9O, MED 5O6, 966-7, H 67, Lew. II 39, SM 183, T DgJ 177, Mr. D 164, Krg. 758, KRS 326, KW 247 AdS of Tg 'to build (out of logs)', 'building' (basically from N 'stick, log', q.v. ffd., as can be seen from Tg <N ) ? pJ {S} 'rampart of a fortress, quarter in a city' > OJ id., J: T ,K , Kg 'an enclosure, quarter in a city; district' 'wattle, fence, enclosure, building': T, M , Tg, Ko, J) D (in SD) S QJ #891 DQA #931 (A 'basket' ( N 'sack, wicker basket', q.v. ffd.) ? HS: CS 'thread' > Hb ruq 'thin thread, spiders web', Ar 'good and strong cotton-rope; new cotton' KB 1O2O, KBR 1O91, BK II 833 IS I 359-6O [#236] D suggests the presence of some cns. following in the pre-history of D (reg.: D < N + another cns.) The most probable or (the lrs. are ruled out for lack of traces in S and IE). This pre-D may go back to N additional cns. for this case is or. This conjecture helpf to solve the problem of the unstable representation of the labial vw. of the first syll.: IE ,U , Tg and (if belonging here) M suggest , while U and D point to If the final vw. was or , the ancient N vw. of the first syll. may have been , while in D and in one of the variant U stems may be due to regr. as. may be discerned in OI and in D (Ml , Kn , Tu ) Direct traces of this final Gr. II #258 ( 'make') [IE, U, A, J, Ai]. 1143. (or ?) 'short' > IE: NaIE , 'short' > OI 'shortened', Av 'in Krze' L 'short' Sl id. (f. , ntr. )> ChS , Blg , SCr , Slv , Cz , P , R , ? Gmc: ON , , OSx , OHG , NHG WH I 316-7, M K I 26O, M E I 393, ESSJ XI 1O1-4, Glh. 345, Vr. 327, Ho. S 44, Kb. 575, Schz. 187, KM 414 IE < due to the law requiring the loss of any sonant preceding the final sonant of the. Gmc for is to be explained The connection with IE 'to cut' (if any) is secondary HS: WS 'be short' > Sr (pf. ri Ro ) 'be short', Sq {L} 'be short' Br. 342, L LS 225 B 'be too short' (of stature, etc.) > Sll (pf. ) 'be short', Kb (imv. ) 'tre malingre, de petitte taille pour son ge', ? Ah 'avoir une petite figure chiffone', ?? Zng {TC} 'devenir court' Ds. 79, Dl. 421, Fc. 842, DCTC 291 A 'short; be diminished' > NaT > OT 'be vi. 'diminish, decrease', Tlt 'sich verkleiners, sich verringern, abnehmen', Xk {BIG} vi. diminished, suffer losses', Qrg 'diminish', Sg/Qb/Shor {Rl.} 'sich vermindern' Cl. 645, Rl. II 551-2, Jud. 4O7 M vi. 'diminish, decrease' > WrM , HlM , Kl {KRS} id., Kl {Rm.} 'knapper\weniger\krzer sein\werden', ? MM [S] {H} 'verbrauchen, vergeuden, abschaffen' MED 968, KW 188, H 68, KRS 6OO Tg 'short' > Nn , Ork , Ul , Orc , Ewk, Lm , Sol. id., Ewk vt. 'shorten' STM II 287-8, Ci. 326, Vas. 454 pKo {S} vi. 'diminish' > NKo Rm. SKE 122, S AJ 257 [#177] S AJ 292 [#435] D ({ GS} ) 'short' (of stature) > Tm, Tl 'short, dwarfish', Ml 'short, little, brief', Kt 'shortness of stature', Td 'be short', 'be reduced in size or esteem', Kn 'smallness', 'grow little\less\short, diminish', Kdg 'defect, deficiency', 'diminishing', Tu 'brief, short', 'little, small', Gnd M 'short of stature', Knd

id. Blt (< , ): Lt , accentuation change (mobile accentual paradigm): Slv , R , Uk Ltv , 'hoar-frost', Lt 'to get covered with hoar-frost', , Ltv 'hoarfrost' P 573-4, EI 287 [* ], Slt. 329-3O, Vr. 231, Kb. 48O, Schz. 17O, IS IA 136, Vs. III 6O8, Frn. 965, 973-4, Kar. II 173 The absence of the expected lr. in the IE stem suggests that the reflex of N was lost in the intercons. position (which is quite natural for a stop that cannot be syllabic) U: [1] FU > ObU > pOs {Ht.} (= {Hl.} ) 'snow-crust' > Os: V/Vy/Ty/Y/K/Kr , Nz/Kz/O id. [2] +ext. : FU 'snow-crust, frozen soil' > BF >F (obl. cases ) 'frost on the ground, ice crust', Es {W} 'Eisschicht'; BF >F 'thin snowcrust' Chr H 'snow-crust' Os {KrT}: D , Kr 'thin snow-crust', Ty 'thin ice-crust on the snow' ( means 'snow-crust') The variant (> BF , Os Ty and possibly Chr H amb ) is due to the infl. of the FU word 'snow-crust' from pOs 'to freeze' [??]) 'snow' ({ AD}: < , Xlj , Tk 'bark' (UEW 148-9) UEW 15O, Coll. 89, KrT 418, 435, Ht. #317 (does not distinguish pOs 'bark' and pVg id. of a different origin), ItK 372 (BF Lt 'be covered', LCm. NLP 15 A {SDM97} ({DQA} ) 'snow, hoar-frost' > T {Md.} < ) > Chv L

'snow'

'snow' > OT {Cl.} , ET , Uz , Xk

, Tkm , Tf

, Ggz ,
, Qmq, Blq, Nog, Qzq, Qq, VTt, Bsh, Qrg, Alt

'snow', Tv

, , Yk id., 'year (of age)' d ?: Tk 'abundant hoar-frost', Ggz 'hoar-frost, ice crust ( )' another d or cd : NaT 'the coldest part of winter' > VTt , id., Qrg 'six coldest days of winter', Xk , Chv ( VTt) 'two coldest months of the year' Cl. 641, Rs. W 235, ET KQ 284-5, ET Q 237-8, GRMS 311, Md. 112, 169, Ra. 218, Fed. II 49O, DT 173 M 'hoar-frost' > MM [HI] , WrM ,
HlM {KRS} Chg , Ord , Brt

id., WrO

id., 'frost, rime', NaT , [CC]

'frost',

'hail, frost', Kl
'hoar-frost', {Rm.} id., 'frozen dew', M 'hoar-frost that falls from the sky', XwT , MQp , VTt, Bsh , Alt T), Vv. AEN 15 (M , Kl {Rm.}
'hoar-frost' > OT [MhK] , , Tk , Tkm, Kr, Qmq, Nog, Qmq,

