The TINA Project A Portable Wireless Web Browser

Michael Goddard

mgoddard@uq.net.au

October 1998

Supervisor: Dr. Mark Schulz
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
TINA The Internet Appliance

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50 Carmody Road St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067 Tel. (07) 15th October, 1998 The Head School of Engineering University of Queensland St Lucia, Q 4072

Dear Professor Simmons,

In accordance with the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Systems Engineering, Honours), I present the following thesis entitled TINA The Internet Appliance a Handheld Wireless Web Browser. This work was performed in partnership with Mr David Wilson and under the supervision of Dr Mark Schulz. I declare that the work submitted in this thesis is my own, except as
acknowledged in the text and footnotes, and has not been previously submitted for a degree at the University of Queensland or any other institution.

Yours sincerely,

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Abstract
This thesis describes the design and construction of a hand held wireless Internet Appliance designed for browsing the World Wide Web (called the TINA Project). The TINA Project improved on previous efforts by creating a device that was both totally portable and wireless. The TINA Project was built with latest generation components and techniques, using a built in radio modem to transfer data to and from the A4 sized device. The performance of the TINA Project at the time of writing was suboptimal, but possible remedies for the shortfalls have been presented. With slight
enhancements the future of the TINA Project can be shown to be commercially viable in diverse fields such as process monitoring, medicine and electronic books.

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Acknowledgments

Many thanks to those who made this project possible, including: David Wilson, my thesis partner Mark Schulz, for keeping us on track Marco Graziano and Teknema Inc, for donating the SA1100 CPU Rob Howe and Hawk Integrated Technology, for donating the LCD screen used in this project Micron Technology, for the sample 16MB SODIMM memory module Hideko Ono, of Berg Electronics Japan, for the sample SODIMM sockets Len Payne, for making us decide exactly what we wanted and what we needed, and for practical circuit design tips. Prof. Dennis Longstaff, UQ CSEE Department, and Michael Finney, of Uniquest, for their advice on Intellectual Property Geoff Walker and Sri Parameswaran for showing interest in the project Keith, Alan, and the rest of the crew at the Electronics Workshop, for helping us with the electronics construction on countless occasions, and letting me zap myself with an inverter Keith and Wayne in the Mechanical Workshop for helping us with the case design and construction Peter Ikladious, Christina Miller, Sharyn Efimoff, Jasper Chik, Carlos Gomez, Davin Briner and Andrew Over for providing feedback on our work My family, for proof reading and support

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The TINA Project a Portable Web Browser

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT.... V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... VII TABLE OF CONTENTS.... IX LIST OF FIGURES.... XII LIST OF TABLES....XIII 1 INTRODUCTION....1 1.1 THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET.. 1 Ubiquity.... 1 Convenience.... 2 Security.... 2

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 2
THE TINA PROJECT VISION... 3 TINA PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS... 3 THESIS DOCUMENT STRUCTURE... 5
INTERNET APPLIANCES A TECHNOLOGY REVIEW..6 2.1 NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS.... 6 Toshiba Libretto 70CT.... 6 NEC Versa SX... 7

2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2

ELECTRONIC BOOKS.... 7 EveryBook Dedicated Reader... 7 Librius Millennium.... 8 SoftBook Press SoftBook... 8

2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3

PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS AND PALMTOPS.. 8 Sharp Mobilon HC-4500... 9 3Com Palm III.... 9

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4

SLATE COMPUTERS.... 10 Netslate... 10 Telxon PTC-1194.... 11 Fujitsu Stylistic... 11 Sharp Mobilon TriPad PV-6000.. 11

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4

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Michael Goddard 2.5 3

SUMMARY OF INTERNET APPLIANCE REVIEW.. 12
DERIVATION OF THE TINA PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS. 13 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 UBIQUITY.... 13 CONVENIENCE.... 14 SECURITY IMPLICATIONS... 15 LIMITS OF CURRENT TECHNOLOGY... 15 SUMMARY OF SPECIFICATIONS... 17
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TINA PRODUCT.. 19 4.1 4.2 INITIAL IMPLEMENTATION DECISIONS... 19 WEB BROWSER IMPLEMENTATION THE TINA MODULE.. 20 Hardware Modules... 22
CPU..... 22 Display.... 24 Memory..... 25 Communications.... 27 Peripherals.... 29 Power Supply and Battery Charger... 29 4.2.1.1 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.3 4.2.1.4 4.2.1.5 4.2.1.6
4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5
Physical Construction... 30
External Power Supply.... 30 Internal Power Module.... 31 Expansion Daughterboard.... 31 TINA Motherboard.... 32 TINA Case..... 33
4.2.3.1 4.2.3.2 4.2.3.3 4.2.3.4 4.2.3.5

