f [kHz]

Figure S1: Radio-frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratio (wtisr) for twenty receivers recorded according to ITU Recommendation BS.641. The category to which the receivers belongs is indicated between brackets. The letters C, P and H are used for respectively the category car radios, portables and handhelds.

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FM receiver study From all the radio-frequency protection ratio curves an average and a median radio-frequency protection ratio curve was calculated. The Sanyo DC-DA1000 was chosen as reference receiver since it had the lowest mean absolute deviation from the mean and median radiofrequency protection ratio curve. Based on their protection ratio curves it was decided that the Blaupunkt Woodstock DAB52 represents a good receiver and the Sony WM-FX491 represents a bad one. The radio-frequency protection ratio curves of the good, the reference and the bad receiver as well as the Zero-Base reference receiver are shown in the figure below.
-400 -300 -200 -100 -10 -20 -30 -300 400
AVERAGE RECEIVER MEDIAN RECEIVER SANYO DC-DA1000 [P] ZEROBASE REFERENCE RECEIV E R
Figure S2: Comparison between the Zero-Base reference receiver, the Sanyo DC-DA1000, the mean and the median receiver of this study.
The reference receiver was used to record an extensive set of sound samples for the network configurations: conventional, same programme and HF-synchro. This extensive set covered a predetermined range of different receiving conditions such as frequency differences, delays and signal-to-noise ratios for wanted signals speech and classical music. To limit the total number of receiving conditions a limited set of sound samples per network configuration were recorded with the good and the bad receiver. The recorded sound samples were used in subjective tests. The goal of these tests was to assess the quality of the recorded sound samples using pairwise comparison and the mean opion score. From these results the protections ratio curves for the network configurations conventional, same programme and HF-synchro were determined. The protection ratio curve based on a grade of 3,5 for speech samples recorded with the reference receiver is presented in the figure below.

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Sanyo-Speech

0 --20

CONV SAME SYNC_D50 SYNC_D0 SYNC_Df [kHz] 300 SYNC_D20
Figure S3: The protection ratio as function of the frequency distance based on a grade of 3,5 for speech recorded with the Sanyo receiver.
Recommendation ITU-R BS.412.9 makes a distinction between radio-frequency protection ratios for steady and troposheric interference. According to Recommendations ITU-R BS.562.2 and ITU-R BS.412-9 tropospheric interference corresponds to grade 3 on a scale of 1 to 5. However, it is unclear on what grade the steady state interference is based. What is clear is that the grade is higher than 3 and that it corresponds to an audio signal-to-noise of 50 dB. The subjective test showed very few results for grade 4. Furthermore this grade would likely result in unrealistic high values. Therefore grade 3,5 was chosen as basis for steady interference. Based on a grade of 3 for troposheric interference and 3,5 for steady interference the results of the subjective tests for the convention network configuration, with the exception of the 0 kHz case, are in fair agreement with the ITU values. Therefore, it is advised to use the radio-frequency protection ratio values of Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 for frequency planning in case of conventional networks. The 3 to 8 dB reduction, for the protection ratios for conventional networks compared to the ITU values, found by the Zero-Base study could not be confirmed by this study. The results of the subjective tests for the network configuration same programme show a considerable improvement compared to the ITU values for the conventional network configuration. This is in line with Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9. For frequency planning of transmitters carrying the same programme it is advised to use the protection ratios based on a grade of 3,5 in case of steady interference. In case of tropospheric interference it is advised to use the protection ratios based a grade of 3,0. The values for same programme and steady interference do not differ much from the Zero-Base values for MPX synchronisation, except for 100 kHz frequency difference. It should be noted that the Zero-Base value is optimistic. The Zero-Base study gave no directives for tropospheric interference. The results of the subjective tests for the HF-synchro network configuration also show a considerable improvement compared to the ITU values for the conventional network configuration. Again this is in line with Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9. Although it was expected that the results for synchronized transmission with a delay of 50 s would be similar to those of same programme the protection ratio in the synchronized case turned out to be Page 8

FM receiver study higher. Also an increase in protection ratio with delay times was expected. The results show, in particular for the 0 s case, a relatively high value. Compared to the Zero-Base study the protection ratios for synchronized transmitters are higher for frequency difference of 0 and 100 kHz. The reason for this could be the different synchronisation used. Since a synchronized network is more complicated to operate an the results are not significantly better than those of same programme it is advised to use same programme in stead of HF-synchro between transmitters carrying the same programme. High signal performance tests have shown that interference from third order inter-modulation products may occur around FM transmission sites where many frequencies are used. There the reception of signals from either a station with much lower power than the others, or from other more distant sites could lead to problems. In these situations frequencies should be chosen such that no third order inter-modulation products occur in the pass-band of the receiver tuned to the low level signal. If this is not possible either the power of the low power transmission should be increased or a gap-filler should be installed to achieve the required protection ratio.