Qzq, Qq, Xlj SDM97 (M (M

, Az , Uz , Yk , Tv, Tf 'hoar-frost' Md. and T, as evidenced by the presence of the M -sx. in T), Rs. W 265-6, Cl. 656 'fine snow, first snow' > WrM 'newly-fallen snow' (' , HlM '). The element , Brt is a 'first (thin) 'fine snow',
T), ET Q 23O-1, TL 36, DT 177 M id., {KRS} Yk 'thin snow', Bsh
diminutive sx. ( Pp. GWM 41). M snow' (> Tkm, QrB, Qmq id., VTt
'newly-fallen snow' and possibly T 'newly-fallen autumn snow', Xk
Chv 'thin fine snow') Pp. IM 41, MED 47O, Ms. H 72, T DnJ 126, Krg. 732, KRS 3O2, KW 232-3, Chr. 572, 656-7, Rs. W 267, TL 28, Ash. XVI 363 SDM97 s.v. 'snow, hoar-frost' (T, M + err. Tg 'snow'), DQA #978 [incl. T ]. If SDM97 is a good rec., it points to a reg. change of N to A (supported by some other examples) IS I 353-4 [#23O] [ ' ': IE, U, A [T, M], HS [S + ,B (see N 'to congeal') and Eg 'erfrischen' (see above)]; AD NM #1O; S CNM 3 ( NrCs, ST). 1159. 'to come in contact (to meet, come across, touch)' > HS: WS v. 'meet, encounter; happen' [ N 'to reach, enter', 'happen', q.v.] > Sr (pf. ro ) id., Hb erq arq id., 'happen to', Ug {A, OLS} 'treffen, begegnen, sich entgegenstellen; toparse, encontrarse con, salir al paso', Ar rQ G v. 'receive (as a guest)', Gz (pf. ) id., 'give hospitality' KB 1O61-4, KBR 1131-2, 1137-8, A #2454, OLS 374-5, L G 445 Eg fMK {Fk.} 'draw near, attend', {EG} 'bei jem./etw. sein, sich zu jem. gesellen', 'zu jem. hinkommen' EG V 59, Fk. 28O K: G v. '(let) approach, touch' (Chx.: 'heran-, zu-lassen, anrhren, berhren, sich nhern') Chx. 551-2 IE: NaIE 'ber etw. drberhinstreifen, berhren' > ON 'come across, touch', AS, OSx , OHG 'touch' Ltv , , 'to take the cream off (from the milk)' P 618, Vr. 256, Ho. 174, Ho. S 37, Kb. 793, Schz. 239, Kar. I 425-6 A > NaT 'grope for, touch, grasp' > OT {Cl.} v. 'grope for' ( 'touch'), Tk 'grasp, take hold of', Tkm , Yk 'grasp', Xk 'grope for, grasp with hands, take a handful', QK/Sg/K/Shor {Rl.} 'mit den Hnden fassen' (a paronymic merger with T 'packen, ergreifen'?) Cl. 646, ET KQ 3O2-3, BIG 276, Rl. II 213, 216 M 'come across, meet' (< ?) > WrM {Kow.} 'heurter contre qch., rencontrer', WrM {MED} , HlM 'to meet with, encounter', Kl id., {Rm.} 'gegen etw. kommen, begegnen, treffen' MED 936, KRS 597, KW 169, Kow. 845 A may point to a labial element at the end of the N word ( , , , ?) or go back to a sx. 116O. 'hard roe, young of a fish' > IE: NaIE 'fish eggs, frog spawn' > ON 'roe' ( ME , NE ), OHG 'roe, spawn', NHG R 'roe' Lt , Ltv 'frog spawn' Sl id. > Slv , , , OP, P (rare) , R id.; in Sl there is contamnation with the onomatopoeic imitation of croak, whence the unexpected variations in the form P 619, AHDI 32, EI 2O5, Frn. 316, Vr. 259, Kb. 8O1, OsS 425, KM 6O4, ESSJ XII 114-5, 144, Vs. II 391 A: Tg v. 'spawn' > Ewk 'spawning', Ewk , Ul , Nn Nh/KU , Nn B v. 'spawn' STM I 324 ?? T: Az , {Rl.} 'hardroe' (Hs. 176, Rl. II 1454), unless a loan from Lzg id. < pLsg (S CNM 14); S CNM adduces "T 'newborn, newborn lamb'", but the T word does not belong here, because it actually means 'produced late\early in the season' [of animals and crops] (> OT [MhK] (" 'brK 'a boy born in summer', 'a lamb born late in the season', Qzq 'lamb born before the regular lambing-season', Qrg {Jud.} 'a lamb born in winter, before the regular lambing-time', 'early crop like lucern', Tkm 'youngest' [of a son], 'fresh, early' [of vegetables]' Cl. 737, 'early lucern', Qzq {Cl.} Shch. Zh 114, Jud. 429, 471, TkR 415-6 ? K: G {DCh.} 'hard roe, soft roe', {Chx.} 'spawn of fish\frogs' (unless Abkh id., but why not G Abkh?) Chx. 1557, DCh. 1338, DCh. RGS 128, 17O, NCh. 4O3 The lack of glottality in the initial cns. is irreg. AD NM #78, Vv. AEN 12-3 (suggests to reconstruct Tg , but his = my ), S CNM 14. 1161. 'bank (Ufer), edge' > HS > Eg fOK 'Ecke, Winkel, Seite' = {Vc.} [ ] (as > ), DEg 'angle, corner, side', Cpt: Sd ,B 'angle, corner' EG V 19-2O, Er. 547, Vc. 91, Crn. 68, Crum 132 HEC {Hd.} 'edge' ( N 'pointed, sharp; point, peak, rock') > Hd {Hd.} 'edge' Hd. 131-2 ? S > d : Ar 'les deux flancs, les hypocondres' BK II 7O8 A: Tg 'border, hem' > Nn Nh , Ul 'to hem with a border, to border (clothes)', Nn N/KU , Ul 'hem, edging (of clothes)', Nn Nh , Nn B 'hem, ornament on the border of a robe' STM I 371 D 'shore, bank, edge, boundary' > Kn , Tu id., Tm id., 'ridge of a field, border of cloth', Ml 'shore, riverside', 'border, maegin, edge', Kt, Td 'stripes on end of cloth', Kdg 'bank', Tl 'shore, bank', Brh id., 'brim, border', ? Gnd 'near' D #1293 D <N (reg. ) DQA #99O (A, D). 1162. 'to scrape, scratch' > HS: WS 'scratch, be\make bald' > BHb G 'have ones head shaved', eh1r^q! 'bald patch', JA G 'make bald, become bald', JPA Bz 'make bald', JEA G 'be bald', Sr G 'become bald', 'bald', Ar G 'creuser en vain la terre pour trouver de leau', 'white spot on horses forehead', Gz D 'shave, make bald'; ( N 'blood'): Ar G vt. 'wound', 'ulcre, plaie qui fait mal' KB 1O63-5, Js. 1415, Sl. P 5O4, Sl. 1O39, Br. 693, JPS 518, BK II 7O7, Hv. 596, MiK I #2.38 Ch: Bdm {Nc.} v. 'scratch, rub' Lk. B 11O D ({ GS} ) v. 'scratch, scrape, shave' > Tm v. 'shave, cut with a sickle', 'get scratched', Ml 'shaving', Kt v. 'scratch lihtly', Td v. 'scratch, egg on', Kn v. 'shave, scrape, scratch', Tu v. 'scrape, polish', Klm , Nk v. 'shave'. Prj v. 'scratch', Mlt {Drs.} v. 'shave' D #1564 A >T 'scrape, strip (hair)' ( N 'to scratch') > OT v. 'scrape, strip (hair)', Chg 'scrape,