Software Modules.... 33

Low Level BIOS.... 33 Operating System.... 34 Web Browser.... 36 E-Mail Client.... 37 Other Applications.... 38
BASE STATION IMPLEMENTATION THE NINA MODULE. 38 Wireless Data... 39 Wired Data.... 39 Status Module... 40 NINA Module Physical Construction... 41
4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 5
RESULTS.... 42 5.1 SUMMARY OF TINA PROJECT... 42 TINA Portable Web Browser Module... 42

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TINA The Internet Appliance 5.1.2 5.2
NINA Wireless Base Station Module.. 43
COMPARISON WITH SPECIFICATIONS.. 43 Ubiquity.... 43 Convenience... 44 Security... 45 Summary of Performance... 46
5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 6
THE FUTURE OF THE TINA PROJECT...47 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 DISPLAY... 47 BATTERY AND POWER SUPPLY... 47 FURTHER MINIATURISATION... 47 COMMUNICATIONS... 48 SOFTWARE.... 48 Web Browser.... 48 Handwriting Recognition... 48 Process Monitoring... 49 Medical Uses.... 49
6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.6 6.7 6.8
ELECTRONIC BOOKS... 49 COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL.... 50 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TINA PROJECT.. 50

Two notebooks were compared in this literature review: the Toshiba Libretto 70CT, and the NEC Versa SX.
2.1.1 Toshiba Libretto 70CT
The Toshiba Libretto [58] series of miniature notebooks are extremely small notebooks capable of running Microsoft Windows 98. These
notebooks are roughly the size of a VHS video cassette, yet pack normal notebook equipment like hard drives and PCMCIA slots. The Libretto series are definitely convenient, as they weigh under one kilogram but have a high resolution active matrix LCD screen. Since they are essentially normal IBM compatible PCs, the Libretto series can use a large variety of peripherals and Internet applications, which would allow the Libretto series to fulfil the vision of the Future Internet.
Figure 2 - Toshiba Libretto 70CT

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2.1.2 NEC Versa SX
These high end notebooks have the latest Intel Pentium II processors, large active matrix displays, and very large amounts of storage space. With an appropriate wireless networking adaptor these notebooks would be perfectly capable of performing any Internet task desired, but these notebooks are vastly more capable than most people need or desire. This technological excellence comes at a hefty price, with the base model starting at

Figure 3 - NEC Versa SX

US$3100 [46].
These notebooks possess most of the features outlined in Section 1.1, but are not cheap or light enough to enjoy ubiquity. 2.2 Electronic Books
Electronic Books, or e-books, are a relatively new product. E-books are intended to replace normal paper books with an enhanced electronic book that can perform additional functions like text searching and bookmarks [12]. There are very few e-books actually on the market, with most models planned to be introduced over 1999 and early 2000. E-books are quite similar to the TINA Project vision of a portable information browser, with the emphasis for TINA on web pages instead of electronic books. During the initial product review process, there was very little information on e-books available, but over the course of the year more manufacturers released information about their products. following sections. Several different products are reviewed in the
2.2.1 EveryBook Dedicated Reader
The EveryBook Dedicated Reader [14], not yet released, is meant to be a close approximation to a real book. It has two high resolution colour LCD panels mimicking the two facing pages of a book. The Dedicated Reader has some built in Internet Figure 4 - The EveryBook Dedicated Reader connectivity, but unfortunately it is not wireless. Apart from this lack, the Dedicated Reader could be

2.3.1 Sharp Mobilon HC-4500
The Sharp Mobilon HC-4500 [52] is a Windows CE based palmtop with a colour LCD screen. It comes with a Web Browser (Microsoft Pocket Internet Explorer) and a built in modem, so it allows portable web browsing, and wireless web browsing using Infra Red. Unfortunately this limits the
Figure 7 - Sharp Mobilon HC-4500
wireless range of the HC-4500 to a few metres, which is not particularly convenient. The HC-4500 has a touch sensitive colour LCD screen, as well as a small keyboard, so the device is fairly easy to use. Ease of use is an important requirement for a popular device.

