Figure 2.6: Schematic view of a DT chamber with the alignment elements and the corner blocks. Also indicated the coordinates reference system used for calibration and the dierent parts of the chamber measured during calibration.
Once DT chambers and MABs are installed in the detector (see Fig. 2.7) the initial DT and MAB positions on the barrel wheels are determined by photogrammetry measurements.
Figure 2.7: Left: MABS installed on the wheel YB0 and right: detailed picture of a MAB in the detector.
To operate the barrel alignment system, the control, readout, and data preprocessing [19] are performed by a network of local minicomputers (1 per MAB, 36 in total) that makes possible to run the full system in parallel. The minicomputers are connected to the main control PC via an Ethernet network capable of working in magnetic eld. The main control PC synchronizes the operation of the light sources mounted on the DT chambers and the readout of the images taken by the cameras. The minicomputers control the light sources (of MABs and Zbars), read out the temperature and humidity sensors, perform the image readout and digitization, and calculate the image centroids of the light sources. Results are transferred to the main control PC, which is connected to the corresponding central CMS units.

Muon endcap alignment

The muon endcap alignment system [2, 12, 20] is designed to continuously and accurately monitor the actual positions of the 486 CSCs relative to each other, relative to the tracking system, and ultimately within the absolute coordinates of CMS. In fact, the system measures one sixth of all endcap chambers, the rest will be aligned by tracks using the overlap regions. Due to the large magnetic eld, the chambers mounted on the endcap yoke undergo substantial motion and deformation, on the order of a few centimeters, when the eld is switched on and o. The alignment system must measure the disk deformation and monitor the absolute positions of the CSCs in the R plane and in Z. The Z displacement due to the deformation of the iron yoke disks caused by the strong and nonuniform magnetic eld in the endcaps requires the alignment sensors to be able to accommodate a dynamic range of 2 cm with an accuracy of 1 mm. The system uses a complex arrangement of 5 types of sensors for the transferring and monitoring of , R, and Z coordinates (see Fig. 2.8). The main monitoring tools
2.4. Muon endcap alignment
Figure 2.8: Visualization of the geometry and components of the muon endcap alignment system. The square objects represent optical sensors (DCOPs) for monitoring 3 straight laser lines across each endcap station. Axial Transfer Lines across endcaps are also shown.

The LD is supported from the external part of the YN1 iron by three, of the six, TPs through the corresponding Radial Proles (RP) in an isostatic way, thus minimizing the possible deformations of the disk induced by magnetic forces. Note, that although there are six RP across the YN1 yoke, only three are used to support the disk, the other three are needed as light passages as well as to complete the radial measurements through proximity sensors and targets placed on the periphery of the disk. Attached in the front part of the LD, at 75 , 195 and 315 , there are three Longitudinal Proles (LP) with targets onto their ends (see Fig. 2.13). The targets enter in contact with the AR proximity sensors when the detector is closed. Longitudinal Proles are aluminum tubes with an internal diameter of 36 mm and 2 mm thickness, their length is of 3665 mm. As in the case of the RP, the length of the proles have been measured before assembly. The components in the LD are a 2D tiltmeter sensor at 90 for the angular monitoring and six Laser Box (LB), every 60 starting from 15 , which generate two laser paths, the primary and the secondary ray, and reect radially the ray coming from the tracker. MABs The MAB structure and its functionality was explained in section 2.3. On the most external wheels, YB2, the MABs have components of the endcap and the Link alignment systems. The Link components on the MABs are two ASPD sensors, one noncontact distancemeter and a Laser Level. The collimator from the LL sends a radial laser beam, parallel to the primary ray of the LD.
The light path and measurement strategy
A quarter of the Link system is what is called a line of the system. To simplify the measurement principle, the system can be understood as six of these lines on each side of the detector. Fig. 2.11 is a sketch of one of these lines showing the dierent types of measurements implemented. In the rst endcap disk and following the sixfold geometry of the muon alignment, six pairs of laser beams originated at the LD collimators are sent radially out. At each two light paths are created, the radial or primary beam will impact a sensor in the Transfer Plate as well as the two MAB sensors; the secondary beam, by construction parallel to the primary, will instead reach the two sensors located in the ME1/2 chamber. In the version of the system used at the MTCC, the ME1/1 chamber corresponding to this line was also aligned with the secondary rays through the TP that deviates half of the incoming secondary rays to ME1/1 where it is detected by the corresponding ASPD sensor. Other six rays, generated at the AR in the tracker, follow a path parallel to | |=3 up to they reach the splitters, located in the Laser Boxes of the LD, where they are

was possible using reconstructed tracks from cosmic rays. Cosmic muons recorded during CRAFT allowed to determine the average scale discrepancy of the mapping in almost each barrel yoke plate. These factors were used to correct the map, in order to reproduce in average the observed track bending. Scale factors for the barrel layers were recomputed on top of the TOSCA simulation map and were applied as corrections factors. The resulting map has been adopted as the new default magnet eld map for CMS reconstruction and simulation.

Zone MAB

MAX MIN ME1/2 MAX MIN ME1/1 MAX MIN YN1 MAX MIN =3 MAX MIN Tracker MAX MIN
Radial Component (T) 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.3 1.1 0.05 1.1 0.1 2.5 0.08 0.8 0.02
Total (T) 1.1.3.1 0.3 3.1 1.3 4.0 0.9 3.8 3.7
Table 2.1: Maximum and minimal value of the magnet eld in the dierent Link alignment system zones.
In order to qualify the components for the Link alignment system the dierent zones dened by the system were studied and the magnet expected values were dened. Table 2.1 shows the maximum and minimum magnet eld values for the dierent alignment zones. All components of the system were chosen to be insensitive to magnetic eld. Depending on the region they are located dierent tests in magnet eld conditions were made to all sensors and electronics. Radiation environment The nominal luminosity of LHC, 1034 cm2 s1 , which translates to 109 pp collisions per sec, together with the 7 TeV beam energy, will create a very hostile radiation environment. Although radiation damage and high background rates in detectors have become a principal design parameter for the LHC detectors, most of these radiation issues are connected with low energy phenomena, which are the same at almost all existing hadron accelerators. However, at LHC, the high beam energy combined with the very high luminosity results in numerous intense cascades, which all end up in an immense number of low energy particles. Therefore the radiation studies, with the exception of a few special cases, have to focus on the energy range around 1 GeV and
below. To quantify the interaction of gamma radiation with matter the absorbed dose (abbreviated to dose) is used. It is dened as the amount of energy deposited per unit of mass and is expressed in Gy (1 Gy corresponds to an absorbed energy of 1 Joule per kilogram of material). The uence corresponds to the integrated number of particles per unit surface, usually expressed as cm2. Neutrons irradiation is usually expressed in terms of uence. An integrated luminosity of 5x105 pb1 is expected over 10 years of LHC operation. This corresponds to 5x107 seconds of operation at LHC peak luminosity. The integrated radiation absorbed dose, in Gy, by the CMS experiment in the 10 years of LHC is shown in Fig. 2.24.

the LB are also set to nominal while the extra parameters take care of any deviation of the beam. Note that in this example all the coordinates are set to x except the ones from the ld that are set to unk, which means COCOA would try to t and place the ld in position and orientation without moving any other object.

Measurements

The last part of the System Description File is the Measurements section, which serves to input COCOA the actual measurements of the sensing devices. There are dierent types of measurements: SENSOR2D represents a two dimensional sensor (ASPDs in the case of the Link system) that detects the light coming from a laser. It has two measurements, H (Horizontal) and V (Vertical), that represent the centroid of the beam spot along the local axis of the sensor. The DISTANCEMETER represents a device measuring a distance and it has only one measurement, D (Distance). For the Link system these sensors are the 1D contact and noncontact distance sensors. And nally, the TILTMETERS that represents a device measuring rotations, they have one measurement called T (Tilt). For each measurement COCOA needs to know the path of the objects that take part in the measurement. For instance for a SENSOR 2D it means all the objects that the light ray hits until it reaches the sensor. Below there is an example of the measurement of a MAB SENSOR 2D hit by a laser coming from the AR:
measurements from AR trough LD and Transfer to bottom MAB sensors:
SENSOR2D ASPD_B_MAB_255_1/LASER_AR_255_6 s/ar/lass2/LASER_AR_255_6 & s/ye+1/ld/lasb2/spli_lb:FD & s/ye+1/tr2/ASPD_1_TP_255_1:T & s/yb+2/mab2/bottom_sensor_carrier_255/ASPD_B_MAB_255_1 H simulated_value meas_prec V simulated_value meas_prec
The rst line gives the type of measurement and name, the second line indicates the full list of objects that take part in this measurement, each one separated by &. This example refers to a measurement type SENSOR 2D called ASPD B MAB 255 1/ LASER AR 255 6. COCOA will look for this name in the data input le. A laser coming from the AR, housed in the laser support lass2 with the laser LASER AR 255 6, is deviated in the splitter of the laser box, called lasb2, placed in the LD inside YE+1. The tag FD means Fast deviation indicates to COCOA to do a fast simulation in the calculation of the angle of the ray reected by the beam splitter. After that the ray goes through the sensor ASPD 1 TP 255, placed in the transfer tr2. The tag T,transverse, means that the ray transverses the sensor without further deviation. Finally the ray,

after crossing the sensor in the transfer plate, goes to YB+2, entering into the structure mab2 where it hits the sensor ASPD B MAB placed in the sensor carrier called bottom sensor carrier 255. After the description of the path followed by the ray the type of the measurement is given (in this case H and V). The value simulated value indicates that COCOA will get this information from the input le of measurements. The error, meas prec is a value already predened in the parameters section. The measurement data, input le to COCOA, contains all the measurements of every individual sensor in the system.
Validation of the software
In this section we present the main results from the validation tests done on the COCOA reconstruction software as well as the study of its performance. The complete system description le (SDF) was coded for the detector geometry to check the performance of the t and how well COCOA reconstructs the optical alignment structures. At the same time, the strategy of the t was set. The validation was done using the nominal geometry of the system, as a previous step before starting with the global reconstruction using real data from the alignment system.
Geometry description and reconstruction strategy
As a rst step in the validation process the complete system geometry was coded into the COCOA system description le using nominal values. Nominal geometry means that the position and orientation of all the mechanical structures, optical objects, sensors, etc. are described following their design drawings [24]. Note that, for further use, this geometry must be identical to the geometry database used by CMSSW for track reconstruction. A corresponding measurement le was also created in nominal. This le is constructed such that the data from the sensors are in agreement with all the structures, mechanics and optical objects that have inuence in the sensor reading, set to nominal. In order to validate the system description a rst consistency check was performed. The test consisted on running the reconstruction program using this geometry to obtain the simulated data values (in agreement with the geometry used) from the minimization process performed by COCOA. If there are not unwanted errors in the system description the simulated data values obtained must be identical or very similar to the input measurement le such that the residuals, dened as the dierence between the simulated value of the sensor and the actual measurement value, tends to zero and the 2 of the t should be very small as well. Once the system description le in nominal is completed and validated, the real system description le can be built. The main dierence between the real geometry
3.3. Validation of the software

Residuals X coordinate (m)
Figure 3.2: Dierence between the nominal value and the simulated value tted by COCOA of the X coordinate of the AR with respect to the error in the position of the structures.
When a coordinate is set to cal, COCOA takes as the start value the one given in the system description le and is allowed to moved it several sigmas from its central value. If the error is too small, COCOA needs to vary the central value more than foreseen from its error, and the simulated position obtained by the t can dier from nominal, while if the error is bigger the tted value can approach to nominal and can be inside its error by few deviations. On the other hand, if the errors are too big, the constrains of the system start to be weak and the t can not converge. In the Link system, for the global reconstruction of the CMS detector, usually it is used the 300 m of error given by photogrammetry. In the gure can be seen that it is a good estimation of the value of the error taking into account the movements expected in the detector structures.

