* ** NP-F330 () NP-F530 NP-F550 NP-F730 NP-F750 NP-F930 NP-F(105) 95 (85) 205 (180) 160 (145) 240 (210) 195 (175) 410 (370) 325 (290) 490 (440) 395 (355) 650 (585) 515 (465) 750 (675) 610 (550) 60 (55) 50 (45) 105 (95) 85 (75) 125 (110) 105 (95) 215 (195) 175 (155) 255 (230) 215 (195) 340 (310) 280 (255) 395 (355) 335 (300) 95 (85) 155 (140) 190 (170) 315 (285) 385 (345) 495 (450) 590 (530)
Numbers in parentheses indicate the time when you use a normally charged battery. Battery life will be shorter if you use the camcorder in a cold environment. * Approximate continuous recording time at 25C (77F). ** Approximate minutes when recording while you repeat recording start/stop, zooming and turning the power on/off. The actual battery life may be shorter. Notes on remaining battery time indication during recording Remaining battery time is displayed in the viewfinder or on the LCD screen. However, the indication may not be displayed properly, depending on using conditions and circumstances. When you close the LCD panel and open it again, it takes about 1 minute for the correct remaining time to be displayed.
, . , . * 25 (77 F). ** / , , /. . . . , . , 1 .
To remove the battery pack
While pressing BATT RELEASE, slide the battery pack in the direction of the arrow.

BATT RELEASE, .

You can look at the demonstration of the functions available with this camcorder (p. 38).

, (. 38).

Inserting a cassette
Make sure that the power source is installed. When you want to record in the Hi8 system, use Hi8 video cassette H. (CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E only) (1) While pressing the small blue button on the EJECT switch, slide it in the direction of the arrow. The cassette compartment automatically lifts up and opens. (2) Insert a cassette with the window facing out. (3) Close the cassette compartment by pressing the PUSH mark on the cassette compartment. The cassette compartment automatically goes down.
, . Hi8, Hi8- H. ( CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E) (1) EJECT, . . (2) , . (3) PUSH . .

To eject the cassette

While pressing the small blue button on the EJECT switch, slide it in the direction of the arrow.
To prevent accidental erasure
Slide the tab on the cassette to expose the red mark. If you insert the cassette with the red mark exposed and close the cassette compartment, the beeps sound for a while. If you try to record with the red mark exposed, the and 6 indicators flash, and you cannot record. To re-record on this tape, slide the tab back out covering the red mark.

Note on Standby mode If you leave the camcorder in Standby mode for 5 minutes while the cassette is inserted, the camcorder turns off automatically for saving battery power as well as for preventing the battery and tape from wearing down. To resume Standby mode, turn STANDBY down and up again. To start recording, press START/STOP.

, , . , , .

, - , . , , .
5 , , . STANDBY , . START/STOP.
Note on recording When you record from the beginning of a tape, run the tape for about 15 seconds before starting the actual recording. This will ensure that you wont miss any start-up scenes when you play back the tape. Notes on the tape counter The tape counter indicates the recording or playback time. Use it as a guide. There will be a time lag of several seconds from the actual time. To set the counter to zero, press COUNTER RESET. If the tape is recorded in SP and LP modes mixed, the tape counter shows incorrect recording time. When you intend to edit the tape using the tape counter as a guide, record in same (SP or LP) mode. Note on the beep sound The beep sounds when you operate the camcorder. Several beeps also sound as a warning of any unusual condition of the camcorder. Note that the beep sound is not recorded on the tape. If you do not want to hear the beep sound, select OFF in the menu system. Note on the AUTO DATE feature CCD-TRV13E/TRV15E/TRV35E/TRV65E only The clock is set at the factory to London time for United Kingdom and to Paris time for the other European countries. You can reset the clock in the menu system. You can change the AUTO DATE settings by selecting ON or OFF in the menu system. The AUTO DATE feature shows the date automatically once a day. However, the date may automatically appear more than once a day when: you reset the date and time. you eject and insert the tape again. you stop recording within 10 seconds. you set AUTO DATE to OFF once and set it to ON again in the menu system.
, 15 . , - , . . . . COUNTER RESET. SP LP, . , (SP LP). , . - . , . , OFF . AUTO DATE CCD-TRV13E/TRV15E/TRV35E/ TRV65E . . AUTO DATE ON OFF . AUTO DATE . , , : . . 10. AUTO DATE OFF, ON.
Camera recording Using the zoom feature

[a] Subject is too dark because of backlight. [b]Subject becomes bright with backlight compensation.

[a] - . [b] .

After shooting
Be sure to release this adjustment condition by pressing BACK LIGHT again. The c indicator disappears. Otherwise, the picture will be too bright under normal lighting condition. This function is also effective under the following conditions: A subject with a light source nearby or a mirror reflecting light A white subject against a white background. Especially when you shoot a person wearing shiny clothes made of silk or synthetic fiber, his or her face tends to become dark if you do not use this function.
BACK LIGHT. c. . : , . . , , , .
To make a fine adjustment
You can adjust the exposure manually. However, when you adjust the exposure manually, BACK LIGHT does not operate.

. , , BACK LIGHT .

Using the FADER function
CCD-TRV35E/TRV65E/TRV69E only

FADER

CCD-TRV35E/TRV65E/TRV69E
Selecting the fader function
You can fade in or out to give your recording a professional appearance. When the picture fades in, the sound gradually increases. When the picture fades out, the sound gradually decreases.

, . , . , . REC

M.FADER (mosaic)/()

STRIPE*

BOUNCE** (FADE IN only)/ ( )
MONOTONE When fading in, the picture gradually changes from black and white to colour. When fading out , the picture gradually changes from colour to black and white. * CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E only ** When D ZOOM in the menu system is set to ON, you cannot use this function.
MONOTONE - . -. * T CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E ** D ZOOM ON, .
Using the FADER function Using the fader function

When fading in [a]

(1) While the camcorder is in Standby mode, press FADER until the desired fade indicator flashes. (2) Press START/STOP to start recording. The fade indicator stops flashing.

FADER /

(1) FADER , / . (2) START/STOP . / .

When fading out [b]

(1) During recording, press FADER until the desired fade indicator flashes. (2) Press START/STOP to stop recording. The fade indicator stops flashing, and then recording stops. The fading mode selected last is indicated first of all.

(1) FADER , / . (2) START/STOP . / . /, , .
FADER M.FADER STRIPE BOUNCE MONOTONE
When you use the bounce function
Set D ZOOM to OFF in the menu system.

D ZOOM OFF .

Note on the bounce function When you use the following functions or D ZOOM is set to ON in the menu system, BOUNCE indicator does not appear. Wide mode Functions using the PICTURE EFFECT button Functions using the PROGRAM AE button
D ZOOM ON , BOUNCE . PICTURE EFFECT PROGRAM AE
To cancel the fader function
Before pressing START/STOP, press FADER until the indicator disappears. When the date, time or title is displayed The date, time and title do not fade in or fade out. When the START/STOP MODE switch is set to 5SEC or You cannot use the fader function. Note on the fader function While using the bounce function, you cannot use the following functions. Exposure Focus Zoom
START/STOP FADER , . , . START/STOP MODE 5SEC /. / .
Shooting in the dark (NightShot)
The NightShot function enables you to shoot a subject in a dark place. You can achieve a satisfactory recording of the ecology of nocturnal animals for observation with this function. This function may record picture nearly in monochrome.

