Table E-4. Power Measurements of Receivers... 64 Table E-5. Power Measurements of Amplifiers... 65 Table E-6. Power Measurements of Rack Audio Systems.. 65 Table E-7. Power Measurements of Tuners... 65 Table E-8. Power Measurements of Tape Players.. 66 Table E-9. Power Measurements of CD Players... 66

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1. Miscellaneous End-Use as an Uncertain Fraction of U.S. Residential Electricity Use, with Portions of Electricity Use Attributed to TVs and VCRs.. 2 Figure 2-1. Audio Products Investigated for the Study.. 3 Figure 3-1. The 4/3 Retirement Function... 8 Figure 4-1. Percentage of Consumers that Regularly Use Certain Audio Products to Listen to the Radio, Adjusted to Compensate for Differences in Saturation Levels. 14 Figure 4-2. Measured Power Use of 33 Clock Radios in Standby and Tuner-Play Modes19 Figure 4-3. Measured Power Use of 22 Portable Stereos in Standby, Tape-Idle, CD-Idle, Tuner-Play, Tape-Play, and CD-Play Modes.. 20 Figure 4-4. Measured Power Use of 19 Compact Stereo Systems in Standby, Tape/LineIdle, CD-Idle, Tuner-Play, Tape-Play, and CD-Play Modes.. 21 Figure 4-5. Measured Power Use of 13 Amplifiers in Standby and Line-Idle Modes.. 22 Figure 4-6. Measured Power Use of 46 Receivers in Standby and Line-Idle Modes. 23 Figure 4-7. Measured Power Use of 11 Rack Audio Systems in Standby and Line-Idle Modes.... 24 Figure 4-8. Measured Power Use of 17 Tuners in Standby and Tuner-Idle/Play Modes. 25 Figure 4-9. Measured Power Use of 14 Tape Players in Standby, Tape-Idle, and TapePlay Modes.... 25 Figure 4-10. Measured Power Use of 15 CD Players in Standby, CD-Idle, and CD-Play Modes.... 26 Figure 4-11. Effect of Volume on Power Draw for the Harman Kardon Signature 1.5. 27 Figure 4-12. Distribution of Different Types of Component Systems in 1998.. 29 Figure 5-1. Average Power Requirements for Common Component Stereo System Modes.... 31 Figure 5-2. Average Power Requirements for Common Compact Stereo System Modes32 Figure 5-3. Average Power Requirements for Common Portable Stereo Modes. 33 Figure 5-4. Average Power Requirements for Common Clock Radio Modes.. 34 Figure 6-1. Sensitivity of Results to Variation in Idle-Mode Usage Estimates. 38 Figure 6-2. Range of Uncertainties in Audio Energy Consumption Estimate for 1998. 41 Figure 7-1. Contributions of Modes to Average Annual UEC Values.. 46
Figure 7-2. Contributions of Modes to 1998 Energy Use of Home Audio Products in the U.S. Residential Sector.... 47 Figure 7-3. Contributions of Individual Products to 1998 Audio Energy Consumption. 48 Figure 7-4. Contributions of Individual Modes to 1998 Audio Energy Consumption. 49 Figure 7-5. Miscellaneous End-Use as an Uncertain Fraction of 1998 Residential Electricity Use, with Portions Attributed to TVs, VCRs, and Audio Products. 50 Figure A-1. Measured Power Use of DVD Players in Standby and Idle Modes. 55 Figure B-1. Historical Sales/Shipments of Audio Products, 1980-1998. 57 Figure B-2. Comparison of U.S. Audio Product Stock Estimates Calculated Using Two Different Methods.... 58