3.4. Conclusions

Fit strategy for the global reconstruction
Following the steps of the validation, the t strategy for the reconstruction with real data will be as well a three step iteration. The rst step will be the t of the structures inside the YE1 disks. Then, the second step is the t of the disks and the YB2 wheels one with respect to each other and nally, in a third step, with respect to the ARs. This three step iteration has as purpose to control all degrees of freedom of the system and to compare, in each step, the performance of the t with the real geometry. In real life, the only available geometry of the detector to be compared with the t is not the nominal but the geometry given by the photogrammetry made during the installation or just before the closing of the detector. The quality ag on each coordinate and angle of each structure will be carefully studied to ensure the convergence of the t. The value of the errors are determined by the combination of calibration errors, the measurement of the mechanical components with 2D and 3D machines and the error given by photogrammetry data.

for four minutes (impacting over the TP and MAB sensors). Then the AR lasers are turned o and all MAB lasers turn on (impacting over the MAB and TP sensors), nally the MAB lasers are turned o while the LD lasers are turned on (impacting over TP, ME1/1, ME1/2 and MAB sensors). This twelveminute reading cycle, called an event, is repeated starting again with the AR lasers. The sequence follows the illustration in Fig. 2.18. The entire link DAQ and data ow chain was operational during the MTCC. Data structure and PVSS panels were therefore specically developed for this specic conguration. Although data were recorded in a continuous mode during both phases of the test, due to DB problems (online database tools were still in a development and testing stage) only a subset of the data were successfully recorded into the Oracle DB. At the same time all data from the link system were also recorded into excel les for safety and backup reasons. The excel les were later converted into ROOT les for subsequent analysis. Analysis scripts were used to nd the gaussian mean of lasers hitting the ASPD 2D sensors and to display the measurements of 1D analog sensors such as proximity sensors, temperature probes, inclinometers and magnetic probes. Table 5.1 shows the number and type of sensors used by the system. The number of sensors with bad reading during the magnet test, most probably due to bad connections problems or sensors out of range, is also shown. In total, 88% of the implemented system worked properly.
Sensor ASPD Tiltmeters (1D) Tiltmeters (2D) potentiometer SAKAE distancemeter OMRON Magnet Probes (2D) Temperature Probes TOTAL number failures 2 10
Table 5.1: Number of sensors used during the MTCC and number of sensors failures.
Table 5.2 refers to the situation during CRAFT08 were the complete system was implemented, a 97.4% of the system was operational during the whole running period. As mentioned in the introduction full reconstruction was only possible for the +Z side of the detector. For CRAFT the new monitoring of the ME1/1 chambers (see section 2.5) was implemented.
5.2. Description of 1D measurements
Component LEB ELMB DAC TILT SCB N.TILT-POT Omron CB Laser modules ASPD Tiltmeters (1D) Tiltmeters (2D) Potentiometer Distancemeter OMRON Magnet Probes (2D) Temperature Probes TOTAL Number 388 N. of failures 10
Table 5.2: Number of alignment components in CRAFT08. The rst part of the table refers to readout electronic board, while the second part indicates the light source and sensors.

r- Distance (mm)

z Distance (mm)
07/27 02:00 08/03 02:00 08/10 02:00 08/17 02:00 08/24 02:00

Date/Time

Figure 5.4: Illustration of the permanent and elastic motion cycles during phase I of the MT (see text).
Figure 5.5 a) shows the powering cycle of the magnet during phase II of the test. In the same time axis, Fig. 5.5 b) shows the measured change of the R distance between alignment objects in the rst endcap disk. Note that this measurement corresponds to the one displayed in Fig. 5.4 c) during phase I. While the elastic behavior following the magnet current is similar as the one observed in phase I, any permanent eect is not observed here, most probably indicating a stable residual deformation of the endcap iron layer.
0 10/05 02:00 10/12 02:00 10/19 02:00 10/26 02:00 11/02 01:00 Date/Time
Figure 5.5: Illustration of the elastic motion cycles during phase II of the MT (see text).
Figures 5.4 a) and 5.5 a) show the values of the current in the solenoid coils, in Amperes (A), as a function of the time. For currents in the range of 400019014 A, the relation between the central magnetic eld strength and the current intensity follows a linear expression (with an error smaller than 1%) [32]: B (T) = 0.00020988 [T/A] I[A] + 0.011 [T] (1)
For CRAFT08 data the Fig. 5.2 shows the magnet cycle for the whole period. Using the rst ramp up from 0 T to 4 T we obtain a slightly dierent parametrization: B (T) = 0.00020725 [T/A] I[A] + 0.031 [T] (2)
In what follows we will use expression (1) for MTCC data and expression (2) for CRAFT08 data. The observed changes in compression as a function of the magnetic eld intensity is dominated by the expected quadratic behavior. A fraction of the data displayed in Fig. 5.4 b), corresponding to a MTCC run from 0 T to 3.8 T, is shown in Fig. 5.6 as function of the magnetic eld. Using the same set of data the behavior with eld in separate regions of the detector has been studied, with the aim to understand possible asymmetries in R. In general, the behavior is very similar for all quadrants and will be explained in more detail in the next section.

Z (mm)

93.64 0.01486 -2.21 0.01583 -0.3987 0.00344

0 0.1.2.5 3

Figure 5.6: Results from the relative distance between the rst endcap disk and tracker as a function of the magnetic eld intensity, the t follows the expression Z=p2 B2 +p1 B+p0.
The deformation of the structures due to the magnetic forces is mostly relevant in the endcap disks. The motion of the rst endcap disk under the eect of the magnetic forces is, in fact, quite complex. The various Zstops, which prevent the disks from getting pushed into each other and into the barrel wheels, cause the endcap disks to bend into a cone shape (see sketch in Fig. 5.7). The resulting bending angle of the inner ring of the rst endcap iron, relative to the vertical, is 4 mrad. Apart from eects associated with changes in the magnetic forces, the detector structures are quite stable. Measurements taken during a period of approximately 2 days at a constant 3.8 T eld, with a measured temperature gradient not greater than 2 C, show stabilities better than 100 m. Fig. 5.8 shows, as an example, the stability of the potentiometer sensor measuring the distance between the AR and the LD in the line 255.

Discussion on quasielastic motions
Given the weights and geometrical dimensions of detector components, the magnitude of the magnetic eld forces and the presumably nonnegligible friction between elements in contact, the property of elasticity is not perfect in the motions of the CMS structures, and therefore it will be called from now over quasielasticity. To illustrate and quantify this eect a set of data, in phase I, corresponding to the last part of the
Figure 5.7: Sketch of the deformation of the endcap iron disks as a result of the compression due to the magnetic eld forces and the resistance of the barrel Zstops.

Distance (mm)

30 Time (hours)
Figure 5.8: Stability at 3.8 T of a sensor in measuring the distance between the AR and the LD at 255 during more than 30 hours. Changes in the sensor reading are smaller that 100 m.
MT period has been chosen. For this set of data the detector had already completed its permanent deformations (mechanically closed) and therefore all observed movements or deformations due to changes in the magnetic forces were considered a priori as elastic. To illustrate this eect we have selected a run that starts at B=0 T and ramps up to 4 T (see Fig. 5.9 a)), with some intermediate steps where data were recorded at various constant elds, including a long one at 3.8 T. The top row of Fig. 5.9 shows the relative distance between the tracker and the rst endcap disk for this run as a function of time (Fig. 5.9 c)), and as a function of the magnetic eld (Fig. 5.9 d)). The middle row shows the R motions of the rst inner ring in the YE+1 disk as a function of time (Fig. 5.9 b)), and as a function of magnetic eld (Fig. 5.9 e)).

Z (mm)

Date/Time r- (mm) 4 r- (mm)

3 4B(T)

08/26 14:00

08/27 02:00

08/27 14:00
08/28 08/28 02:00 14:00 Date/Time
Figure 5.9: Illustration of the quasielastic motion of the detector at the end of phase I, in a run to 4 T with a long stability at 3.8 T.
Figure 5.9 a) shows a change in magnetic eld the night from 26/08 to 27/08. The eld went from 3.8 T down to 3.2 T and back up to 3.8 T, after which it remained stable for a long period before the last ramp up to 4 T. One can easily observe in Fig. 5.9 c) how the LD stops its approach to the AR and starts to move apart from

Table 5.5: Measured relative displacements along Z between the TP and ME1/1 station during the MT phase I and phase II and during CRAFT08, for two positions.
The tted parameters are displayed in Table 5.6. Figs. 5.12 and 5.13 as well as the tted parameters in Table 5.6 show that motions along Z are far from being smooth. TP and ME1/1 move apart such that a function of third degree in B is needed to describe the data. Fit results indicate that each quarter moves in a dierent manner, denoting probably dierence in the eld forces but also dierent mechanical frictions

PS TP-MEPS TP-ME11 75

PS TP-MEPS TP-MEPS TP-MEPS TP-ME11 315

-0.5 0

Figure 5.12: Data points and tted curves from the axial displacements between the TP and the ME1/1 in CRAFT08 positive side. Dots, triangles, asterisk, swiss cross, squares and starts correspond to 15 , 75 , 135 , 195, 255 and 315 quadrants, respectively.

PS TP-ME11 15

PS TP-MEPS TP-MEPS TP-MEPS TP-MEPS TP-ME11 315
Figure 5.13: Data points and tted curves from the axial displacements between the TP and the ME1/1 in CRAFT08 negative side. Dots, triangles, asterisk, swiss cross, squares and starts correspond to 15 , 75 , 135 , 195, 255 and 315 quadrants, respectively.
between elements at the dierent quarters of CMS. quarter p3 (mm/T3 ) p2 (mm/T2 ) p1 (mm/T) p0 (mm) CRAFT08 data +Z side -0.019 0.008 0.009 0.048 -0.177 0.078 0.009 0.028 0.017 0.006 0.032 0.038 -0.068 0.061 -0.001 0.022 0.016 0.007 -0.018 0.045 -0.005 0.072 -0.008 0.026 0.013 0.011 -0.019 0.069 0.160 0.112 -0.012 0.041 -0.023 0.018 0.276 0.112 -0.206 0.181 0.038 0.066 -0.042 0.015 0.382 0.089 -0.277 0.146 0.032 0.053 CRAFT08 data -Z side 0.002 0.003 0.112 0.015 0.001 0.025 0.006 0.009 0.010 0.002 0.122 0.011 -0.239 0.018 0.001 0.006 -0.004 0.003 0.199 0.017 -0.289 0.027 0.003 0.009 -0.016 0.007 0.204 0.043 -0.110 0.069 0.016 0.025 -0.033 0.010 0.287 0.032 -0.059 0.102 0.032 0.037 -0.060 0.005 0.478 0.005 -0.448 0.062 0.198 0.030
Table 5.6: Fitted parameters of the relative displacements between the TP and the ME1/1 chamber as a function of B.