C (H )

. . .
(1) While the camcorder is in Standby mode, slide NIGHTSHOT to ON. (2) Press START/STOP to start recording. and NIGHTSHOT indicators flash.
(1) NIGHTSHOT ON. (2) START/STOP . NIGHTSHOT.

NightShot Light emitter/

To cancel the NightShot function

Slide NIGHTSHOT to OFF.

NIGHTSHOT OFF.
Using the NightShot Light
When you set N.S.LIGHT to ON in the menu system, the picture will be more clear. NightShot Light rays are infrared and are therefore invisible. The maximum limit of NightShot Light is about 3 meters (about 10 feet). Notes on the NightShot When you keep setting NIGHTSHOT to ON in normal recording, picture may be recorded in incorrect/unnatural colour. If focusing is difficult with the autofocus mode when using the NightShot function, focus manually.
N.S. LIGHT ON , . . 3 ( 10 ). NIGHTSHOT ON , /. , .
Using the wide mode function
Selecting the desired mode
You can record a cinemalike picture (CINEMA) or a 16:9 wide picture to watch on the 16:9 widescreen TV (16:9 FULL).
(CINEMA) 16:9 a 16:9 (16:9 FULL).

CINEMA

CINEMA [a]

16:9 FULL

16:9 FULL [d]
Black bands appear at the top and the bottom of the screen, and the viewfinder or LCD screen [a] and a normal TV screen [b] look wide. You can also watch the picture without black bands on a wide-screen TV [c].

, [a] [b]. [c].

The picture in the viewfinder or LCD screen [d] or on a normal TV [e] is horizontally compressed. You can watch the picture of normal images on a wide-screen TV [f].

STBY 0:01:23

0:01:22

To change the end point
Press ZERO MEM to erase the ZERO MEM indicator, then repeat steps 2 to 5.
ZERO MEM ZERO MEM, 2 5.
Notes on re-recording The picture and the sound may be distorted at the end of the inserted portion when it is played back. If you re-record on the portion which contains non-recorded section, the zero memory function may not work correctly. When the START/STOP MODE switch is set to , you cannot use the zero memory 5SEC or function.
. , , . START/STOP MODE , 5SEC .
Recording with the date/time
Before you start recording or during recording, press DATE or TIME. You can record the date or time displayed in the viewfinder or on the LCD screen with the picture. Press DATE (or TIME), then press TIME (or DATE) to display the date and time together. The clock is set at the factory to London time for United Kingdom and to Paris time for the other Europian countries. You can reset the clock in the menu system.
DATE TIME. , . DATE ( TIME), TIME ( DATE) . . .

1998 17:30:00

17:30:00
To stop recording with the date and/ or time
Press DATE and/or TIME again. The date and/ or time indicator disappears. The recording continues.

DATE / TIME. / . .

Optimizing the recording condition
Use this feature to check the tape condition before recording, so that you can get the best possible picture (ORC). (1) While the camcorder is in Standby mode, press MENU to display the menu. (2) Turn the control dial to select , then press the dial. (3) Turn the control dial to select ORC TO SET, then press the dial. START/STOP KEY flashes. (4) Press START/STOP. The camcorder takes about 5 seconds to check the tape condition and then returns to Standby mode.
, , (ORC). (1) , MENU . (2) , . (3) ORC TO SET, . START/STOP KEY . (4) START/STOP. 5 , .
TAPE SET SP REC MODE ORC TO SET REMAIN COUNTER RETURN
TAPE SET REC MODE ORC TO SET REMAIN COUNTER
TAPE SET REC MODE ORC TO SET REMAIN COUNTER RETURN

START/STOP KEY

Each time you insert the cassette
Perform the above procedures. Notes on the ORC function When you set ORC TO SET, the recording on the tape is erased for about 0.1 second so that the camcorder can check the tape condition. Be careful when you use a recorded tape. The 0.1 second blank is erased if you record from the point where you set ORC TO SET for more than 2 seconds, or if you record over the blank. You cannot use this function on a tape with the red mark on the cassette exposed.
. ORC ORC TO SET, 0,1 , , . , . 0,1 , , ORC TO SET , 2 , . , .
Releasing the STEADY SHOT function
When the Steady Shot function is working, the camcorder compensates for camera-shake. You can release the Steady Shot function when you do not need to use the Steady Shot function. indicator appear in the viewfinder or The on the LCD screen. Do not use the Steady Shot function when shooting a stationary object with a tripod. You can select ON or OFF in the menu system (p. 34).

/ - ( ). CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E . .
Searching the boundaries of recorded date
You can search for the boundary between recording dates using the Data Code automatically recorded on the tape. There are two modes: Searching for the beginning of a specific date, and playing back from there (Date Search) Searching for the beginning of all days, one after another, playing back about 10 seconds of each (Date Scan)
, . : ( ) , , 10 ( )

4.7.1998

5.7.1998

31.12.1998

Each time you press DATE, the mode changes as follows: Date Search n Date Scan n nothing
, DATE, : Date Search n Date Scan n

. nothing

To search for the beginning of a specific date
(1) Set the POWER switch to PLAYER. The video control buttons light up. (2) Press DATE on the Remote Commander. (3) When the current position is [b], press 0 to search towards [a] or press ) to search towards [c].
(1) POWER PLAYER. . (2) DATE . (3) [b], 0 [a] ) [c].
To scan the beginning of all days
(1) Set the POWER switch to PLAYER. (2) Press DATE on the Remote Commander twice. (3) Press 0 or ). Date Scan starts.
(1) POWER PLAYER. (2) DATE . (3) 0 ). .

DATE SEARCH DATE SCAN

REW FF
To stop searching or scanning Press one of the following buttons: DATE , (, p, 0 or ). To view pictures during searching or scanning Press ( and then press 0 or ). If you do Date Search or Date Scan during playback While the camcorder is looking for the date, a fast forward or rewind picture is displayed. Some noise is inevitable. If you have erased or rewritten the index signal The point at which the date changes may be out of position by about 10 seconds of playback. Notes on Date Search and Date Scan mode If a days recording is not longer than 2 minutes, the camcorder may not accurately find its boundaries. Date Search and Date Scan do not function on a tape recorded by a camcorder without the Data Code function.
: DATE, (, p, 0 ). (, 0 ). , . . , , 10 . 2- , . , .
Returning to a preregistered position
Using the Remote Commander, you can easily go back to the desired point on a tape after playback. Use the tape counter. If the RC time code appears, set COUNTER to NORMAL in the menu system to display the tape counter. (1) During playback, press COUNTER RESET at the point you later want to locate. The counter shows 0:00:00. (2) Press p when you want to stop playback. (3) Press ZERO MEM on the Remote Commander. The ZERO MEM indicator flashes. (4) Press 0 to rewind or press ) to fastforward the tape to the counters zero point. The tape stops automatically when the counter reaches approximately zero.