Clock radio

Portable stereo

Compact stereo

Component stereo
We include power amplifiers and integrated amplifiers in this category. Based on availability at retail stores, we expect that the number of power amplifiers in the U.S. is relatively small.
Products that we did not cover in detail for this study include digital versatile disk (DVD) players, radios without clocks, power speakers, and others. For descriptions, available power measurements, and some rough estimates of national energy consumption of these products, see Appendix A. 2.2 Audio Modes Considered in This Study
A mode is an overall appliance state, defined by the activities or "functions" performed. Most audio products have many modes, and power requirements usually differ from one mode to the next. An accurate estimate of national audio energy consumption should include energy use for each appliance mode. This entails defining each mode, and then obtaining estimates of average power requirements and usage for each mode. Since audio products often have more than a dozen modes, we limited our investigation to the most common audio modes: play, idle, standby, and disconnected. These modes are defined in Table 2-1. We did not consider recording for this study because consumers record so infrequently [3]. Likewise, we did not address other modes involving motor functions, such as fast-forward and rewind.
Table 2-1. Audio System Modes Addressed in This Study LineTunerTapeCDLineTapeCD-
Amplification of an audio signal from an external audio source (line), a tuner, a tape player, or a CD player. The unit is plugged in and the power switch is in the "on" position, but the unit is not producing sound and no motors are active. The unit is plugged in and the power switch is in the "off" position. The unit is unplugged.

Standby Disconnected

This list of modes is not exhaustive. As mentioned above, many audio systems have, in addition to those listed, fast-forward, rewind, pause, and more. Some products even have high- and low-power displays, which nearly doubles the number of possible modes. We chose to address only the modes listed above for two reasons, (1) simplicity, and (2) assumption that these modes account for nearly all electricity use of audio products. Play and Idle Modes Play and idle modes for audio products occur when the power switch is in the "on" position. In the play mode, an audio product produces sound originating from a tape, a CD, a radio or television broadcast, or some other audio source. The idle mode can be

For example, if each household member listens to the radio for one hour per day, the average national system usage would be the number of listening hours per person (1.0 hrs/day) times the number of households in the U.S. divided by the number of units capable of playing the radio. To estimate a maximum system usage value, we assume that all household members listen to the appliance(s) separately. The maximum system usage is calculated as:
(Usage / System) Max = (Usage / Person) ( People) /( Systems )
Using the above example, let us again assume that each person in the U.S. listens to the radio for one hour per day, but this time, alone. The average system usage would then be the number of listening hours per person (1.0 hrs/day) times the number of people in the U.S. divided by the number of systems capable of playing the radio. It is unlikely that all household members always listen to the same unit at the same time, so one can expect the true value to be higher than the value calculated using Equation 6. Similarly, it is unlikely that household members never listen to the same unit at the same time, so one can expect the true value to be lower than the value calculated using Equation 7. In addition, a good estimate of the true value must take into account the possibility that certain types of audio systems are more likely to be used than others, while maintaining an overall weighted average that lies between the calculated minimum and maximum values. Other than the play mode, there are two commonly used operating modes: standby and idle. Surveys about usage of these modes do not exist. While calculating energy consumption for appliances with only one of these modes is straightforward (e.g. most clock radios), difficulty arises when the appliance in question has both modes, or more than one idle mode. In such cases, the percentage of time spent in the standby and idle modes must be estimated.
Estimating Average Unit Power Consumption
To calculate the average unit power consumption (UPC) of a product, the power use of all the modes of a sample of units must be measured. Average power values obtained from measurements are then weighted to reflect average usage values obtained as described above. The average UPC is calculated as:

M i =1

where M is the number of appliance modes, Pi is the average power draw of the unit in mode i, and Ti is the percentage of time that the unit is in mode i such that Ti=100%. 3.4 Estimating Average Unit Energy Consumption
Once the average unit power consumption is known, energy use can be calculated simply as the product of the average UPC and the desired time period. Typically, average unit energy consumption (UEC) is given in terms of watt-hours per year (Wh/yr). In this case, UEC is calculated as the product of the average unit power consumption in watts (W), and the number of hours per year (h/yr) as follows: UEC = (UPC ) 8760 h / yr where UPC is the average unit power consumption calculated using Equation 8. 3.5 Estimating National Energy Consumption (9)

