CJOT Vol. 57 No. 1

Technology Update Le Point sur la Technologie
Procuct: TASH Mini Keyboard
Model #2443 Mini Keyboard available for Apple IIe or IIgs with an Adaptive Firmware Card (AFC), or the IBM jr/PC/AT/XT with the PC Serial A.I.D. Cost: $350.00 Cdn for keyboard, $600.00 to $650.00 for the AFC or $350.00 for the PC Serial A.I.D. Model #2447 PC Mini Keyboard available for the IBM jr/PC/XT/AT/PS2 Cost: $700.00 Cdn Marketed by TASH Inc. Address: 70 Gibson Dr., Unit 12, Markham, ON, L3R 4C2 Phone: (416) 475-2212 Fax (416) 475-2422 Also available through suppliers of TASH products. access or visualization. It can also be mounted to a desk, bed frame, etc. using rigid mounting hardware available from TASH. The keys are closely spaced membrane switches, activated by approximately 100 grams of force. They can be activated by a finger, mouthstick, headpointer or splint. The keys are 3/8" square and colour coded, promoting rapid identification. The keyboard layout is centre weighted instead of QWERTY, meaning that the most frequently used letters like A, O, T, H and E are located around a central Space key; this decreases the amount and range of movement required for word processing. Model 2443 has Apple function keys, with labels being provided to allow renaming of keys if the keyboard is to be used with an IBM through the PC Serial A.I.D. Model 2447 for the PC has function keys such as Pg up, Alt etc. to match the IBM keyboard, but retains the centre weighted layout. The Mini Keyboard is attached to the computer system by cable and is transparent to most software. For Apple IIe or IIgs computers, Model 2443 runs through the Adaptive Firmware Card, plugging into the input box; the same model plugs into the PC Serial A.I.D. for the IBM. Model 2447 plugs straight into the keyboard jack of the IBM, requiring no special interface or software. Clinicians repo rt difficulties, however, in use of the Model 2443 with IBM compatible laptop computers through the PC Serial A.I.D. Greater success has been found by plugging the Mini Keyboard for the PC, Model 2447, directly into a laptop which has a serial port. method with bright colour coding. The keypads are easily visualized and the weight, size and cables of the keyboard require time to learn the centre weighted layout of the Mini, but this problem is not encountered with younger users who are not yet familiar with keyboard layouts. Technical difficulties or repair needs are rarely reported with the TASH Mini; breakdown is more often related to the Adaptive Firmware Card required to run it. The cable attaching the Mini to the AFC input box is not equipped with clips and can become loosened while still appearing to be attached. The Adaptive Firmware Card occasionally bombs and requires new batteries periodically, necessitating re-initialization using the set up disks and installation of new batteries. Use of an auto start feature on the AFC is an important advantage for some clients as this allows automatic access to the computer from the Mini every time the computer is turned on, instead of using the regular keyboard to select the Mini as the access method. The TASH Mini Keyboard is not easily interchanged between IBM and Apple computer systems, should the client have one in a work environment and the other for personal use. Although this is a technical possibility with Model 2443, it is costly, requiring both an Adaptive Firmware Card and PC Serial A.I.D., and impractical, with the need to re-label the keyboard layout. The new Mini keyboard for the PC is a vast improvement but allows access only to the IBM. The TASH Mini Keyboard with its support firmware can also be relatively costly, ranging from $700.00 to $1000.00. The TASH Mini Keyboard has been extensively leased as pa rt of a writing aid system through the Assistive Devices Programme to eligible Ontario residents who, through degenerative neurological conditions or orthopaedic limitations, do not have the strength or range of motion to access a regular keyboard. The physi47

Introduction

Clients with decreased strength and range of motion in the upper extremities often find their speed and legibility in handwriting compromised, and are restricted from using a regular computer keyboard by its physical demands as well. Smaller keyboards are available which provide faster, more direct and less cognitively demanding methods for written communication than single or two switch access for scanning or Morse code input. These alternative methods are also used for clients with limited strength and range. This review describes the TASH Mini Keyboard as an alternative keyboard for clientele with these physical limitations.

Product Description

The TASH Mini Keyboard is a small keyboard measuring 7.5"x4.5"x.5". It can be positioned directly on a working surface or velcroed to a wedge if positioning at an angle is desirable for

February/ fvrier 1990

Advantages and Limitations
The Mini Keyboard is an attractive altemative to Morse code or scanning as a computer input method for younger clients, as it is a direct, concrete access
cal demands to access the Mini, however, are still too high for most clients in the final stages of disease processes such as muscular dystrophy. Morse code input continues to be the access method requiring the least amount of hand strength and range of movement, however its cognitive demands on a young user make the TASH Mini Keyboard an attractive early alternative.
our clients. It is therefore important for therapists working with physically disabled clients to be aware of the various options available to promote competency in this area, including alternative keyboards. The TASH Mini Keyboard is an easily seen, accessed and positioned keyboard that allows clients with limited strength and range of motion complete access to IBM or Apple II computer systems for written communication.
Relevancy to Occupational Therapists
Written communication is an important and productive activity for many of
Linda Petty, B.Sc.O.T., O.T. (C)
Erinoak Assistive Devices Resource Service, Mississauga, Ontario
ProtluM: Bloorview Mini-Keyboard
Price: $385.00 US/ $450.00 CAN. Available for: IBM PC/XT/AT & compatibles; Apple IIe with an Adaptive Firmware Card, Apple Ilgs, MacIntosh SE, II through the Apple Desktop Bus; and the ICON I. Designed by: Neil Whyte, Chris Ridpath and Jeff Poss. Distributed by: Bloorview Childrens Hospital Address: 25 Buchan Court; Willowdale, Ontario M2J 4S9 Telephone: (416) 494-2222
mercially available miniature keyboards and was not interested in learning morse code input.
Description of the Product
The Bloorview Mini-Keyboard consists of custom software that has been written for a commercially available pocket computer (Sharp PC-1360) and an interface cable which connects to a computer. It is about the size of a checkbook with raised keys which may be activated with very little activation force (-30 grams) and a small range of movement due to the close arrangement of the keys. Auditory feedback when a key has been activated and a visual display in the form of an LCD screen frees up the individual's attention to the computer monitor during text entry tasks. For single finger typists, the keyboard has built in latching keys to bypass two finger operations (e.g. shift, control, open apple commands etc.). In addition to the keyboard emulation, the custom software successfully emulates mouse functions as required for computers using the Apple Desktop Bus (e.g. Apple IIgs/MacIntosh SE) without the need for any special set ups. The Bloorview Mini-Keyboard is connected to the computer through an interface cable. For computers with a dedicated keyboard port, the interface cable plugs directly into the port without