INDEX REW FF

Notes on erasing Press ERASE more than 2 seconds after the playback of the desired programme begins. You cannot erase the index signal on a tape with the red mark on the cassette exposed. While the index signal is being erased, the sound cannot be heard and a black band appears at the bottom of the picture. This will not affect the recorded sound or picture. The camcorder can detect index signals marked with VCRs, but may not erase them. VCRs with an index function can detect index signals marked with this camcorder but may not erase them. An index signal may be erased when making PCM after recording on another VCR in the portion where the index signal is marked. Note on Data Code When an index signal is erased, the Data Code on the same portion of the tape is also erased.
ERASE , 2 . , . , . . , , . , , . , . , .
Writing the RC Time code on a recorded tape
You can write the RC time code on a recorded tape. Use the Remote Commander. Before you begin, we recommend to set COUNTER to TIME CODE in the menu system so that you can view the RC time code. (1) While pressing the small green button on the POWER switch, set it to PLAYER. (2) Rewind the tape to the beginning and set the camcorder to playback pause mode. (3) Press TIME CODE WRITE on the Remote Commander. The TIME CODE WRITE indicator appears in the viewfinder or on the LCD screen with the WRITE indicator flashing. (4) Press ( or P to start playback. The WRITE indicator stops flashing and the RC time code writing starts from 0:00:00:00.

RC

RC . . , , COUNTER TIME CODE , RC. (1) POWER, PLAYER. (2) . (3) TIME CODE WRITE . TIME CODE WRITE WRITE. (4) ( P . WRITE , RC 0:00:00:00.
POWER CAMERA OFF VTR PLAYER

TIME CODE WRITE

-:--:--:-TIMECODE WRITE

0:00:00:01

TIMECODE WRITE
To stop writing the RC time code
Press p (or any video control button).

p ( ).

To write the RC time code from the end of the RC time code recorded portion
Rewind the tape to the portion on which the RC time code has been written and set the camcorder to playback pause mode. Then follow steps 3 and 4 above. The RC time code is written continuously. Notes on writing the RC time code The RC time code writing stops when: you press TIME CODE WRITE again before starting playback. you press INDEX or DATE SEARCH before starting playback. you change from playback mode to another mode. When you are writing the RC time code from the middle of a tape without the time code written, writing starts several frames before the current picture. If you write the RC time code on a recorded tape, the Data Code is erased. You can mark the RC time code on a tape recorded both in LP mode and SP mode, the RC time code written in LP mode, however, may not be read correctly. You cannot mark the RC time code on an NTSC-recorded tape. You cannot mark the RC time code on a tape with the red mark on the cassette exposed. A black band appears when you mark the RC time code during playback, and the sound cannot be heard. This does not affect the picture and sound that are already recorded. Note on --:--:--:-- indicator The --:--:--:-- indicator appears during playback if: nothing is recorded. the RC time code is unreadable because of the damage of the tape or because of the noise. you recorded using another VCR without RC time code function. The --:--:--:-- indicator may also appear on the LCD screen during variable speed playback.

RC RC

, RC, . 3 4. RC . RC RC , : TIME CODE WRITE . INDEX DATE SEARCH . . RC , RC, . RC , . RC , LP SP, RC, LP, . RC , NTSC. RC , . , RC , . . --:--:--:- --:--:--:-- , : . RC - -. RC. --:--:--:-- .
Editing onto another tape
You can create your own video programme by editing with any other h 8 mm, H Hi8, j VHS, k S-VHS, VHSC, K S-VHSC or l Betamax VCR that has video/audio inputs.
h 8 , H Hi8,j VHS, k S-VHS, VHSC, K S-VHSC l Betamax, /.

Before editing

Connect the camcorder to the VCR using the supplied A/V connecting cable. Set the input selector on the VCR to LINE, if available. Set EDIT to ON in the menu system (p. 34).
, /. LINE, . EDI ON (. 34).

Starting editing

Turn down the volume of the camcorder while editing. Otherwise, picture distortion may occur. (1)Insert a blank tape (or a tape you want to record over) into the VCR, and insert your recorded tape into the camcorder. (2)Play back the recorded tape on the camcorder until you locate the point just before where you want to start editing, then press P to set the camcorder in playback pause mode. (3)On the VCR, locate the recording start point and set the VCR in recording pause mode. (4)First press P on the camcorder, and after a few seconds press P on the VCR to start editing.
. . (1) ( , ) . (2) , , , P . (3) . (4) P , P .

To edit more scenes

Repeat steps 2 to 4.
To superimpose the title while you are editing
You can superimpose the title while you are editing. Refer to Superimposing a title (p. 55).

2 4.

To stop editing
Press p on both the camcorder and the VCR. Note on Fine Synchro Edit If you connect a video deck that has the Fine Synchro Edit feature to the LANC l jack of the camcorder, using a LANC cable (not supplied), the edit will be even more precise.

. (. 55).

p . , LANC l LANC ( ), .

Additional information

Changing the lithium battery in the camcorder
Your camcorder is supplied with a lithium battery installed. When the battery becomes weak or dead, the I indicator flashes in the viewfinder for about 5 seconds when you set the POWER switch to CAMERA. In this case, replace the battery with a Sony CR2025 lithium battery. Use of any other battery may present a risk of fire or explosion. Discard used batteries according to the manufacturers instructions. The lithium battery for the camcorder lasts for about 1 year under normal operation. (The lithium battery that comes installed at the factory may not last 1 year.)

. , I 5 , POWER CAMERA. Sony CR2025. . . 1 . ( , , 1.)

Notes on lithium battery

Keep the lithium battery out of the reach of children. Should the battery be swallowed, immediately consult a doctor. Wipe the battery with a dry cloth to assure a good contact. Do not hold the battery with metallic tweezers, otherwise a short-circuit may occur. Note that the lithium battery has a positive (+) and a negative () terminals as illustrated. Be sure to install the lithium battery so that terminals on the battery match the terminals on the camcorder.
. , . . , . , (+) () , . , .

(--) -

WARNING The battery may explode if mistreated. Do not recharge, disassemble, or dispose of in fire.

. , .

Changing the lithium battery
When replacing the lithium battery, keep the battery pack or other power source attached. Otherwise, you will need to reset the date, time and other items in the menu system retained by the lithium battery. (1) Open the LCD panel and open the lid of the lithium battery compartment. (2) Push the lithium battery down once and pull it out from the holder. (3) Install the lithium battery with the positive (+) side facing out. Close the lid.
, . , , . (1) . (2) . (3) (+) , . .