Table 4-1. Penetration of Audio Systems as Reported by CEMA [7] Audio System Penetrationa Clock radio 84% Portable stereo 56% Compact stereo 40% Component stereo 65%
a. Penetration is the percentage of homes with at least one product.
Subsequent surveys report similar findings. The U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA) reports that 68.8% of U.S. homes had a stereo system in 1997 [8]. A February 1999 survey of 1000 U.S. homes found that 66% of U.S. homes had separate component systems [9]. An April 1999 survey found that 49% of homes have compact or ministereo systems [10]. The same survey showed that 49% of homes have a portable CD boombox, slightly less than the percentage of all types of boomboxes (with or without a CD player) used in this report.
To translate penetration into saturation, we drew on a recent survey, which asked whether the purchase of the most used portable stereo, compact stereo, or stereo receiver was a first time, replacement, or additional purchase [10]. Table 4-2 shows the percentage of audio product owners who responded that they had made an additional purchase. We assume that all additional purchases were the second unit in the home, and that the number of homes with more than two units was insignificant. The number of units per unit-home was therefore calculated by adding the percentage of Additional Purchases to 1.0, where 1.0 represents the average number of products in these homes before the additional purchases were made.
Table 4-2. Number of Portable Stereos, Compact Stereos, and Stereo Receivers per UnitHome Audio Product Portable CD boombox Compact (or mini) stereo Stereo receiver Additional Purchases [10] 20% 16% 12% Units per Unit-home 1.20 1.16 1.12
We used the numbers for portable CD boomboxes to represent all portable stereos, and the numbers for receivers to represent all component stereo systems. Clock radios were not included in this survey. We estimate that, on average, each home has 1.5 clock radios. The uncertainty associated with this estimate is discussed in Section 6.1. According to Equation 4, the only information needed to estimate the number of products nationwide, other than penetration and the number of units per unit-home, is the number of U.S. households. For this data we consulted U.S. Census Bureau, which estimates that there were 101.5 million households in the U.S. in 1998 [11]. Our final stock estimates and a summary of the data used to determine them are given in Table 4-3. Note that saturation values were calculated using Equation 3 and total U.S. units calculated using Equation 4.
Table 4-3. Number of Audio Products in the U.S. in 1998 Units per Penetration Unit-Home [7] [10] Clock radio 84% 1.5b Portable stereo 56% 1.20 Compact stereo 40% 1.16 Component stereo 65% 1.12 Audio System

Figure 4-8. Measured Power Use of 17 Tuners in Standby and Tuner-Idle/Play Modes
Figure 4-9. Measured Power Use of 14 Tape Players in Standby, Tape-Idle, and Tape-Play Modes
Figure 4-10. Measured Power Use of 15 CD Players in Standby, CD-Idle, and CD-Play Modes
Note that power requirements of play modes are not graphed for amplifiers or receivers in Figures 4-5 and 4-6. In retail stores, where most measurements took place, amplifiers and receivers are not typically set up in such a way as to allow power measurements of play modes. To estimate play mode power requirements of base components, we measured the power requirements of the amplifier in an amplifier-based component stereo system at different volume levels. We noted both the volume display on the preamp and the power requirements of the amplifier, as shown in Figure 4-11. The high and low lines in the graph represent the range of power needed at each volume. The dotted line indicates the level at which the loudness of the music became painful to the ears. The circled value indicates the volume we considered to be most pleasant.
Figure 4-11. Effect of Volume on Power Draw for the Harman Kardon Signature 1.5
Power (watts) -100 -80 -60 -40 -Volume (dB below max)

(painful)

high low
Of the listening levels measured, we found the lower-middle listening level (-50 dB) to be the most "pleasant" and assumed that this was the average listening level. Based on these findings, we assume that a component amplifier or receiver requires about 2 watts more to play the radio or line source sound than it requires in idle mode. Uncertainties associated with this assumption are discussed in Section 6.1. Average Power Requirements for Common Audio Modes Higher volumes require more power. A complete analysis should therefore consider the volume at which audio products are used. Since a full analysis of typical listening levels and power requirements was beyond the scope of this study, we measured power use of clock radios, portable stereos, and compact stereos at a very low listening level. Play mode power requirements of component systems were estimated based on anecdotal data as described above. Table 4-9 shows the average power levels of each audio product type measured for this study as derived from our database of power measurements.