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1 Introduction
This report describes the results of the FM receiver study according to the request for tender from SRG/SSR/ide Suisse from 25 June 2002 and the conclusions reached at the meeting between representatives of the Swiss Companies and Nozema on 26 May 2003 in Lopik.

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2 Measuring protection ratio curves
The first step in this receiver study is to determine the radio-frequency protection ratio curves of thirty receiver. This should be done according to Recommendation ITU-R BS.641. Based upon the radio-frequency protection ratio curves a reference receiver will be selected. The following paragraphs describe the selection procedure. 2.1 Receiver selection Thirty receivers were used in this study: ten car radios, ten portables and ten handhelds. SRG/SSR provided a list with the make and type of the radio. Per category a high and a low end type, based on price, was selected. The tables 2.1 to 2.3 give an overview of the selected receivers. Also the Zero-Base reference receiver, the NAD 1600, was included in the tests. 2.2 Method Recommendation ITU-R BS.641 is used to the determine the radio-frequency protection ratio curves of the receivers. This recommendation indicates that the audio-frequency signal-tointerference ratio should be at least 56 dB. Initial tests with only a few receivers indicated that the 56 dB audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio could not always be reached. To be able to objectively compare receivers it is important that all receivers use the same minimal audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio as starting point for the determination of the radio-frequency protection ratio curve. Receivers which are not able to reach the minimal can not be taken into account. Therefore, it was decided to determine the maximum attainable audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio per receiver first. During this test the audio distortion per receiver is also measured. The audio distortion also gives an indication of the quality of the receiver. The results of this test are given in tables below. #

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KENWOOD KDC-3024A [C] PANASONIC CQ-RDP162N [C] PANASONIC CQ-RDP003N [C] BECKER MEXICO PRO CD 4627 [C] BLAUPUNKT WOODSTOCK DAB 52 [C] SUPE RTE AR-921 CD [C] CH JVC KD-SX997R [C] JVC KS-FX480REX [C] VDO DAYTON CD 2200 [C]
SANYO DTA-300M [P] PHILIP AZ3012 [P] S SANYO DC-DA1000 [P] SONY CFD-S550L/SC [P] THOM SON RR 600CD [P ] DIGITALWAY FD100 [H] PHILIP AZT9500 [H] S SONY ICF-C1200 [H] UNITE DM2595-2 [H] D AIWA HS-RM 539 [H] SONY WM-FX491[H]
Figure 2.1: Radio-frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratio (wtisr) for twenty receivers recorded according to ITU Recommendation BS.641. The category to which the receivers belongs is indicated between brackets. The letters C, P and H are used for respectively the category car radios, portables and handhelds.
Details of the measurements can be found in Appendix A. About half of the receiver did not have an antenna input. This meant the signal from the multi-source generator had to be transmitted via the fixed or wire antenna of the receiver under test. Disadvantage of this method is that the input level at the input of the receiver is not known. This, however, is not necessary for the determination of the radio-frequency protection ratio if it is assumed that ratio between the output level of the transmitter and the input level of the receiver is the same for both the wanted signal and the unwanted signal. 2.4.2 Sensitivity Besides the radio-frequency protection ratio curve, the sensitivity of each receiver was also measured. The sensitivity is the signal level, in dBV, that is needed for an audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio of 20dB. The 20 dB audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio was chosen so that the sensitivity of all receiver could be measured. Not all receivers can be compared based on sensitivity since sensitivity depends on the way the signal is fed to the receiver. For this study three different feeds are used. The first one is a direct feed. This type of feed can be used for receivers that are equipped with an RF-input connector. All receivers from the category car radios have such a feed. Advantage of this type of feed is that the signal level at the input of the receiver is equal to the signal level at the output of the transmitter. The second type of feed uses a alligator clip to transmit the signal onto the fixed antenna. For the third type of feed the receive antenna, a wire, is wrapped around the transmit antenna. In both cases it is not possible to determine the exact input level. This means that only the sensitivity of receivers that use the same type of feed can be compared. Page 15