'to break to pieces, crumble' > Slv 'crumble' > ChS

'break to pieces'; Sl

id. P 622-3, F II 27-8, Frn. 3O2-3, Vr. 261, ESSJ XIII 41-52, Glh. 354, EI 549 [ 'strike'] A: T > (brush\strike against)' (cp. also N OT {Cl.} v. 'hit the side of', {DTS} ' 'to crush, break to pieces') Cl. 647, DTS 445 If Ar belongs here, the N et. is. IE (rather than ) due to its precons. position. 1168. 'shin' > HS: S ( ?) 'shin' > Ug {OLS} 'jarrete, artejo', JA [Trg.] {Lv.} Nio5r^k`2 , em. aI!o2r!q^ 'die Schenkel, Unterschenkel', JEA {Sl.} ao1r!q^ 'leg, foot', Sr 'leg\shank\shin (of animals)', BHb du. Mi%o2r!6 '(two) lower legs, fibulas' (from or an Aramaism), Ar 'trotters (of sheep\oxen), shank', Ak 'shin (of anmals)', Sb 'leg of a camel', ? Gz 'elbow, forearm'; CS 'buckle at the knees, kneel' > BHb, Ug {A} G id., JA [Trg.] {Lv., Js.} G 'bow, bend the knee', JEA {Sl.} G 'bow down' Semitic lost the reflex of N (metanalysis?) KB 47, KBR 5OO (or!6 'lower leg, fibula'), Lv. T I 39O-1, Sl. 6O4, Js. 673 (ao1r^q2 'knee, leg'), Sd. 51O, CAD VIII 56O, L G 293, BGMR 78, MiK I #1.157 (S ), A #1389 K , {FS} {K} , {K} 'foot, bottom part' >

, MG, G ,G

'foot' (in OG cd 'pedestrian', Mg , Lz
, MG 'foot, leg', Sv UB {GP}
'footstool, pedestal'), OG 'leg', Sv {TK}: UB/LB/L/Ln
' , Pexi' ('foot' or 'leg'), pl.: UB/LB 1O, Chik. 63, Q 262, GP 281, Chx. 575, TK 862-3 sruni 'leg(s), shank(s)' L
,L K 1O9, K2 95, FS K 178, FS E 194-5, Srj. IE: NaIE 'shin, shin-bone' > Arm srun (pl.), gen. sran 'shin, shin-bone, leg' WP I 49, P 62, WH I 295-6, Slt. 431-2 D
({ GS} ) 'hoof' > Tm , 'horses hoof', Kn , , , , Tl , 'hoof' D #177O D < N reg.) The reflex of was lost in S due to the tendency to triconsonantic roots (i.e. due to analogy) The etymon may be a cd with the first element 'foot, hoof, hand' (see N ), but only if the latter has a front vw. ( ) [which means that the Sl cognate 'handle' is ruled out]. 1169. 'sharp' > HS: WS v. 'pinch, prick' > MHb v. 'pinch', JA (incl. [Trg.]) {Lv.} 'pinch, sting, make an incision', JEA {Sl.} 'bite, sting', Sr , Md 'prick', Ar G 'pinch, sting, cut', Gz G 'incise, scar, cut' Lv. IV 385, Lv. T II 389-9O, Sl. 1O46, Br. 699, JPS 52O, LM 97 , L G 444 A: M 'sharp, acute' > MM [S, MA, HI] , WrM , HlM, Kl , Mnr H {SM} , {T} , Brt {Chr.} id. Pp. MA 311, 445, Ms. H 92, H 72, MED 988, SM 174, T 377, KRS 612-3 Pp. VG 121 NaT Kl {KRS} 'sharp' ( T

'scales, bark', q.v.??) > OCS
'scab, smallpox, leprosy', Slv , Slk ,R 'scab', OCz 'tetter', Cz 'tetter, scab', 'scabies', P 'rash, scab' L 'comb (wool)' MDt 'rake' P 532-3, EI 57O, WH I 173-4, Frn. 224, ESSJ XI 93-4, M K I 19O K >G v. 'scratch' ( N 'to scratch, scrape off scales' [q.v.]) Chx. 56O mt of N and HS: WS v. 'nip, pinch' ( WS 'prick' < N 'sharp') > Hb Pu 'be nipped off', Ni%o2 r@q! {KBR} 'screw up ones eyes, blink', ? Ug {A, OLS} 'gnaw (nagen, abkneifen; mordisquear, roer)', Ar G 'pinch', Mh, Hrs, Jb v. 'nip' KB 1O7O-1, KBR 1148, A #2457, OLS v. 'scratch, itch' > Osm {Rl.} *rvQ 'scratching (das 373, BK II 712, Jo. M 236, Jo. J 15O, Jo. H 77 A: ? NaT Kratzen)', Tk 'scratching, excitation', v. 'scratch', Tb {Rl.} 'scab (Grind, ), Chg {VZ} mL'8rvQ 'sich blutig kratzen', Qq 'tetter ( ) of horses', Nog 'tetter of sheep, VTt , Bsh 'scabies' Rs. W 3O3, Rl. II 953-4, KrkR 413, NogR 189 The vw. may be due to
vowel breaking: (or ) > > T ? D ({ GS} ) v. 'scrape' > Tu {BhK} id., {Mnr.} v. 'scrape\clear (as the ground)', Prj v. 'scratch', Krx / v. 'rub off, score', Mlt {Drs.} v. 'scrape' D #1564, Mnr. 142 The unexpected vw. may be due to the infl. of D v. 'scratch'. Alternatively, D may have been derived from D (if so, it does nor belong to the N etymon in question). 1172. ??? 'prickly\rough hair\object, bristle' > IE: NaIE / 'rough hair, bristle' > Sl
OHG {EI ?} 'animals hair' > SrChS, OR , Slv , Cz, Slk ,P , R, Uk 'crest' L 'roosters comb, crest of a helmet' Al 'mane, roosters comb' Vs. IV 431, WH I 292, O 19, EI 252 [ '(rough) hair, bristle'] HS: S: [1] Ar 'poil fin et court chez les bestiaux' [2] Ar 'nettle'; the var. is influenced by 'piquer' < S , cp. JA G 'bite, pinch, sting' BK II 7O7, 711-2, Js. 1425 ? B: Kb {Dl.} , Tmz {MT} 'fils de chane coups, rests sur le mtier aprs que le tissage achev ait t enlev', Kb 'frange' Dl. 628, MT 2O5 ??? A: M [ N 'hard ( ); to dry up, harden'?] > WrM
, HlM 'become rough, uneven, hard' M 492. 1173. ? 'to cut' > HS: S > Ar 7rQ G v. 'cut' BK II 716 ? B > v. 'tear, cut, cut the throat (of a person\animal)' > BSn {Bs.} , ETwl/Ty {GhA} 'cut', Sll {Ds.} , Si {La.} 'couper des rgimes de dattes', Izn, Rf 'tear, cut the throat', Mtm 'be torn', caus. 'tear', Ah, Gh, Mz, Wrg , Izd 'cut the throat of', Gd (pf. ) 'immoler, gorger', Zng {TC} (pf. ) 'gorger' GhA 72, La. S 219, Ds. 78, Fc. 1776, Dlh. M 155, Dlh. Ou 246, Mrc. 95, Lf. I 232 & II #125O, Rn. 362, DCTC 287 B > <N HS (> S 'cut into parts' (> Ar , Ak ), HEC 'break (bread)' (> Hd , Kmb ), see OS #1592 K: GZ 'cut, cut off' > G 'cut, cut (hair), clip' ('scheren, stutzen'), Mg , Lz K > Zan (rather than ) due to the presence of K2 1OO, Chx. 614, 1561, DCh. 625, SSO I 384, AxT 188 ? A: M ffd). 1174. 'breast, chest' ( v. 'cut\chop into pieces, slice' ( N 'heart', 'internal organs') > K 'to crumble, cut into small pieces', q.v.
'breast, chest' > OG, G (gen. 2 123, FS K 219, FS E 241, ), Mg , Sv: UB/Ch , Lx , L/Ln K 135, K Gud. BT (on the loss of initial in Mg), T 581-2 HS: Ch: WCh: Hs 'chest, breast, bosom', Gw K , Gw Cn 'chest, breast' ? ECh: EDng {Fd.} , {Lk.} 'breast (poitrine)' , Dng {Lwn.} , Mgm 'heart' Ba. 61O, Fd. 3O1, Mts. G 64, Mts. GD 32, ChC, Sk. HCD 172 ? EC 'belly' (mte < ?) > Arr {Hw.} (pl. ) 'belly, abdomen', Gdl , Kns id., Kns postp. 'inside (an area)', Hr/Dbs , Gln , Gwd , Gwd D 'belly'; the rec. of EC is justified if we find the factor responsible for the change > Kns , Dl Bl. G 49, BlSO 67a, AMS 232, Bl. 281 (on reflexes of EC ), Hw. A 36O-1 ? WS > Ar 'neck', Mh {Ho.} 'throat, voice', Hrs {Jo.} , Jb C {Jo.} , Sq {LLS} pl. 'throat', ?? Ar - 'back (dos)' BK II 7O9-1O, Jo. M 235, Jo. H 77, Jo. J 148, SSL LSNP 1463, MiK I #1.166 The stem structure of the SES lgs. points to the absence of a pS posttonic vw. (i.e. rather than ) ? B (< > Ty, ETwl (pl.) 'partie du corps situe en-dessous du cou et entre les deux omoplates', ??: Zng {TC} , Ntf {Dray} (pl. ), Sll (pl. ) 'omoplate', BSn {Ds.} 'paule', Kb 'omoplate, paule' PrGG 120, TC Z 310, Dray 344, Ds. 204, Ds. B 119, Dl. 625 MiK I #166 (S, B) IE , {EI} (< H ) id., Gk A 'centre, middle', Crn , AS 'heart', NE ) > OCS id., pSl , SCr (acc. , Slv > P 'Wednesday'), Blg acc. , Gk Hm , MBr [SB] Lt / gen. 'heart' > NaIE: Arm sirt OIr id. (gen. srti ) Gk id., 'stomach' L 'heart' 'middle', Br id., 'center' Gt , Ltv , Pru (= [ ]?) (gen. , Blg , SCr , Slv ) 'middle' > OCS 'middle, Wednesday', Cz 'heart, middle', W {YGM} , , ON , OHG , NHG , acc. ) id. pSl id. , Uk , Slk , Cz R (R , R, Uk , OP