Additional information

Resetting the date and time
You can reset the date and time in the menu system. (1) While the camcorder is in Standby mode, press MENU to display the menu. , then press (2) Turn the control dial to select the dial. (3) Turn the control dial to select CLOCK SET, then press the dial. (4) Turn the control dial to adjust the desired year, then press the dial. (5) Set the month, day, hour and minute by turning the control dial and pressing the dial. (6) Press MENU to erase the menu display.
. (1) MENU . (2) , . (3) CLOCK SET, . (4) , . (5) , , , , . (6) MENU .
SETUP MENU CLOCK SET LTR SIZE DEMO MODE SETUP MENU CLOCK SET LTR SIZE DEMO MODE RETURN 1997 12:00:00

SETUP MENU CLOCK SET LTR SIZE DEMO MODE RETURN 1
[MENU] : END [MENU] : END
1 INITIAL SET INITIAL SET INITIAL SET INITIAL SET CLOCK SET CLOCK SET CLOCK SET CLOCK SET AUTO DATE AUTO DATE AUTO DATE AUTO DATE 7 AUTO TV ON 7 AUTO TV ON 7 AUTO TV ON 7 AUTO TV ON 1998 TV IN SEL TV IN SEL TV IN SEL TV IN SEL MENU DISP MENU DISP MENU DISP MENU DISP LANGUAGE LANGUAGE LANGUAGE LANGUAGE TV SYSTEM TV SYSTEM TV SYSTEM TV SYSTEM DEMO MODE DEMO MODE DEMO MODE DEMO MODE RETURN RETURN RETURN RETURN [MENU] : END [MENU] : END [MENU] : END [MENU] : END 1 4
To correct the date and time setting
Repeat the above procedure.
To check the preset date and time
Press DATE to display the date indicator. Press TIME to display the time indicator. When you press the same button again, the indicator goes off. The year changes as follows: N n 2029 n n Note on the time indicator The internal clock of this camcorder operates on a 24-hour cycle.
DATE . TIME . , . : N n 2029 n 24-. n
Simple setting of clock by time difference
You can easily set the clock for a local time by a time difference in the menu system. (1) While the camcorder is the standby mode, press MENU to display the menu. , then press (2) Turn the control dial to select the dial. (3) Turn the control dial to select WORLD TIME, then press the dial. (4) Turn the control dial to set a time difference, and press the dial. The hour of clock changes in relation to a time difference which you set. (5) Press MENU to erase the menu display.
. (1) MENU . (2) , (3) WORLD TIME, . (4) , . , . (5) MENU .
OTHERS WORLD TIME BEEP COMMANDER DISPLAY REC LAMP INDICATOR OTHERS WORLD TIME BEEP COMMANDER DISPLAY REC LAMP INDICATOR RETURN [MENU] : END 0 HR
OTHERS WORLD TIME : 30 : 00 BEEP COMMANDER DISPLAY 0 HR REC LAMP INDICATOR RETURN [MENU] : END
OTHERS WORLD TIME : 30 : 00 BEEP COMMANDER DISPLAY 8 HRS REC LAMP INDICATOR RETURN [MENU] : END
OTHERS WORLD TIME BEEP COMMANDER DISPLAY REC LAMP INDICATOR RETURN [MENU] : END

8 HRS

Note on WORLD TIME If the time is not set, WORLD TIME does not work.
WORLD TIME , WORLD TIME .
Usable cassettes and playback modes

Selecting cassette types

CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E only
This Hi8 system is an extension of the standard 8 mm system, and was developed to realize higher picture quality. You can use either Hi8 or standard 8 mm video cassette for this camera. When you use a Hi8 video cassette, the recording is made in the Hi8 system. When you use a standard 8 mm video cassette, the recording is made in the standard 8 mm system. Standard 8 mm video cassette is incapable of recording in the Hi8 system. If you intend to use a standard 8 mm video recorder/player to play back a video tape, you are required to use a standard 8 mm video cassette for recording.

CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E

Hi8 8 . Hi8 8-. Hi8 Hi8. 8- 8. 8- Hi8. / 8 , 8-.

What is video 8

/video Hi8
XR is an abbreviation of Extended Resolution. The video Hi8 XR or video 8 XR camcorder is new type of 8mm camcorder with a picture quality superior to the conventional video Hi8 or video 8 camcorder respectively. You can record and play back pictures more clearly with the XR camcorder. A video tape recorded by the XR camcorder gives excellent picture quality at maximum when it is played back on the XR camcorder. When a video tape recorded by this XR camcorder is played back on a conventional 8/ Hi8 camcorder or when a video tape recorded on a conventional 8/Hi8 camcorder is played back on this XR camcorder, the playback picture has the normal quality of a 8/Hi8 camcorder.
XR Extended Resolution ( ). Hi8 XR 8 XR 8- , Hi8 8. XR . , XR, XR. , XR, 8/Hi8, , , 8/Hi8, XR, , 8/ Hi8.
Usable cassettes and playback modes When you play back
The playback mode (SP/LP) and system (Hi8/ standard 8 mm) are selected automatically according to the format in which the tape has been recorded. The quality of the recorded picture in LP mode, however, will not be as good as that in SP mode.
(SP/LP) (Hi8/8- ) , . , , LP, , SP.

Note on AFM HiFi stereo

CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E only When you play back a tape, the sound will be in monaural if: You record the tape using this camcorder, then play it back on an AFM HiFi monaural video recorder/player. You record the tape on an AFM HiFi monaural video recorder, then play it back on this camcorder.

AFM Hi-Fi

CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E , , : , / AFM Hi-Fi. AFM Hi-Fi, .

Foreign 8 mm video

Because the TV colour systems differ from country to country, you may not be able to play back foreign pre-recorded tapes. Refer to the list of Using your camcorder abroad to check the TV colour system of foreign countries. Playing back an NTSC-recorded tape You can play back tapes recorded in the NTSC video system using the SP mode. If the tape is recorded in the AFM HiFi system, the AFM HiFi sound is reproduced (CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E only). However, note that the following will occur during playback of an NTSC-recorded tape. When playing back a tape on a TV screen, you may not get the original colour depending on the TV. When you play back on a Multi System TV, set NTSC PB to the desired mode in the menu system. During playback, a black band appears on the lower part of the viewfinder. You cannot play back a tape recorded in NTSC video system with LP mode neither on the LCD nor on a TV screen. If a tape has portions recorded in PAL and NTSC video systems, the tape counter reading is not correct. This discrepancy is due to the difference between the counting cycle of the two video systems. You cannot edit the NTSC-recorded tape onto another VCR.

, .

Charging temperature
You should charge batteries at temperatures from 10C to 30C (from 50F to 86F). Lower temperatures require a longer charging time.
10 30 ( 50 F 86 F). .
Tips for using the battery pack Notes on the InfoLITHIUM battery pack

What is InfoLITHIUM

The InfoLITHIUM is a lithium ion battery pack which can exchange data with compatible video equipment about its battery consumption. When you use this battery pack with video equipment having the mark, the video equipment will indicate the remaining battery time in minutes*. However, if you use it with video equipment not having this mark, the remaining battery capacity will not be indicated in minutes. InfoLITHIUM is a trademark of Sony Corporation. * The indication may not be accurate depending on the condition and environment which the equipment is used under. How the battery consumption is displayed The power consumption of the camcorder changes depending on its use, such as how the autofocusing is working. While checking the condition of the camcorder, the InfoLITHIUM battery pack measures the battery consumption and calculates the remaining battery power. If the condition changed drastically, the remaining battery indication may suddenly decrease or increase by more than 2 minutes. Even if 5 to 10 minutes is indicated as the battery remaining time on the LCD screen or in the viewfinder, the i indicator may also flash under some condition.

