MMP15- 1

Risk from Consuming Food from Polystyrene Foam Package
(Chumaporn rodseeda)* (Kannikar chatsantiprapa)**
GC-FID (threshold toxicity) (non-threshold toxicity) margin of safety 58.05 289.15 ( = 0.2 mg/kg-day, U.S.EPA 1994) 2.40 10-6 1.22 10-5

ABSTRACT

Risks from migrations of styrene monomer and styrene oxide from polystyrene foam packages into 8 flavoring ingredients and 5 foods were assessed in different conditions, using Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detector, for both threshold toxicity and non-threshold toxicity. From the risk assessment, the margin of safety from styrene monomer migration was found between 58.05 to 289.15 (using the reference dose 0.2 mg/kg-day, U.S.EPA, 1994) in threshold toxicity assessment. The lifetime cancer risk from styrene oxide migration was found between 2.40 10-6 to 1.22 10-5 in non-threshold toxicity assessment. These risks were in high levels. Therefore, to avoid unwanted risks, public should be warned to avoid consuming foods in polystyrene packages.
: Key Words : Foam Package, styrene monomer, risk assessment

* **

MMP15- 2
(Lickly et al., 1995) (Tawfik and Huyghebaert, 1998) (Lozano et al., 2007) (Melski et al., 2003) (2532) 115 40.0 - 7,118.6
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

8 5

( ) ( ) () ( 4 30 ) ( 1 15 ) ( 15 15 ) () *

MMP15- 3

( ) () () *

(, 2541)

(**) ( ) () ( ) ( ) () * 130
- GC Detector FID HP-6890 series Agilent Technologies column packing PH - Innowax 30 m 0.25 mm. ID: 0.32 mm. - (Microwave Oven) Sanyo EM - Z2100GS 900 Watts - Styrene monomer (SM) AR SUPELCO 99% pure, stabilized with Methanol 1 ml 5000 g/ml - Styrene oxide ALDRICH 97% 1.053 - Dichloromethane AR grade Lab Scan Analytical Sciences 2.5 L - Methanol AR grade Lab Scan Analytical Sciences 2.5 L
(SM) ( Lickly et al., 1995)
3 SM SM = SM - SM 1. SM flask 250ml Dichloromethane 10 ml Methanol 5 ml
. A-912 = 13.3 18. 4.98 0.03 g ( ) - ( Whatman) 0.45 m - (syringe)

MMP15- 4

0.45 m SM GC-FID SM Peak height Chromatogram calibration curve SM 2. 1 () 3 60 3 SM 1 3. - 2 - 900 1 2 2 - (6 0.5 C) 48 2 - (-20 C) 48 2 - 900 6 2 GC-FID HP-6890 series SM Oven temperature 40C hold 5 min. 10C/min. 110C, Detector temperature 220C Injector temperature 115C, Carrier gas: He, flow 3.7 ml/min, Column PH-Innowax 30 m. 0.25 mm. ID: 0.32 mm.

(SO)

SO SO 3 (6 ) flask 250 ml Dichloromethane 30 ml Methanol 15 ml 0.45 m GC-FID SO Peak height Chromatogram standard curve SO

MMP15- 5

GC-FID HP-6890 series SO Oven temperature 40C hold 5 min. 10C/min. 220C hold 1 min, Detector temperature 250C, Injector temperature 200C, Carrier gas He, flow 3.7 ml/min, Column PH-Innowax 30 m. 0.25 mm. ID: 0.32 mm. SM SO 1 / (worst case scenario) 1 () + () + ( +)+(6)+ SM SO 3 / 1. SM SM Threshold toxicity Margin of safety (MOS) hazard quotient (HQ) = Daily exposure dose Reference Dose (RfD) RfD = 0.2 mg / kg-day (U.S. EPA., 1994) RfD = 90,000 g/ kg-day 1.2857 mg/kg-day (American Chemical Council, 2007) 2. SO IARC (1987) SO 2A () RfD Non-threshold toxicity = cancer slope factor () exposure dose Oral cancer slope factor = 0.16 (mg/ kg-day)-1 (OEHHA, 2009)

SO SM SO SM SO

= 1 () + () + ( +) + ( 6 ) + 1 SM SO = [(conc.1 exposure dose1)+(conc.2 exposure dose 2) +] / body weight Conc. = SM SO , 70 (best case scenario) 1 () + () + (+) + ( 6 )+

MMP15- 6

S M ( ./ . )

SM t test p < 0.05

1500 0
SM (10, ) () (1, ) 1-10

*= p < 0.05

SM (./ )

2 SM

SM (./ )

1 SM

3 SM

MMP15- 7

SM ( ./ .)