2.3.2 3Com Palm III

The 3Com Palm Pilot series of handheld computers is one of the most popular handheld computers on the market. They offer time and contact management
software, as well as e-mail. The Palm Pilot series uses a touch screen and a handwriting recognition scheme called Graffiti [1] that allows the user to enter data quickly. The Palm III is the latest in the Palm Pilot series, and retails for around US$370 [2]. The Palm III does not offer wireless networking, but is still a very easy to use device, which is no doubt a major reason why they are so popular. Figure 8 - 3Com Palm III

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Michael Goddard 2.4 Slate Computers
Slate computers are a type of PC that have met with mixed success in the past. Similar to e-books, they are quite similar in shape to a clipboard with an LCD screen. Most slate computers take the clipboard analogy further, with a pen or stylus used to write on the touch sensitive screen. Slate computers are quite popular in the industrial market, with Fujitsu, one of the major manufacturers, selling over US$75 million in 1996 alone [48]. Slate computers allow the user to hold the computer with one hand and enter data with a stylus in the other.
The convenience of the slate computer means that they could be used to browse the Internet quite easily. Most slate computers are compatible with normal IBM PC
computers, even to the point of running Microsoft Windows 95 or Windows NT. Several slate computers were reviewed, including the precursor to the TINA Project, the Netslate.

2.4.1 Netslate

The Netslate, Ben Williamson and Craig Newells thesis project, is a variety of slate computer, but unlike most, the Netslate does not have a touch sensitive screen, relying instead on an external keyboard and mouse to be plugged in. This reduces the convenience of the slate computer format. Apart from that, the Netslate project was a good attempt to produce a hand held web browser. The Netslate needed several cables to function, including power and until 1997, a serial cable to provide Internet connectivity [47]. As such, the Netslate was not the portable, wireless web browser envisioned in Section One, but the groundwork was laid for the TINA Project. Figure 9 - Netslate 97

The best user interface and case design alone would not make the TINA Project a successful embodiment of the future Internet. Other factors apart from the physical influence the convenience of the TINA Project. Some of these factors have already been taken into account in the section on ubiquity, but the quality of the software also affects the convenience of the product.
Light weight Comfortable Good Display Instant On Intuitive Interface Compatibility Long Battery Life
Easy to carry Easy to hold and carry Reduce eye strain, increase quality of use Allow instant use Simplify use, appeal to a broader market Allow use with standard Internet technology Reduce need for recharging stops
Table 2 - Summary of Convenience Design Specifications

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TINA The Internet Appliance 3.3 Security Implications
As the Internet is used more for financial transactions, information security will be of the utmost importance in the future. To meet this need, any Internet Appliance needs to be able to prevent unauthorised users from intercepting confidential data. To this end, the TINA Project needs to be able to encrypt any wireless data, since by their very nature wireless communications are meant to be indiscriminately broadcast. Another area where encryption needs to be employed is that of secure World Wide Web transactions (such as the Secure Sockets Layer standard [22], or SSL). Many on-line stores and banks rely on this type of transaction, so the TINA Project Web Browser needs to support these types of secure transactions.
In addition to the security of information, the security of the actual physical hardware is important. Since the TINA Project is intended to be easily portable, prevention of theft is quite difficult. The only practical measure possible is to ensure that only specific users can authenticate themselves to use the TINA Project, thereby making it useless, and thus less desirable to thieves. This is similar to the approach taken by mobile phone manufacturers.
In summary, the following specifications are necessary to ensure security:

Encrypt radio traffic

Prevent interception of data by third parties
Support secure transactions Permit safe on-line commerce and secure databases Authentication Prevent unauthorised use and deter theft