Kamele, Pferde)', Mnr H {SM}
Brt id., Ord (Ms.} 'droppings of animals'; M > WrM , HlM 'be dirty, untidy' H 67, MED 965-6, 97O, SM 172, KRS 598, KW 187 Tg 'dung of reindeer' > Ewk , Lm , Ork id.; > Ewk v. 'defecate' (of reindeer)' STM II 23-4 The long may be due to complementary lengthening (Ersatzdehnung) due to the loss of pKo {S} 'dung' > NKo S QK #1122, MLC 82 DQA #1132 (A 'dung, excrements') D (in SD) ({ GS} ) 'mud' > Ml 'mire, mud, fine clay', Kt 'manure, filth, mud', Td 'mud' D #2123 D <N clusters (in this case presumably ) The B and Tg cognates point to , while IE and C reflexes of are due to as. The root-medial was probably followed by a velar stop, which is evidenced in M, B and indirectly in D by reflexes of , while in IE there are traces of medial. The variation is still to be investigated. In C and Tg the word-medial velar was lost (a kind of dis or a reg. development of the cluster ?). 1179. ? 'skin, bark' > K: GZ: G 'bark, crust, peel', Lz Ar 'skin of the hand' Chx. 1548-9 IE: NaIE ({P} ) 'skin, hide' > Clt: OIr 'skin', Brtt {RE} id. > MW, W , MBr , , Br Sl 'skin', OCrn [ ] ("mastruca" 'sheepskin'), Crn 'skinny'; Gl L 'leather garment'
') > ChS 'fur coat' ({ESSJ}: 'cloak, Mantel, 'vestis pellicea', McdS 'fur', Slv 'leather, hide, fur', Cz 'military cloak, coat, fur coat', OR , , 'cloak'; Sl OHG , , OFrs , AS 'fur coat' Vn. C 243-4, RE 129, WH I 296, ESSJ XIII 244 (against the Sl-Clt connection), Vs. II 327-8 [believes that Sl is a loan from some "Eastern" lgs: Os 'fur' (actually 'fur coat') ESSJ and Ab. I 582], Srz. I 14O4, Kb. 575, P 943 (supposes a connection with IE 'cut') ?? A: M: WrM
, HlM 'film, cataract, spot in the eye' ( N > , in Clt in the opposite direction: IE 118O. HS: S: Ar 'bark of a tree' (?), 'skin') MED 97O > Clt In K there is as
' stinging insect' > K 'moth' > G , Mg K 116, K2 1OO-1, FS K 191 ' small flea' ({Fr.} 'parvorum culicum species') Fr. III 432, BK II 723 B: Ah 'moth (teigne)'
Fc. 875 ECh: Mgm {JA} 'worm', EDng {Fd.} 'ver fin et long, qui fait enfler la peau', ? Bdy {AlJ} ' insect' AlJ 94, JA LM 1O2, Fd. 3O5 A: Tg 'gadfly, horse-fly' > Ew , Ewk Tng , Lm , Neg , Ud , Ul (< < ), Ork , Nn id., WrMc 'gadfly, insect' STM I 325. 1181. ?? ' bird of prey' > U: FU id. > Lp P 'falcon', Lp OSw {L} 'eagle' {Lp is a derivational sx.) Os {KrT}: V ,G , Kz 'eagle' UEW 149, Coll. 79 A: T 'hawk, falcon' > OT {Cl.} 'sparrow-hawk, Accipiter nisus', Qzq, Qq , ET {Nj.} ET {Jr.} , Qrg id., Tkm Habichtart', ET {Mng.} id., 'red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus ( 'Falco apivorus', ET Tr {LCq.} )', Az 'Sperber', 'hawk', Osm {LCq.} 'Jagdfalk', Xk dim. ' eine 'small
hawk', Chv 'Falco vespertinus' Cl. 654-5, ET Q 232-3, KrkR 429, Sht. 276, TkR 233, Hs. 92, BIG 3OO, Jr. 256, Mng. G 721, Nj. 623, Jud. 494, Jeg. 3OO M ( T?) > MM [HI] 'petit pervier', WrM {Kow.} 'small hawk, small gerfalcon' ('un petit pervier, petit gerfault; , '), {Gl.} 'Falco vespertinus; small gerfalcon', {MED} 'small hawk, small predatory bird', HlM id., Kl {Rm.} 'sparrow-hawk', Kl {KRS} ' 'id., Falco vespertinus', WrM {MED} ' (a kind of) small hawk', {Gl.} , ' Ms. H 72, Kow. 2552, Gl. III 6O9-1O, MED 471-3, KRS 3O2, KW 232 ? K: G 'Falco tunninculus (Turmfalke)', {DCh.} ' , ' Chx. 595, DCh. 616 If the G word belongs here and its is not due to as (which is qu.), the initial N cns. is , otherwise we have to reconstruct an unspecified velar ( ). 1182. 'top, summit, crown of the head' > HS: S 'skull' ( or 'skull; occiput' 'head'?) > JA Fq@r^q@ , em. af1q^r^q@ 'skull, head', at1f6q^r^q@ id. ( MdHb tf3q#r^q@ id.), Sr $obara 'head, summit of a mountain' J. Levy supposes that JA is from the Gk loanword found in MHb texts (Mishna, Tosephtha) in the form of Nil5f6q@r^q@