the need for any special interface units. The IBM PC family and Apple computers with the Desktop Bus are examples of systems that easily connect to the Bloorview Mini-Keyboard. Computer systems that do not have a separate keyboard with a dedicated port require additional hardware to interface the Bloorview Mini-Keyboard such as an Adaptive Firmware Card for the Apple IIe computer. The keyboard emulation software is RAM resident in the Sharp PC-1360 and more than one keyboard emulation routine may be loaded at a time as requested by the user.
For individuals who present with limited range of motion and strength in their upper extremities, alternative input methods which reduce fatigue and increase speed are required to access a computer. Ideally, an efficient input method is one that is as direct as possible and poses little cognitive demands on the individual. The Bloorview Mini-Keyboard is an example of an alternative keyboard that closely simulates the actual computer keyboard and requires less activation force than a regular sized keyboard. It was originally designed for an individual with Muscular Dystrophy who was unable to access existing com-
Features/Relevancy to Occupational Therapists
Of considerable interest to clients, therapists and funding agencies is the option to load more than one keyboard emulation routine in the pocket computer. This provides the individual with a consistent interface to access several computers without the need to purchase several mini-keyboards. For example, the client may have access to an Apple IIe computer at home but will need to access an IBM system in the work or school environment. The mini-keyboard may be purchased with an IBM and Apple IIe emulation routine with appropriate interface cables for both computers. To access the desired computer system, the corresponding interface
cable is plugged into the computer and the desired routine is selected by the user when the keyboard is turned on. As the keyboard is relatively small and light (-220 gms) the client is able to easily transport the keyboard and the interface cable if necessary from one environment to another. Therapists will find this keyboard easy to adapt for a wide variety of clients. For clients with degenerative neuromuscular conditions targeting may be improved by using a pencil end or a typing splint. High level spinal cord injury clients may successfully access the mini-keyboard using a mouthstick. To facilitate accessing, the mini-keyboard may be placed on a regular table, wheelchair tray or on an angle and raised off the table using commercially available mounting hardware.

dystrophy or spinal muscular atrophy clients however, an increasing number of keyboards have been prescribed to spinal cord injured clients. As rehabilitation therapists we need to continue to advocate for the design of microcomputers which provide external ports which will support the connection of input aids that disabled persons often use. In keeping with this philosophy the Bloorview Mini-Keyboard has been designed to make use of existing keyboard po rt s on standard computers thereby eliminating the need for a special input system. Not only does this decrease the cost for the individual but, it also reduces the number of problems that may occur as there are minimal routines to be learned in order to connect the mini-keyboard.
Dianna Fong, B.R.O.T. Bloorview Childrens Hospital Toronto, Ontario
University of Alberta Edmonton
Is Graduate Education In Your Future?
An M.Sc. in Occupational Therapy can enhance your skills in: Program Evaluation Research Design Theory Application Clinical Investigation Program Development Choose from three major areas of study: Work Evaluation Lifespan Development Psychosocial Development Minimum Requirements include: 4 full-course (6 credit) equivalents Thesis Length of Program: 2 years (thesis may extend that period) May be completed by a combination of full-time and part-time study. Application Deadline: March 1, 1990 If graduate education is in your future, please contact:
Chair, Graduate Program Department of Occupational Therapy University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G4

Limitations

The Bloorview Mini-Keyboard may not be suitable for individuals with poor vision as the characters on the keys and the LCD screen are limited in size. Individuals who wish to use the Bloorview Mini-Keyboard need to have fine resolution of movement in their finger joints to avoid accidental activations. Individuals who present with a fine tremor or ataxic movements may wish to select another mini-keyboard which offers a keyguard or the ability to program a delay. While the keyboard closely resembles the standard keyboard layout, some functions have been encoded under different key names due to the nature of the design of the Sharp PC-1360; however, a listing of functions coded under a specific name is provided. The individual should also be aware that it is possible to edit text on the computer monitor through the keyboard emulation routine however, it is not possible to edit text on the LCD display. With the emulation software contained in the Sharp PC-1360, note-taking or calculator functions are not possible.

Summary

In summary, the Bloorview Mini-Keyboard is a viable means of adapted access to the computer for individuals who otherwise would be limited to Morse code or scanning input. The keyboard has been used primarily with muscular

BASIC Comparison Sheet

Marcus von Cube <marcus@mvcsys.de>

History

06.01.2009 08.01.2009 10.01.2009 15.01.2009 26.01.2009 31.01.2009 02.02.2009 08.02.2009 04.03.2009 22.03.2009 12.04.2009 15.04.2009 02.08.2009 09.10.2009 14.12.2009 19.01.2011 Casio and Sharp Prog/Vars/Mem page HP-71, TI-74, CC-40 added Some clarifications, functions page started, HP-75 Functions completed, commands page started Output commands, including graphics almost complete Some more details about files Epson HX-20 & TRS-80 Model 100 Sharp PC-1403 Canon X-07 Casio FP-200 Casio BASIC ROM OM53-B for PB-2000C/AI-1000, USING fixed for PB-1000 and OM-53B Minor bugs fixed (Sharp and CURSOR command) Differences between Sharp PC-E500 and PC-E500S, extra page for Casio MODE commands Some clarifications on PEEK/POKE for low end Sharps Sharp PC-1350/PC1421 added.

Introduction

This document tries to compare the different BASIC dialects offered by various pocket computers made by Casio, Sharp, HP, TI and other vendors. It is work in progress. Any comments and additions are welcome. I'm the author of the CASsette I/O Utilities which enable the access to files created by various Casio and some other BASIC pocket computers and transferred via the sound card or a floppy drive to your desktop system. The package includes programs which understand and decipher the tokenized form of a stored BASIC program or create it from a BASIC source text stored on your PC or Mac. I realized that there are many differences between the implementations, ranging from a few minor annoyances to huge gaps in functionality. Here I want to share my findings in table form. The document will always be incomplete in several ways: I only have access to a limited number of different machines, and I do not plan to cover every aspect of each implementation. I concentrate on areas where the systems are reasonably comparable. This excludes language extensions for special purposes or special software packages. The tables do not try to replace the manuals but will probably aid in finding the correct pages in them.