Table 3 - Summary of Security Design Specifications
Limits of Current Technology
Despite the requirements of the future Internet, it is todays technology that the TINA Project must employ. This places a number of limits on the development of the TINA Project. Foremost among these is cost, since there is only a limited budget for the development of the TINA Project at a university. Indirectly and directly this affects the choices made. The other significant limitation on the development of the TINA Project is time, since the timeframe is limited to less than a year, so any delays in

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receiving components need to be planned for. The effect of these major limitations on the choice of hardware is explored in more detail in later sections. Current technology for wireless data transfer is not well developed, with severe trade-offs between speed, range and cost. Batteries are another area where severe limitations exist, since most consumer grade batteries are not particularly well suited to use in the TINA Project. Program space, which places a limit on the complexity of both the applications and the content viewed using the TINA Project, is another critical problem, as is the processing capability of the CPU. One major limitation on the complexity of the TINA Project hardware is the cost of printed circuit boards, because prices escalate sharply with the quality and intricacy of the circuitry.
Budget Time Network Bandwidth Battery Life Speed of processor Storage Space Printed Circuit Boards
Limited Resources Duration of Undergraduate Thesis Project Cost, Radio Frequency Licensing Cost Cost Cost Complexity, Cost
Table 4 - Summary of Current Technological Limitations

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Summary of Specifications
The following table (Table 5) summarises the previous tables
Wireless Internal Power Supply Internal Network Access Hand Held Cheap Robust Light weight Comfortable Good Display Instant On Intuitive Interface Compatibility

Aspect

Ubiquity Ubiquity Ubiquity Ubiquity Ubiquity Ubiquity Convenience Convenience Convenience Convenience Convenience Convenience
No cables to limit range of use Ensure Portability Ensure Portability Easy to carry between locations To gain wide acceptance To withstand everyday use Easy to carry Easy to hold and carry Reduce eye strain, increase quality of use Allow instant use Simplify use, appeal to a broader market Allow use with standard Internet
technology Long Battery Life Encrypt radio traffic Convenience Security Reduce need for recharging stops Prevent interception of data by third parties Secure Internet Transactions Authentication Budget Time Network Bandwidth Battery Life Speed of processor Storage Space Printed Circuit Boards Security Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Security Permit safe on-line commerce and secure databases Prevent unauthorised use Limited Resources Duration of Undergraduate Thesis Project Cost, Radio Frequency Licensing Cost Cost Cost Complexity, Cost

The other alternative, that of having local intelligence, allows more of the processing to be performed internally. This means that the only data that needs to travel over the wireless data link is the graphical information (web pages, images etc) that need to be

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displayed. This approach is more versatile, but comes at the expense of extra hardware a faster CPU and larger local storage space to contain programs and data are required. Both of these alternatives were investigated, but the final decision was the local intelligence option, for the following reasons:
Greater versatility Capability of being used away from the network Fast Network links are expensive and hard to obtain Fast CPUs are not much more expensive than slow CPUs Large semiconductor storage devices are available cheaply
Having made this choice, the basic system structure was designed. Since the TINA Project is intended to be mobile and wireless, some type of base station that is connected to a fixed network is required. With this choice of network architecture, the TINA Project structure is illustrated in Figure 13:

Wired Network Connection

Wireless Network Connection

Internet

Base Station

Portable Web Browser

Figure 13 - TINA Project Overall Structure Note that the principal component of the system is the portable web browser module. This module was designated the TINA module, since it is the largest part of the TINA Project thesis. The Base Station was designated NINA, to fit in with the naming scheme. The detailed design of both major modules, TINA and NINA, is presented next. 4.2 Web Browser Implementation The TINA Module
Having defined the basic product (as described in Section 4.1), the following hardware and software sub-sections required to implement a portable web browser with local intelligence were identified:

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Display Display Other Applications Peripherals

Memory

Communications

Operating System Kernel

E-Mail Client

World Wide Web Browser

Battery Pack

Power Supply

Software Modules

Hardware Modules

Figure 14 - Block Diagram of TINA module Hardware: Display CPU Memory Communications Peripherals Power Supply and Battery Charger
Software: Operating System Web Browser E-Mail Client Other Applications
These sub-sections are discussed individually in the following sections.