5.5. Laser system and photosensors information
Entries Mean RMS / ndf Prob Constant Mean Sigma
64 1.658 2./ 721.7 14.9 1.922 0.015 0.8901 0.0119

ADC counts

Mean 1.922

-10 -5 10

Sigma 0.8901

Spot Position (mm)

Figure 5.17: Gaussian t of a typical laser spot prole as measured in an ASPD.

Hit (mm)

Line 255 r- Line 255 z Line 315 r- Line 315 z Line 75 r- Line 75 z
Figure 5.18: The Z and R laser positions reconstructed by an ASPD for dierent values of the magnetic eld in the three lines.
The entire link DAQ system and data ow chain was operational during the MTCC and CRAFT periods. Data from all the sensors of the system were recorded in the online DB and into excel les. Apart from a few exceptions, the behavior and performance of the dierent devices of the system has been satisfactory during the full experience. 88% of the system implemented in MTCC worked properly. For CRAFT, the complete system was in place, 97.4% was operational during the whole run. From an analysis based on individual sensor responses, before a combined analysis and reconstruction, preliminary conclusions on the performance of the system and behavior of the detector structures monitored by the Link system have been extracted:
A signicant change of the initial closed positions/orientations of the structures after the rst full magnet cycle is observed. The magnitude is characteristic of each specic closing and can not be extrapolated to other scenarios. Equal magnetic eld intensity results in dierent motions of the detector structures. However discrepancies stay in general below 0.5 mm or 1 mm (for R and Z respectively), which seems remarkably good reproducibility from run to run. Quasielastic deformations between magneton/o states (after the permanent compression/deformation is reached) have been observed and quantied based on the individual sensor responses. Dierences on sensor responses observed between the two phases of the MTCC have been interpreted as residual deformations of the detector after magnetic eld cycles. The measured dierences are at the mm level. The displacements/deformations due to magnetic forces do not depend merely on the square of the magnetic eld intensity. Sizable linear terms and a more complex behavior is also observed, most probably due to the complex mechanics of the structures and supports and frictions between elements in contact. Small asymmetries between top and bottom part of the detector and +Z and -Z sides are measured. They are interpreted as generated by a real magnetic eld asymmetry both in and Z. In fact, a dierent motion of the monitored detector quarters has been observed. The magnitude of the dierences varies from barrel to endcap regions. Data from dierent run periods shows quite good agreement. Same overall conclusions are drawn from the test in the surface hall in 2006 and from CRAFT data, with the full instrumented detector. Nevertheless the data dier between MTCC and CRAFT. Dierences can be interpreted as result of several factors: residual deformations due to magnetic forces, small distortions due to lowering of the structures to the collision cavern, dierence between surface and cavern detector congurations, etc.

X -0.090.30 0.090.30 -0.010.30 0.260.31 -0.420.31 0.130.36 -0.630.40 1.460.40 -0.830.40
Y -0.050.30 0.180.30 0.060.30 0.330.41 -0.320.41 -0.600.36 0.170.42 0.210.41 -0.370.40
Z -0.490.30 0.590.30 0.280.30 -0.160.30 0.050.30 0.060.30 0.840.41 -0.810.42 -0.030.42

AngX

AngY 0.000.10 0.000.10 -0.110.11 0.740.11 -0.010.14
AngZ 0.240.10 -0.030.10 0.140.10 -0.510.10 -0.240.13
Table 6.2: Results on the dierence in position (mm) and orientation (mrad) between the tted values at B=0 T using COCOA and the survey values from photogrammetry for ME1/1 and ME1/2 chambers and MAB structures (plain lines indicate degrees of freedom not measured in the t).
The dierence in coordinates in Table 6.2 are in most cases within two sigmas of the quoted errors. Dierences in translational coordinates are also represented in Fig. 6.5. Since ME1/1 chambers only have a measured point it is not possible to reconstruct angles for individual chambers. Nevertheless we can compute the plane containing the three ME1/1 chamber reference points (one per chamber) in order to have an indication of its change between photogrammetry and the tted value. The plane computed directly from the photogrammetry measurements of the reference points results in a rotation of 360.0 rad around the X axis and -1132.4 rad around the Y axis with respect to its nominal orientation. The same computation using the tted values at B=0 T, results in a rotation of 543.9 rad around the X axis and -1061.4 rad around the Y axis (again w.r.t. its nominal orientation).
Mechanical Residuals:Fitted position vs PG
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.0.2 0.4 0.6 0.Residuals (mm)
Mean -6.442e-05 0.1019 RMS 8.63 Constant Mean 0.03903 Sigma 0.09937
Figure 6.5: Mechanical residuals dened as dierence in position (mm) between the tted values at B=0 T and the measured values from photogrammetry.
Fit at B=0 T at the end of phase I
As discussed in the previous chapter the geometry of the detector is not perfectly recovered after the operation of the magnet. This is due to the observed initial (and permanent) compression of the detector structures under magnetic forces and possible residual deformations of the dierent components. Therefore, the reconstructed detector geometry obtained above would not necessary represent the B=0 T conguration at the end of the test period, when the eld is switched o. Thus, the reconstructed geometry at the end of phase I will be the nal state of the system (in this phase) before opening the detector. Because of the specic interventions on the AR during the test, the knowledge of this nal geometry is a necessary step for the study of new geometrical congurations with eld. The two accesses to the tracker/AR region during phase I resulted in slight changes in our reference coordinate system. The induced changes were measured directly by the distancemeters and tiltmeters aecting the AR and indirectly by ret the system with the information of the remaining structures and components. The obtained movements of the AR are of the order of mm for X and Y coordinates, and of the order of mrad for angles. Those changes alter the geometry reconstruction method since the reference is lost. To recover the nal position/orientation of the AR we follow the same iterative method as explained in the previous section, using as input data the measurements taken at B=0 T just before reopening the detector. The dierence on the tted geometry at 0 T between the end and the beginning of phase I for disks and wheel is shown in Table 6.3. The nal position of the YE+1

Fitted B=0T vs Nominal

Entries Mean RMS 33 0.3103 2.914
Entries Mean RMS 33 -0.05333 0.6132

1 0.-10

10 Difference in Position (mm)
Difference in Orientation (mrad)
Figure 6.8: Dierence between the tted value at 0 T and the Nominal value. Left: in position and right: orientation.

Fitted B=0T vs PG

Entries Mean 108 0.01153 0.8519
Entries Mean 40 -0.1193 1.151
Figure 6.9: Dierence between the tted value at 0 T and the PG value. Left: in position and right: orientation.
we compute the pull residuals distribution again for B=0 T, Fig. 6.12, and B=3.8 T, Fig. 6.13. In both gures top histograms correspond to the distribution of hit residual (for R and Z coordinates) while bottom histograms are pull residuals. Pull residuals distributions admit a gaussian t with close to 1, indicating the input errors are reasonable estimates, with as much as 20% underestimation for some coordinate and magnet conditions. A similar crosscheck but for angular uncertainty can not be done in the same way, more data from dierent devices are needed. A validation is still under study.

6.10. Conclusions

Fitted B=0T

Entries 105 136.2 108.5

4 3.2.1.5

23.8 9.69

0.500 Position Uncertainty (m) Angular Uncertainty (rad)
Figure 6.10: Errors in the reconstruction at 0 T.

Fitted B=3.8T

Position Uncertainty (m) 1.0.10

Mean 222.2 RMS 149.6

3 2.3.5

Mean 24.28 RMS 7.385

50 Angular Uncertainty (rad)
Figure 6.11: Errors in the reconstruction at 3.8 T.
The analysis of the MTCC data served to setup the COCOA reconstruction program for real data. The geometrical description of the system (as built) was introduced into COCOA, as well as all the uncertainties related with laboratory 2D and 3D measurements and sensor calibrations results.
A reconstruction strategy was developed based on an iterative 3 steps t procedure. This method developed and tested rst with MTCC data has been successfully applied to CRAFT datasets. Both sets of data, from MTCC and CRAFT, contained dierent magnet conditions from B=0 T to 4 T. The t quality, at the dierent steps of the reconstruction, is monitored studying the residual distributions from the t, dened as the dierence between the measured values (raw data) and the t results. The average residual is taken as gure of merit of the tted values. The consistency of the reconstructed geometry is also studied by comparing ts at B=0 T and photogrammetry measurements of the detector structures taken (as close as possible) before closing the detector. Although this comparison is not always meaningful (due to the lack of adequate survey data) it should point out possible systematic bias in the data and/or reconstruction procedure. The reconstructed system geometry after the rst closing of the detector (data from July 24th, 2006) was validated at B=0 T against photogrammetry data of some reference points taken just before the big detector structure were closed against each other. Although with limited statistics, this comparison indicates a good understanding of the system. Further comparisons may suer of residual deformations of the detector structures not always fully mapped by survey data. We have presented results from the global t of the Link alignment system in phase I and phase II of the MTCC and in CRAFT08. The geometrical conguration for both phases of the MTCC period dier mainly because of the absence of the AR in the second phase of the test. Due to the fact that the AR is used as reference the nal position of the YE+1 and YB+2 disks cannot be determine uniquely. Also, in phase I the AR suffered two unforeseen displacements (due to technical interventions). Even though we tried to recover each time the new position and orientation of the AR structure, residual eects may still appear in the nal tted coordinates of the big structures. CRAFT provided for the rst time data corresponding to the complete instrumentation of one side of the CMS detector. For CRAFT reconstruction the AR is used as xed reference. The main motions of the detector from 0 T to 4 T magnetic eld have been monitored and understood. An independent analysis of the data (presented in the previous chapter) is in agreement with the geometry reconstructed by COCOA which gives the position and orientation of the main structures involved in the alignment as well as the position and orientation of ME1 chambers and MABs. Furthermore, data taken by the system was analyzed at dierent eld conditions to get an estimate of the evolution of motions or deformations of dierent detector structures (like endcap or barrel disks) with increasing magnetic forces allowing as well a crosscheck of the soundness of the results between the dierent conditions. With increasing B eld, the behavior of YE+1 follows the expected compression towards the CMS center with a maximum displacement of 14 mm. The central part