The Tables

On the following pages you will find the pocket computers in my possession or from which I do have a manual, compared in different areas. There are many more variants of these machines with different memory configurations or some additional features. If you have information or a manual, just send a copy! Blue entries are manual (non programmable) commands, or mark an example. Grey entries are either not available or obsolete. Green arguments are optional and have defaults. Workarounds replace functions which are not implemented. 1. ProgVarsMem compares program editing, variables and memory organization 2. Functions compares the built in functions and operators (strings, math, etc.) 3. Commands compares program flow, subroutines, error handling 4. Special commands collects non obvious information from diverse areas.

BASIC comparison sheet

Page 1
Programs, Variables and Memory
Vendor PB-100 PB-300 FX-700P FX-710P PB-220 FX-720P FX-730P FX-770P FX-785P FX-790P FX-795P Casio FX-850P FX-880P PB-1000 PB-2000C/AI-1000 with BASIC ROM OM-53B

FX-702

PB-700

PB-770

FX-750P

FP-200

Syntax specifics Abbreviations Line numbers Line length Comments Program areas
Spaces are insignificant. All keywords and variables must be entered in uppercase letters. N/A 1-Comments are N/A REM, rest of line is ignored. 0-9, PROG n selects area. Keyboard functions P0-P9 start program. 79
Spaces are insignificant except before TO, THEN or ELSE following a variable name. Mixed case entry is allowed and sometimes significant. Some commands like P. for PRINT 1-REM or single quote "'" which implies end of statement (no colon needed), rest ignored. 0-9, switched with keyboard function P0-P9. In MODE 0, program is automatically started. Z-1GR uses CAL key instead of MODE 0. ASCII file areas F0-F9. MEMO database. F0 is the default MEMO area, also accessible with MEMO key. RAM FS with Load/Save to area. 0-9, PROG n selects area. RAM file system with menu selection, BAS files can be run directly. 1-64999 255

$, 30 characters.

$, 62 characters.
String too long String literals Character set Lower case "STRING" FX-702P NO

ERR 6 PB-100

Silent truncation "String" PB-100 extended Yes

Arrays

A(.) overlaps variables A0, A1, etc., created by DEFM <blocks>.
A(.)-Z(.) overlap A-Z: A(0)-A(25) are A-Z, B(0)-B(24) are B-Z,. Z(0) is Z.
DIM A(.) creates independent array. Maximum of 8 arrays.
DIM Name(.) defines array. Array names follow the rules of numeric variables.

String arrays

A$(.)-Z$(.) overlap the fixed DIM A$(.) creates independent string string variables A$-Z$ (see array, 7 characters. above.)
DIM A$(.)*L defines string array with defined length L, which defaults to 16 characters. Only A$-Z$ allowed. Length can be an expression. Maximum string length is 80. Two dimensions, up to 255. Dimensions can be expressions.
DIM Name$(.) defines string array. String array names follow the rules of string variables. String length is dynamic up to 255 characters. The total amount of string space must be set by CLEAR. Up to three dimensions. Size is limited by memory. OPTION BASE 0 or 1 set the lowest index for next DIM. Arrays of dimension (10), (10,10) or (10,10,10) can be created implicitly by an assignment.

Array dimensions

1: (0.10*<blocks>-1) 2: (0.9,0.<blocks>-1)
Maximum index of Z(.) defined by DEFM.
Three dimensions, up to 255. Dimensions can be expressions. DEFM works like PB-100. DIM disables DEFM mode.
Number and size of dimensions is only limited by memory. Dimensions can be expressions.

Automatic DIM

No DIM mode.
All arrays must be defined. CLEAR resets all fixed variables and deletes all registered variables and arrays. ERASE deletes selected registered variables or arrays.
DEFM works like PB-100. DIM disables DEFM mode. CLEAR or VAC deletes all variables and arrays.
All arrays must be defined.
CLEAR or VAC resets all fixed variables. Clear variables VAC resets all variables. No DIM mode. DIM mode: CLEAR deletes all arrays, ERASE deletes selected arrays.

Display only: PRINT USING "###.##";X Display only: SET Fd, SET Ed set Works for current line only. display precision PI
PI Other constants Maximum Minimum Implied multiplication AB=A*B Arithmetic Power xy Integer division Modulo Remainder Reduction Percentage Comparisons Result of 1=1 Logical operators Logic

Number of bits

16, signed
Priority of NOT HEX format for integers N/A HEX display Conversions Deg/min/sec to decimal Number to deg/min/sec Degrees to radians Radians to degrees Polar to rectangular Rectangular to polar More conversions PRC r, -> x=X,y=Y RPC x,y -> r=X,=Y Commands DEG(d,m,s) DMS (display) N/A d / 180 * r / * 180 x=r * COS , y=r * SIN r=SQR(x*x + y*y) =ACS(x / r) REC(r,) -> X,Y POL(x,y) -> X,Y See FX-850P. Workaround see left N/A HEX$(n), n<216, result is padded with "0" to four hex digits. DEG(d,m,s) DMS$(x) d / 180 * PI r / PI * 180 REC(r,) -> x=X, y=Y POL(x,y) -> r=X, =Y Both functions return variable X. &H0-&HFFFF
Low. Manual recommends parentheses.
d / 180 * PI (define PI) r / PI * 180 (define PI) Work-around see left CDBL, CSNG convert between double and single precision.