InfoLITHIUM

InfoLITHIUM
InfoLITHIUM - , . , , .* , , , . InfoLITHIUM Sony. * , . , , . InfoLITHIUM . , 2. , i .
To obtain more accurate remaining battery indication Set the camcorder to recording standby mode and point towards a stationary object. Do not move the camcorder for 30 seconds or more. If the indication seems incorrect, recharge the battery pack fully (Full charge1)). Note that if you have used the battery in a hot or cold environment for long time, or you have repeated charging many times, the battery pack may not be able to show the correct time even after being fully charged. After you have used the InfoLITHIUM battery pack with an equipment not having the mark, make sure that you use up the battery pack on the equipment having the mark and then recharge fully. Why the remaining battery indication does not match the continuous recording time in the operating instructions The recording time is affected by the environmental temperature and conditions. The recording time becomes very short in a cold environment. The continuous recording time in the operating instructions is measured under the condition of using a fully charged (or normal charged) battery pack in 25C (77F). As the environmental temperature and condition are different when you actually use the camcorder, the remaining battery time is not same as the continuous recording time in the operating instructions.

Recording stops in a few seconds. only) No sound or only a low sound is heard when playing back a tape. (CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E only) Excessive high-pitched sound is heard. (CCD-TRV65E/TRV69E only) Data code becomes --:--:--. (CCD-TRV69E only) The date or time indicator disappears.
The stereo tape is played back with HiFi SOUND set to 1 or 2 in the menu system. m Set to STEREO in the menu system. (p. 39) The picture has been recorded with WIND set to ON in the menu system. m When there is no wind, set it to OFF. (p. 37) You are playing back a portion of tape on which you wrote or erased the index signal. This is not a malfunction. (p. 30) Reset the date and time. (p. 78)

Picture

The image on the viewfinder screen is not clear.
Cause and/or Corrective Actions The viewfinder lens is not adjusted. m Adjust the viewfinder lens. (p. 16)
A vertical band appears when a subject such as lights or a candle flame is shot against a dark background. A vertical band appears when shooting a very bright subject. The playback picture is not clear. The picture is noisy.
Cause and/or Corrective Actions The contrast between the subject and background is too high. The camcorder is not malfunctioning. m Change locations. The camcorder is not malfunctioning. EDIT is set to ON in the menu system. m Set it to OFF. (p. 39) The video heads may be dirty. m Clean the heads using the Sony V8-25CLH/V8-25CLD cleaning cassette (not supplied). (p. 87) The LCD panel is open. m Close the LCD panel. (p. 20) If 10 minutes elapse after you set the POWER switch to CAMERA without inserting a cassette, the camcorder automatically starts the demonstration or DEMO is set ON in the menu system. m Insert the cassette and the demonstration stops. You can deactivate the demonstration. (p. 38) Incorporated fluorescent tube is worn out. m Please contact your nearest Sony dealer. The self-diagnosis function is activated. m Check the code and solve the problem. (p. 99) NIGHTSHOT is set to ON. m Set it to OFF. (p. 44)
The picture does not appear in the viewfinder. An unknown picture is displayed in the viewfinder or on the LCD screen.
The picture does not appear on the LCD screen. The five digit code appears. Picture is recorded in incorrect/ unnatural colour. (CCD-TRV35E/ TRV65E/TRV69E only)

Others

Symptom Cause and/or Corrective Actions COMMANDER is set to OFF in the menu system. m Set it to ON. (p. 36) Something is blocking the infrared rays. m Remove the obstacle. The batteries are not inserted with the correct polarity. m Insert the batteries with the correct polarity. (p. 111) The batteries are dead. m Insert new ones. (p. 111) DISPLAY is set to V-OUT/LCD in the menu system. The picture from a TV or VCR does not appear even when the camcorder m Set it to LCD. (p. 36)

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 2003, 35 (1), 82-89
A simple system for the remote detection and analysis of sniffing in explosives detection dogs
IRIT GAZIT Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel YIZHAR LAVNER Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel and Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel GIL BLOCH and OPHIR AZULAI Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel and ALLEN GOLDBLATT and JOSEPH TERKEL Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel In this article, we describe a device that we have developed, for both research and operational purposes, to assist handlers of sniffer dogs and improve efficiency of search. The device transmits sounds from the dogs muzzle area to a listener, enabling determination of whether the dog is actually sniffing during a search. Both the aural and the computerized sound analyses enable study of the dogs sniffing behavior under a variety of situations. Correlation of these data with the visually monitored behavior of the working dog contributes additional and important information and leads to a greater understanding of detector dogs behavior and abilities.
The earliest known use of dogs as chemical detectors dates back to their operation as hunting dogs 12,000 years ago, as based on tomb evidence (Furton & Myers, 2001). Since World War II, dog-handler teams have been used extensively by the military to locate explosives. Over the last century, the use of detector dogs has expanded and is currently widespread throughout the world. Detector dogs primarily rely on their sense of smell to detect a variety of odors for military and civilian uses. Military working dogs are used for the detection of explosives, land mines, trip-wires, weapons, and so forth. (for a comprehensive review, see Frost, 1990). The civilian uses are manifold, such as searching for live or dead bodies in open field areas (Komar, 1999) or for survivors buried beneath rubble at disaster areas, crossmatching human odors (Schoon, 1996, 1998; Schoon & De Bruin, 1994), and investigating arson (Gialamas, 1996; Kurz et al., 1994), as well as detecting smuggled agricultural products, drugs, gaspipe leaks, cows in estrus (Hawk, Conley, & Kiddy, 1984; Jezierski, 1992), melanomas (Williams & Pembroke, 1989), termites,
We gratefully acknowledge N. Paz for her editorial assistance. We also thank the dog handlers and trainers and the dogs themselves for participating in this study. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to I. Gazit, Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel (e-mail: iritgazi@post.tau.ac.il).
screwworms (Welch, 1990), and so forth. Their ability to detect the revealing odors derives from the dogs possession of a very large number of olfactory receptor cells, together with a specialized behavior called sniffing. In both humans and other mammals, perception of an odor in the environment usually initiates a sniffing episode composed of several sniffs. It is generally accepted that this behavior enhances odor perception (Laing, 1983). Other studies have shown that larger than normal flow rates of air through the nose enhance odor perception (Le Magnen, 1945; Rehn, 1978). Neuhaus (1981) verified that during normal breathing of the dog, the pressure differences between inspiration and expiration in the rear region of the nasal space are too low to transport odor molecules to the remote part of the olfactory mucosa. However, molecules are able to diffuse effectively into these remote areas when high odor concentrations and a minimal sniff inspiration time of 2 sec are maintained. As a result of these pressure differences in the nasal passages, at the end of the inspiration puff an odor will reach those parts of the olfactory epithelium in a remote location from the breathing flow. Steen, Mohus, Kvesetberg, and Walloe (1996) showed that while searching for ground scent, their dogs sniffed at a frequency of up to 200 times per minute, a strategy that may create turbulence in the nasal passages and thereby enhances transport of scent molecules to the receptors in the ethmoidal cavity. Sobel et al. (1998), on the basis of Le Magnen (1945) and Laing