.adt - Fax (AdTech).adx - Document (Archetype Designer).af2 - Flowchart (ABC FlowCharter 2.0).afi - Truevision bitmap graphics.afl - Font file (for Allways) (Lotus 1-2-3).afm - Type 1 font metric ASCII data for font installer (ATM - many).afm - Datafile for cardfile application (HP NewWave).ai - Vector graphics (Adobe Illustrator).ain - Compressed file archive created by AIN.aio - APL file transfer format file.ais - Array of Intensity Samples graphics (Xerox).aix - Datafile for cardfile application (HP NewWave).all - Format file for working pages (Always).all - General printer information (WordPerfect for Win).all - Symbol and font files (Arts & Letters).alt - Menu file (WordPerfect Library).amf - Music (Advanced Module Format).amg - Compressed file archive created by AMGC.amg - System image file (Actor).ani - Animation (Presidio - many).anm - Animation (Deluxe Paint Animator).ann - Help Annotations (Windows 3.x).ans - Ansi graphics (character animation).ans - Ascii text ANSI character set (NewWave Write).aos - Add-On Software (Nokia 9000).ap - Compressed Amiga file archive created by WHAP.ap - Datafile (Datalex EntryPoint 90).apc - Printer driver (Lotus 1-2-3).apd - Printer driver (Lotus 1-2-3).apf - Printer driver (Lotus 1-2-3).api - Passed parameter file (1st Reader).api - Printer driver (Lotus 1-2-3).apl - APL work space format file.app - Add-in application file (Symphony).app - Application object file (dBASE Application Generator).app - Executable application file (DR-DOS - NeXTstep - Atari).app - Generated application (FoxPro).apr - Employee performance review (Employee Appraiser).apr - Lotus Approach File.apx - Appexpert database file (Borland C++ 4.5).arc - Compressed file archive created by ARC (arc602.exe/pk361.exe).arc - Compressed file archive created by SQUASH (squash.arc).arf - Automatic Response File.ari - Compressed file archive created by ARI.arj - Compressed file archive created by ARJ (arj241.exe).ark - Arc file archive created by CP/M port of ARC file archiver.ark - Compressed file archive created by QUARK
.arr - Arrangement (Atari Cubase).art - Graphics (scrapbook) (Art Import).art - Raster graphics (First Publisher).arx - Compressed file archive created by ARX.asc - Ascii text file.asc - Transport armor file (PGP).asd - Autosave file (Word for Windows).asd - Presentation (Astound).asd - Screen driver (Lotus 1-2-3).asf - Datafile (STATGRAPHICS).asf - Screen font (Lotus 1-2-3).ash - Assembly language header file (TASM 3.0).asi - Assembler include file (Turbo C - Borland C++).asm - Assembly source code file.aso - Assembler object (object orientated) file (Turbo Assembler).asp - Aspect source code file (Procomm Plus).asp - Association of Shareware Professionals OMBUDSMN.ASP notice.at2 - Auto template (Aldus Persuasion 2.0).atm - Adobe Type Manager data/info.au - Sound (audio) file (SUN Microsystems).aux - Auxillary references (TeX/LaTeX).aux - Auxiliary dictionary (ChiWriter).ava - Publication (Avagio).avi - Audio Video Interleaved animation file (Video for Windows).aw - Text file (HP AdvanceWrite).awk - Awk script/program.awm - Movie (Animation Works).aws - Data (STATGRAPHICS).b - Batch list (APPLAUSE).b&w - Black and white graphics (atari - mac).b&w - Mono binary screen image (1st Reader).b1n - Both mono and color binary screen image (1st Reader).b30 - Printer font (JLaser - Cordata) (Ventura Publisher).b8 - Raw graphics (one byte per pixel) plane two (PicLab).b_w - Black and white graphics (atari - mac).bad - Bad file (Oracle).bak - Backup file.bal - Music score (Ballade).bar - Horizontal bar menu object file (dBASE Application Generator).bas - Basic source code file.bat - Batch file (DOS).bb - Database backup (Papyrus).bbl - Bibliographic reference (TeX/BibTeX).bbm - Brush (Deluxe Paint).bbs - Bulletin Board System announce or text info file.bch - Batch process object file (dBASE Application Generator).bch - Datafile (Datalex EntryPoint 90)

.cdt - Data (CorelDraw 4.0).cdx - Compound index (FoxPro).ce - Main.ce (The FarSide Computer Calendar).ceg - Bitmap graphics (Tempra Show - Edsun Continuous Edge Graphics).cel - Graphics (Autodesk Animator - Lumena).cf - Configuration file (imake).cfg - Configuration.cfl - Chart (CorelFLOW).cfn - Font data (Atari Calamus).cfo - C Form Object internal format object file (TCU Turbo C Utilities).cfp - Fax (The Complete Fax Portable).cga - CGA display font (Ventura Publisher).cgi - Common Gateway Interface script.cgm - Computer Graphics Metafile vector graphics (A&L - HG - many).ch - Header file (Clipper 5).ch3 - Chart (Harvard Graphics 3.0).ch4 - Presentation (Charisma 4.0).chd - Font descriptor (FontChameleon).chi - Document (ChiWriter).chk - Recovered data (ChkDsk).chk - Temporary file (WordPerfect for Win).chl - Configuration History Log.chn - Data (Ethnograph 3).chp - Chapter file (Ventura Publisher).chr - Character set (Turbo C - Turbo Pascal).cht - Chart (Harvard Graphics 2.0 - SoftCraft Presenter).cht - Interface file for ChartMaster (dBASE).cif - Caltech Intermediate Format graphics.cif - Chapter information (Ventura Publisher).cix - Database index (TCU Turbo C Utilities).ckb - Keyboard mapping (Borland C++ 4.5).cl - Common LISP source code file.clp - Clip art graphics (Quattro Pro).clp - Clipboard file (Windows 3.x).clp - Compiler script file (clip list) (Clipper 5).clr - Color binary screen image (1st Reader).clr - Color definitions (Photostyler).cls - C++ class definition file.cm - Data file (CraftMan).cmd - Batch file (OS/2).cmd - Command (dBASE - Waffle).cmd - External command menu (1st Reader).cmf - FM-music file (Creative Music File).cmk - Card (Card Shop Plus).cmm - Cmm script (batch) file (CEnvi).cmp - Header file for PostScript printer files (CorelDRAW).cmp - User dictionary (MS Word for DOS)
.cmp - Bitmap graphics (Lead CMP compression).cmv - Animation (CorelMove CorelDraw 4.0).cnc - CNC general program data.cnf - Configuration (program - printer setup).cnv - Data conversion support file (Word for Windows).cnv - Temporary file (WordPerfect for Win).cob - Cobol source code file.cod - Datafile (Forecast Plus - MS Multiplan - StatPac Gold).cod - Program compiled code (FORTRAN).cod - Template source file (dBASE Application Generator).cod - Videotext file.col - Color palette (Autodesk Animator - many).col - Spreadsheet (MS Multiplan).com - Command (memory image of executable program) (DOS).con - Configuration file (Simdir).cpd - Script (Complaints Desk).cpf - Fax (The Complete Fax).cpi - Code Page Information file (DOS).cpi - Colorlab Processed Image bitmap graphics.cpl - Control panel file (Windows 3.x).cpl - Presentation (Compel).cpp - C++ source code file.cpp - Presentation (CA-Cricket Presents).cps - Backup of startup files by Central Point PC Tools autoexec.cps.cps - coloured postscript files.cpt - Compressed Mac file archive created by COMPACT PRO (ext-pc.zip).cpt - Encrypted memo file (dBASE).cpt - Template (CA-Cricket Presents).cpz - Music text file (COMPOZ).crd - Cardfile (Windows 3.x - YourWay).crf - Cross-reference (MS MASM - Zortech C++).crp - Encrypted database (dBASE IV).crs - File Conversion Resource (WordPerfect 5.1).crt - Terminal settings information (Oracle).cru - Compressed file archive created by CRUSH.csg - Graph (Statistica/w).csm - Precompiled headers (Borland C++ 4.5).csp - Pc Emcee Screen Image file (Computer Support Corporation).css - Datafile (CSS - Stats+).css - Datasheet (Statistica/w).csv - Comma Separated Values text file format (ASCII).csv - Adjusted EGA/VGA palette (CompuShow).ctc - Control file (PC Installer).ctf - Character code translation file (Symphony).ctl - Control file (dBASE IV - Aldus Setup).ctx - Course TeXt file (Microsoft online guides).ctx - Ciphertext file (Pretty Good Privacy RSA System)

.cuf - C Utilities Form definition (TCU Turbo C Utilities).cur - Cursor image file (Windows 3.x).cut - Bitmap graphics (Dr. Halo).cv4 - Color file (CodeView).cvp - Cover page (WinFax).cvs - Graphics (Canvas).cvt - Backup file for CONVERTed database file (dBASE IV).cvw - Color file (CodeView).cxx - C++ source code file (Zortech C++).dat - Data file in special format or ASCII.db - Configuration (dBASE IV - dBFast).db - Database (Paradox - Smartware).db$ - Temperature debug info (Clarion Modula-2).db$ - Temporary file (dBASE).db2 - Database (dBASE II).db3 - Database (dBASE III).dba - Datafile (DataEase).dbd - Business data (Business Insight).dbd - Debug info (Clarion Modula-2).dbf - Database file (dBASE III/IV - FoxPro - dBFast - DataBoss).dbg - Symbolic debugging information (MS C/C++).dbk - Database backup (dBASE IV).dbm - Datafile (DataEase).dbm - Menu template (DataBoss).dbo - Compiled program (dBASE IV).dbs - Database in SQL Windows format.dbs - Datafile (PRODAS).dbs - Printer description file (Word - Works).dbt - Data Base Text (Clipper).dbt - Foxbase+ style memo (FoxPro).dbt - Memo file for database w/same name (dBASE IV - dBFast).dbw - Windows file (DataBoss).dca - Document Content Architecture text file (IBM DisplayWrite).dcf - Disk image file.dcp - Data CodePage (OS/2).dcs - Bitmap graphics (CYMK format) (QuarkXPress).dcs - Datafile (ACT! Activity Files).dct - Database dictionary (Clarion Database Developer).dct - Spell checking dictionary (Harvard Graphics 3.0 - Symphony).dcx - Bitmap graphics (Multipage PCX).dd - Compressed Macintosh file archive created by DISKDOUBLER.ddb - Bitmap graphics.ddi - Diskdupe Image file (ddupe322.zip).ddp - Device Driver Profile file (OS/2).deb - Debug script (DOS Debug).def - Assembly header file (Geoworks).def - Defaults - definitions
.dem - Demonstration.dem - Graphics (VistaPro).dev - Device driver.dfd - Data Flow Diagram graphic (Prosa).dfi - Outline font description (Digifont).dfl - Default program settings (Signature).dfm - Data Flow Diagram model file (Prosa).dfs - Delight Sound File.dfv - Printing form (Word).dgn - Graphics (MicroStation).dgs - Diagnostics.dh - Dependency information for.ph (Geoworks).dhp - Dr. Halo PIC Format graphics (Dr. Halo II - III).dht - Datafile (Gauss).dia - Diagraph graphics (Computer Support Corporation).dib - Bitmap graphics (Device-Independent Bitmap).dic - Dictionary.dif - Database (VisiCalc).dif - Output from Diff command - script for Patch command.dif - Text file (Data Interchange Format).dip - Graphics.dir - Dialing directory file (Procomm Plus).dir - Directory file (VAX).dir - Movie (MacroMind Director 4.x).dis - Distribution file (VAX Mail).dis - Thesaurus (CorelDraw).diz - Description file (Description In Zip).dkb - Raytraced graphics (DKBTrace).dl - Animation (Italian origin).dld - Data (Lotus 1-2-3).dlg - Dialog resource script file (MS Windows SDK).dll - Dynamic Link Library (Windows 3.x - OS/2).dll - Export/import filter (CorelDRAW).dls - Setup (Norton Disklock).dmg - Dmg similar ao ISO. Uma imagem de disco do OS X.dmo - Demo (Derive).dmp - Dump file (eg. screen or memory).dms - Compressed Amiga file archive created by DISKMASHER.doc - Document text file.dog - Screen file (Laughing Dog Screen Maker).doh - Dependency information for.poh (Geoworks).dos - External command file (1st Reader).dos - Network driver (eg. pkt_dis.dos).dos - Text file containing DOS specific info.dot - Line-type definition file (CorelDRAW).dot - Template (Word for Windows).dox - Text file (MultiMate 4.0)