Page 8

Vendor PB-100 PB-300 FX-700P FX-710P LOG x LN x LN(x + 1) 10 x EXP x EXP x 1 INT LOG ABS x for x <> 0 x (1/3), x 0 CUR x INT LGT ABS x for x <> 0 SQR x x ^ (1/3), x 0 x ^ (1 / y) x*x x3 CUB x x^3 SIN x, COS x, TAN x ASN x ACS x ATN x 1 / COS x, 1 / SIN x, 1 / TAN x ATN(y / x), result probably in wrong quadrant HSN x HCS x HTN x AHS x AHC x AHT x (EXP x EXP(-x)) / 2 (EXP x + EXP(-x)) / 2 12*EXP x/(EXP x+EXP(-x)) LN(x + SQR(x*x + 1)) LN(x + SQR(x*x 1)) LN((1 + x) / (1 x)) / 2 MODE 4 MODE 5 MODE 6 n! (postfix) n! / (n-r)! n! / ((n-r)! * r!) N/A FACT n NPR(n,r) NCR(n,r) N/A HYPSIN x HYPCOS x HYPTAN x HYPASN x HAPACS x HYPATN x (EXP x EXP(-x)) / 2 (EXP x + EXP(-x)) / 2 12*EXP x/(EXP x+EXP(-x)) LOG(x + SQR(x*x + 1)) LOG(x + SQR(x*x 1)) LOG((1 + x) / (1 x)) / 2 ANGLE 0 ANGLE 1 ANGLE 2 HYPSIN x HYPCOS x HYPTAN x HYPASN x HYPACS x HYPATN x ANGLE 0, MODE 4 ANGLE 1, MODE 5 ANGLE 2, MODE 6 FACT n NPR(n,r) NCR(n,r) RND ctrl ctrl > 0: next in series ctrl = 0: repeat last # ctrl < 0: new series RND -1 starts new series. Library applications 6500, 6510 STAT CLEAR STAT x,y;frequency N/A STAT [L]LIST (sums only) N/A CNT, SUMX, SUMY, SUMX2, SUMY2, SUMXY MEANX, SDX, SDXN, MEANY, SDY, SDYN LRA, LRB, COR EOX y, EOY x EOX y, EOY x STAT CLEAR STAT x,y;frequency N/A N/A CNT, SUMX, SUMY, SUMX2, SUMY2, SUMXY MEANX, SDX, SDXN, MEANY, SDY, SDYN LRA, LRB, COR EOX y, EOY x LRA, LRB y=LRA*x+LRB x=(y-LRB)/LRA STAT x,y RANDOMIZE RND(-1) N/A (EXP(x) EXP(-x)) / 2 (EXP(x) + EXP(-x)) / 2 12*EXP(x)/(EXP(x)+EXP(-x)) LN(x + SQR(x*x + 1)) LN(x + SQR(x*x 1)) LN((1 + x) / (1 x)) / 2 ANGLE 0 ANGLE 1 ANGLE 2 CUB x x^3 SIN(x), COS(x), TAN(x) ASN(x) ACS(x) ATN(x) 1/COS(x), 1/SIN(x), 1/TAN(x) CUR x x ^ (1/3) INT LOG ABS x for x <> 0 see PB-700

Casio PB-220 FX-720P FX-730P FX-770P FX-785P FX-790P FX-795P FX-850P FX-880P PB-1000 PB-2000C/AI-1000 with BASIC ROM OM-53B LGT x LOG x LOG(x+1) EXP(x) EXP(x) 1 INT(LGT(ABS(x))) SQR(x) 10 ^ x
Common logarithm log10x Natural logarithm ln x, logex Logs, powers, roots More accurate ln(x+1) Common antilogarithm 10x Natural antilogarithm e More accurate ex-1 Exponent part of number Square root x Cube root x General root yx Square x2 Cube x3 sin x, cos x, tan x sin-1 x Trigonometrics, hyperbolics cos tan

LGT x LOG x LOG(x + 1)

LOG x LN x LN(x + 1)

LGT(x) LOG(x)

sec x, cosec x, cotan x Angle to x-axis sinh x cosh x cosh x sinh-1 x cosh-1 x tanh-1 x Angle mode degree Angle mode radian Angle mode grad Factorial n! Permutations nPr

Probability

Combinations nCr

Random number

Set random seed Clear statistics registers Add data point Statistics Remove data point List sums and results Sums Means and standard deviations Linear regression coefficients Linear estimations SAC STAT x,y;frq DEL x,y;frq N/A CNT, SX, SY, SX2, SY2, SXY MX, SDX, SDXN, MY, SDY, SDYN LRA, LRB, COR EOX y, EOY x N/A STAT CLEAR STAT x,y;frq manual only STAT LIST STAT LIST only

Page 9

Vendor PB-100 PB-300 FX-700P FX-710P PB-220 FX-720P FX-730P FX-770P FX-785P FX-790P FX-795P Casio FX-850P FX-880P PB-1000 PB-2000C/AI-1000 with BASIC ROM OM-53B PB-1000 only: TIME$="hh:mm" DATE$="MM-DD-YYYY" PB-1000: TIME$, DATE$ N/A MODE18(a,b$) N/A Various functions Modify memory Get variable address Call machine language MODE19(a,b) N/A POKE a,b b=PEEK a N/A DEFSEG=segment : POKE address,b / Z-1: OUT port,b N/A MODE110 Z-1/PB-1000: CALL address OM-53B: SYSTEM CALL address PB-1000 only: CALL "ml-file" CALL address,A,HL,DE,BC N/A DEF FN X(.)=., DEF FN X$(.)=. Names follow variable syntax. N/A N/A SWAP N/A CETL access: RC(r),IT(c),FL(f,r,i) SUMRC(r1,r2), SUMIT(i1,i2) POKE address,b TIMER DEFSEG=segment : b=PEEK address / Z-1: INP port N/A b=PEEK(address)
Set time and date Get time and date Get timer value Read memory
TIME$="hh:mm:ss" DATE$="YY/MM/DD" TIME$, DATE$
Fixed variables are at fixed addresses, only useful, if PEEK/POKE are available. N/A
User defined function Multi line Recursion Swap Variables N/A

More functions

Page 11

Common logarithm log10x Natural logarithm ln x, logex Logs, powers, roots More accurate ln(x+1) Common antilogarithm 10 Natural antilogarithm ex More accurate e
LOG x LN x LN(x + 1) 10 ^ x TEN x 10 ^ x EXP x EXP x 1 INT LOG ABS x for x <> 0 SQR x, x Symbol x x ^ (1/3), x 0 x ^ (1 / y) x*x x^3 XX XXX CUR x x ROT y SQU x CUB x SQR x, symbol x x ^ (1/3), x 0 x ^ (1 / y) x*x x^3 SIN x, COS x, TAN x ASN x ACS x ATN x 1 / COS x, 1 / SIN x, 1 / TAN x ATN(y / x), result probably in wrong quadrant (EXP x EXP(-x)) / 2 (EXP x + EXP(-x)) / 2 12*EXP x/(EXP x+EXP(-x)) LN(x + SQR(x*x + 1)) LN(x + SQR(x*x 1)) LN((1 + x) / (1 x)) / 2 HSN x HCS x HTN x AHS x AHC x AHT x DEGREE RADIAN GRAD FACT n N/A NPR(n,r) NCR(n,r) N/A FACT n NPR(n,r) NCR(n,r) Workaround see left HSN x HCS x HTN x AHS x AHC x AHT x CUR x x ROT y SQU x CUB x SQR x TEN x
Exponent part of number Square root x Cube root x General root yx Square x2 Cube x3 sin x, cos x, tan x sin-1 x cos-1 x tan
Trigonometrics, hyperbolics

RND ctrl N/A

RND ctrl, 0 < ctrl < 1: 0 result < 1, ctrl > 2: int result < CEIL(ctrl), ctrl < 0: use previous ctrl value
Set random seed Clear statistics registers Add data point Statistics Remove data point List sums and results Sums Means and standard deviations Linear regression coefficients Linear estimations

RANDOMIZE

Only in manual STAT mode
Interactive application. Japanese prompts on G820 and G850!