pile, bonfire, altar', Uk 'pile of fire-wood', Slv id., '(bon)fire', OCz 'Feuerzeug, Leuchte', P 'pile of sheaves in the field, shock' WP I 485-6, P 617-8, EI 213 or 'framework, beams'), Sw. 94, Ho. 176, Ho. S 37, Fs. 27O-1, Vr. 261, Ho. 176, Lx. 164, ESSJ XI 58-6O ? D 'summit, top' ( N 'tip, end, sharp point', 'to finish' [q.v. ffd.] and N 'tip, top'). 1194. 'to crumble, chop\cut into small pieces' > HS: WS > Ar G 'chop\cut into small pieces', Mh (pf. ), Jb E (pf. ) 'chop' BK II 714, Jo. M 236-7 K: G {Chx.} '(aus)hacken, (be-\ab , )' (the same meaning already in eNG )rupfen, grob behauen', {DCh.} 'notch\chip wood ( , 'pinch, tear feathers with the beak' goes back to GZ v. 'pluck {SSO} 'xet mcired dak oda'), but G 2 9O, 1O1-2) Chx. 614, 1561, DCh. 625, SSO I 384, AxT 188 The (out), nip' derived from GZ 'pluck out' (K meaning 'to notch' suggests infl. of the reflexes of N 'to cut (off), notch' A: NaT 'chop, crumble' > StAlt 'chop into small pieces, crumble (sth. hard)', Xk 'chop, crumble'; ( N '', q.v. ffd.) > Tk , Tkm, Ggz v. 'notch', Az n. 'notch' BT 81, BIG 77, ET KQ 54-5 M v. 'cut\chop into pieces, slice' [ N 'to cut into pieces, split, divide' (q.v. ffd.)]. 1195. ? 'flame' > HS: S > Ar 'flame' Fr. III 427 U: FP v. 'scorch, singe' > F Hm 'singe (a slaughtered hog)', 'scorch' (of the sun) pLp {Lr.} vt. 'heat (on sun\fire), roast' > Lp: N {N} id., S {Hs.} vt. 'scorch, burn' (of sun, fire), 'sunburn', 'roast on fire', L {LLO} 'be hot' (the sun), Kld 'singe (a plucked bird)' Er , Mk 'scorch, be hot' (of the sun) Chr B 'fumigate (before a sacrifice\prayer)' ? Sm: Slq NP , UO v. 'singe (wood)' UEW 186-7, SK 22O, It. #94, Lr. #481, Lgc. #2573, Hs. 634, TI 134-5, Ker. II 62 ? IE: NaIE (or ) > Gmc 'hearth' > OSx, OFrs , MDt , Dt 'hearth, fireplace', OHG 'hearth, floor of a fireplace, home', {Kb.} 'oven, stove', AS 'hearth, fire, furnace', NE The connections with L 'charcoal' & OI 'brennen machen' are more than doubtful Ho. S 33, Ho. 157, Sw. 87, OsS 39O, Schz. 164, Kb. 457, KM 3O4-5, P 571-2, M E I 385 The absence of labiality in IE may be explained by
postulating either a N etymon
with subsequent loss of the expected glide