FM receiver study To get an indication of the actual input level of the receivers that use an indirect feed, two of such receivers are modified. The fixed antenna of the Sanyo DC-DA1000 and the wire antenna of the Sony WM-FX491 were replaced by a BNC connector. The table below lists the sensitivity before and after the modification. Sanyo DC-DA1000
Sensitivity before modification [dBV] Type of feed Sensitivity after modification [dBV] Type of feed 19,30 Indirect via fixed antenna 7,90 Direct via BNC connector

Sony WM-FX491

35,40 Indirect via wire 29,20 Direct via BNC connector
Table 2.1: Indication of actual sensitivity for receivers which are fed indirectly.
Table 2.1 indicates that the loss due to the indirect coupling is 11,40 dB in case the signal is transmitted to the fixed antenna via an alligator clip and 6,20 dB in case the transmitted by wrapping the wire antenna of the receiver around the wire antenna of the transmitter. 2.5 Selection of the reference receiver The radio-frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratios are used to select a reference receiver. This is done in two steps. The first step is to determine and average and mean radio-frequency protection ratio curve. The second step is to select the receiver which radio-frequency protection ratio curves is closest to the mean and median radio-frequency protection ratio curve. Before the mean and median radio-frequency protection ratio can be determined, the following question needs to be answered: How many receivers from each category are used for determining the average protection ratio curve? With the adjusted minimal value for the audio-frequency signal-to-noise ratio it is possible to determine the protection ratio curves for nine car radios, five portables receivers and six walkmans. In principle the are two options for the determination of the mean and median audio-frequency protection ratio curves. In the first option the mean and median curve will be based on an equal number of receivers per category. The category with the lowest number of receivers determines the total number of receivers. Consequently, in the other two categories receivers have to be dropped. The problem then is which receiver is, and which receiver is not, taken into account. In the second option the mean and median will be based on all receivers. Although this means that the three categories are not equally represented it was decided to determine the mean and median protection ratio curve based on all receivers. This decision is (primarily) based on the fact that the difference between the portable and the walkman category is arbitrary. A division into two categories is more logical since the car radios perform significantly better than the remaining receivers. In that perspective the two categories are more or less equally represented: nine car receivers and eleven other receivers. Based on the mean and median protection ratio curve a reference receiver will be selected. This receiver is used to record the sound samples which will be used in the subjective tests. Page 16

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BLAUPUNKT WOODSTOCK DAB 52 [C] SANYO DC-DA1000 [P ] SONY WM-FX491[H]
Figure 2.1: The protection ratio curves of the good, the reference and the bad receiver.

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3 Recording of the sound samples
For the subjective tests sound sample via a simulated radio link between the transmitters and receiver are recorded. The simulated radio link makes it possible to do for different conditions. For this study the frequency difference and the delay between the wanted and interfering transmitter as well as the ratio between radio-frequency level of the wanted and interfering transmitter are varied. The sound samples are recorded for three different network configurations. Per network configuration three different receivers are used: the good, the reference and the bad receiver. Details of the recordings are explained in the next paragraphs. 3.1 Test setup Figure 3.1 shows the diagrams of the measurement arrangements which are used for the recording of the sound samples. The modulating signals originate from industrial personal computers (IPCs) 1 and 2. The audio output of the receiver under test is fed to IPC 3. This IPC is used for recording the sound samples All IPCs are equipped with a professional sound card. An output balancing unit (OBU) is placed between the audio output of the receiver and the input of the IPC to go from unbalanced to balanced audio. For the network configurations conventional and same programme two analogue exciters, with integrated stereo encoders, were used. In case of the network configuration same programme the exciters are locked to an external frequency reference, in case of the conventional network configuration they are not. The network configuration HF-synchro uses two digital exciters which are also locked to an external frequency source. The RDS and stereo encoders are integrated in the digital exciter. Table 3.1 gives the details of the equipment that is used. Equipment
Musicam Encoders Elettronika MIRA 30S BE Fxi60 Azted Audemat RDS encoder Agilent Frequency counter (Frequency reference) MP2700 Multipath Fading Emulator Rhode& Signal Generator (Local Oscillator) Nozema n.v. AES/EBU Audio splitter Output Balacing Unit EA811 Nozema n.v. Analogue Audio splitter Aztec Audemat FM-MC3.2
CN, SP, SN CN, SP SN CN, SP SP, SN CN, SP, SN CN, SP, SN SN CN, SP, SN CN, SP CN, SP, SN
Musicam1,2 and 3 0202,0206 8011895-001, -
Table 3.1: Equipment used for the recording of the sound samples. The column network configuration (nc) indicates for which network operation mode the equipment was used.