Page 12

Set time and date Get time and date Get timer value Read memory Various functions Modify memory Get variable address Call machine language
TIME= MMDDhh.mmss TIME b=PEEK a POKE a,b1,b2,. Fixed addresses CALL addr,params N/A
b=PEEK a On some machines you can only PEEK the RAM addresses. POKE a,b1,b2,. On the low end machines (124x), a colon after the command may be necessary. Fixed variables are at fixed addresses. CALL address N/A CALL #bank, address calls ROM bank N/A N/A
User defined function Multi line Recursion Swap Variables N/A N/A
PC-1421 financial functions: COMP <fin var>, AMRT, ACC, BGNON, BGNOFF, DAYSI(dd.mmyyyy,dd.mmyyyy), DAYSII()

Page 13

Vendor HP TI
Tandy Radio Shack Canon Epson

TRS-80 Model 100

Syntax remarks Precision of mathematical functions Concatenation REAL
All function arguments need parentheses. Default precision string1 & string2 String[from,to] <to> defaults to end of string. Can also be on left side of assignment: Substring is cut and replacement inserted. LEN(string) CHR$(code) NUM(char) STR$(expression) VAL(string), string must be valid expression. Numeric expressions are evaluated. VAL(string), string must be valid number. NUMERIC(string) tests if string is a number. Numeric expressions not supported. N/A RPT$(string,count) ABS(x) SGN(x) IP(x) FP(x) INT(x), FLOOR(x) CEIL(x) IP(x * 10^d + 0.5) / 10^d, IP(X*100+0.5)/100 Display only: PRINT USING"DDD.DD";X N/A FIX d, SCI d, ENG d set display precision PI VER$, INF VER$, INF, NAN, EPS, MINREAL, MAXREAL MAX(a,b) MIN(a,b) No x^y a DIV b, a \ b MOD(a,b) RMD(a,b) N/A a * p / 100 RED(a,b) p%a INT(a / b) a b * INT(a / b) SGN(a) * (ABS(a) ABS(b) * INT(ABS(a/b))) N/A a * p / 100 <, <=, =<, >, >=, =>, =, <>, >< -1 NOT, AND, OR, XOR N/A CALL VERSION(V) returns BASIC version. -(a > b) * a - (a <= b) * b -(a > b) * b - (a <= b) * a SGN(x) * INT(ABS(x)) SGN(x) * (ABS(x) INT(ABS(x))) INT(x) -INT(-x) INT(x * 10^d + 0.5) / 10^d, INT(X*100+0.5)/100 Display only: PRINT USING "###.##";X USING works for current line only. ASC(char)
All function arguments need parentheses. Double precision string1 + string2 LEFT$(string,length) RIGHT$(string$,length) MID$(string,start,length) LEN(string) CHR$(code) ASC(char) STR$(expression) VAL(string), string must be valid number. Numeric expressions not supported. INSTR(start,string,substring) N/A SPACE$(length), STRING$(length,code or char) only single character is supported. ABS(x) SGN(x) FIX(x) x FIX(x) INT(x) -INT(-x) INT(x * 10^d + 0.5) / 10^d, INT(X*100+0.5)/100 Display only: PRINT USING "###.##";X USING works for current line only. 4*ATN(1) Result is double precision MAXRAM returns highest available RAM address. -(a > b) * a - (a <= b) * b -(a > b) * b - (a <= b) * a No x^y a \ b (Yen symbol on X-07) a b * INT(a / b) a MOD b N/A a * p / 100 <, <=, =<, >, >=, =>, =, <>, >< -1 NOT, AND, OR, XOR, EQV, IMP N/A Result is single precision Single precision (most)
SEG$(string,start,length)
Length Strings ASCII to string String to ASCII Number to string String to number Expression evaluation Search substring Case conversion Repeat string Absolute Value Sign Integer part Fractional part Largest integer below or equal Smallest integer above or equal Numbers Round to d decimal places. Examples round to cents. Workarounds for positive x only! UPRC$(string) N/A

POS(string,substring)

PI Other constants Maximum Minimum Implied multiplication AB=A*B Arithmetic Power xy Integer division Modulo Remainder Reduction Percentage Comparisons Result of 1=1 Logical operators Logic NOT, AND, OR, EXOR

<, <=, =<, >, >=, =>, =, <>, ><, # HP-71 only: ? (unordered, IEEE math) 1 See HP-75. The HP-IL module adds BINCMP(n), Logical only: nonzero BINAND(n,m), values mapped to 1 BINIOR(n,m), BINEOR(n,m) and BIT(n,b) for 20 bit High, expressions need integers. parentheses. HTD("0")-HTD("FFFFF") N/A DTH$(n), n<220, 0-padded to 5 digits. N/A RAD(d) DEG(r)

Low &H0-&HFFFF

&nnnnn, &Onnnnn denote octal HEX$(n), n<216 HEX$(n), n<216 OCT$(n) returns octal string

Only in CALC mode

N/A d / 180 * PI r / PI * 180
N/A d / 180 * PI (PI must be defined) r / PI * 180 (PI must be defined) x=r * COS , y=r * SIN r=SQR(x*x + y*y), =ACOS(x / r)
x=r * COS , y=r * SIN r=SQR(x*x + y*y), =ACOS(x / r) Keyboard function in TI-74 CALC mode. N/A In MATH Module N/A
CINT, CDBL, CSNG convert between integer, double or single precision.