3% of the time at 47 watts. According to these figures, the average power consumption of component systems is 17 watts, resulting in an average annual energy consumption of 150 kWh/yr.
Figure 5-2. Average Power Requirements for Common Compact Stereo System Modes
Figure 5-2 shows the mode-power graph for the second most powerful audio system, compact stereos. Perhaps the most striking feature of this graph is the high standby power consumption level. On average, the standby modes of these devices use nearly 10 watts. Since we estimate that compact stereos are in the standby mode over 70% of the time, we expect this mode to make a significant contribution to overall energy use. Idle modes, which are used about 19% of the time, also have relatively high average power requirements at just over 20 watts. These devices are used to play the radio or TV sound (line) about 7% of the time at 21 watts, and to play CDs or tapes about 3% of the time at 23 watts. Based on these figures, the average power consumption of compact stereos is 13.4 watts, for an average annual UEC of 110 kWh.
Figure 5-3. Average Power Requirements for Common Portable Stereo Modes
Figure 5-3 shows the average power levels of portable stereos. In Section 4.2, we estimated that portable stereos are not plugged in about 30% of the time. Standby mode, which requires an average of 1.8 watts, is utilized about 51% of the time. We estimate that portable stereos are left in idle modes about 13% of the time, drawing 4.9 watts on average. Radio and tape/CD play modes are each used 3% of the time, using 5.0 watts and 7.2 watts respectively. Based on these power and usage values, we estimate that the average portable stereo has an average power consumption of 1.9 watts, and consumes 17 kWh of electricity annually. This does not include the use of battery-supplied energy. Clock radios, shown in Figure 5-4, are very low power devices. We estimate that clock radios are in standby mode about 98.5% of the time, using an average of 1.7 watts. The remaining 1.5% of the time, these devices are used to play the radio, which requires about 2 watts on average. The average power of clock radios is therefore 1.7 watts. When multiplied by 8760 hours per year, the UEC of this device is 15 kWh/yr.
Figure 5-4. Average Power Requirements for Common Clock Radio Modes
Using the values presented in Figures 5-1 through 5-4, we were able to calculate the contributions of each audio mode to the energy use of each product. These values are presented in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1. Contributions of Audio Product Modes to Average Annual UEC Audio Product Standby (kWh/yr) Clock radio Portable stereo Compact stereo Component stereo Clock radio Portable stereo Compact stereo Component stereo 15 8.17 (%of UEC) 98% 49% 55% 11% Line/Tape/CD Idle (kWh/yr) 5.5 32.3 60.7 (%of UEC) 0% 32% 29% 40% Radio/Line Play (kWh/yr) 0.3 1.3 12.8 61.3 (%of UEC) 2% 8% 11% 40% Tape/CD Play (kWh/yr) 1.9 6.1 12.4 (%of UEC) 0% 11% 5% 8% Total (kWh/yr) (%of UEC) 100% 100% 100% 100%