FM receiver study display using a keyboard. The presentation of the sample was followed by a warning signal to warn the participants that they should enter their ratings (there was a 2-sec interval between samples). Each sample was presented only once. The participants were tested in groups of 3 or 4, in separate testing booths with individual headphones. For each group of participants, the order of the speech samples (MOS run 1) and of the classical music samples (MOS run 2) was different. About twenty (half) of the participants started with the speech samples and the other participants with the classical music samples. Prior to each MOS run, the participants were presented with eight practice trials to familiarize them with the experimental procedure and with the quality range for both the speech and classical music samples to be expected in the experiment. In total, the MOS test (2 runs) took approximately 25 minutes, including a short break. 4.3 Analysis and results of the pairwise comparison For each participant, the preference matrix of the samples was determined. Table 4.1 illustrates an artificial comparison between five samples. A cell value of 1 indicates that the column variable is preferred over the row variable, a cell value of 0 indicates that the row variable is preferred. The sum of the column reflects the number of times the column variable is preferred over all row variables. Sample A B C D E Column total A 3 B 0 Preference C 4
Table 4.1: Quality preference matrix based on an artificial pairwise comparison of five samples.
A cumulative preference matrix of the preference matrices of all participants was calculated for each network configuration, and for speech and classical music separately. In order to determine the rank order of the samples and to normalize the distances between rankings, we constructed a new matrix from the cumulative preference matrix in which the proportion of times a sample was preferred above another is depicted. Then we converted the proportions into Z-scores using the cumulative normal distribution. In order to get an idea of the spread of the Z-scores caused by the individuals participants and to be able to perform statistical analyses on these data, we applied the Quenouille-Tukey-jackknife method. According to this simulation procedure, we calculated the Z-scores 40 times (40 listeners participated in the experiment) by leaving out the data from one participant each time. With the obtained Zscores it is now possible to rank order the sample conditions within each network configuration. In order to obtain one rank order that includes the results of the three network configurations, we re-scaled the data. For this purpose we used the Z-scores for the best (ref1) and worst references (ref4) to derive the translation and scaling factors, because these anchor points were included in each of the PWC runs

Sanyo-Speech-HF synchro

5 4,3,2,1,-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -35 SIR [dB]
F0_D0 F0_D10 F0_D20 F0_D50 F100_D50 F200_D50 F300_D50
Figure 4.3: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for speech recorded in a HF synchro network with the Sanyo receiver.
Figures 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 present the results for classical music and the Sanyo receiver, for the conventional, the same program and the HF-synchro networks, respectively. Page 27
Sanyo-Classical music-Conventional
Figure 4.4: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for classical music recorded in a conventional network with the Sanyo receiver.
Sanyo-Classical music-Same programme

5 4,3,2,1,-5 0

MOS -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
Figure 4.5: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for classical music recorded in a same programme network with the Sanyo receiver.
Sanyo-Classical music-HF synchro
5 4,3,2,1,-20 -15 -10 -35 SIR [dB]
Figure 4.6: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for classical music recorded in a HF synchro network with the Sanyo receiver.
For the Blaupunkt and Sony receivers a MOS test was carried out for speech only. Figures 4.7 and 4.8 show MOS scores as a function of SIR (dB) for Blaupunkt and Sony, respectively.

Blaupunkt-Speech

5,4,3,5

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F0_CONV F200_CONV F0 SAME
Figure 4.7: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for speech recorded in a conventional, same programme and HF-synchro network with the Blaupunkt receiver.

Sony-Speech

6 5,4,3,2,1,80 SIR [dB]
F0_CONV F200_CONV F0_SAME F200_SAME F0_D0_SYNC F0_D50_SYNC F200_D50_SYNC
Figure 4.8: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for speech recorded in a conventional, same programme and HF-synchro network with the Sanyo receiver.
If a quality criterion of MOS = 3.51 is regarded as acceptable, then the following protection ratios can be obtained.
The criterion of MOS = 3.5 is similar to the criterion applied in the ZeroBase study.

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Figure 4.9: The protection ratio as function of the frequency distance based on a mean opion score of 3,5 for speech recorded with the Sanyo receiver.

Sanyo-Classical music

Figure 4.10: The protection ratio as function of the frequency distance based on a mean opion score of 3,5 for classical music recorded with the Sanyo receiver.