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LOG10(x) LOG(x) LOG(x + 1)
LGT(x), LOG10(x) LN(x), LOG(x) LOGP1(x) 10 ^ x EXP(x)

LOG(x) LN(x) LN(x + 1)

LOG(x) / LOG(10) LOG(x) LN(x + 1) 10 ^ x EXP(x)
EXP(x) 1 INT(LGT(ABS(x))) SQR(x)
EXPM1(x) EXPONENT(x) SQR(x), SQRT(x) x ^ (1/3), x 0 x ^ (1 / y) x*x x^3 SIN(x), COS(x), TAN(x)
EXP(x) 1 INT(LOG(ABS(x))) for x <> 0 SQR(x)
EXP(x) 1 INT(LOG(ABS(x))) for x <> 0 SQR(x) x ^ (1/3), x 0 x ^ (1 / y) x*x x^3 SIN(x), COS(x), TAN(x)
Exponent part of number Square root x Cube root x General root yx Square x2 Cube x3 sin x, cos x, tan x sin-1 x
ASIN(x) ACOS(x) ATAN(x) SEC(x), CSC(x), COT(x)
ASN(x), ASIN(x) ACS(x), ACOS(x) ATN(x), ATAN(x) ANGLE(x,y)

ASN(x) ACS(x)

ASIN(x) ACOS(x) ATN(x)
ATN(x / SQR(1 x*x)) ATN(x / SQR(1 x*x)) ATN(x) 1 / COS(x), 1 / SIN(x), 1 / TAN(x) ATN(y / x), result probably in wrong quadrant (EXP(x) EXP(-x)) / 2 (EXP(x) + EXP(-x)) / 2 12*EXP(x)/(EXP(x)+EXP(-x)) LOG(x + SQR(x*x + 1)) LOG(x + SQR(x*x 1)) LOG((1 + x) / (1 x)) / 2 All angles are in radians and must be converted in advance.

cos tan

1 / COS(x), 1 / SIN(x), 1 / TAN(x) ATN(y / x), result probably in wrong quadrant SINH(x) COSH(x) TANH(x) ASINH(x) ACOSH(x) ATANH(x) (EXP(x) EXP(-x)) / 2 (EXP(x) + EXP(-x)) / 2 12*EXP(x)/(EXP(x)+EXP(-x)) LN(x + SQR(x*x + 1)) LN(x + SQR(x*x 1)) LN((1 + x) / (1 x)) / 2 DEG RAD GRAD
(EXP(x) EXP(-x)) / 2 (EXP(x) + EXP(-x)) / 2 12*EXP(x)/(EXP(x)+EXP(-x)) LOG(x + SQR(x*x + 1)) LOG(x + SQR(x*x 1)) LOG((1 + x) / (1 x)) / 2 OPTION ANGLE DEGREES OPTION ANGLE RADIANS GRAD is N/A. OPTION ANGLE optional on HP-71 FACT(n) N/A

(FACT(n r)*FACT(r)) RND

FACT(n) / FACT(n r) Only in CALC mode FACT(n) /

RND, INTRND(bound)

RND(ctrl) ctrl > 0: next in series ctrl = 0: repeat last # ctrl < 0: new series FOR I=1 TO VAL(RIGHT$(TIME$,2)): D=RND(1):NEXT
Set random seed Clear statistics registers Add data point Statistics Remove data point List sums and results Sums Means and standard deviations Linear regression coefficients Linear estimations N/A

LLIST/LPRINT N/A

See PB-700 Printer commands in graphics mode N/A Use LPRINT to send plotter commands. N/A N/A
Additional printer commands in text mode

LPRINT escape sequence

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Beeper N/A Frequency range INP"prompt",variable(s), "prompt",variables(s),.
BEEP pitch N/A 0: low pitch (default), 1: high pitch INPUT "prompt";variable(s) Only one prompt allowed. Comma suppresses "?" after prompt. Number or (quoted) string. Unquoted strings are stripped on both ends. Values are separated by commas. Empty input causes ?TM error except for a single string variable.
Interactive data input Behavior of comma or semicolon after prompt
INPUT"prompt",variable(s),"prompt",variable(s),.
INPUT"prompt",variable(s),"prompt";variable(s),.
Semicolon is not allowed. Prompt is always followed by "? " and display is cleared upon first key press.
Semicolon adds "?" to prompt, comma suppresses it. Numeric expression or unquoted string. Values are separated by EXE. Empty input leaves numbers unchanged and sets strings to an empty string. Arrow keys allow full screen edit. Rest of line from cursor is accepted as input. A$=INKEY$, returns "" if no key pressed.
Numeric expression or unquoted string must be entered. You cannot skip input. Values are searated by EXE (resp. ENTER/RETURN) Allowed input values and keys EXE without value suspends execution, CONT resumes. AC clears error condition. STOP suspends execution, EXE resumes input. AC clears error condition. IN aborts program. CLS clears screen but input continues. BRK aborts (CONT does not work.) ANS/STOP works as answer key.

Read keyboard directly

A$=KEY, returns "" if no key pressed.
A$=KEY$, returns "" if no key pressed.
A$=INPUT$(count) returns exactly count key presses.

Some special key codes

Only unshifted codes and no special keys returned by KEY or KEY$
EXE=13, LEFT/RIGHT=29/28, UP/DOWN=30/31, FX-850P/880P only: S=14, no combined codes PB-1000: Display sensor fields return 240.255 (top left to bottom right), only with INKEY$ not INPUT$() ANS key returns last result. Full screen editor works in INPUT mode.
ENTER=13, LEFT/RIGHT=29/28, UP/DOWN=30/31, DEL=17, HOME=11 PF-Keys return strings. N/A Data elements are quoted or unquoted strings or numeric constants.
Read display contents as input DATA/READ/RESTORE
ANS key returns last result. N/A
Data elements are quoted or unquoted strings or numeric constants. The line number in RESTORE may be an expression. "CASp:(s)name" p=0/1 (phase) s=S/F (slow/fast) Default is "CAS0:(F)" Name is 8 characters. All parts of name can be omitted. "CAS0:name" Name is 8 chars. Phase & speed are set with switches. At least "CAS0:" must be provided.

Tape filename syntax

"NNNN." (up to 8 identical chars) Name can be omitted and defaults to unnamed or first file found.
"name" (8 chars) Name can be omitted and defaults to unnamed or first file found.
No tape interface commands.
"CAS0:name" Name is 8 chars and can be omitted.