Figure 6-2. Range of Uncertainties in Audio Energy Consumption Estimate for 1998
Comparison to Other Results
Two previous studies have estimated the energy use of residential audio products. The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) report Miscellaneous Electricity Use in U.S. Residences by Sanchez el al. provides back of the envelope estimates of annual energy consumption for nearly 100 domestic appliances including "home radios," "boom boxes," "compact audio," and "RACK audio" systems [17]. Energy consumption estimates were calculated as the product of stock, usage, and average power levels. Stocks were estimated using historical shipment data and expected product lifetimes. The authors estimated usage values for two modes: on and standby. Average power levels of these two modes were taken from a previous LBNL study [18]. The Arthur D. Little, Inc. (ADL) report Electricity Consumption by Small End Uses in Residential Buildings by Zogg et al. [19] investigates the energy use of 16 domestic appliances, including "compact audio" and "rack audio" systems. Most or all of the stock, usage, and power consumption statistics for these audio products were taken from the aforementioned LBNL report. Two audio modes, on and standby, were considered.
These two studies provided useful first estimates of energy use for a large number of electrical devices. Because of the broad scope of these projects, however, the analyses of audio energy consumption were not thorough in many respects. For example, both of these reports included the usage and power draw levels for only two of the many possible audio modes. In addition, usage values did not reflect the number of U.S. homes that use audio systems to amplify TV sound. As a result, usage estimates for some audio systems were underestimated. Table 6-1 shows our estimates of stock, average annual UEC, and national audio energy use compared to the estimates presented in Sanchez et al. [17] and Zogg et al. [19].
Table 6-1. Comparison of the Results of This Study with the Results of Similar Studies Clock Portable Compact Component Radios Stereos Stereos (Rack) Stereos This This This This Study [17] Study [17] Study [17] [19] Study [17] [19] Units (millions) Average UEC (kWh/yr) Total U.S. Electricity Consumption (TWh/yr) 1.18 1.17 1.19 1.110 5.94 5.95 5.4.71 4.0
NOTE: [17] = Sanchez et al.; [19] = Zogg et al. Although methods and data were different, the results of this study, the Sanchez study, and the Zogg study are similar with the exception of the results given for component (rack) stereo systems. See Appendix F for a more detailed discussion of these reports. 6.3 Trends Affecting Audio Energy Consumption

This study provides only a snapshot of the energy consumption of U.S. home audio equipment in 1998. Many of the underlying stock, usage, and power assumptions on which we base our results have the potential to change in the near future. Changes in Consumer Behavior To complement the "bigger is better" philosophy of television buyers, audio equipment buyers appear to believe that more powerful is better. Sales of smaller, less powerful audio systems such as radios and portable stereos are falling, while sales of compact stereos are growing and component system sales have remained relatively constant. (See Appendix B).
According to a recent survey, 27% of U.S. homes have a home theater system consisting of a 25-inch or larger television set, a surround sound processor, and separate speakers, while 14% planned to buy one within the year [7]. Dolby Digital (AC-3), the new standard for home theater setups, has the capability to drive five speakers plus a subwoofer. Since each channel used demands a certain amount of power, we expect the increasing popularity of home theater to increase audio energy consumption. Like many other consumer electronics devices, audio products can be used in tandem with computers. Alternatively, computers can also perform functions typically associated with audio products. Currently, about 15% of U.S. homes own a computer that is connected to an audio system [7], and about half of all home computers are connected to power speakers [20]. Among households owning a PC equipped with a CD drive and external speakers, 70% use the device to play audio CDs [21]. With new digital audio formats, such as MP-3, consumers can now simply download music from the Internet, while new sound cards allow them to play the audio files in full 5-speaker plus subwoofer surround sound. These trends are likely to increase both stock and usage of power speakers. On the other hand, if this behavior consistently offsets usage of more powerful audio products, like component stereo systems, audio energy usage may actually decrease as a result. Trends in Power Consumption Energy efficiency in audio products has not been a priority of manufacturers or of policy makers in the U.S. While we expect that active (play mode) power consumption has not changed significantly in the past two or three decades, it is likely that standby power use is on a downward trend. A recent study showed that the standby power requirements of VCRs have decreased significantly over the past fifteen years [2]. Assuming that the standby functions of audio products are similar to those of VCRs, we expect that the standby modes of audio products have also become more efficient. In the past few years, the influence of policy makers on standby power use has been on the rise. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) now has an Energy Star program for audio equipment. This program encourages voluntary agreements between the EPA and industry to limit the standby power use of audio products to 2 watts until the end of 2001. In 2002, the compliance limit will be lowered to only 1 watt [22]. 6.4 Opportunities for Energy Savings