0 --20 -30

CONV SAME SYNC_D50 SYNC_D100 f [kHz] 150 200
Figure 4.11: The protection ratio as function of the frequency distance based on a mean opion score of 3,5 for speech recorded with the Blaupunkt receiver.

FM receiver study Synchronised.
Of these three conditions, conventional corresponds to the ITU conditions. However in the FM receiver study the wanted signal was either speech or classical music, whereas pop/rock has been used as interfering signal. These test conditions are much more critical than using a sinusoidal tone of 500 Hz as wanted signal and a standard coloured noise signal as interfering source as referred to in Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9. Seen the remarks in Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 and results of investigations in the Netherlands, it is expected, that same programme results in considerable lower protection ratios than conventional. Furthermore synchronised with small delay times is expected to give somewhat lower protection ratios than same programme. The subjective tests certainly show the first expectation. But the synchronised condition appears not be better than same programme. This may be caused by the performance of the digital exciters that were agreed to be used for the tests. Monitoring of the audio quality of the sound samples recorded in this part of the tests showed a poorer sound quality compared to the sound quality in the tests with the analogue exciters. 5.2 Considerations on protection ratios for conventional networks
5.2.1 Comparison The results from the protection ratio measurements for the conventional case and for the selected reference receiver are compared with the ITU values in the tables 7.1 and 7.2. f [kHz]

ITU-Steady Interference

Protection Ratios [dB]
ITU-Tropospheric Sanyo-Speech Interference MOS score 3,5 Sanyo-Speech MOS score 3,0

200 300

Table 7.1: Comparison between the protection rations from recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 and those based on the subjective tests for conventional networks.
ITU-Tropospheric Sanyo-Objective method Average- Objective Interference (ITU-R BS.641) method (ITU-R BS.641)

-4 -22

-9 -25
Table 7.2: Comparison between the protection rations from recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 and those based on the objective tests for conventional networks.
Conclusions regarding conventional networks

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FM receiver study The following conclusions can be drawn: The average results of the objective measurements compare well to the ITUtropospheric values for 0 and 100 kHz. The subjective tests using speech as wanted signal and pop/rock as interfering signal show a considerable higher protection ratios than the objective tests. ITU tropospheric values are likely to correspond to quality grade 3. It is therefore proposed to use results of the FM receiver test presented for grade 3 as the basis for protection ratios for tropospheric interference. ITU steady interference is based on an unspecified grade which is higher than 3 and provides an audio signal-to-noise ratio of about 50 dB. The subjective tests show relative few results for grade 4. Furthermore grade 4 would likely result in unrealistic high values. It is therefore proposed to use grade 3.5 as the basis for protection ratios for steady interference. Taking into account the great variety in performance of the tested receivers and the subjective results that are more or less in line with the ITU values (except the 0 kHz case) it is advised to use the protection ratio values of Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 for frequency planning in case of conventional networks. Considerations on protection ratios for same programme networks

5.3.1 Comparison The results from the protection ratio measurements for the same programme case and for the selected reference receiver are compared with the ITU values in the Table 5.1. f [kHz]

-3 -13

-9 -17
Table 5.1: Comparison between the protection rations from recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 and those based on the subjective tests for same programme networks.
Conclusions regarding same programme networks
The following conclusions can be drawn: The results of the subjective tests for the network condition same programme show a considerable improvement compared to the ITU values which are for wanted and interfering signals having different programmes, also taking into account that the test conditions (wanted signal speech, unwanted signal pop/rock) are much more unfavourable than the conditions assumed for the ITU results. No reliable result could be found for 0 kHz, grade 3. Extrapolation of the results in the table above would lead to about 19 dB. Page 34
FM receiver study For frequency planning of transmitters carrying the same programme it is advised to use the protection ratios based on MOS score3,5 in case of steady interference. Furthermore the considerations of section 5.2.2 should be taken into account. For frequency planning of transmitters carrying the same programme it is advised to use the protection ratios based on MOS score3,0 in case of tropospheric interference. Furthermore the considerations of section 5.2.2 should be taken into account. Considerations on protection ratios for HF-synchro networks
5.4.1 Comparison The preliminary results from the protection ratio measurements for the synchronised case and for the selected reference receiver are compared with the ITU values in the table 7.4 in case of a frequency difference of 0 kHz. For reference also the values for same programme measured with a delay of 50 s are indicated between brackets. Delay [s]

26 (19)