Other storage devices

Serial I/O: "COM0:parameters" Floppy disk: "0:name8.ext" (No floppy with FX-850P/FX-880P) SAVE "name" N/A SAVE ALL "name" (tape only)
Serial, floppy see left. RAM disk "name8.ext"
Serial I/O: "COM0:" (baud rate is 300 fix) Floppy disk: "0:name8.ext" SAVE "CAS0:name" Cassette is default device. N/A PASS "password" sets password for all areas and inhibits SAVE or LIST. SAVE "name","password" sets password for cassette file. SAVE "name" SAVE "name",A LOAD "CAS0:name" N/A
Save program to tape in binary Save multiple programs Program files
SAVE #area "name" SAVE ALL "name"
SAVE "name" SAVE A "name"

SAVE "name"

SAVE "CAS0:name"
Password must be set beforehand with PASS "password" and will be recorded with SAVE and SAVE ALL. Password protection disables ASCII save (e. g. to serial I/O). Casio tape utilities can reveal the password. Set (password) protection Password is active for complete machine. N/A Use list730 utility on PC to convert binary tape file. LOAD #area "name" Programmable command. LOAD ALL "name" LOAD A "name" LOAD A/ALL "name" N/A LOAD "name",A (tape only). Use bas850 utility on PC to create tape file. Use bas730 utility on PC to create binary tape file from source. Load "foreign" program Use ASCII format or bas850 on PC. SAVE "name",A (tape only) Use list850 utility on PC to convert tape file. LOAD "name" N/A LOAD ALL "name" LOAD "name" (Serial I/O reads ASCII only.) Z-1GR file system only accessible from F.COM menu. LOAD "name",A (Serial I/O defaults to ASCII). Use bas850 utility on PC to create tape file. PBLOAD phase "name" (not VX) Use slow ASCII tape format, serial I/O or PC. Only via serial I/O. LOAD "name" Format is detected. Use slow ASCII tape format, serial I/O or PC. Password is active for current file only. SAVE "name" (Serial I/O switches to ASCII.) Z-1GR file system only accessible from F.COM menu. SAVE "name",A (Serial I/O defaults to ASCII.) Use list850 utility on PC (not for Z-1GR). LOAD "CAS0:name"

ENTER and other special keys do not return codes.
ENTER=13, UP/DOWN=4/5, LEFT/RIGHT=15/14, 2nd/SHIFT=16, no combined codes. Most special keys return codes below 32 or above 127.
See left for INKEY$. INPUT$ returns CHR$(00)+code for some special keys (see manual). N/A
Read display contents as input DATA/READ/RESTORE See right
AREAD var Must be first statement directly after a label that can be reached with the DEF key. Program must be started with DEF+label, ignored otherwise. N/A Data elements are quoted strings, string expressions or numeric expressions. The line number in RESTORE may be an expression.
Data elements are quoted or unquoted strings or numeric constants. Restore target may be *label. "name" (8 chars) with CSAVE, CLOAD, etc. "CAS:name" with OPEN. Name part can be omitted and defaults to unnamed or first file found Serial I/O: Serial I/O: "COM:" (not with "parameters" LOAD/SAVE, OPEN only) RAM/Pocket disk: RAM disk: "name8.ext" (not with "d:name8.ext" d=F/X OPEN) CSAVE "name" N/A "name" (8 chars) with CSAVE, CLOAD, etc. "CAS:name" with SAVE, LOAD, MERGE, CHAIN, OPEN. Name can be omitted and defaults to unnamed or first file found Serial I/O: "COM:parameters" RAM/Pocket disk: "d:name8.ext" d=E/F/X Name defaults to serial I/O if omitted. CSAVE "name" COPY source TO destination with wildcards from RAM disk to pocket disk.
"name" (16 chars). -1 can be appended to the command name to specify secondary remote jack. Name can be omitted.
"name" (7 chars). Name can be omitted and defaults to unnamed or first file found.
Pocket disk: "X:name8.ext" CSAVE "name" Format is comaptible. N/A
Serial I/O: "parameters" PC-1360 only: Pocket disk: "X:name8.ext"
RAM/Pocket disk: "d:name8.ext" d=F/X

CSAVE "Name"

CSAVE "name" CSAVE@ "name" saves in older format. No RAM disk or multiple areas COPY source TO destination with wildcards from RAM disk to pocket disk.
CSAVE "Name","Password". Saving is disabled if password is set in memory. Compatibility see CSAVE. See PC-1360 Set (password) protection CSAVE "Name","Password". Saving is disabled if password is set in memory. N/A No file system SET "file pattern","P" Makes file(s) readonly. " " removes the protection. N/A Pocket or RAM disk: SAVE "d:name" Serial I/O (not PC-1280): OPEN followed by SAVE. SAVE "d:name",A (Pocket disk only) SAVE to serial I/O (not PC-1280) is always in ASCII N/A SAVE "name" RAM disk only. Use TEXT menu. Only way to save to serial I/O. CLOAD "name" COPY source TO destination with wildcards from pocket disk to RAM disk. N/A LOAD "name" RAM disk only. Use TEXT menu. Only way to read from serial I/O. Use TEXT menu, ASCII mode, serial I/O SET "file pattern","P"/" " Sets/removes write protection. SAVE "name" SAVE "name",A SAVE to serial I/O CLOAD "name" COPY source TO destination with wildcards from pocket disk to RAM disk. LOAD "name",R R starts program. Format is detected. CLOAD@ "name" CSAVE@ "name" saves in older format.

Set (password) protection
SAVE "n.name",PROTECTED A protected file is execute only. SAVE "n.name" n=100 for PC interface. LIST "20.options" to serial interface. LIST "101.name" to PC interface. OLD "1.name.NM" N/A OLD "n.name" n=100 for PC interface. TI-BASIC cannot load an ASCII format BASIC program directly. Use TIC74.EXE on PC with PC interface to create a binary file from source and load it with OLD"101.name". OLD "1.name"
Load "foreign" program