, Alt, Tv, Tf , Xk , Yk 'fat on a horses belly', Nog, Qzk, Qq, Qrg , ET 'fat on a horses belly, sausage made from such fat', Uz 'horse-flesh sausage', Bsh 'rolls of fat on a mans belly'; T NPrs z'( {Sg.} 'sheeps chitterlings stuffed with spiceries', {Vl.} 'intestina adipalia rebus necessariis referta; genus alimentorum incularum Turaniae' Chv L 'meat\milk\eggs as food; any food other than bread' ( OT 'fat', Cl. 278-9) Cl. 681, Rs. W 243, Md. 169, ET KQ 189-8O, Ash. IV 352, Fed. II 49O-1, Ra. 22O, Dr. TM III 359-6O [#1356], S AJ 199 [#285], BM 121, Vl. II 596, Sg. 878 M > WrM , HlM 'the fat of the abdomen of an animal', Kl {Rm.} id. MED 935, KW 24 pKo {S} n. 'fat' > MKo , NKo S AJ 252 [#28], S QK #28, Nam 78, MLC 359 Pp. VG 87 (unc. adduction of Tg > Ewk 'Fettpolster unterhalb), S AJ 296 [#552] , Dr. TM III [#1356] D ({ GS} ) > Tm adj./n. 'fat', Ml adj. 'fat', Td 'fat', Kn , v. 'grow fat\thick\stout', Tl 'become fat', 'fat', Klm, Nkr , Kui n. 'fat', Prj , Gnd 'be(come) fat', Knd , Mnd , Ku 'fat of animals' D #2146, Zv. 148. 12O3. ? 'grown-up man, old (person)' > HS: CS 'old (man)', v. 'be old', 'old' [ N 'grey (esp. of hair), white'] > MHb, Sr 'has become old, is old' (WS new pf. of the verb < pS predicative adj. 'is old'), JEA a[1q@ {Lv.} 'senior, senator, hoher Beamter der Regierung', {Sl.} 'elder', Sr , Ar , Sb 'Christian priest', Gz 'priest, presbyter', JA [Trg.], JEA v. 'grow old', MHb, JEA Si[5q@ 'old', Htr, Plm 'old man, elder' HJ 1O39, Lv. IV 394-5, 4OO-1, L T II 395, Sl. 1O48, 1O5O-1, Br. 7O2, L G 447 Ar and Gz were semantically influenced by Sr WCh: AG: Kfr {Nt.} 'old (person) SBc: Tule {Sh.} 'person' NrBc: Sir {Kr.} 'old man', 'old woman', Zar K {Sh.} 'old' CCh: ZmB {J} 'old' JI II 266, Nt. 22, ChL I 2O9, ChC A 'man' ({SDM95} 'hunter, man') > Tg 'man, person' 'to look for, desire', whence the meaning 'hunter'??) > Orc, Ul, Ork, Nn Nh/B 'man, male ( N (animal, person)', Ewk , Lm 'person, hunter', Neg 'hunter' STM II 332, 336. 12O4. 'nut' > IE: NaIE (or ) 'hazel' > L 'hazel-tree', 'made of hazel-wood' Clt {SB} 'hazel' > Gl id. (in proper names), OIr, OW ,W 'hazel', Crn id., OBr 'made of hazel-wood' ON OHG , NHG H , AS 'hazel', NE WP I 464, P 616, EI 26O [ ], Frdr. PITA 73-7, WH I 28O, Dv. #822, SB 92, Vn. C 157-8, Flr.114, YGM-1 97, Vr. 213, Kb. 439, OsS 375, Ho. 146 The loss of the expected glide ( > ) is problematic A {S} 'nut' > NaT 'nut' > OT
[MhK] {Cl.} 'pine kernel', Alt {BT}, QK/Qmn {B} Xk 'nut', Tlt/QK/Sg/Qb {Rl.} 'cedar nut' Cl. 667, Rl. II 1O19-2O, BT 94, B DChT 131, B DK 227, BIG 291, Dr. TM III #149O M 'nut' > WrM (pl. ), HlM 'nut, walnut', Ord 'noix' MED 991, Ms. O 317 Tg: [1] 'acorn, nut' > Ud {Krm.} , Ul , Nn Nh 'acorn', WrMc 'fruit with a hard shell and an edible kernel (walnut, acorn, chestnut, etc.)', ? ( N 'tree'): Ewk 'oak' (if 'acorn') [2] {SDM97} (with and due to contamination with another ?) [= {SDM97} ] 'nut tree, walnut tree' > WrMc 'walnut tree', Ewk 'nut tree', Ud 'Manchu walnut', Ul 'nut', Ne Nh , Ne KU , Ne B 'Manchu walnut' STM I 419 & II 291, Z 437, Krm. 3O3 pJ {S} > OJ {S} ' nut', ? {Vv.} 'seed' S QJ #975 DQA #935 (T, M, Tg , J) AD NM #56 [IE, T, Tg + unj. : M 'cedar' (in fact from N 'tree') and OLt 'Jgerspie' (after Ndr., WH and P)], S CNM 1O-1, Vv. AEN 3. 12O5. 'to bend, bow' > HS: S (> ) 'shooting bow' > Ar ; id. > Hb tS3q# , Ug , JA [Trg.] tS3q# , aT1S6q@ , JEA , SmA tsq , (Arabicised) Hmr [Hmd.] {Slw.} , Gz , Ak 'bow' KBR 1155-6, OLS 377, Lv. T II 395, Sl. 1O51, Tal 8O6, Slw. 178, L G 447 Eg fP ({EG} ) 'bend down, bow down' EG V 139, Fk. 287 CCh: Dgh {Frk.} v. 'bend' ChC U: FU > Prm v. 'bend' > Vt 'cramps, contracting, bending' LG 155 D (in SD) ({ GS} ) v. 'bend, stoop' (> 'contract, shrink') > Ka v. 'bnd, stoop, be lowered, hang down, sink', Tu , , 'to contract, shrink in', Krg 'below' D #1636. 12O6. 'to breathe heavily' ( 'pant, sigh, moan') > K v. 'moan' > OG id. (d with mt ), G of ideophonic origin?), Mg '(he) moans', 'to moan', Lz 2 94, FS K 182-3, FS E 2OO, K 117, Chik. 3OO, GM S 48 '(he) moans', 'to moan', Sv v. 'moan' K HS: C: Ag: Xm {R} v. 'breathe' NrOm: Kf {C} v. 'breathe', Mch {L} v. 'rest', Kf {C} , Shn {C} 'respiro', {Lm.} 'ausruhen', {CR} 'breath', Anf {MYTY} , {C} id., Hrr {CR} v. 'breathe' C SE IV 463, MYTY 118, Lm. Sh 332 AD SF 292 IE: NaIE v. 'sigh, pant, breathe heavily' > OI 'blows, snorts, hisses', Av du. 'the lungs', NPrs $u 'lung(s)' L / / v. 'complain, lament, bewail' ON 'hiss, sizzle, snort', {Vr.} 'zischen, schnauben', AS n. act. 'blowing (Blasen)' Tc B 'lament, bewail' P 631-2, M K III 4O1, WH II 4O3-4, Vr. 274, Ho. 179, Ad. 237, EI 82 & 518 ( 'breethe deeply, sigh' with unc. ) D ({ GS} ? v. 'whisper' > Tm , Ml id., Kn , , 'a sound imitating whispering', Tl 'whisper', Gnd 'to whisper' ( v. 'say'), Krx id.; D (?) 'to whisper' > Prkr id., etc. D #1638 K 117 (K, IE). InA 12O7. 'to look for, desire' ( *'be hungry'?) > IE: NaIE or (or ??) > L / pfc. / pp. 'look for, ask (a question)' Acc. to Ped. KG II 487ff., cognate with OIr (i.e. 'see', 'look'), which is rejected by Vn C 89-91 WP II 48O, WH II 396-7 HS: WS 'look for' > Jb E/C G 'look for', Mh 'seek sth. out', ? Ug 'look for' ('buscar'), but not here Ug 'reach' ('alcanzar'), which goes back to S (> Ak 'erreichen, ankommen; erobern') Jo. M 239, OLS 229, Sd. 45961 B 'want, wish, love' ( N 'be hungry, wish', q.v. ffd.) WCh ({Stl.} , 'hunger'): Kfr {Nt.} 'hunger' Bl {Lk.} , Krkr {Lk.} , Pr {Frz.} , {ChL} , Ngm {ChL} , {Sch.}: Dr , Glm , Gera , Grm , Bele , Krf 'hunger', Tng {J} 'hunger, famine', Krf , Bele 'thirst' (lit. 'hunger of water [ , ]') SBc {Sh.}: Bg , Kir , Zul , Plc , Gj , Zar K 'hunger' Ngz {Sch.} , Bd {ChL} 'thirst' possibly here: Hs 'thirst', id. ( Sk.: = 'thirst of water' [ is 'water'), Gw K/T/Kr/G , Gw Ch 'thirst'; but more probably these Hs-Gw words belong to N '' (q.v.) Stl. ZCh 221 [#7O7], J T 1O4, Sch. BTL 29, 56, 83, 117, 147, Sch. DN 59, Frz. P 36, ChC, ChL, Ba. 613, Abr. H 526, Mts. G 65, Mts. GD #247, Sk. HCD 172 There is no proof that Ss pWCh and are indeed uvular rather than velar A: T 'wish, desire, long for' > OT id., MQp XIII 'long for', XwT XIII, Nog 'wish', Qq 'wish, long for', Uz , Qrg 'wish, want', Tv (inf. ) id., 'dream of' Cl. 749, KrkR 345, NogR 225, UzR 225, Jud. 472, TvR 269 M v. 'wish' > MM [MA] id., WrM , HlM v. 'wish, desire, long for, crave', Kl n. 'wish, goal' Pp. MA 23O, MED 5O8, KRS 329 Tg: [1] Tg > Ewk v. 'go hungry, collapse from hunger' STM II 291 [2] Tg > Ewk , Sln 'be anxious, worry about'; possibly also (+ sx.) 'hunter, person' ( N 'grown-up man, old (person)') > Nn Nh , Neg 'hunter', Ewk , Lm 'hunter; person', Ul, Ork, Nn Nh/B 'man (vir), male'; the semantic filiation is 'wish' (1) 'be anxious', (2) 'hunt, hunter' 'vir' STM I 332, 336 pJ {S} v. 'wish' > OJ (sx. of the volitive verb form) QJ #1382 Tg points to pA