SM (./.)

* = p < 0.05

4 SM

1, 2, 3 = p < 0.05

160 SM (./ ) 1 3

6 SM 10, 1 , 2 , 3

SM (./)

5 SM 10, 1 , 2 , 3
7 SM 10, 1 , 2 , 3

MMP15- 8

SM (./. ) 0

2,3 2,3 2,3

5000 4500

S M ( ./ . )

1 2,3 3

1, 2, 3= p < 0.05

8 SM 10, 1 , 2 , 3
10 SM 1, 1 2 3 3 SM SO

2,3 2,2,3

S M ( ./ )
+ 1 (worst case) (best case)

SM (mg/kgBW-day)

SO (g/kgBW-day)

57.83 11.61

0.076 0.015

9 SM 1, 1 2 3

Margin of safety (MOS) SM 58.05 - 289.15 (RfD = 0.2 mg/kg-day, U.S.EPA 1994) 9.03 - 44.98 (RfD = 1.2857 mg/kg-day, American Chemical Council, 2007) SO 2.40 10-6 - 1.22 10-5

MMP15- 9

SM (p < 0.001) SM SM SM SM 48 SM (p < 0.05) SM SM SM SM Lozano et al. (2007) SM SM SM () SM SM (p < 0.05) SM SM SM 6 SM

MMP15- 10

(p < 0.05) SM Melski et al. (2003) 2 polystyrene SM 1 SM SO SM SO SM 58 (58.05 ) American Chemical Council (2007) SO 2. 3 SM SO SM 289 SO 1. U.S. EPA 1 1 (U.S. EPA, 2005) SO SO SO SM SM SO 8 SM
SM (p < 0.05) threshold toxicity non-threshold toxicity
1. 2. SO

MMP15- 11

SO SM Lozano, P.R., Miracle, E.R., Krause, A.J., Drake, M. and Cadwallader, K.R. 2007. Effect of cold storage and packaging material on the major aroma components of sweet cream butter. Agricultural and food chemical 55: 78407846. Melski, K., Jan, Z. and Hieronim, K. 2003. Model study on intensified migration of volatile substances from food contacting plastic materials during repeated microwaving. Food science and technology 6(2): 44-51. Office of Environment Health Hazard (OEHHA). 2009. OEHHA cancer potency values as of July 21. retrieved May 15, 2008, from http://oehha.ca.gov/risk/pdf/pdf/tcdb072109 cas.pdf. Tawfik, M.S. and Huyghebaert, A. 1998. Polystyrene cups and containers : styrene migration. Food additives and contaminants 15(5): 592-599. US. Environmental Protection Agency (US.EPA). 1994. Pollution prevention and toxics. retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://www.epa. gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf. US. Environmental Protection Agency (US.EPA). 2005, March. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. retrieved October 31, 2009, from http:// cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/ recordisplay. cfm? deid =116283.

. 2541. 182. :. . 2532. . , 31(2): 93-102. American Chemistry Council. 2007. Plastics foodservice packaging group (PFPG). Safety of polystyrene foodservice products. retrieved December 3, 2009 from http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_plastics/ sec_pfpg.asp?CID=2302&DID=10016 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1987. In U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Technology transfer network. Air toxics web sing. Styrene oxide. Hazard summary-created in April 1992; revised in January 2000. retrieved December 11, 2009 from http://www.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/ styreneo.html Lickly, T.D., Lehr, K.M. and Welsh, G.C. 1995. Migration of styrene from polystyrene foam food-contact articles. Food and chemical toxicology 33: 475-481.

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