25 Bencangey, Ron. Recycled Stereo Plus, Santa Cruz, CA. Personal communication, August 5, 1999. 26 CEMA, Arlington VA, 1999. 27 Appliance Magazine, Statistical Review, April 1998.
Appendix A. Audio Products Not Covered in this Study
Several products that could be considered audio products were not included in our investigation. To avoid a gross underestimation of audio energy consumption, we estimated values for stock, usage, and power based on industry information and our own power measurements. Table A-1 shows these values and our final estimates of average annual UEC and national energy use for each product. These estimates are not included in the main text of this report. Table A-1. National Energy Use Estimates for Other Audio Products
USAGE POWER ANNUAL ENERGY 1998 USE Stock Standby Idle Active Standby Idle Active UEC Total U.S. (M) (time) (time) (time) (watts) (watts) (watts) (kWh/yr) (TWh/yr) Subwoofer 10 10% 60% 30% 0.7 DVD 2 72% 24% 4% 0.1 Preamplifier 2 72% 24% 4% 0.1 Speakers 30 69% 23% 8% 0.7 Minidisk 5 72% 24% 4% 0.1 Equalizer 5 72% 24% 4% 0.1 Personal stereoa 10 35% 11% 4% 0.1 Radio 50 96% 4% 5 0.2 Turntable 5 96% 0% 4% 3 0.0 Audio Product TOTAL 2.5
a. Includes only battery chargers associated with personal stereos that are sold with rechargeable batteries. We estimate that battery chargers for personal stereos are disconnected roughly 50% of the time.
We estimate that turntables, radios without clocks, personal stereos, equalizers, minidisk players, and preamplifiers do not now, nor will they in the future, contribute significantly to audio energy consumption. We estimate that power speakers and subwoofers each account for about 0.7 TWh of annual residential electricity consumption. Power speakers are small speakers that come as a pair and are typically used with computers. Subwoofers are large, single speakers that enhance the bass sound and vibrations of stereo systems. While most speakers do not require power from the mains, these speakers have built-in amplifiers. They have power switches, but in the case of subwoofers, we think it is unlikely that consumers ever switch them off because the switches are on the back and because there is no indication that the units are on. These products appear to be gaining in popularity. Future studies of audio energy use may want to include powered speakers and subwoofers.
We expect that DVD players will contribute significantly to national audio energy use in the future. They began selling in retail stores in November of 1996, and by March 1998 had sold over 2 million units. The consumer electronics industry expects that DVD players will one day be as widespread as are VCRs today. In anticipation of the popularity of DVD players, we measured the standby and idle power consumption of eighteen DVD players at retail stores. These measurements are shown in Figure A-1.

Survey Respondents Clock Radio Owners Portable Stereo Owners Compact Stereo Owners Component Stereo Owners
a. N.R. = No Response b. Based on the U.S. head of household distribution: Under $20K: 27% | $20-$30K: 26% | $40-50K: 19% | Over 60K 29% [11]
Appendix D. Single Phase Power Multimeter, Model PLM-1-LP
Electronic Product Design, Inc., 2145 Debra Drive, Springfield, Oregon 97477 The Single Phase Power Multimeter (model PLM-1-LP) is an electronic instrument used to measure parameters associated with power consumption by an electrical load that is normally operated from a 50 or 60 hertz power line. Power is supplied to the load via a permanent power cord exiting the rear panel and a 15 amp, 120-volt outlet on the front panel. An internal 0.1-ohm shunt, wired in series with the neutral wire, senses the current. The voltage is measured between the hot and neutral wires. Power is provided to the measuring electronics via the same power cord. Current is limited to three amps RMS with an inline, 3 amp, slow-blow fuse accessible at the rear panel. The Single Phase Power Multimeter measures; true RMS voltage and current; true power; and peak voltage, current, and power. This meter also calculates Power-Factor, VoltAmps, and VARS. In addition the PLM-1-LP accumulates Time and Watt-Hours. Display information, time, and accumulations of power are stored away in a non-volatile memory. If measuring power is lost, when it returns, the meter will power up and still retain the latest recorded information. Reset of Watt-hours and Time is accomplished via the front panel momentary switches. A dual line, 16 character per line, LCD provides a visual output to the operator. Two front-panel pushbuttons allow sequencing through the different displays of values. All measurements and calculations are updated at 1 second intervals, and if your meter includes the RS232 option, all the measurements and calculations are output at 9600 baud, once each second. RS232 isolation is a minimum of 1500 volts. Operating temperature: degrees C. Bandpass: 100th harmonic of 60 Hz (6Khz). Crest factor: Peak current (10 amps) divided by measured RMS current. MEASUREMENT RMS Voltage RMS Current Watts Peak Voltage Peak Current Peak Power Volt-Amps Power Factor VARS Accumulate Power (Wh) Hours RANGE 0.1 to 140.0 volts 0. 001 to 3.000 amps 0.1 to 420.1 watts 0.1 to 200.0 volts 0.01 to 10.00 amps 1 to 2,000 watts 0.1 to 420.0 VA 0.00 to 1.to 420 VARS 0.01 to 999999.99 0.01 to 655.36 ACCURACY 0.5% +1 LSD 0.5% +1 LSD 0.5% +1 LSD 1% +1 LSD 1% +1 LSD 1% +1 LSD 1% + 1 LSD 1.5% 1.5% (PF = 0.1 to 0.9) 05% + 1LSD 0.01% + 1LSD