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MERGE source,first line,last line Destination is the current file. Lines are replaced, file types must match. CHAIN file RUN file,line number or label Same internal files have special names: Special file KEYS stores keyboard APPT stores the active appointments, definitions. It is a standard filename and KEYS stores the keyboard definitions. can be used with or without quotes. These are unquoted keywords. Automatically prompted for during write to card. RENAME source TO destination PURGE file COPY source TO destination CAT device INITIALIZE device,dir size ASSIGN #channel TO 'name',type CAT device / CAT$(number,device) INITIALIZE volume device,dir size CREATE type name,size,reclen ASSIGN #channel TO name File type on CREATE is one of LIF1/TEXT/DATA/SDATA (see reference manual for details). #channel is #1.255 RESTORE #channel,large value sets pointer to eof for append.
N/A RUN "n.name" Executable from program. Use LOAD.PGM delivered with PC interface to load machine language subroutines. CALL LOAD("n.name") loads machine language programs.
VERIFY "n.name" N/A DELETE "n.name" / CLOSE#channel,DELETE USE OLD/SAVE User program with CALL IO. FORMAT device (numeric id) OPEN#channel,"n.name",access,type,VARIABLE n,mode #channel is #1.255, #0 is display or keyboard and always open. access is RELATIVE or defaults to sequential. type is DISPLAY or INTERNAL. n is the maximum record size. mode is one of INPUT/OUTPUT/APPEND/UPDATE. Defaults depend on the selected device. Options can appear in any order. CLOSE #channel,DELETE DELETE purges closed file (device dependent.) PRINT #channel,print items DISPLAY files support formatting with comma, USING or TAB. INTERNAL files treat comma and semicolon the same and don't allow TAB. Features and exact format are device dependent. If the list ends with a delimiter, the output is pending. INPUT #channel,var1,var2,. LINPUT #channel,var$ Validity checking and features are device dependent. If the list ends with a delimiter, the input is pending. RESTORE #channel resets file pointer to first record. EOF(channel) tests for end of file. OPEN#channel,"n.name",RELATVE,VARIABLE n,other options Each record is n bytes long. Record numbers range from 0 to 32767. PRINT #channel,REC rec,print items INPUT #channel,REC rec,var1,var2,. LINPUT #channel,REC rec,var$ RESTORE #channel,REC rec EOF(channel) checks for end of file. CALL IO(device,status) performs control functions on HexBus/DockBus devices. "device" can be a number or a 12 byte string (control block.)

File type is BASIC or TEXT, default is BASIC. #channel is #1.9999 BASIC files translate to a list of DATA statements with line numbers.

Close channel

ASSIGN #channel TO * (or '*' or empty string) A file is closed if the channel is assigned to another file. PRINT #channel;print items TEXT files and some devices use standard PRINT formatting.
No matrix support in output statements. HP-IL needs option ROM.
OUTPUT HP-IL device;print items Print items on both statements can be arrays A() or matrices M(,).
READ #channel;var1,var2,. Read data sequentially No matrix support in input statements. HP-IL needs option ROM. ENTER HP-IL device;var1,var2,. Variables in both statements can be arrays A() or matrices M(,).
PRINT #channel,record;. READ #channel,record;. RESTORE #channel,record Records are line numbers 1.9999. File type must be BASIC. Record numbers are 0 to 1048575 Record size is defined by file.
Checking for end of file must be performed with either a user defined EOF record or with an ON ERROR handler. HP-IL knows many more I/O commands, some of which need a special ROM on the HP-75. The HP-IL commands in the HP-71B come with the interface.

Page 28

Vendor Tandy Radio Shack Canon
Labels Syntax for branch targets besides line numbers ON. GOTO/GOSUB IF. THEN. IF. THEN. ELSE. Program flow Nested IF Multiline IF. ENDIF WHILE. WEND REPEAT. UNTIL SWITCH. CASE. ENDSWITCH FOR I=1 TO 2 STEP -1 NEXT I Variable name on NEXT Executable command anywhere in program. Executable from keyboard. Loop executed once, I=0 after loop. Optional Executable command anywhere in program. Closes all files. Executable from keyboard. N/A N/A
Available THEN is mandatory except before GOTO. Available Allowed, nearest ELSE belongs to nested IF. N/A Available N/A Loop not executed, I=1 after loop.
Call and parameter passing Recursion ON ERROR Error line and error code Return from error handler Error handling Disable error handler ON KEY GOSUB line number list ON COM/MDM GOSUB line number ON TIME$="time" GOSUB line number KEY/COM/MDM/TIME$ ON/OFF/STOP IPL "file.BA" defines startup program. N/A STOP CONT ON ERROR GOTO ERL, ERR RESUME, RESUME NEXT, RESUME line number ON ERROR GOTO 0 CONSOLE@1 enables alarm. ALM$="yyyy/mm/dd/day/HH/MM" sets alarm; each component can be omitted; day is a bit mask with 64=Sun.1=Sat. START$=+"startup sequence" Monitor can set startup key sequence with K command.

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CLS Text display scrolling clears graphics.
CLS Graphics is scrolled with text. PRINT, ? Tabulate (15 chars) Allowed. ";" between items is optional. Continuous output
CLS (text only), GCLS (graphics only) Text display scrolling clears graphics.
PRINT TAB(n), Columns start at 1. Position cursor PRINT @pos,. pos=40 is 2nd line, etc. POS/CSRLIN return x/y position.
PRINT TAB(n), Columns start at 0.

"RAM:name6.ex" is a RAM disk file. The "RAM:name6","t" is a RAM disk file of type prefix can be omitted.ex is.DO for "t". Type "P" is a BASIC file. text,.BA for BASIC,.CO for ml. Serial I/O: "COM:" (TTL) or "OPT:" (optical Serial I/O: "COM:RBPSX" coupler) Floppy: "0:name6.ex" or "1:." CSAVE "name" SAVE "CAS:name" CSAVE "name" SAVE "CASO:name" N/A
TITLE "name" makes area read only.
SAVE "device:name" SAVE "device:name",A CLOAD "name" LOAD "CAS:name"
SAVE "device:name",baud,"mode" SAVE "device:name",size,"type" INIT#1,"Device:name",p1,"p2" LIST#1 CLOAD "name" LOAD "CASI:name" N/A
SAVE "device:name"

LOAD "name"

LOAD "name",R R starts program. Format is detected.
LOAD"name" (RAM disk) LOAD"device:name",p1,"p2" (device) INIT#5,"device:name",p1,"p2" CALL &HEE1F turns on remote control CALL &HEE33 turns off remote control Use ASCII mode serial I/O.

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MERGE "name" ASCII only
Same as Load ASCII via remote control. Lines are replaced.
LOAD "name",R CSAVEM "name",start,end,entry SAVEM "name",start,end,entry Text editor and telco do load/save
RUN "name" works only for files in RAM. N/A

LOAD "name",R

SAVEM"name",start,end,entry SAVE"name",V verifies after save LOAD? "name"
Check integrity of file Rename file Delete file Copy file List directory Format storage medium OPEN channel on device or file FILES "device:" Use DOS menu
CLOAD? "name" LOAD? "name" NAME source AS destination KILL "file" N/A DELETE "file","type" Use LOAD/SAVE DIR (RAM only) N/A INIT#channel,"name",param1,"param2" param1 is baudrate or size param2 is mode or file type. Mode depends on device. RAM Files are always I/O. #channel is #1.5. #5 can be used for remote control.