.ged - Graphics editor file (EnerGraphics).gem - Vector graphics (GEM - Ventura Publisher).gen - Compiled template (dBASE Application Generator).gen - Generated text (Ventura Publisher).geo - Geode (Geoworks).gfb - Compressed GIF image created by GIFBLAST (gifblast.exe).gft - Font (NeoPaint).gib - Chart (Graph-in-the-Box).gif - Graphics Interchange Format bitmap graphics (CompuShow).giw - Presentation (Graph-in-the-Box for Windows).gl - Animation (GRASP GRAphical System for Presentation).glm - Datafile (Glim).gls - Datafile (Across).gly - Glossary (MS Word).gmf - CGM graphics (APPLAUSE).gmp - Geomorph tile map (SPX).goc - Goc source code file (Geoworks).goh - Goc header file (Geoworks).gp - Geode parameter file (Geoworks Glue).gph - Graph (Lotus 1-2-3/G).gpk - Omnigo program package.gr2 - Screen driver (Windows 3.x).gra - Datafile (SigmaPlot).grb - Ms-DOS Shell Monitor file (MS-DOS 5).grf - Graph file (Graph Plus - Charisma).grp - Group file (Windows 3.x - Papyrus).grp - Pictures group (PixBase).gry - Raw GREY graphics.gs1 - Presentation (GraphShow).gsd - Vector graphics (Professional Draw).gsw - Worksheet (GraphShow).gup - Data (PopMail).gxl - Graphics library (Genus).gz - Compressed file archive created by GZIP (GNU zip).h - Header file.h! - On-line help file (Flambeaux Help! Display Engine).h++ - Header file (C++).h - Header file (Sphinx C).ha - Compressed file archive created by HA (ha098.zip).hap - Compressed file archive created by HAP (hap303re.zip).hbk - Handbook (Mathcad).hdf - Hierarchical Data File graphics (SDSC Image Tools).hdf - Help file (Help Development Kit).hdl - Alternate download file listing (Procomm Plus).hdr - Pc-File+ Database header.hdr - Datafile (Egret).hdr - Message header text (Procomm Plus - 1st Reader)
.hdw - Vector graphics (Harvard Draw).hdx - Help index (AutoCAD - Zortech C++).hex - Hex dump.hfi - Hp Font Info file (GEM).hgl - Hp Graphics Language graphics.hh - C++ header file.hhh - Precompiled header file (Power C).hhp - Help information for remote users (Procomm Plus).hin - Molecule (HyperChem).hlb - Help library (VAX).hlp - Help information.hmm - Alternate Mail Read option menu (Procomm Plus).hnc - CNC program files Heidenhain (?) dialog.hof - Hall Of Fame (game scores).hp8 - Ascii text HP Roman8 character set (NewWave Write).hpf - Hp LaserJet fonts (PageMaker).hpg - HPGL plotter file vector graphics (AutoCad - Harvard Graphics).hpi - Font information file (GEM).hpj - Help project (MS Help Compiler).hpk - Compressed file archive created by HPACK (hpack75.zip).hpm - Emm text (HP NewWave).hpm - Alternate Main menu for privileged users (Procomm Plus).hpp - C++ header file (Zortech C++).hqx - Compressed Macintosh ASCII archive created by BINHEX (xbin23.zip).hrf - Graphics (Hitachi Raster Format).hrm - Alternate Main menu for limited/normal users (Procomm Plus).hs2 - Monochrome image (Postering).hsi - Handmade Software Inc. graphics - almost JPEG (Image Alchemy).hst - History file (Procomm Plus).htm - HyperText Markup Language document.htx - Hypertext file.hwd - Presentation (Hollywood).hxm - Alternate Protocol Selection menu for all users (Procomm Plus).hxx - C++ header file.hy1 - Hyphenation algorithms (Ventura Publisher).hy2 - Hyphenation algorithms (Ventura Publisher).hyc - Data (WordPerfect).hyd - Hyphenation dictionary (WordPerfect for Win).hyp - Compressed file archive created by HYPER (hyper25.zip).i - Intermediate file (Borland C++ 4.5).iax - Bitmap graphics (IBM Image Access eXecutive).ibm - Compressed file archive created by ARCHDOS (Internal IBM only).ica - Bitmap graphics (Image Object Content Architecture).icb - Bitmap graphics.icn - Icon source code file.ico - Icon (Windows 3.x).id - Disk identification file

.prn - Text file (Lotus 1-2-3 - Symphony).pro - Prolog source code file.pro - Graphics profile file (DOS).prs - Printer Resource eg. fonts (WordPerfect for Win).prs - Presentation (Harvard Graphics Win).prs - Procedure (dBASE IV).prt - Printer driver (Dr.Halo).prx - Compiled program (FoxPro).ps - Postscript file (text/graphics) (ASCII).psd - Graphics (Photoshop 3.0).pse - Bitmap graphics (IBM printer Page SEgment).psf - Outline PostScript printer font (ChiWriter).psm - Music (MASI - ProTracker).psm - Symbol table of IDE (Turbo Pascal).psp - Procedure (Prodea Synergy).pt3 - Device driver (Harvard Graphics 3.0).pt3 - Template (PageMaker 3).pt4 - Template (PageMaker 4).ptb - Script (PubTech BatchWorks).ptm - Macro (PubTech BatchWorks).ptr - Qwk reader pointer file (QMail).pub - Page template (MS Publisher).pub - Public key ring file (Pretty Good Privacy RSA System).pub - Publication (Ventura Publisher - 1st Publisher).put - Compressed file archive created by PUT (put334.zip).pvd - Script (Instalit).pvl - Library (Instalit).pvt - Local Fidonet pointlist.pw - Text file (Professional Write).pwl - Password List.pwp - Text document (Professional WritePlus).px - Primary database index (Paradox).py - Python script file.pyc - Compiled PYTHON script file.pzd - Default settings (Pizazz Plus).pzo - Overlay file (Pizazz Plus).pzp - Palette (Pizazz Plus).pzs - Settings (Pizazz Plus).pzt - Transfer file (Pizazz Plus).pzx - Swap file (Pizazz Plus).qag - Quick Access Group (Norton Desktop).qap - Application (Omnis Quartz).qbe - Saved query (Query By Example) (dBASE IV - Quattro Pro).qbo - Compiled query (dBASE IV).qbw - Spreadsheet (QuickBooks for Windows).qd0 - Data file - segment 10 (Omnis Quartz).qd1 - Data file - segment 1 (Omnis Quartz)
.qd2 - Data file - segment 2 (Omnis Quartz).qd3 - Data file - segment 3 (Omnis Quartz).qd4 - Data file - segment 4 (Omnis Quartz).qd5 - Data file - segment 5 (Omnis Quartz).qd6 - Data file - segment 6 (Omnis Quartz).qd7 - Data file - segment 7 (Omnis Quartz).qd8 - Data file - segment 8 (Omnis Quartz).qd9 - Data file - segment 9 (Omnis Quartz).qdk - Backup of startup files created by Optimize (QEMM).qdv - Graphics (Steve Blackstock Giffer).qef - Query file (Q+E for MS Excel).qfx - Fax (QuickLink).qlb - Quick library (MS C/C++).qlc - Data (PostScript help file) atmfonts.qlc.qlp - Printer driver (QuickLink).qm4 - Options or services file (QMail 4.x Mail Door).qpr - Generated query program (FoxPro).qpr - Print queue device driver (OS/2).qpx - Compiled query program (FoxPro).qrs - Equation Editor support file (WordPerfect for Win).qrt - Qrt ray tracing graphics.qry - Query (dBASE IV).qt - Quicktime movie (animation).qwk - Qwk reader message file.qxd - Document (QuarkXPress).qxl - Element library (QuarkXPress).r - Ratfor (FORTRAN preprosessor) file.r8 - Raw graphics (one byte per pixel) plane one (PicLab).r8p - Pcl 4 bitmap font file (Intellifont).ra - Music (RealAudio).ram - Ramfile (RealAudio).rar - Compressed file archive created by RAR (rar1_402.exe).ras - Sun Rasterfile graphics.rat - Datafile (RATS).raw - Raw RGB 24-bit graphics.rbf - Datafile (Rbase).rc - Resource script (MS C/C++ - Borland C++).rc - Configuration (emacs).rcg - Netscape newsgroup file (netsc.rcg).rdf - Compiled UIC source code (Geoworks UI Compiler).rdi - Device-independent bitmap file (RIFF RDIB format).rdx - Datafile (Reflex).rec - Datafile (EpiInfo).rec - Record file (Sprint).rec - Recorded macro file (Windows 3.x).red - Path info (Clarion Modula-2).ref - Cross-reference

.reg - Ole Registration (Windows 3.x) .reg - Registration (Corel programs) .rem - Remarks .rep - Qwk reader reply file .rep - Report (Report Designer - CodeReporter - DataBoss) .req - Request .res - Compiled resource (MS C/C++ - Borland C++) .res - Dbase resources (dBASE IV) .rev - Revision file (Geoworks) .rex - Rexx source code file .rex - Report definition (Oracle) .rez - Resource file .rf - Sun raster graphics .rft - Dca/RFT Revisable Format Text file (IBM DisplayWrite 4.0-5.1) .rgb - Sgi RGB image file (SDSC Image Tool) .rgx - Symbol tables etc. info (ReaGeniX code generator) .rh - Resource header file (Borland C++ 4.5) .ri - Data (Lotus 1-2-3) .rib - Graphics in Renderman format (3DReality) .ric - Fax (Ricoh) .rif - Riff bitmap graphics (Fractal Design Painter) .rip - Graphics (Remote Access) .rix - Bitmap graphics (ColorRIX VGA Paint) .rl4 - Bitmap graphics .rl8 - Bitmap graphics .rla - Wavefront raster image file (SDSC Image Tool) .rlb - Data (Harvard Graphics Win) hgw.rlb .rlc - Graphics 1bit/pixel scanner output .rle - Utah Run Length Encoded raster graphic (SDSC Image Tool) .rlz - Realizer source code file (CA-Realizer) .rmi - Midi file (RIFF RMID format) .rmk - Makefile (Clipper RMake) .rmvb - O formato RMVB ideal para curtir os vdeos no computador, pois o arquivo gerado neste sistema fica proporcionalmente menor (com tima qualidade de som e imagem), facilitando o download em conexes mais lentas.Este formato do Real Media .rn - Xpl program for Nota Bene users .rnd - Rendering Slide (AutoCAD AutoShade) .rno - Runoff file (VAX) .rol - Fm music Adlib Music File (Roland) .rpd - Database (RapidFile) .rpl - Text document (Replica) .rpt - Report .rs - Data file (Amiga Resource - Reassembler) .rs_ - Resource fork of a Macintosh file (Mac-ette) .rsc - Resource file
.rsp - Response file.rtf - Rich Text Format text file (many - Windows Word).rtf - Windows Help file script.rtl - Run Time Library (NU 7.0).rtl - Text file.rtp - Rtpatch software update package data file.rts - Runtime library file (CA-Realizer).rvw - Review.rws - Resource Workshop data file (Borland C++).rwx - Script (RenderWare).s - Assembly source code file (unix).s - Scheme source code file.s$$ - Temporary sort file (Sprint).s3m - Music (16 channels) (Scream Tracker 3.0).sal - Datafile (SORITEC).sam - Text file (Samna - Lotus Ami/Ami Pro).sar - Compressed file archive created by SAR (sar1.zip).sav - Backup file (saved file).sav - Configuration.sav - Saved game situation (eg. NetHack).sb - Audio file (signed byte).sbd - Storyboard (Storyboard Editor).sbi - Sound Blaster Instrument file (Creative Labs).sbp - Dml program (Superbase 4).sbr - Support file (Source Browser).sbt - Notes related to record (Suberbase 4 Windows).sc - Pal script (Paradox).sc - Display driver (Framework II).sc3 - Renamed dBASE III screen mask file (dBASE IV).sc3 - Screen device driver (Harvard Graphics 3.0).sca - Datafile (SCA).scc - Text file.scd - Scodl Scan Conversion Object Description Language graphics.scf - Multimedia show (ScoreMaker).scf - Spelling checker configuration (Symphony).sch - Project schedule (Schedule Publisher).sch - Schematics file (ORCAD).sci - System Configuration Information.sci - Fax (SciFax).scm - Scheme source code file.scn - Screen file (Kermit).sco - High score.scp - Script (BITCOM).scr - Debug source code file (DOS Debug).scr - Screen - significa que uma proteo de tela(dBASE IV - Procomm Plus).scr - Screen font (LocoScript).scr - Screen saver (Windows 3.x)