Appendix E. Audio Data

Tables E-1 through E-9 list the manufacturers, model numbers, power levels and years of manufacture for the audio products measured for this study. We collected these data at retail shops early in 1999 using a PLM-1-LP watt meter, described in Appendix D. Nearly all audio products in the database were new when measured, with the exception of a few older products measured at a used stereo shop.
Table E-1. Power Measurements of Radios
Type Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Brand Sony Sony Sony Sony Radio Shack Craig GPX Radio Shack GE Sony Sony Radio Shack Radio Shack Magnavox Lloyds Radio Shack Radio Shack Radio Shack Magnavox Zenith Soundesign GPX Sonic Aiwa Timex Radio Shack Zenith Radio Shack Soundesign Radio Shack Zenith Radio Shack GE Model Standby Tuner-Play Year of Mfr ICF-25 0.9 0.ICF-C233 1.0 1.ICF-C370 1.1 1.ICF-C122 1.2 1.12-1613 1.1 1.1.2 1.5 D501D 1.3 1.12-1619 1.3 1.7-4915A 1.5 1.ICF-C620 1.5 1.ICF-C740 1.6 1.12-1589 1.4 1.12-1617 1.5 1.AJ 3440 1.7 1.J202B 1.4 1.12-1605 1.6 1.15-1590 1.6 2.12-1608 1.7 2.AJ3840 1.8 2.ZG320M 1.6 2.75251V 1.7 2.D519 1.9 2.CR1008 2.0 2.FR A37 2.0 2.TX220B 2.0 2.12-1612 2.0 2.Z222W 1.6 2.12-1610 1.8 2.3818W 2.1 2.12-1614 2.6 2.ZG120M 1.9 3.12-1593 2.7 3.7-4852A 3.2 3.9 1998
Table E-2. Power Measurements of Portable Stereos
Type Brand Model Standby TapeIdle 0.5 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 2.7 1.3 4.4 4.4 1.3 4.1 4.5 1.5 4.5 5.2 4.7 6.6 7.8 8.8 8.CDIdle Tuner- TapeYear of CD-Play Play Play Mfr 1.7 2.2.1999 2.5 3.3 4.2.6 3.3 5.2.8 3.4 5.2.7 2.9 6.3.7.3.5 3.6 8.4.7 5.6 6.4.9 5.6 6.3.9 4.3 8.4.3 5.4 7.5 6.5 6.4.9.5.6.5 6.7 9.5.5 7.1999 7.6 7.9 11.8 9.4 11.9.2 10.3 12.9.1 10.6 12.10.8 12.1999
Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable
Sony Sony Magnavox Magnavox Magnavox Aiwa Sanyo Aiwa Magnavox Magnavox Aiwa Sony Magnavox Aiwa JVC JVC JVC Aiwa Sony Sony Sony JVC
CFM10 CFS1055 AZ1110 AZ10002 AZ100017 CSDEX111 MCDS736 CSDED70U AZ2407 AZ1518 CSDED87 CFDZW750 AZ2805 CADW235 PCX550 PCX202 RCQC7 CADW630 CFD577 CFD646 CFDZW165 RVB99BK