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4.2.1 Hardware Modules
The hardware implementation was considered first, to allow for delays in construction. For each of these sub sections, a cycle of research and basic design, followed by extensive searches for sources of components, was followed. After obtaining The

Figure 16 - SO-DIMM Memory Modules In addition to these two memory banks in the TINA module, a facility was provided to allow for a ROM emulator to be attached via a daughterboard. This enabled rapid software development, and also provides a method for expansion in the future. The expansion daughterboard isolates the core circuitry of the TINA Motherboard from the ROM emulator, as well as translating voltage levels from the 3.3 volt StrongARM CPU to the 5 volt ROM emulator.

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4.2.1.4 Communications The vision of the TINA project was to have a completely wireless, hand-held web browser. To achieve wireless use, a base station that connects to the wired network is necessary, whether this be part of the TINA project or a cellular phone base station. The hardest task to achieve this goal is that of communications how does the browser obtain the data from the Internet in the first place? In previous years, this problem was solved by using Infra Red technology. This approach had several serious defects the handheld web browser was limited to a range of a few metres around the Infra Red base station. For the new TINA Project communications system, the following criteria were considered:
Range How far can the user roam? Speed How fast can data be transferred? Cost and Availability Ease of Use is detailed communications engineering knowledge required? Compliance with applicable Australian regulations
There are only two basic technologies that can be used to transfer data wirelessly: Infra Red and Radio Frequency. Infra Red hardware is fairly cheap, but still fast, but is usually limited to line-of-sight communications. This places a severe restriction on the distance the user can roam away from a base station. Radio Frequency (or RF)
communications are used extensively to overcome the line of sight problem, most notably with mobile (cellular) phones. RF communications can penetrate concrete, allowing greater freedom of movement. Several ranges are available, from very slow, very tiny modules intended for data logging, to extremely fast modules designed for wireless networking, operating in the tens of megabits per second range.
Several different products that offered reasonably fast communications were investigated: Linx Technologies HP Data Transceiver Modules [38,37], Radiometrix BIM Wireless Data Transceivers [50], and the Harris Semiconductor PRISM Chipset PCMCIA Transceiver [19], as well as a selection of other wireless networking products. However, most of these were unsuitable because they were either very

problems were discovered:
Lack of solder on some joints caused bad signals Several signals showed poor waveforms due to the two layer PCB design Mechanical stress caused bad joints Sensitivity to electromagnetic noise and interference
After the soldering and mechanical problems were fixed, the problems remaining were not easily solvable These problems were caused in part by the lack of a good ground plane [28,32] due to the necessity of a two layer design. The poor signal response caused a number of timing problems, limiting the maximum safe operating speed of the CPU. These signals were improved by terminating the poor quality traces
correctly, but high speed operation was still prevented. The susceptibility of the motherboard to electromagnetic interference probably requires a PCB redesign to solve, but the addition of a shielded case would help considerably.
At the time of writing, the TINA module hardware was operating reliably.
components worked, including the wireless data modules, the DRAM, the Flash

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EPROM and the Peripheral Controller. The TINA module is fully portable, being able to run off an internal battery pack and use the wireless data transceivers. The LCD controller works satisfactorily, although an intermittent connection to the LCD prevents proper consistent operation. The firmware works correctly, providing low level access to the TINA module hardware, allowing the battery statistics to be monitored, keystrokes to be received and the touch screen to be decoded into coordinates, as well as memory management and other kernel functions.
The port of the Inferno OS was also rescheduled due to a delay in the licensing for the latest version of Inferno. This delay did not prevent the development of the Limbo applications described in Section 4.2.3.5, but did prevent the Inferno device drivers from being written by the time this report was created. Since the device drivers will simply call firmware code already written and tested, it is expected that a full demonstration of the TINA Project will be possible by thesis demonstration day.
5.1.2 NINA Wireless Base Station Module
The NINA Base Station functions correctly when tested with the Linx Technologies evaluation kit and the TINA module. The indicator LEDs show when data is being transmitted and received, as well as when an RF carrier is detected. A bar graph LED display indicates the relative signal strength. In summary, the NINA Module worked as designed. 5.2 Comparison with specifications
In order to assess how successful the TINA Project was, a comparison with the specifications derived in Section 2 is necessary. As the TINA module is not one hundred percent operational, parts of this comparison have been performed using the Inferno emulator developed for Windows 95 as the majority of the software will remain the same for the final demonstration. The achievements of the TINA Project in the three major features, ubiquity, convenience and security are reviewed, followed by a summary of the performance of the TINA Project as a whole at the time of writing.