Table 5.1: Comparison between the protection rations from recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 and those based on the subjective tests for HF-synchro for f=0kHz. The values between brackets represent the values for network configuration same programme under the same conditions.
Conclusions regarding HF-synchro networks
The following conclusions can be drawn: The results of the subjective tests for the network condition hf-synchro show a considerable improvement compared to the ITU values which are for wanted and interfering signals having different programmes, also taking into account that the test conditions (wanted signal speech, unwanted signal pop/rock) are much more unfavourable than the conditions assumed for the ITU results. Although it was expected that the results for synchronised transmissions with a delay of 50 s would be similar as those for same programme, the protection ratio in the synchronised case appears to be higher. Although an increase in protection ratio with delay time had been expected, the results show in particular for the 0 s case an relative high value. The results for the delays 0, 20 and 50 s are relatively close to each other, statistical analysis has shown that there is no significant difference. As synchronised transmitters are more complicated to operate and the results are not significantly better than same programme it is advised not to use synchronised transmitters for achieving a higher frequency efficiency, but in stead same programme. Page 35

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FM receiver study 3 - Measuring the radio-frequency protection ratio curve. The following procedure is repeated for frequency differences ranging from 500 kHz to 5 MHz in steps of 500 kHz: The output levels of the unwanted transmitters are kept equal and are simultaneously adjusted to obtain an audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio of 40 dB at the audio-frequency output of the receiver. In this case, the weighting network of the modulation analyzer must be switched in (i.e. CCIR WEIGHTED) and the QUASI-PEAK detector must be selected. The ratio between the radio-frequency levels of the wanted and unwanted transmitters is the required radio-frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratio. 7.2 Results The high signal performance tests are executed for two receivers from the category portables a handhelds. For the first category the Sanyo DC-DA1000 and the Sony CFD-S550L are tested, for the second category the Philips AZT9500 and the Sony WM-FX491.

Sanyo DC-DA1000

0 -1 --10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 f [MHz]

wtisr [dB]

30dBpW 50dBpW 70dBpW
Figure 7.1: Radio-frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratio as a function of frequency difference for the Sanyo receiver.

Sony CFD-S550L

wtisr [dB] -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 --10 -15 -20 f [MHz] 5 30dBpW 50dBpW 70dBpW
Figure 7.2: Radio-frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratio as a function of frequency difference for the Sony receiver.

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Philips AZT9500
Figure 7.3: Radio-frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratio as a function of frequency difference for the Philips receiver.
wtisr [dB] -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -5 50dBpW 70dBpW

-10 f [MHz]

Figure 7.4: Radio-frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratio as a function of frequency difference for the Philips receiver.
The results clearly indicate that inter-modulation products significantly deteriorate the performance of the receiver under test. The frequencies of the second and third order intermodulation product, expressed in in fw and f, can found in table below. Order of the IM products Second Third Frequencies of the IM-products f, 2f, 2fw, 2f w+f, 2fw+2f, 2f w+3f ,2fw+4f fw-2f, f w-f, fw, f w+f, f w+2f, fw+3f, f w+4f, 3fw, 3f w+f, 3fw+2f, 3fw+3f, 3f w+4f, 3fw+5f, 3f w+6f
Table 7.1: Frequencies of the first, second and third order inter-modulation products for the choice of frequencies in accordance with (1).
From this table it can be seen that the inter-modulation effects are caused by third order intermodulation products. The effect of these third order inter-modulation products is most noticeable when they are located in the pass-band of the receiver.

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FM receiver study Experience in The Netherlands has shown that interference from third order inter-modulation products may take place if reception is near an FM transmission site where many frequencies are used and: a) at least one with much lower power (for instance a local station) than the others b) reception of signals from another, more distant, site is required In these situations frequencies should as far as possible be chosen in such a way that no third order inter-modulation products occur in the pass-band of the receiver tuned to the low level signal. If it is not possible to avoid third order inter-modulation products in case a) the power of the low power transmission may need to be increased in order to achieve the required protection ratio for this situation. In case b) a fill-in transmitter may be required that fulfils the conditions indicated for case a). An example of case b) in the Netherlands is shown in Appendix C

90,0&105,0 90,0&90,3 105,0&90,0 90,0&89,7
Table 8.1: Results for RDS switching behaviour due to multipath. The value in the cell is the radio-frequency level, in dBV, of source C when the receiver switches from source A to source B.
In general all receivers, except the Jvc KS-FX480REX, show a comparable multipath behaviour.