Table E-5. Power Measurements of Amplifiers
Type Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Brand Rotel Sansui Sony Yamaha Onkyo Fisher NAD Onkyo Fisher Kenwood Rotel Kenwood Sony Model Standby Tape-Idle Year of Mfr RA-931 0.0 7.B3000 0.0 19.TA-AV571 1.4 23.RX500U 0.0 28.ASV210 1.3 29.CA271 0.0 30.2400 0.0 30.ASV240 1.3 33.CA-9535 1.2 34.KM-897 5.5 34.RA-970BX 0.0 35.KA-896 1.4 38.TA-AV561 1.7 44.7 1997
Table E-6. Power Measurements of Rack Audio Systems
Type Rack Rack Rack Rack Rack Rack Rack Rack Rack Rack Rack Brand Pioneer Sony Onkyo Fisher Pioneer Onkyo Kenwood Fisher Sony Sony Kenwood Model RX521 R-5700-W Standby Tape-Idle Tuner-Play Year of Mfr 1.1 24.0 25.1.4 33.1.3 42.TAD-9725 3.0 44.D4310K 15.1 47.AVF3141 1.3 51.1.4 52.1.2 57.4.6 60.1.7 62.SPEC860AV 1.1 69.0 1998
Table E-7. Power Measurements of Tuners
Type Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Tuner Brand Technics Sony Kenwood Kenwood Sony Fisher Marantz Rotel Rotel Fisher Onkyo Kenwood Onkyo Denon Pioneer Kenwood Sherwood Model Standby Tuner-Play Year of Mfr STK50 2.1 4.4 ST-JX661 3.4 4.KT5300 0.0 4.KT57 2.9 4.8 ST-JX661 3.8 4.FM-9535 1.5 4.TR2242 0.9 5.4 RT-935AX 0.0 5.RT-940AX 3.6 5.FM271 0.0 6.0 T4040 0.0 6.KT-596 4.0 7.T-4010 0.0 7.TU-660 0.0 8.5 TX608 1.6 11.KT6007 0.0 16.RX2030R 1.0 17.6 1998
Table E-8. Power Measurements of Tape Players
Type Tape Tape Tape Tape Tape Tape Tape Tape Tape Tape Tape Tape Tape Tape Brand Rotel JVC Kenwood Yamaha Denon Sony Denon Kenwood Denon Nakamichi Kenwood Sony JVC Sony Model Standby Tape-Idle Tape-Play Year of Mfr RD845 0.0 2.8 4.TDW11 0.8 2.9 5.0 CT201 1.3 3.9 5.KXW321 4.1 5.2 7.DRW585 3.8 5.9 7.TCWE305 2.2 4.6 8.DRM740 0.0 6.9 9.KX66W 1.9 9.5 10.TRM740 0.0 7.6 10.RX202 0.0 8.5 10.3 CT203 0.0 8.1999 TCWE625 2.4 7.1999 TDW354 4.3 9.7 12.TCKA1ES 2.1 8.1 12.4 1999
Table E-9. Power Measurements of CD Players
Type CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD Brand Philips JVC Yamaha Pioneer Kenwood Denon Sony Denon Denon Carver Sony Sony Toshiba Harman Kardon Mission Model Standby CD-Idle CD-Play Year of Mfr CDC751 0.0 5.2 6.6 XLF254 3.2 5.2 6.CDC565 0.0 5.7 7.PDF100 4.4 6.4 7.DP560 0.0 6.3 8.DCM260 6.1 6.7 9.CDPCX681 4.1 7.1 9.DCM560 2.3 6.9 9.DCD425 1.4 6.9 9.MV5 0.0 6.7 9.9 1.8 7.4 10.XA20ES 0.0 10.8 13.XRZ50X 0.0 12.7 13.6 FL8300 3.8 11.9 14.DAD7000 0.0 18.5 18.8
Appendix F. Comparison of this Study to Previous Studies