Copyright 2003 Psychonomic Society, Inc.
REMOTE DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF SNIFFING IN DOGS (1983), emphasized the importance of sniffing to olfaction: The sensation and perception of smell are largely dependent on sniffing, which is an active stage of stimulus transport and therefore an integral component of mammalian olfaction (p. 282). Sniffing induces oscillation in the olfactory bulb, driving the piriform cortex in the temporal lobe at the frequency of sniffing (Adrian, 1942; Bressler, 1987; Bressler & Freeman, 1980; Ueki & Domino, 1961). Despite the well-recognized importance of sniffing for the detection and identification of odors, on the one hand, and the extensive use of detector dogs around the world, on the other, there have been few studies in which the variables affecting sniffing behavior in dogs have been investigated. Consequently, the influences of a variety of situations on the dogs detection abilities are barely known. While searching for the target odor, the dog performs sniffing in order to bring the odor into the nose, where it comes into contact with the olfactory receptors. During sniffing, air is inhaled through the nostrils in short aspirations while the mouth remains closed. Because dogs do not possess sweat glands, panting is the main means of cooling the body. Panting constitutes rapid respiration in order to regulate body temperature by increasing the vapor rate from passage of respiration (Crawford, 1962). During panting, most of the air passes through the mouth (Schmidt-Nielsen, Bretz, & Taylor, 1970). Since the dogs can thus either sniff or pant but can never perform both actions simultaneously, panting will consequently cause a decrease in sniffing rate. Despite the wide variety of possible uses for the olfactory ability of dogs, owing to the international problem of terrorism most of these working dogs around the world are used for explosives detection. Explosives detector dogs are used both on and off leash. The advantages of on-leash dogs are that the handler can closely observe the behavior of the dog and determine whether or not it is sniffing, as well as ensure that the dog searches all relevant areas. The disadvantages of working with onleash dogs are that it is potentially dangerous to the handler and also inhibits the dog from searching at its optimal rate. In addition, in many situations, owing to security or other considerations for which the handler has to remain at a safe distance from the working dog, he or she cannot know whether the dog has performed a completely thorough search. A similar situation occurs when working in darkness, bushy areas, crowded hangars, and so on, where it is impossible to remain in constant visual observation of the dogs behavior and nose work. For such situations, we have developed a simple wireless device that is worn by the off-leash working dog and lets the handler know whether the dog is sniffing sufficiently as it moves through the area. This feedback from the wireless unit allows the handler to make an informed decision about directing the dog to re-search specific areas. The apparatus consists of a wireless omnidirectional microphoneAT803b, manufactured by Audio-Technica

(Audio-Technica U.S., Inc., 1221 Commerce Drive, Stow, OH 44224) and a transmitter (Tx2000, Audio-Technica) attached to a specially designed muzzle worn by the dog (see Figure 1). The handler, who is following the dog from a distance, is able to hear the sounds originating from the area of the nose and mouth, including sniffing and panting, which are transmitted to his radio receiver (Mx2000, Audio-Technica) and headphones. The radio signal can also be transmitted to the audio input of a video camera so that any visual recording of the dogs behavior can be later analyzed and correlated with the sound recording. For detailed unit specifications, see the Appendix. The specially designed muzzle is fitted to the dog with the attached wireless microphone close to the nostrils (see Figure 1). The muzzle comprises a soft flexible strap that wraps around the dogs mouth and nose (the upper part consists of a Velcro strap to allow close adjustment to dogs head; the lower part consists of a flexible rubber strap on each side to keep the muzzle firmly in place against the throat). The muzzle has been designed to allow the dog to pant freely, as well as to eat while the muzzle is in place. The microphone is firmly attached to the muzzle by Velcro strips above the dogs nose (about 13 cm from the nostrils), without interfering with its field of vision, and enables efficient recording of the sniffing and panting performed by the dog during working. The microphone remains immobile against the dogs nose even when the dog scratches its nose, rubs against bushes, and so on. The use of flexible straps and Velcro allows the muzzle to be fitted individually to any medium-sized dog. The transmitter can be conveniently attached to the dogs collar or harness as required. It is possible to utilize the normal harness used with police or search and rescue dogs. The wire connecting the microphone to the transmitter is without slack in order to avoid entangling in the dogs legs or in bushes. Dogs that are accustomed to an ordinary muzzle usually adapt to this muzzle in 34 days and work without
Figure 1. Dog wearing the apparatus (photographed by I.G.).
GAZIT ET AL. ditioning are used throughout all phases of dog training, which is continuous throughout the dogs career, in order to maintain prof iciency (Technical Training, 1996). Since most training techniques are based on both classical and operant conditioning principles, reinforcement should be given immediately following the correct response. Using the system enables the handler to unmistakably identify the correct response of the dog, thus both avoiding incorrect reinforcement and enabling perfect timing for correct reinforcement. We believe that this device has great potential for both operations and research. Owing to the high reliability of performance of this unit and its effective use under all field conditions tested so far without interference from the surroundings in which the dog is searching, the device is also highly suitable for research purposes. If the device is to be used for research purposes, the recorded signals can be analyzed later by using a special computer software program that discriminates between sniffing and panting and counts the signals according to the experimenters requirements. For this purpose, a computerized system for automatic detection and discrimination of sniffing and panting events was developed. The main program is constructed in the Matlab environment, using the neural networks module (Version 5.3) on a personal computer. The input to the system is the acoustic signal, sampled at a 44100 Hz and downsampled to 11025 Hz (Figure 2). The output of the system is a se-