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Appendix A: Detailed results of the protection ratio measurements
Tof Rf-w2isr max Wt-rfl: rfw2isr max M/s Ut-afl: dev=32 kHz Wt-afl: afs2ir=46 dB Ut-dev Wt-dev Wt-rfl: SNR=20dB Wt-rfl: SNR=20dB corrected Wt-rfl: afs2ir=46 dB Rf-w2isr: df= 400 kHz Type of feed. The following tof were used:1-Direct feed (D), 2-Indirect feed using an alligator clip (I-AC) and 3-Indirect feed using a wire antenna (I-W). The maximum radio-frequency wanted-to- interfering signal ratio. The radio-frequency level of the wanted transmitter to obtain the maximum radio- frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratio. Mono/stereo. The audio frequency level of the unwanted transmitter to obtain a frequency deviation of 32 kHz. The audio frequency level of the wanted transmitter to obtain a audio- frequency signal-to- interference ratio of 46 dB. The frequency deviation of the unwanted transmitter. The frequency deviation of the wanted transmitter. The radio frequency level of the wanted transmitter to obtain a signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB. The corrected, due to using an indirect feed, radio frequency level of the wanted transmitter to obtain a signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB. The radio frequency level of the wanted transmitter to obtain a audio- frequency signal- to-interference ratio of 46 dB. The radio-frequency wanted-to- interfering signal ratio for a frequency difference between the wanted and unwanted transmitter of 400 kHz.
Table A.1: Detailed results of the radio-frequency protection ratio measurements.
Appendix B: Example of a same programme network
Table B.1: Example of a same programme network in The Netherlands