#48 ? S ( ) 'fall' > Ak (inf. ) 'fall down, collapse; fall to the ground', SS: Sb 'setting of the sun', Mh 'run off', Jb 'disappear in a flash, slip away', OYmn {Slw.} 'Ende (gesagt vom Festland)' CAD X/1 24O-51, BGMT 87, Jo. M 265, Jo. J 171, Slw. 2OO IS I 349 [#225] ( ; IE, D). 1222. (or ?) 'to cut off, tear (off)' > HS: CS 'cut\break off' > MHb G 'cut off', JA G id., 'break off', JEA {Sl.} G 'bite off', Ar G 'cut, break' Js. 1351, Sl. 1OO7-8, BK II 767-9 C: Bj {R} pcv. 'cut\break off\asunder' ('ab\zer-schneiden\brechen') (1s: p. , prs. ), (pl. ) 'Schnitt' (unless Ar) R WBd 151 U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'tear, draw' > Hg v. 'draw, tear' Vg: T/P , LK/Ss 'to tear' MF 3123, UEW 859 (adduces Os [Ty 'zerstckeln', Os D 'fell trees', etc.] and reconstructs pUgr ) A: ? T {Cl.} or ' cut, chop' (delabialized from due to the infl. of the final unrounded vw.?) > OT [MhK] ( 'he cut the piece of wood on the slant'), Chg XV 'cut into small pieces', Tk 'chop', Ggz , StAlt 'cut, cut off (twigs, small trees)', Qmn 'chop, cut on the slant', ? Tv 'exterminate' Qmn may be from T , cp. 'foot, leg' < ), but Xk 'cut, cut off' points to T (unless a loan from a language) Cl. 595, ET Q 2OO, Rl. II 688-9O, BT 1O2, B DK 23O, BIG 297, TvR 499 The Ugr and T cognates point to N rather than to , hence in CS is due to as ( < ). 1223. ? 'shoulder' > IE: NaIE id. > OI , Av , KhS , MPrs , NPrs fS 'shoulder' pAl {O} > Al {AlED} 'upper surface of the shoulder; shoulder' (loss of the stem-final ) Gmc: [1] Gmc {Vr.} > MLG , Frs E, Dt 'front shoulderblade (Vorderschulterblatt) of horses and cows' [2] ? [ NaIE 'body juncture' < N 'to bend (a joint of the limbs: elbow, etc.)'] > Gt (stem ), OHG , NHG H , AS 'hip', NE ; ON , NNr , 'buttocks (of animals)' P 59O, 627, EI 516 [ ], M K III 357, O 4O5, Vr. N 622, Fs. 277-8, Kb. 484, OsS 428, KM 319, Ho. 184 The IE mobile appears before the original emphatic stops in the presence of palatal elements within the N [in this case (or ?)] HS: WS ,S 'shoulder: WS id. > Ar id., 'shoulderblade' ({Fr.} 'scapula, omoplata'), Mh , Hrs , Jb C/E 'top of back, back of shoulder' (in SES the development of vowels is reg., cp. S 'knee' > Mh , Jb ;S > Hb Ft41 , JA ap1t62 ap1t65 , JEA, Sr , Md 'shoulder', Ar 'shoulder, shoulderblade'; here probably also (though unvocalized) DSA 'shoilder' and Ug id., 'collar-bone'; Ak d 'sternum' or ' part of the ribs' KB 481, KBR 5O5-6, HJ 258, Fr. III 9, Sl. 61O, Br. 353, MD 195, Jo. M 52, 212, Jo. H 71, Jo. J 137, A #14O7, OLS 23O, Br. 353, CAD VIII 3O3, MiK I 1.154 EC: Sd {Gs.} 'shoulder' Gs. 269, Hd. 133, 381 Ch: WCh: BT: Krkr , Krf {Sch.} 'shoulder' ? Hs id. ChC Sk. HCD 131 (Hs, S + other lgs.) U 'shoulder, back' ( N or 'neck, (?) nap, shoulder'?) > FU 'back (dos)' > Hg 'back (dos), backside' ObU {Ht.} {AD} 'behind, in the shadow of' > pVg > Vg: {Mu}: N , ML , LL , K 'behind' (direction) (LL 'go behind the house!', 'ich setze mich hinter den Baum'), {Ht.}: LK , MK/UK ,P , LL 'im Schatten' (= 'in the shadow of'?), 'im Schutz'; pOs {Ht.} > Os V 'von etwas bedeckte\geschtzte Stelle', Os Y 'unter dem Baum hervor' Sm.: Slq Tz {KKIH} '(fall) on ones back'; Sm 'shoulderblade' > Ne: T , T O {Lh.} , F {Lh.} id. (< ), Slq Tm {KD} id., Slq Tz {Prk.} 'the top part of the spine together with the shoulderblades' UEW 225, MF 276-7, Ht. #335, KKIH 163, Jn. 8O ?? A: pJ 'shoulder' > OJ , J: T ,K , Kg id. ( N 'hand' [q.v.]) DQA #482 (A ), S QJ #2OO, Mr. 442 IE may result from mt (< or from contraction of cns. clusters ( AD SShS); in the latter case IE is a sx.; in a similar way U may also result from contraction of the cluster. The vowels in S belong to the derivational pattern of adjectives, so that may have originally meant 'referring to the shoulder'. 1224. ? 'to kill, wage a war; (?) to die' > HS: Ch {JS, JI} 'kill' > CCh: Gv {IL} , Dgh {IL} , {Frk.} , Gdf {IL} Mtk {Sb.} pMM , > Mkt {ChL} , {Ro.} , Mofu {Brr.} , {Ro.} , Gzg D {Lk.} , {Ro.} ; Mada/Myn/Mlk {Ro.} id. JS 153, JI I 1O5 & II 212-3, ChC, Ro. 398 [#277] ? B > Ah 'to die' Fc. 935 C: Ag v. 'die' > Bln , Xm ,Q , Aw R WB 2O8, Ap. AV 14 NrOm: Kf {C} , Mch {L} v. 'die', Shn {C} 'death' (not mentioned in Lm. Sh), Ym {Wdk.} v. 'die' C SE III 78-9 & IV 465, Wed. BY 129, Lm. Y 358 ? S +ext. : S v. 'kill' > Hb, IA, BA, JA, Sr , Md , OA, Yd, Sb, Gz, Akk , Ar id. KBR 1O92, GB 71O, HJ 1OO6, Js. 1349, Sl. 1OO6-7, Br. 658, MD 87, Fr. III 398, BGMR 1O9, L G 451, CAD XIII 162 AdS of K 2 91-2, Chx. 575-6, Ser. 1O2 IE: NaIE 'die' (< N 'die') > G v. 'die', OG 'dead' K v. 'fight' > Clt: Gl *'battle' in the gentilicium C (Kampf)', H 'god of war', AS MHG 'wrangle, fight' Sl (lit. 'battle king'), OIr ,W 'battle, army', Crn 'fight' ON 'fight 'fight, war', OHG 'battle, fight' (in proper names, e.g. H ,H ), > OCS 'pugna', ChS id., 'quarrel', R

(Knecht)', AS 'wife', ON

pl. 'family, household', 'domestic, familiar' (> NE 'farm labourer'), OSx d 'one of the household', pl. 'married couple, members of a family', Gt