The software suite created for the TINA project was sufficient for thesis demonstration purposes, but for a fully commercially viable project the software should be improved. There are several areas of the software that can be upgraded the most important of these is the web browser, since this is the primary focus of the TINA Project. Other possible applications of the TINA Project, such as process monitoring or on-line data entry, would also require new software to be developed. Several possible software upgrades are detailed below.

6.5.1 Web Browser

Since the main focus of the TINA project is on browsing the web, the web browser needs to be continually updated to meet the latest HTML specifications (and other emerging web technologies). The development of a web browser is a full time project in itself, so perhaps the easiest way to improve the web browser is to use a browser developed by a third party. The Web browser used in the current incarnation of the TINA project is sufficient for a lot of web pages, but the dynamic nature of the world wide web will necessitate an improved web browser.
6.5.2 Handwriting Recognition
A major area of possible expansion for the TINA project is handwriting recognition. The TINA project already boasts a touch screen, so it would be a matter of writing software which interprets the users finger/stylus movements on the screen to produce usable text. This would be a very useful feature for the TINA project it might be Page 48
possible to create a standard alphabet for TINA similar to the Graffiti [1] system for the successful 3Com Palm Pilot series.

6.5.3 Process Monitoring

Another possible use of the TINA project is as an industrial process control remote terminal. Already companies like Honeywell [23] are using HTML technology to present a familiar interface to allow the user to control industrial processes. The TINA project could be used while out in the work area, allowing secure control of a process while the user is actually inspecting the site. Some hardware changes might be
necessary to support this operation in particular, some ruggedising of the TINA project hardware would be necessary.

6.5.4 Medical Uses

The use of a secure link to an on-line medical database would allow convenient patient management. Patients measurements could be entered directly into the database using a TINA terminal. This would increase the efficiency of the medical personnel by allowing all relevant personnel access to the most recent information. In addition, identification of the patients may be confirmed by looking at a snapshot of a patient stored in the database. Coupled with an electronic locating system such as the Active Badge Network [13], the TINA Project could help locate patients and equipment. The TINA project already has a lot of the features that would be needed in such an environment perhaps the greatest omission is the lack of handwriting recognition, as noted above. 6.6 Electronic Books

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8 References
1. 3Com Corporation, 1998, 3Com/Palm Computing Graffiti http://www.palm.com/products/input/index.html 2. 3Com Corporation, 1998, 3Com/Palm Computing Products and Services http://www.palmpilot.com/products/index.html 3. A.E.C., 1998, Australian Electoral Commission Home Page http://www.aec.gov.au/ 4. ALP National Secretariat, 1998, ALP Election 98, http://www.alp.org.au/ 5. Amazon.com Inc, 1998, Amazon.com: Books, Music & More! http://www.amazon.com 6. Arm Ltd., 1998, ARM Architecture Overview http://www.arm.com/Architecture/ 7. Arm Ltd., 1998, ARM Development Support, http://www.arm.com/DevSupp/ 8. Arm Ltd., 1998, Software Development tools for ARM Architecture, http://www.arm.com/DevSupp/SoftwDevTools/ 9. Battery Technology Inc., 1996, Review of Popular Portable Rechargeable Battery Systems http://www.bti.ca/compbatt.htm 10. Bowes, Chris: Stay in luxury, surf cheaply, The Bulletin, Vol 117 No 6142, page 56, September 29th, 1998 11. CNN, 21st September 1998, IBM Envisions Net Services in Cars, Airplanes http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9809/21/ibmnet.idg 12. CNN, October 9th 1998 (Accessed October 9th), Are Digital Books good enough to curl up with? http://cnn.com/TECH/computing/9810/09/digbooks.idg/index.html 13. Efimoff, Sharyn, E Tag - An Active Badge Network, Thesis (B.E. Hons [Computer Systems Engineering]), The University of Queensland, 1998 14. EveryBook Inc., 1998, The EveryBook Dedicated Reader http://www.everybk.com/