Ombytningsprodukter Sony
Sony ACCBDL Sony bcg-34hrc4 Sony CDF-S35 Sony CDP-M305 Sony CDP-XE270 Sony CDP-XE370 Sony CDS-S35CP Sony CDX-L410 Sony CDX-S2020 Sony CDX-S2250V Sony CFD-926L Sony CFD-E75L Sony CFD-E77L Sony CFD-E95L Sony CFD-S01 Sony CFD-S03 Sony CFD-S100L Sony CFD-S150L Sony CFD-S170 Sony CFD-S200L Sony CFD-S20CP Sony CFD-S250L Sony CFD-S26L Sony CFD-S35 Sony CFD-S350L Sony CFD-S36L Sony CFD-S400L Sony CFD-S550L Sony CFD-V177L Sony CFD-V3 Sony CFD-V6E Sony CFD-V7 Sony CFD-V7L Sony CFD-V8 Sony CFDS22L Sony CFDV31L Sony CFM-20 Sony CFS-B21L Sony CFS-B31 Sony CFS-E14 Sony CFS-E2 Sony CFS-W338 Sony CMT-EH10 Sony CMT-NEZ50 Sony D-E1011 Sony D-E220 Sony D-E221 Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony D-E331 D-E340 D-E341 D-E350 D-E351 D-E353 D-E445 D-EJ001 d-ej011 D-EJ100 D-EJ101 D-EJ250 D-EJ360 D-EJ361 D-EJ613 D-EJ620 D-EJ621 D-EJ623 D-EJ625 D-EJ750 D-EJ751 D-EJ753 D-EJ755 D-EJ760 D-EJ761 D-EJ765 D-EJ775 D-EJ785 D-EJ835 D-F201 D-FJ200 D-FJ211 D-FJ61 D-FJ787 D-NE10 D-NE241 d-ne270 D-NE300 D-NE301 D-NE511 D-NE520 D-NE700 D-NE711 D-NE800 D-NE900 D-NF400 D-NF600 Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony D-NF611 D-SJ301 DE223 DEJ010 DEJ613 DPP-FP35 DR-BT20 DR-BT30Q DSC-T33 DSC-U40 DVP-NS15 DVP-NS30 DVP-NS32 DVP-NS33 DVP-NS330 DVP-NS355 DVP-NS360 DVP-NS38 DVP-NS52P DVP-NS590P DVP-NS700V DVP-NS76H DVPNS36 DVPNS37 ecm-719 ecm-ms907 ecm-z60 F-V420 GPS-CS1 HCD-EH10 HCD-EP30 HCD-EP303 HCD-EP313 HCD-S300 HCD-WZ8D HWS-BTA2W ICD-47 ICD-B10 ICD-B16 ICD-B17 ICD-B25 ICD-B26 ICD-B5 ICD-B7 ICD-BP100 ICD-P110 ICD-P17 Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony ICD-P330F ICF-1000L ICF-18 ICF-303 ICF-703 ICF-704 ICF-903L ICF-904L ICF-9600 ICF-C111 ICF-C111L ICF-C115 ICF-C211 ICF-C212 ICF-C215 ICF-C217 ICF-C253 ICF-C263 ICF-C270 ICF-C273L ICF-C317 ICF-C411 ICF-C470L ICF-C490 ICF-C503 ICF-C630 ICF-C703 ICF-C713 ICF-C743 ICF-C760 ICF-C763 ICF-C793 ICF-CD513 ICF-CD830 ICF-CD831L ICF-CD853 ICF-M260 ICF-M33RDS ICF-M410L ICF-M50RDS ICF-M600 ICF-S10MK2 ICF-SW11 ICF-SW30 ICF-SW35 ICF-SW40 KD-32NX200U
Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony
KV-14CT1E M-100MC M-440 M-455 M-640V M-650V M-670V M-673V M-800V MDR-CD580 MDR-CD780 MDR-E818LP MDR-E829V MDR-ED21 mdr-ex51lp MDR-EX71SL MDR-EX81 MDR-NC11 MDR-Q25LP MDR-Q33 MDR-RF820RK MDR-RF840RK MDR-RF845RK MDR-RF850RK MDR-V150 mdr-v250 MDR-V300 MDR-V500DJ MDR-V700DJ MDR-W24 MZ-E10 MZ-E300 MZ-E310 MZ-N510 MZN520 NW-103 NW-A805 NW-E002 NW-E002F NW-E003 nw-e103 NW-E105 NW-E205 nw-e207 NW-E305 NW-E405 NW-E55 NW-S203 NW-S703 PDM-4210 PDM-5010
PDM-6110 PFM-42V1E PS-J20 PS-LX250H PS-LX76 RM-V111 RM-VZ800T RM-X110 RM-X4S RM-X5S RM-X91 RMVZ950T SA-VF700ED SA-VS700ED SA-WM20 SA-WVS200 SA-WVS300 SA-WX700 SCD-XA9000ES SHR-M1 SLV-SE220B SLV-SE230B slv-se230d2 SLV-SE630B SLV-SE630D SLV-SE640N SLV-SE720B SLV-SE720N SLV-SE730B SLV-SE737E SLV-SE830B SLV-SX730D SRF-56 SRF-H11 SRF-H5 SRF-M10 SRF-M35 SRF-M37L SRF-M48RDS SRF-M55 SRF-M606 SRF-M75PM SRF-M80 SRF-M806 SRF-M95 SRF-S50 SRF-S53 SRF-S54 SRS-A5SK SRS-Z30 SRS-Z510
SS-B2ED SS-B4ED SS-CNB2ED SS-CNX7 SS-CR105 SS-CR305 SS-LA300ED SS-MB100H SS-MB150H SS-MB200H SS-MB250H SS-MF400H SS-MF450H SS-RG40 SS-RG60 SS-RG70AV SS-S3 SS-S9 SS-WZ8E SS-X5 ST-SE370 STR-SL40 SXS-L1220T TCM-150 TCM-16 TCM-200DV TCM-20DV TCM-400DV TCM-40DV TCM-450DV TCM-465V TCM-939 usm-128 WM-EC1 WM-EX190 WM-EX192 WM-EX194 WM-EX422 WM-EX501 WM-EX506 WM-EX521 WM-EX522 WM-EX525 WM-EX526 WM-EX550 WM-EX610 WM-EX615 WM-EX621 WM-EX631 WM-FS555 WM-FX193
WM-FX195 wm-fx197 WM-FX277 WM-FX288 WM-FX290 WM-FX481 WM-FX491 WM-FX493 WM-FX521 WM-FX522 WM-GX400 WMEX194 XA-C30 XDR-S20 XM-222MK2 XM-255EX XM-423SL XM-440EX XM-444 XM-502Z XR-CA300 XR-CA370X XR-L240 XS-A1021 XS-A1024 XS-A1027 XS-A1321 XS-A1324 XS-A1327 XS-A1334 XS-A1721 XS-A1727 XS-A827 XS-A82P XS-F1010 XS-F1011 XS-F1020 XS-F1022 XS-F1031 XS-F1311 XS-F132 XS-F1320 XS-F1322 XS-F1331 XS-F1710 XS-F1711 XS-F1720 XS-F1722 XS-F1731 XS-F6920 XS-F6922