appearing to be bothered by it. Indeed, all our dogs swiftly acclimated to the equipment. A microphone attached to a dogs head in order to record and analyze sniffing was first used by Thesen, Steen, and Doving (1993). However, since no muzzle was used to firmly anchor the microphone above the dogs nose, their system is inappropriate for use in heavy vegetation, as opposed to open areas. Moreover, Thesen and his colleagues did not specify the characteristics of their equipment, since they took advantage of specialized military components. The muzzle that we have developed and used in the present study enables work in a variety of surroundings (e.g., grassy or bushy areas) and can be adapted for use by all dogs, after brief habituation. The system described here is constructed from commercially available off-the-shelf components. This system enables the listener to easily discriminate between sniffing and nonsniffing or panting. The uniqueness of the apparatus lies in its ability to monitor a dogs behavior from a great distance (up to 100 m in an open wooded area), thus allowing the handler to determine whether or not the dog is sniffing while moving through a particular area. This in turn allows an informed decision about directing the dog to re-search specific areas. The system was tested and found to be reliable in three conditions: an open wooded area, an open field, and inside buildings. In addition, the system can also increase the efficiency with which dogs can be trained in odor detection for a variety of goals. The basic principles of con-
Figure 2. Time waveform of the sniffing and panting sounds. (A) Panting waveform. (B) Sniffing waveform. Both were sampled at 44200 Hz.
REMOTE DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF SNIFFING IN DOGS quence of marks along the time waveform, indicating the beginning and end of each event and whether it is sniffing or panting. Before the algorithm was applied, each sound was classified by the first author (I.G.) as a sniff or a pant on the basis of the auditory cues. An intensive signal analysis was carried out in order to characterize the sniffing and the panting signals. Various features and parameters were extracted and tested as candidates for the detection and discrimination processes. Both time-domain and frequency-domain features were studied. In the time domain, the short-time energy function, the autocorrelation function, and the zero-crossing rate were calculated for each event. The events (whether sniffing or panting) were then demarcated for further analysis, using the short-time energy function. Those sections of the signal that contained silence or recording noise were removed. In the frequency domain, the Fourier transform of each event was calculated, and resonance frequencies were detected. An autoregressive (AR) model was utilized for analysis of the signals. The spectral envelope was evaluated using the autocorrelation method of linear prediction (Makhoul, 1975). The spectral envelope of several sniffing and panting events can be seen in Figure 3. Parameters in the joint timefrequency domain were also examined using the short-time Fourier transform (Oppenheim & Schafer, 1999), which shows features that do not appear in any of the domains separately. Since timedomain parameters did not show significant differences between sniffing and panting sounds, we focused on the

frequency domain. Several parameters derived from the spectral envelope were selected for the discrimination process. The features were selected according to their discriminatory power. The features were examined in three orders of the AR model (3, 10, and 20). Four amplitude values of frequencies in the spectral envelope of an AR model of order 20 and four slopes in those curves were found to be most discriminative in 6 dogs (Figure 4). These parameters were the input to the neural network in the discrimination stage. A three-layer feed-forward neural network was applied for the discrimination. The network was constructed of eight neurons in the input layer, four in the hidden layer, and one in the output layer. A log-sigmoid transfer function was used for the input and hidden neurons, and a linear function was used for the output neuron. A schematic description of the network is shown in Figure 5. The basic algorithm of the system is depicted in Figure 6. The algorithm is divided into two stages. The first is the learning stage, in which the neural network is trained to discern the two types of events. The neural network is trained, and the weights are set according to labeled sounds. Each learning stage is performed separately for each dog. For each dog, the individual parameters are extracted and used by the neural network. In the second, discrimination phase, the classification into sniffing and panting events is applied, using the trained network. The results of the network output decisions are collected to a database for further analysis and are shown graphically
Figure 3. Evaluated spectral envelopes for sniffing and panting signals using the autoregressive (AR) model. The spectral envelopes were calculated using LPC analysis of order 20 on labeled events: sniffing (gray curves) and panting (black curves) events (energy periods only). The distinction between the sniffing and the panting spectral characteristics is easily seen, especially in the lower frequency range.

GAZIT ET AL.

Figure 4. Average frequency responses for different dogs signals. Each curve (bold line) represents an average spectral envelope, and the dotted lines represent standard deviation curves. The difference between the sniffing and the panting frequency responses was used as the basis for the discriminative features.
in the user interface of the system. A more detailed description of this system will be published elsewhere (submitted to the Journal of Bioacoustics). In order to evaluate the learning reliability of the system, the recordings of 6 dogs were selected, each of which contained about 120200 events for sniffing (total number, 939) and about 120300 for panting (total number, 1,094). After the software had learned the individual characteristics of sniffing for each dog, an analysis was made of another sniffing recording of the same dog. In addition, the first author (I.G.) had classified the same recording into sniffing or panting, independently of the computer classification. A comparison was then made between computer and author classifications in order to assess the precision of the computer classification. The same procedures were performed for panting in order to evaluate the softwares reliability of learning the panting signals for each dog. Correct identification rates of up to 91.1% were achieved from the acoustic signals of 6 dogs for sniffing, and 95.3% were achieved for panting (see Table 1). In order to evaluate the analysis performance and reliability of the system, 20 recordings of explosives searches by 6 dogs were selected, each of which con-

tained about 119259 events for sniffing (total number of sniffing, 1,073) and about 41171 for panting (total number, 635). At this stage, after the software had learned the individual characteristics of sniffing and panting for each dog, an analysis was made for each dogs real explosives search. Correct identification rates of 89.8%, on average, for sniffing were achieved from
Table 1 Performance Reliability of the System During the Learning Phase of Sniffing and Panting Events for Each Dog Performance Reliability for Sniffing Dogs Name Ben Leon Rondo Rubi Sonia Stu Mean SE Precision (%) 92.4 96.3 85.4 84.0 94.0 94.5 91.12.1 No. 939 Performance Reliability for Panting Precision (%) 86.0 98.2 100.0 89.2 98.6 99.5 95.32.5 No. ,122 ,119 ,158 ,213 ,291 ,191 1,094
NoteData show degree of precision (%) of the computerized software for each dog and the number of events.
REMOTE DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF SNIFFING IN DOGS
Figure 5. A schematic description of the feed-forward neural network used for the discrimination. The input layer contains eight neurons, the hidden layer four neurons, and the output layer one neuron. In the input and hidden layers, a log-sigmoid transfer function was used, and a linear function was used for the output neuron.
the acoustic signals of 6 dogs acquired from these real explosives search sessions, and an average of 82.8% was achieved for panting (see Table 2). To date, the system has been used within an army training framework, aimed at testing the reliability of the dogs work. On these occasions, we did not collect data
systematically, but rather, assessment was based on the handlers reports. When the level of sniffing was low, the handlers reported a low percentage of success in the finding of targets. In many cases, the handlers then re-sent the dogs back to the same area with the sniff command, and success in finding targets increased.
Figure 6. A schematic description of the discrimination algorithm. (A) Learning stage. This includes event detection using a shorttime energy function, the spectral envelope estimation using LPC analysis, and features selection for the discrimination and training of the neural networks. Labeled sniffing and panting events were used for this stage. (B) Discrimination stage, in which test events are detected and discriminated, using the trained neural network.