.scr - Script (Kermit - 1st Reader).sct - Screen memo (FoxPro).scx - Bitmap graphics (ColorRIX).scx - Chart (Stanford Chart).scx - Screen (FoxPro).scy - Security file (ReaGeniX).sda - Fidonets Software Distribution Network file archive description.sdf - System Data Format file (fixed lenght ASCII text).sdi - Software Distribution Network Info file.sdn - Software Distribution Network compressd file archive (pak251.exe).sea - Self-Extracting compressed Macintosh file Archive.sec - Secret key ring file (Pretty Good Privacy RSA System).sec - Secured animation file (Disney Animation Studio).sep - Printer separator page.seq - Atari animation file.seq - Sequential Instruction File (Bubble Chamber).ses - Session info (Clarion Modula-2).set - Configuration (1st Reader).set - Driver sets created by Install (Symphony).set - Setup options file.sf - Ircam Sound File (CSound package - MixView sound sample editor).sf - Wps attribute storage (OS/2 WorkPlace Shell) wp_root.sf.sfi - Graphics (SIS Framegrabber).sfi - Printer font (HP LaserJet landscape) (Ventura Publisher).sfl - Pcl 4 bitmap font (landscape) (Intellifont) (Ventura Publisher).sfn - Font (SPX).sfp - Pcl 4 bitmap font (portrait) (Intellifont) (Ventura Publisher).sfs - Pcl 5 scalable font file (Intellifont).sft - Screen font (ChiWriter).sg1 - Graphics (Stanford Graphics).sgf - Document with graphics (Starwriter).sgi - Graphics (IRIS - Silicon Graphics).sgp - Statistics (STATGRAPHICS Plus).sgt - Save/get keyboard macro (Signature).sh - Unix shell script.sh - Unix ASCII file archive created by SHAR (unshar.zip).sh3 - Presentation (Harvard Graphics 3.0).shb - Background (CorelShow).shg - Segmented-graphics bitmap.shk - Compressed Apple II file archive created by SHRINKIT.shm - Shell macro (WordPerfect Library).shp - Shape file and source file for text fonts (AutoCAD).shr - Unix ASCII file archive created by SHAR (unshar.zip).shw - Presentation (Harvard Graphics 2.0 - CorelShow).shw - Slide show (WordPerfect Presentations).shx - Shape entities (AutoCAD).sif - Setup Installation Files info (Windows NT Setup)
.sig - Current program settings (Signature).sig - Signature file (PopMail).sik - Backup file (Sicherungskopie) (MS Word).sit - Compressed Macintosh archive created by STUFFIT (unsit30.zip).sl - S-Lang source code file.slb - Slide library (AutoCAD).slc - Compiled SALT script (Telix).sld - Slide (AutoCAD).sli - Slide (MAGICorp Slide Service).slk - Sylk Symbolic Link format data file (MultiPlan).sll - Sound data file.slt - Salt Script Application Language for Telix script source (Telix).sm - Smalltalk source code file.sm - Maillist (SoftSpoken Mailer).sm - Script (ScriptMaker).sm - Text file (Samna Word).smf - Fax (SMARTFAX).smm - Macro (Ami Pro).smp - Sample (sound file).smt - Text file (Smart Ware II).snd - Digitized sound file (Macintosh/ATARI/PC).sng - Song (midi sound) (Midisoft Studio - Prism).sno - Snobol4 source code file.snp - Output video format from Computer Eyes equipment.sol - Solution eg. game walkthroughs.som - Network serial numbers (Quattro Pro).som - Sort information (Paradox).son - Song (SBStudio II).sou - Sound data (sound tool).sp - Compressed file archive created by SPLINT (unix).spc - Program (MS Multiplan).spc - Temporary file (WordPerfect for Win).spd - Scalable font (Speedo) (Harvard Graphics 3.0).spf - Slide presentation file (EnerGraphics).spg - Glossary (Sprint).spi - Graphics (Siemens and Philips scanner).spl - Compressed file archive created by SPLINT (splint.arc).spl - Customized printer driver (Sprint).spl - Personal spell dictionary (Signature).spl - Print spooling file (Windows 3.x).spl - Sample.spm - Data (WordPerfect) wp{wp}.spm.spp - Printer file (Sprint).spr - Document letter (Sprint).spr - Genarated screen program (FoxPro).spr - Sprite.sps - Spssx source code file (VAX/VMS)

499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. 506. 507. 508. 509. 510. 511. 512. 513. 514. 515. 516. 517. 518. 519. 520. 521. 522. 523. 524. 525. 526. 527. 528. 529. 530. 531. 532. 533. 534. 535. 536. 537. 538. 539. 540. 541. 542. 543. 544. 545. 546. 547. 548.
.dsr Driver Resource (WordPerfect for Win).dss Screensaver file (DCC).dss Sound (Digital Soup).dsw Desktop settings (Borland C++ 4.5).dt_ Data fork of a Macintosh file (Mac-ette).dta Data file (Turbo Pascal - PC-File - Stata).dtf Database file (PFS - Q&A).dtp Document (Timeworks Publisher3).dtp Publication (Publish-It!).dvc Data (Lotus 1-2-3).dvi Device Independent document (TeX).dvp Desqview Program Information file (DESQview).dvp Device parameter file (AutoCAD).dw2 Drawing (DesignCAD for windows).dwc Compressed file archive created by DWC (dwc-a501.exe).dwg Drawing (Drafix).dwg Drawing database (AutoCAD).dx Text file (DEC WPS/DX format - DEC WPS Plus).dxf Drawing Interchange File Format vector graphics (AutoCAD).dxn Fax (Fujitsu dexNET).dyn Data (Lotus 1-2-3).ebj Error-checking object file (Geoworks).edt Default settings (VAX Edt editor).eeb Button bar for Equation Editor (WordPerfect for Win).eft High resolution screen font (ChiWriter).efx Fax (Everex EFax).ega EGA display font (Ventura Publisher).el Elisp source code file (Emacs lisp).elc Compiled ELISP code (Emacs lisp).elt Event list text file (Prosa).emf Enchanced Metafile graphics.emu Terminal emulation data (BITCOM).enc Encoded file - UUENCODEd file (Lotus 1-2-3 - uuexe515.exe).enc Music (Encore).end Arrow-head definition file (CorelDRAW).eng Dictionary engine (Sprint).eng Graphics (charting) (EnerGraphics).env Enveloper macro (WOPR).env Environment file (WordPerfect for Win).epd Publication (Express Publisher).epi Document (Express Publisher).eps Encapsulated PostScript vector graphics (Adobe Illustrator).eps Printer font (Epson - Xerox.) (Ventura Publisher).eqn Equation (WordPerfect for Win)
549. 550. 551. 552. 553. 554. 555. 556. 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. 566. 567. 568. 569. 570. 571. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. 577. 578. 579. 580. 581. 582. 583. 584. 585. 586. 587. 588. 589. 590. 591. 592. 593. 594. 595. 596. 597. 598.
.erd Entity Relationship Diagram graphic file (Prosa).erm Entity Relationship Diagram model file (Prosa).err Error log.err Error messages for command line compilers.esh Extended Shell batch file.eth Document (Ethnograph 3).etx Structure Enhanced (setext) text.evt Event log.evy Document (WordPerfect Envoy).ewd Document (Express Publisher for Windows).ex3 Device driver (Harvard Graphics 3.0).exc Rexx source code file (VM/CMS).exc Exclude file for Optimize (do not process) (QEMM).exe Directly executable program (DOS).exm Msdos executable, system-manager compliant (HP calculator).ext Extension file (Norton Commander).exx Intermediate file by MsgPut (IBM LinkWay).ezf Fax (Calculus EZ-Fax).f Fortran source code file.f Compressed file archive created by FREEZE.f01 Fax (perfectfax).f06 Dos screen text font - height 6 pixels (fntcol13.zip).f07 Dos screen text font - height 7 pixels (fntcol13.zip).f08 Dos screen text font - height 8 pixels (fntcol13.zip).f09 Dos screen text font - height 9 pixels (fntcol13.zip).f10 Dos screen text font - height 10 pixels (fntcol13.zip).f11 Dos screen text font - height 11 pixels (fntcol13.zip).f12 Dos screen text font - height 12 pixels (fntcol13.zip).f13 Dos screen text font - height 13 pixels (fntcol13.zip).f14 Dos screen text font - height 14 pixels (fntcol13.zip).f16 Dos screen text font - height 16 pixels (fntcol13.zip).f2r Linear module (music) (Farandole).f3r Blocked module (music) (Farandole).f77 Fortran 77 source code file.f96 Fax (Frecom FAX96).fac Face graphics.faq Frequently Asked Questions text file.far Music.fax Fax (raster graphics) (most Fax programs)