, OHG d

' , master of the house' Ltv 'wife' P 539-4O (believes that is an extension of 'to lie, liegen'), M K III 376, WH I 224-5, Bc. G 314, Vr. 233, Fs 253-4, Schz. 168, Kb. 472, OsS 4O4, Ho. 161, Ho. S 34, Fs. 253-4, Kar. II 179, EI 214 & 622 ( 'belonging to the household') HS: C: Bj {R} 'comrade, friend' R WBd 154 The labialized is probably due to the spread of labiality (sth. like > > Bj ) Eg fP {EG} , {Fk.} 'other' (: Sl 'friend' 'other') EG V 11O-5, Fk. 285 A: ?? M 'second cousin of the fathers side' > WrM > WrM , HlM id., 'tmoigner de laffection', a favour', M de piti'. Mnr H {SM} , HlM id. (unless 'two') ?? M 'love; grace, mercy, compassion' id., MM [HI] 'did him M v. 'love, have mercy' > WrM , HlM 'avoir compassion', [S] 'have pity of, care for', [MA]
'dear (chri)' > WrM , HlM 'dear, nice; pitiable, regrettable', Ord {Ms.} 'digne 'cher, chri' MED 913, SM 167, Pp. MA 288, Ms. H 86, 89, H 64 The the semantic change ('of the same family' 'beloved'). ) 'manner' ( 'like, as') > U: FU pospos. 'like, similar to' ? Es 'custom, manner; as, like' > Er/Mk 'shape, form, figure' Prm {LG} '(national) ({LG}
'friendship' 'love' cp. R 1235. ?? (or
custom, peculiarity, way of life', Mk
) 'as, like' > OPrm ,Z , Z US , Yz , Vt Vg {Kn.}: T , LK ,P , Ss 'like, as (gleich, wie, nach Art)' UEW 195, Slv. 38-9, W EDW 4O2, LG 127 HS >S 'like, as' (preposition of comparison or identity) > OA , IA, BA -6 , Ar 'like, as', Hb -k`1 / -k`6, &m6 'like', ez#1 'such' (lit. 'like this'), Ug , Amr {G} 'as, like', Ar 'as him' (lit. 'as his likeness'), Sb 'as, like', Tgr 'according to, like', ? Ak [< ] 'as, just as', 'how?', Eb {Krb.} , 'as, like'; S , ending of
adverbs of manner: 'how?' (lit. 'which like?') > Hb K6ia4 ek1ia4 , Ug [ ], OA, Aram , Ak 'how?'; 'so' (lit. 'this like') > Hb K1 ek11 , Ak id. KB 38 & II 432-3, 458, KBR 39, 455-6, Seg. AAG 351-2, HJ 45, Br. AG 114, LH 394, Grd. UT 1O.9, 12.3, OLS 2O5-6, G A 22, Ln. 2998, BGMR 237, Sd. 468f., CAD VIII 316-29, 351, Krb. PE 84, 86 C: Bj {R} 'how?' [interr. (< N 'who?) + of manner], {Rop.} id., Bj {R} 'so, like this/that' R WBd 46, 139, R BdS 182, 192 Ag 'as, like' > Xm {Ap.} 'how much\many?', Km how many?', 'how?' ( is interrogative, cp. Km , Xm {Ap.} 'what?') EC: Arr 'how much\many?' [ of quantity ( *manner) + interr. , cp. 'when?', 'which one?' m.], possibly Or: Or B {Sr.} 'way, manners, customs; as, like', Or H/Wt 'as, like' R WBd 138-9, R BdS 182, 192, Rop. 2O3, Ap. Kh I 264, Ap. K 321, Hw. A 232-4, Sr. 261-2, Grg. 13, Brl. 12-3 B: Gd 'how?', 'de sorte que, de manire que' (interr. + 'as') Lf. II #O993 ? Ch: Hs 'like' (prep.), 'as, like' the structure of may be as in Bj (interr. + 'as, like') Ba. 531-2, 619 ?? IE: [1] NaIE 'how?' (< cd 'which way? quo-modo?') > MLG , OSx , , OFrs, AS 'how?', NE ? OIr 'how?' ? Av 'how?' [2] ? NaIE (ending of adverbs of manner and of denom. adjectives) > Sl 'as, like' in the pronominal adverbs 'how?, like' ( 'which' + 'like, as'), 'how?' (IE inter. + 'like'), 'so' 'this' + ) > OCS , , ,R , ,P , , etc.; this et. is esp. plausible if the correspoding Sl adjectives 'qualis', id. and 'talis' are based on the adverbs and not viceversa; but even if the basic form were adjectives, an underlying IE 'like' is not ruled out Brg. GVG 399, Rc. 375, Vn C 134, Ho. 177, Ho. S 37-9, ESSJ I 64-5 (s.v. ?), VIII 171 [ ] & IX 118-9 [ ], P 647-8 A: NaT in postpos. 'like' (< dem. prn. + 'as' > OT 'like' (postp.) (a long vw. suggested by MKs spelling) , OAz ( 'comme toi'), Tkm , Uz ( 'like iron'), Tv 'as, like' Cl. 475, Rs. W 468, Shch. OSMN 88, TvR 151 Tg (an ending of essive) > Ewk Urm (essive before the verb 'become': 'become ill'), Lm id. Vas. 757 If the IE and Hs cognates (which are rather doubtful) are rejected, the N rec. will be. 1236. 'be hungry, desire, want' ( 'be in heat') > HS: S 'be hungry' > Ar (np. ) 'be very hungry', vAQa "vaQa 'hunger' B (< ) v. 'copulate' ( 'to copulate', q.v. ffd.) K {FS} 'desire' > Mg 'I want' (lit. 'mihi est voluntas'), 'you (sg.) want', 'wants', Lz : 'ich mge zerschneiden', 'ich mge schreiben', Sv : 'ich mchte', 'du mchtest', 'er mchte' FS K 187, FS E 2O5 IE: NaIE 'desire' > OI 'desire, will, intention', Av 'Begehren' (in a cd ) Gk , Gk A 'false appetite (of pregnant women)', Gk , Gk A v. 'crave for strange food' (of pregnant women), 'long to do [a th.]'; ? Gk [Hs.] ('womens wishes') [

, Slv b , SCr d 'to take a rest, repose', ip.
'to have a rest, die', Cz 'to rest', Blg 'to rest (from work, etc.), repose' > OCS 'a while' > OCz , Slk , OP, P
'have a rest, die', Uk ,P id., R b, 'now, immediately'; Sl 'to rear, bring up' , R, Blg , Uk
'rest, sleep', Uk 'to sleep'; Sl d vt. 'to lay (to rest), calm' (caus. of ) > Cz
> SCr , Slv id., Cz 'to breast-feed'; Sl
id., OCz, Cz vt. 'to calm', ? Sl
n. 'rest, quiet' > OCS
, SCr , Slv, Cz, Slk id., P 'peace' NaIE 'quiet' > L [< + ] ( {WP, P ?} ) 'quiet, calm'; the shortening > is problematic Gmc 'rest, a while' > ON 'place of rest, bed', Sw , Dn 'rest', Gt , OHG , NHG W , Dt , OFrs 'a while', OSx, AS 'a while, time', NE ; Gt 'cease', {Fs.} 'beruhigen, erquicken', ON 'have a rest, let so. rest', Sw , Dn 'to (have a) rest', OHG 'sich aufhalten, bleiben', NHG 'to stay, stop, abide, tarry, linger', 'to stay, remain, tarry, linger', Dt 'to stop, remain' WP I 51O, P 638, EI 474-5 ( 'rest, quiet'), M K I 39O, Brtl. 1716-8, Hinz 127-8, Bai. 146, Ab. I 15O-2, Vs. III 3O5, 347-8, SPS II 198, 218, StSS 47O, 494, ESSJ X 113, Chrn. II 5O, 63, Glh. 31O, WH II 4O6, 7OO, EM 699, Fs. 284, OsS 439-4O, Ho. S 39, Ho. 182, Kb. 1198, AHD 1453, 1525, Vr. 272, Vr. N 78O, 837, KM 848 U: FU {UEW} 'lie (liegen)' > pChr {Ber.} 'lie' > Chr: H {UEW} , {Ep.} inf. , L (inf. ), E id. (pChr < due to the palatalizing effect of ?); Chr B
'fleischlichen Umgang pflegen' Prm {LG} v. 'lie' > Z , Yx , Vt id. ObU: pVg v. 'lie, sleep' > Vg: T/MK , LK , UK/P/NV/SV/LL/ML , UL/Ss id.; Os O id. UEW 197, Coll. 89, Ber. 16, Ht. #744, MRS 199, Ep. 43, LG 144, Stn. D 44O Alternatively, IE ,U and Ar may be considered belonging to N 'to stay, lie, rest motionless' (see N ), but in this case the U vw. remains unexplained. But even if these are two separate etyma, some semantic infl. of N on U is probable IS I 357-8 (ruhen)' > HS, IE, D, ? A], IS MS 355 ( '), AD GD #135. [ ' ' 1241. 'to dig' > IE: NaIE 'pit, hole' [{Specht}: a heteroclitic noun , {EI} ? /

'tree trunk, stump' MED 975, H 65, Vv. ANE 14 (M
AD NM #86 ?). The voicing of N in pHS may be due to as K and FU
'be erect, rise, stick up', but !) are from N (through the stage