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TINA The Internet Appliance 15. Farrar, Greg, 1998, HyperCuber Applet,
http://www.flowerfire.com/ferrar/java/hypercuber/HyperCuber.html 16. Fujitsu Personal Systems, Inc, 1998, Fujitsu Stylistic 1200 Features and Benefits, http://www.fpsi.fujitsu.com/product/st1200.htm 17. Globalstar L.P., 1997, Welcome to Globalstar, http://www.globalstar.com 18. Greater Union, 1998, Greater Union Cinemas, http://www.greaterunion.com.au 19. Harris Corporation, 1998, Wireless Communications, http://wwwnt.semi.harris.com/families/wireless.htm 20. Harris Corporation, September 1998 , DSSS PC Card Wireless LAN Description http://wwwnt.semi.harris.com/data/an/an9/an9624/an9624.pdf 21. Harris Technology, 1998, Harris Technology Computers Australia http://www.ht.com.au/ 22. Hickman, Kipp, February 9th 1995, The SSL Protocol http://sitesearch.netscape.com/newsref/std/SSL_old.html 23. Honeywell Inc., 1998, Scan 3000 http://www.iac.honeywell.com/Pub/Mktg/Products/scan3000.html 24. Hoyts Cinemas, 1998, Hoyts Cinemas Australia, http://www.hoyts.com.au 25. IBM Corporation, 1998, PowerPC Embedded Processors Tech Library http://www.chips.ibm.com/techlib/products/embedded/datasheets.html 26. Intel Corporation, 1998, SA110 Microprocessor http://developer.intel.com/design/strong/sa110.htm 27. Intel Corporation, 1998, SA1100 Microprocessor Information Sheet http://developer.intel.com/design/strong/sa1100.htm 28. Intel Corporation, December 1993, Designing Microcontroller Systems for Electrically Noisy Environments, http://developer.intel.com/design/auto/mcs96/applnots/21031302.PDF 29. Intel Corporation, September 1998, SA1100 Technical Reference Manual http://developer.intel.com/design/strong/techdocs/278088.pdf 30. Iridium LLC, 1998, Iridium, http://www.iridium.com

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31. Jeffries, Mike: Keys to the e-commerce kingdom, Company Director, Vol 14 No 8, page 45, September 1998 32. Johnson, Howard: High Speed Digital Design: a handbook of black magic, Upper Saddle River, Prentice-Hall Inc, 1993, pp 216-222 33. Liberal Party, 1998, Liberal Party of Australia http://www.liberal.org.au/ 34. Librius, 1998, Millenium Reader http://www.librius.com/liccorp3.html 35. Linn, Bruce: Internet Commerce Payments, Company Director, Vol 14 No 8, page 47, September 1998 36. Linux Online, 1998, The Linux Homepage at Linux Online, http://www.linux.org/ 37. Linx Technologies, 1998, HP Series Receiver Module Design Guide, http://www.linxtechnologies.com/pdfs/hpreceivman.pdf 38. Linx Technologies, 1998, HP Series Transmitter Module Design Guide, http://www.linxtechnologies.com/pdfs/hptransman.pdf 39. Lucent Technologies, 1998, Inferno SDK Reference http://www.lucent-inferno.com/Pages/Developers/ Documentation/Limbo_Ref20/index.html 40. Lucent Technologies, 1998, Lucent Technologies Inferno http://www.lucent-inferno.com/ 41. Manes, Stephen: The tyranny of the computer, Forbes Global Business and Finance, Vol 1 No 15, pp 64-65, October 19th 42. Micron Technology Inc., 1997, MT8LDT432HX Module Information, http://www.micron.com/mti/msp/pdf/datasheets/dm34.pdf 43. Motorola Inc, 1995, MC68332 Users Manual http://mot2.mot-sps.com/cgi-bin/get?/mcu/m68xx/332um*.pdf 44. Motorola Inc: MC68HC11A8 Technical Data, Denver, Motorola Inc, 1997 45. NEC Computer Systems Division, 1998, NEC Versa SX Series http://www.nec-computers.com/products/notebooks/sx.html 46. NEC Computer Systems Division, 1998, Versa Notebooks http://www.nec-now.com/necnow/pl_10.htm

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