1098. 1099. 1100. 1101. 1102. 1103. 1104. 1105. 1106. 1107. 1108. 1109. 1110. 1111. 1112. 1113. 1114. 1115. 1116. 1117. 1118. 1119. 1120. 1121. 1122. 1123. 1124. 1125. 1126. 1127. 1128. 1129. 1130. 1131. 1132. 1133. 1134. 1135. 1136. 1137. 1138. 1139. 1140. 1141. 1142. 1143. 1144. 1145. 1146. 1147.
.nlm Netware Loadable Module.nlx Form (FormWorx 3.0).np Project schedule (Nokia Planner) (Visual Planner 3.x).npi Source for DGEN.EXE intepreter (dBASE Application Generator).nst Music (NoiseTracker).nt Startup files (Windows NT).ntr Executable ASCII text file (strip header and rename) (netrun31.zip).nts Tutorial (Norton).nts Executable ASCII text file (strip header and rename) (netsend1.zip).ntx Index (Clipper 5).nuf Message for new users on their 1st call (Procomm Plus).nws Info text file (latest news) (ASCII).nxt Sound (NeXT format).o Object file (unix - Atari - GCC).o$$ Outfile (Sprint).oaz Fax (NetFax Manager).ob Object cut/paste file (IBM LinkWay).obj Object code (Intel Recolatable Object Module).obr Object browser data file (Borland C++).obs Script (ObjectScript).obv Visual interface (ObjectScript).ocf Object Craft File (Object Craft).ocr Incoming fax transcribed to text (FAXGrapper).ocx OLE custom control.odl Type library source (Visual C++).ofd Form definition (ObjectView).off Object File Format vector graphics.okt Music (Oktalizer).olb Object library (VAX).old Backup file.oli Text file (Olivetti).oom Swap file (Shroom).opn Active options (Exact).opt Optimize support file (QEMM).opw Organization chart (Org Plus for Windows).opx Inactive options (Exact).ora Parameter file (Oracle).org Calendar file (Lotus Organizer).otl Outline font description (Z-Soft Type Foundry).otx Text file (Olivetti Olitext Plus).out Output file.ov1 Overlay file (part of program to be loaded when needed).ov2 Overlay file (part of program to be loaded when needed).ovd Datafile (ObjectVision).ovl Overlay file (part of program to be loaded when needed)
1148. 1149. 1150. 1151. 1152. 1153. 1154. 1155. 1156. 1157. 1158. 1159. 1160. 1161. 1162. 1163. 1164. 1165. 1166. 1167. 1168. 1169. 1170. 1171. 1172. 1173. 1174. 1175. 1176. 1177. 1178. 1179. 1180. 1181. 1182. 1183. 1184. 1185. 1186. 1187. 1188. 1189. 1190. 1191. 1192. 1193. 1194. 1195. 1196. 1197.
.ovr Overlay file (part of program to be loaded when needed).p Pascal source code file.p Rea-C-Time application parameter file (ReaGeniX code generator).p Picture file (APPLAUSE).p16 Music (16 channels) (ProTracker Studio 16).p22 Patch file (Patch22).pa1 Worktable (PageAhead).pac Stad Image (graphics ?).pac Package (SBStudio II).pad Keypad definition (Telemate).pak Compressed file archive created by PAK (pak251.exe).pal Color palette.pan Printer-specific file (copy to coreldrw.ink) (CorelDRAW).par Parts application (Digitalk PARTS).par Parameter file (Fractint).par Permanent output file (Windows 3.x).pas Pascal source code file.pat Hatch patterns (AutoCAD - Photostyler).pat Vector fill files (CorelDRAW).pb Fax (FAXability Plus).pb Phonebook (WinFax Pro).pb Setup file (PixBase).pb1 Document (First Publisher for Windows).pba Powerbasic BASIC source code (Genus).pbd Phone book (FaxNOW! - Faxit).pbi Powerbasic include file (Genus).pbi Profiler Binary Input (MS Source Profiler).pbl Powerbasic library (Genus).pbm Pbm Portable Bit Map graphics.pbm Planar bitmap graphics (XLib).pbo Profiler Binary Output (MS Source Profiler).pbt Profiler Binary Table (MS Source Profiler).pc Text file containing IBM PC specific info.pc3 Custom palette (Harvard Graphics 3.0).pc8 Ascii text IBM8 character set (NewWave Write).pcc Cutout picture vector graphics (PC Paintbrush).pcd Graphics (Kodak PhotoCD).pcf Profiler Command File (MS Source Profiler).pch Patch file.pch Precompiled header (MS C/C++).pcj Multimedia authoring tool graphics (IBMs Linkaway-Live).pck Pickfile (Turbo Pascal).pcl HP-PCL graphics data (HP Printer Control Language).pct Bitmap graphics (Macintosh b&w PICT1 - color PICT2).pcw Text file (PC Write).pcx Bitmap graphics (PC Paintbrush)

1298. 1299. 1300. 1301. 1302. 1303. 1304. 1305. 1306. 1307. 1308. 1309. 1310. 1311. 1312. 1313. 1314. 1315. 1316. 1317. 1318. 1319. 1320. 1321. 1322. 1323. 1324. 1325. 1326. 1327. 1328. 1329. 1330. 1331. 1332. 1333. 1334. 1335. 1336. 1337. 1338. 1339. 1340. 1341. 1342. 1343. 1344. 1345. 1346. 1347.
.pr2 Printer driver (dBASE IV).pr3 Postscript printer driver (dBASE IV).pr3 Presentation (Aldus Persuasion 3.x).prd Printer driver (many).pre Presentation (Freelance Graphics).pre Settings (Programmers WorkBench - MS C/C++).prf Pixel Run Format graphics (Improces - Fastgraph).prf Printer driver (dBASE IV).prf Profiler output.prg Program (Atari).prg Program source (dBASE IV - FoxPro - Clipper 5 - dBFast).pri Printer definitions (LocoScript).prj Project.prm Parameters.prn Printer driver (Signature).prn Text file (Lotus 1-2-3 - Symphony).pro Prolog source code file.pro Graphics profile file (DOS).prs Printer Resource eg. fonts (WordPerfect for Win).prs Presentation (Harvard Graphics Win).prs Procedure (dBASE IV).prt Printer driver (Dr.Halo).prx Compiled program (FoxPro).ps Postscript file (text/graphics) (ASCII).psd Graphics (Photoshop 3.0).pse Bitmap graphics (IBM printer Page SEgment).psf Outline PostScript printer font (ChiWriter).psm Music (MASI - ProTracker).psm Symbol table of IDE (Turbo Pascal).psp Procedure (Prodea Synergy).pt3 Device driver (Harvard Graphics 3.0).pt3 Template (PageMaker 3).pt4 Template (PageMaker 4).ptb Script (PubTech BatchWorks).ptm Macro (PubTech BatchWorks).ptr Qwk reader pointer file (QMail).pub Page template (MS Publisher).pub Public key ring file (Pretty Good Privacy RSA System).pub Publication (Ventura Publisher - 1st Publisher).put Compressed file archive created by PUT (put334.zip).pvd Script (Instalit).pvl Library (Instalit).pvt Local Fidonet pointlist.pw Text file (Professional Write)
1348. 1349. 1350. 1351. 1352. 1353. 1354. 1355. 1356. 1357. 1358. 1359. 1360. 1361. 1362. 1363. 1364. 1365. 1366. 1367. 1368. 1369. 1370. 1371. 1372. 1373. 1374. 1375. 1376. 1377. 1378. 1379. 1380. 1381. 1382. 1383. 1384. 1385. 1386. 1387. 1388. 1389. 1390. 1391. 1392. 1393. 1394. 1395. 1396. 1397.
.pwl Password List.pwp Text document (Professional WritePlus).px Primary database index (Paradox).py Python script file.pyc Compiled PYTHON script file.pzd Default settings (Pizazz Plus).pzo Overlay file (Pizazz Plus).pzp Palette (Pizazz Plus).pzs Settings (Pizazz Plus).pzt Transfer file (Pizazz Plus).pzx Swap file (Pizazz Plus).qag Quick Access Group (Norton Desktop).qap Application (Omnis Quartz).qbe Saved query (Query By Example) (dBASE IV - Quattro Pro).qbo Compiled query (dBASE IV).qbw Spreadsheet (QuickBooks for Windows).qd0 Data file - segment 10 (Omnis Quartz).qd1 Data file - segment 1 (Omnis Quartz).qd2 Data file - segment 2 (Omnis Quartz).qd3 Data file - segment 3 (Omnis Quartz).qd4 Data file - segment 4 (Omnis Quartz).qd5 Data file - segment 5 (Omnis Quartz).qd6 Data file - segment 6 (Omnis Quartz).qd7 Data file - segment 7 (Omnis Quartz).qd8 Data file - segment 8 (Omnis Quartz).qd9 Data file - segment 9 (Omnis Quartz).qdk Backup of startup files created by Optimize (QEMM).qdv Graphics (Steve Blackstock Giffer).qef Query file (Q+E for MS Excel).qfx Fax (QuickLink).qlb Quick library (MS C/C++).qlc Data (PostScript help file) atmfonts.qlc.qlp Printer driver (QuickLink).qm4 Options or services file (QMail 4.x Mail Door).qpr Generated query program (FoxPro).qpr Print queue device driver (OS/2).qpx Compiled query program (FoxPro).qrs Equation Editor support file (WordPerfect for Win).qrt Qrt ray tracing graphics.qry Query (dBASE IV).qt Quicktime movie (animation).qwk Qwk reader message file.qxd Document (QuarkXPress).qxl Element library (QuarkXPress).r Ratfor (FORTRAN preprosessor) file.r8 Raw graphics (one byte per pixel) plane one (PicLab).r8p Pcl 4 bitmap font file (Intellifont).ra Music (RealAudio)

1398. 1399. 1400. 1401. 1402. 1403. 1404. 1405. 1406. 1407. 1408. 1409. 1410. 1411. 1412. 1413. 1414. 1415. 1416. 1417. 1418. 1419. 1420. 1421. 1422. 1423. 1424. 1425. 1426. 1427. 1428. 1429. 1430. 1431. 1432. 1433. 1434. 1435. 1436. 1437. 1438. 1439. 1440. 1441. 1442. 1443. 1444. 1445. 1446. 1447.
.ram Ramfile (RealAudio).rar Compressed file archive created by RAR (rar1_402.exe).ras Sun Rasterfile graphics.rat Datafile (RATS).raw Raw RGB 24-bit graphics.rbf Datafile (Rbase).rc Resource script (MS C/C++ - Borland C++).rc Configuration (emacs).rcg Netscape newsgroup file (netsc.rcg).rdf Compiled UIC source code (Geoworks UI Compiler).rdi Device-independent bitmap file (RIFF RDIB format).rdx Datafile (Reflex).rec Datafile (EpiInfo).rec Record file (Sprint).rec Recorded macro file (Windows 3.x).red Path info (Clarion Modula-2).ref Cross-reference.reg Ole Registration (Windows 3.x).reg Registration (Corel programs).rem Remarks.rep Qwk reader reply file.rep Report (Report Designer - CodeReporter - DataBoss).req Request.res Compiled resource (MS C/C++ - Borland C++).res Dbase resources (dBASE IV).rev Revision file (Geoworks).rex Rexx source code file.rex Report definition (Oracle).rez Resource file.rf Sun raster graphics.rft Dca/RFT Revisable Format Text file (IBM DisplayWrite 4.0-5.1).rgb Sgi RGB image file (SDSC Image Tool).rgx Symbol tables etc. info (ReaGeniX code generator).rh Resource header file (Borland C++ 4.5).ri Data (Lotus 1-2-3).rib Graphics in Renderman format (3DReality).ric Fax (Ricoh).rif Riff bitmap graphics (Fractal Design Painter).rip Graphics (Remote Access).rix Bitmap graphics (ColorRIX VGA Paint).rl4 Bitmap graphics.rl8 Bitmap graphics
1448. 1449. 1450. 1451. 1452. 1453. 1454. 1455. 1456. 1457. 1458. 1459. 1460. 1461. 1462. 1463. 1464. 1465. 1466. 1467. 1468. 1469. 1470. 1471. 1472. 1473. 1474. 1475. 1476. 1477. 1478. 1479. 1480. 1481. 1482. 1483. 1484. 1485. 1486. 1487. 1488. 1489. 1490. 1491. 1492. 1493. 1494. 1495. 1496. 1497.
.rla Wavefront raster image file (SDSC Image Tool).rlb Data (Harvard Graphics Win) hgw.rlb.rlc Graphics 1bit/pixel scanner output.rle Utah Run Length Encoded raster graphic (SDSC Image Tool).rlz Realizer source code file (CA-Realizer).rmi Midi file (RIFF RMID format).rmk Makefile (Clipper RMake).rn Xpl program for Nota Bene users.rnd Rendering Slide (AutoCAD AutoShade).rno Runoff file (VAX).rol Fm music Adlib Music File (Roland).rpd Database (RapidFile).rpl Text document (Replica).rpt Report.rs Data file (Amiga Resource - Reassembler).rs_ Resource fork of a Macintosh file (Mac-ette).rsc Resource file.rsp Response file.rtf Rich Text Format text file (many - Windows Word).rtf Windows Help file script.rtl Run Time Library (NU 7.0).rtl Text file.rtp Rtpatch software update package data file.rts Runtime library file (CA-Realizer).rvw Review.rws Resource Workshop data file (Borland C++).rwx Script (RenderWare).s Assembly source code file (unix).s Scheme source code file.s$$ Temporary sort file (Sprint).s3m Music (16 channels) (Scream Tracker 3.0).sal Datafile (SORITEC).sam Text file (Samna - Lotus Ami/Ami Pro).sar Compressed file archive created by SAR (sar1.zip).sav Backup file (saved file).sav Configuration.sav Saved game situation (eg. NetHack).sb Audio file (signed byte).sbd Storyboard (Storyboard Editor).sbi Sound Blaster Instrument file (Creative Labs).sbp Dml program (Superbase 4).sbr Support file (Source Browser).sbt Notes related to record (Suberbase 4 Windows).sc Pal script (Paradox).sc Display driver (Framework II)