Table 2 Performance Reliability of the System for 20 Explosives Search Recordings for 6 Dogs Performance Reliability for Sniffing Performance Reliability for Panting Precision (%) 82.3 85.4 91.7 77.4 74.8 85.4 82.82.5 No. 635 efficacy of the use of canines as chemical detectors for explosives. Talanta, 54, 487-500. Gia l a ma s, D. M. (1996). Enhancement of fire scene investigations using accelerant detection canines. Science Justice, 36, 51-54. Hawk, H. W., Con l ey, H. H., & Kiddy, C. A. (1984). Estrus-related odors in milk detected by trained dogs. Journal of Dairy Science, 67, 392-397. Jez ier ski, T. (1992). The effectiveness of estrus detection in cows by trained dog. Animal Science Papers & Reports, 10, 57-66. Koma r , D. (1999). The use of cadaver dogs in locating scattered, scavenged human remains: Preliminary field test results. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44, 405-408. Ku r z , M. E., Bil l a r d, M., Ret t ig, M., Au gu st in ia k, J., La n ge, J., La r sen , M., Wa r r ick, R., Moh n s, T., Bor a , R., & Br oa du s, K. (1994). Evaluation of canines for accelerant detection at fire scenes. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39, 1528-1536. La in g, D. G. (1983). Natural sniffing gives optimum odour perception for humans. Perception, 12, 99-117. Le Magn en, J. (1945). tude des facteurs dynamiques de lexcitation olfactive. LAnne Psychologique, 45-46, 77-89. Makh ou l , J. (1975). Linear prediction: A tutorial review. Proceedings of the IEEE, 63, 561-580. Neu h a u s, V. W. (1981). The importance of sniffing to the olfaction of the dog. Zeitschrift fr Saugetierkunde, 46, 301-310. Oppen h eim, A. V., & Sch a fer , R. W. (1999). Discrete-time signal processing (pp. 714-722). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Reh n , T. (1978). Perceived odor intensity as a function of air flow through the nose. Sensory Processes, 2, 198-205. Sch midt -Niel sen, K., Br et z , W. L., & Tayl or , C. R. (1970). Panting in dogs: Unidirectional air flow over evaporative surfaces. Science, 169, 1102-1104. Sch oon, G. A. A. (1996). Scent identification line-ups by dogs (Canis familiaris) trained in a tube-retrieving method: Experimental design and forensic application. Applied Animal Behaviour Sciences, 49, 257-267. Sch oon, G. A. A. (1998). A first assessment of the reliability of an improved scent identification line-up. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43, 70-75. Sch oon, G. A. A., & De Br u in, J. C. (1994). The ability of dogs to recognize and cross-match human odours. Forensic Science International, 69, 111-118. Sobel , N., Pr a bh a ka r a n , V., Desmon d, J. E., Gl over , G. H., Goode, R. L., Su l l iva n, E. V., & Ga br iel i, J. D. E. (1998). Sniffing and smelling: Separate subsystems in the human olfactory cortex. Nature, 392, 282-286. St een, J. B., Moh u s, I., Kveset ber g, T., & Wal l oe, L. (1996). Olfaction in bird dogs during hunting. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 157, 115-119. TECHNICAL TRAINING. (1996). Military working dog handler (block 1) 37th training group, 341st training squadron (Study guide workbook SGWBL3ALR3PO32A-000AI). Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. Th esen , A., St een, J. B., & Doving, K. B. (1993). Behavior of dogs during olfactory tracking. Journal of Experimental Biology, 180, 247-251. Ueki, S., & Domin o, E. F. (1961). Some evidence for a mechanical receptor in olfactory function. Journal of Neurophysiology, 24, 12-25. Wel ch , J. B. (1990). A detector dog for screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 83, 1932-1934. Wil l ia ms, H., & Pembr oke, A. (1989). Sniffer dogs in a melanoma clinic? Lancet, 1, 734.

Dogs Name Ben Leon Rondo Rubi Sonia Stu Mean SE
Precision (%) 84.1 94.7 97.4 96.1 85.0 81.5 89.82.9
No. ,195 ,119 ,152 ,259 ,213 ,135 1,073
Although, in the course of this study, we examined two breeds of dogs (Belgian malinois and Labrador retriever), it could be interesting to examine this system with other breeds too. However, since sniffing and panting are basic natural behaviors, common to all dogs, we believe that the system will prove equally reliable with other breeds as well. We believe that this system can be used for research in many other areas, such as assessment of the olfactory functioning of canines under different conditions: for assessment following such diseases as canine parainfluenza viral infection, for assessment of age-related changes in canine olfaction, and as an optional technique for diagnosis of anosmia in dogs. It can also be used to assess a dogs functional ability under different environmental conditions (e.g., bad weather, darkness, etc.) or psychological ones, such as the effects of a lack of motivation or growing frustration on the dogs behavior. Use of this system in research can offer an important tool for studying canine olfaction, as well as its obvious contribution to improving operational performances.
REFERENCES Adr ian, E. D. (1942). Olfactory reactions in the brain of the hedgehog. Journal of Physiology, 100, 459-473. Br essl er , S. L. (1987). Relation of olfactory bulb and cortex: II. Model for driving of cortex by bulb. Brain Research, 409, 294-301. Br essl er , S. L., & Fr eema n , W. J. (1980). Frequency analysis of olfactory system EEG in cat, rabbit and rat. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 50, 19-24. Cr awf or d, E. C. (1962). Mechanical aspects of panting in dogs. Journal of Applied Physiology, 17, 249-251. Fr ost , D. F. (1990). A centralized source of information for the military working dog program. Unpublished masters thesis. U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, KS. Fur t on, K. G., & Myer s, L. J. (2001). The scientific foundation and

APPENDIX

Figure A1. The wireless microphone attaches to the muzzle (photographed by I.G.).

The equipment used in this study was selected to be suited to the study requirements on the basis of operational needs. Alternative equipment and, thus, different specifications are possible; selection has to be made according to ones needs (see Figure A1). Microphone AT803b Specifications Element: Fixed-charge back plate permanently polarized condenser Frequency response: 3020,000 Hz Low frequency roll-off: 150 Hz, 6 dB/octave Open circuit sensitivity: 246 dB (0.5 mV) re 1V at 1Pa Impedance: 200 ohms Maximum input sound level: 124 dB SPL, 1 kHz at 1% T.H.D. Dynamic range: 95 dB, 1 kHz at max SPL Signal-to-noise ratio: 65 dB 1 kHz at 1 pa Battery type: AA/UM3 1.5 V Weight: microphone 2.5 g (0.09 oz); power module, 147 g (5.2 oz) Dimensions: microphone, 20.5 mm (0.81 in.) long, 10.0 mm (0.39 in.) diameter; power module, 83.0 mm (3.27 in.) H 3 63.0 mm (2.48 in.) W 3 22.0 mm (0.87 in.) D Transmitter and Receiver Specifications S/N ratio: 96 to over 104 dB Frequency response: 50 Hz to 15 kHz 1 dB THD, 6-dB input as gross overload on max Gain position 7: <0.2% THD @ working levels: <0.1% Battery required: MN1604 Tx2000 Transmitter Weight: 105 g Size: 21 mm Frequency stability: 2 Kh Mx2000 Receiver Weight: 125 g Size: 21 mm Battery required: MN1604 Sensitivity: 298 dBm for 40-dB SINAD Headphones Specifications Sony, Dynamic stereo headphones, MDR-7506 Professional Video Camera Specifications Sony, CCD-TRV 65E HI8
(Manuscript received October 11, 2001; revision accepted for publication August 10, 2002.)