1498. 1499. 1500. 1501. 1502. 1503. 1504. 1505. 1506. 1507. 1508. 1509. 1510. 1511. 1512. 1513. 1514. 1515. 1516. 1517. 1518. 1519. 1520. 1521. 1522. 1523. 1524. 1525. 1526. 1527. 1528. 1529. 1530. 1531. 1532. 1533. 1534. 1535. 1536. 1537. 1538. 1539. 1540. 1541. 1542. 1543. 1544. 1545. 1546. 1547.
.sc3 Renamed dBASE III screen mask file (dBASE IV).sc3 Screen device driver (Harvard Graphics 3.0).sca Datafile (SCA).scc Text file.scd Scodl Scan Conversion Object Description Language graphics.scf Multimedia show (ScoreMaker).scf Spelling checker configuration (Symphony).sch Project schedule (Schedule Publisher).sch Schematics file (ORCAD).sci System Configuration Information.sci Fax (SciFax).scm Scheme source code file.scn Screen file (Kermit).sco High score.scp Script (BITCOM).scr Debug source code file (DOS Debug).scr Screen - screen snapshot (dBASE IV - Procomm Plus).scr Screen font (LocoScript).scr Screen saver (Windows 3.x).scr Script (Kermit - 1st Reader).sct Screen memo (FoxPro).scx Bitmap graphics (ColorRIX).scx Chart (Stanford Chart).scx Screen (FoxPro).scy Security file (ReaGeniX).sda Fidonets Software Distribution Network file archive description.sdf System Data Format file (fixed lenght ASCII text).sdi Software Distribution Network Info file.sdn Software Distribution Network compressd file archive (pak251.exe).sea Self-Extracting compressed Macintosh file Archive.sec Secret key ring file (Pretty Good Privacy RSA System).sec Secured animation file (Disney Animation Studio).sep Printer separator page.seq Atari animation file.seq Sequential Instruction File (Bubble Chamber).ses Session info (Clarion Modula-2).set Configuration (1st Reader).set Driver sets created by Install (Symphony).set Setup options file.sf Ircam Sound File (CSound package - MixView sound sample editor).sf Wps attribute storage (OS/2 WorkPlace Shell) wp_root.sf.sfi Graphics (SIS Framegrabber).sfi Printer font (HP LaserJet landscape) (Ventura Publisher).sfl Pcl 4 bitmap font (landscape) (Intellifont) (Ventura Publisher).sfn Font (SPX).sfp Pcl 4 bitmap font (portrait) (Intellifont) (Ventura Publisher)
1548. 1549. 1550. 1551. 1552. 1553. 1554. 1555. 1556. 1557. 1558. 1559. 1560. 1561. 1562. 1563. 1564. 1565. 1566. 1567. 1568. 1569. 1570. 1571. 1572. 1573. 1574. 1575. 1576. 1577. 1578. 1579. 1580. 1581. 1582. 1583. 1584. 1585. 1586. 1587. 1588. 1589. 1590. 1591. 1592. 1593. 1594. 1595. 1596. 1597.
.sfs Pcl 5 scalable font file (Intellifont).sft Screen font (ChiWriter).sg1 Graphics (Stanford Graphics).sgf Document with graphics (Starwriter).sgi Graphics (IRIS - Silicon Graphics).sgp Statistics (STATGRAPHICS Plus).sgt Save/get keyboard macro (Signature).sh Unix shell script.sh Unix ASCII file archive created by SHAR (unshar.zip).sh3 Presentation (Harvard Graphics 3.0).shb Background (CorelShow).shg Segmented-graphics bitmap.shk Compressed Apple II file archive created by SHRINKIT.shm Shell macro (WordPerfect Library).shp Shape file and source file for text fonts (AutoCAD).shr Unix ASCII file archive created by SHAR (unshar.zip).shw Presentation (Harvard Graphics 2.0 - CorelShow).shw Slide show (WordPerfect Presentations).shx Shape entities (AutoCAD).sif Setup Installation Files info (Windows NT Setup).sig Current program settings (Signature).sig Signature file (PopMail).sik Backup file (Sicherungskopie) (MS Word).sit Compressed Macintosh archive created by STUFFIT (unsit30.zip).sl S-Lang source code file.slb Slide library (AutoCAD).slc Compiled SALT script (Telix).sld Slide (AutoCAD).sli Slide (MAGICorp Slide Service).slk Sylk Symbolic Link format data file (MultiPlan).sll Sound data file.slt Salt Script Application Language for Telix script source (Telix).sm Smalltalk source code file.sm Maillist (SoftSpoken Mailer).sm Script (ScriptMaker).sm Text file (Samna Word).smf Fax (SMARTFAX).smm Macro (Ami Pro).smp Sample (sound file).smt Text file (Smart Ware II).snd Digitized sound file (Macintosh/ATARI/PC).sng Song (midi sound) (Midisoft Studio - Prism).sno Snobol4 source code file.snp Output video format from Computer Eyes equipment.sol Solution eg

1698.Z) 1699.tb1 Font file (Borland Turbo C) 1700.tb2 Font file (Borland Turbo C) 1701.tbf Fax (Imavox TurboFax) 1702.tbk Memo backup (dBASE IV - FoxPro) 1703.tbk Toolbook (Asymetrix ToolBook) 1704.tbl Graphics (native format) (PageMaker TableEditor) 1705.tbl Table of values (OS/2) 1706.tbs Text elements ?? (Textbausteine) (MS Word) 1707.tbx Table (Project Scheduler 4) 1708.tc Configuration (Turbo C - Borland C++) 1709.tch Turbo C Help file (Borland C++) 1710.tcl Tool Command Language source code (Swat) 1711.tcw Drawing (TurboCAD for Windows) 1712.td Configuration file (Turbo Debugger for DOS) 1713.td0 Disk image file (Teledisk) 1714.td2 Configuration file (Turbo Debugger for Win32).tdb Database (TACT) 1715. 1716.tdf Font (TheDraw).tdf Typeface definition file (Speedo) 1717. 1718.tdh Help file (Turbo Debugger).tdk Keystroke recording file (Turbo Debugger) 1719. 1720.tds Symbol table (Turbo Debugger).tdw Configuration file (Turbo Debugger for Windows) 1721. 1722.tef Fax (Relisys TEFAX).tel Host file (Telnet) 1723. 1724.tem Turbo Editor Macro Language script (Borland C++).tem Input template (IconAuthor) 1725. 1726.tex Tex text file (Scientific Word) 1727.tex Datasheet (Idealist) 1728.tf Configuration (Turbo Profiler) 1729.tfa Area file (Turbo Profiler) 1730.tfc Catalogue file (Tobis Floppy Cataloguer) 1731.tfh Help file (Turbo Profiler) 1732.tfm Tex Font Metric file (TeX) 1733.tfm Tagged font metric file (Intellifont).tfs Statistics (Turbo Profiler) 1734. 1735.tg1 Project file (On Target) 1736.tga Truevision Targa bitmap graphics 1737.tgz Compressed file archive created by TAR and GNUzip ( 1738.tar.gz) 1739. 1740.ths Thesaurus dictionary (WordPerfect for Win) 1741.tif Tagged Image File Format bitmap graphics (PageMaker CorelDRAW) 1742.til Fuzzy logic knowledge base (Togai InfraLogic Fuzzy-C Compiler) 1743.tis Tile set (MahJongg 3 1744.0) 1745.tjl Backup file (VAXTPU editor).tlb Reference table (Bubble Chamber) 1746.
1747. 1748. 1749. 1750. 1751. 1752. 1753. 1754. 1755. 1756. 1757. 1758. 1759. 1760. 1761. 1762. 1763. 1764. 1765. 1766. 1767. 1768. 1769. 1770. 1771. 1772. 1773. 1774. 1775. 1776. 1777. 1778. 1779. 1780. 1781. 1782. 1783. 1784. 1785. 1786. 1787. 1788. 1789. 1790. 1791. 1792. 1793. 1794. 1795. 1796.
.tlb Text library (VAX).tlb Type library (Visual C++).tlc Compiled Tool Command Language source code (Swat).tlp Project (TimeLine).tmf Tagged Font Metric file (WordPerfect for Win).tmo Ztg global optimizer default output file (Zortech C++).tmp Temporary file.tms Script (Telemate).toc Table Of Contents.tos Self-extracting file archive (Atari ST).tp Configuration (Turbo Pascal).tp Session-state file (Turbo Profiler).tp3 Template (Harvard Graphics 3.0).tpb Downloadable PCL Soft font file backup (HiJaak).tpf Downloadable PCL Soft font file (HiJaak).tph Help file (Turbo Pascal).tpl Resident units library (Turbo Pascal).tpl Template (Harvard Graphics 2.0).tpp Protected Mode Units (Borland Pascal 7.0).tpu Turbo Pascal Unit (BGI) (Turbo Pascal).tpu Command file (VAXTPU editor).tpw Session-state file (Turbo Profiler for Windows).tpw Turbo Pascal Unit (BGI) (Turbo Pascal for Windows).tpz Compressed file archive created by TAR and GNUzip (.tar.gz).tr Session-state settings (Turbo Debugger for DOS).tr Man page input suitable for troff -man (cawf2.zip).tr2 Session-state settings (Turbo Debugger for Win32).trc Debug support file (Power CTrace).tre Directory tree file (PC-Tools).trm Terminal settings (Windows 3.x).trn Translation support file (Quattro).trs Executable file (Micrografx).trw Session-state settings (Turbo Debugger for Windows).tst Printer test file (WordPerfect for Win).ttf Truetype Font file.tut Tutorial.tv Table view settings (Paradox).tv1 Overflow file above insert point in Doc 1 (WordPerfect for Win).tv2 Overflow file above insert point in Doc 2 (WordPerfect for Win).tv3 Overflow file above insert point in Doc 3 (WordPerfect for Win).tv4 Overflow file above insert point in Doc 4 (WordPerfect for Win).tv5 Overflow file above insert point in Doc 5 (WordPerfect for Win).tv6 Overflow file above insert point in Doc 6 (WordPerfect for Win)