ICF-M33RDS

SERVICE MANUAL

Ver 1.0 1999. 01

AEP Model UK Model

SPECIFICATIONS

FM/AM (LW) RDS RADIO

MICROFILM

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. GENERAL
Features... Choosing the Power Source.. Setting the Clock... Operating the Radio... Setting the Sleep Timer... Using the RDS Function.. Using Other Functions.. Precautions... 6 6

SERVICING NOTES

HOW TO CHANGED THE CERAMIC FILTERS This model is used two ceramic filters of CF2 and CF3. You must used same type of color marked ceramic filters in order to meet same specifications. Therefore, the ceramic filter must changed two pieces together since its supply two pieces in one package as a spare parts.

Mark Center frequency

CF2 mark

red blue orange

10.70 MHz 10.67 MHz 10.73 MHz 10.64 MHz 10.76 MHz

2. 3. 4.

DISASSEMBLY.. 7 ELECTRICAL ADJUSTMENTS.. 9 DIAGRAMS
4-1. Block Diagram... 4-2. Note for Printed Wiring Boards and Schematic Diagrams.. 4-3. Printed Wiring Board MAIN Section .. 4-4. Printed Wiring Board PANEL Section .. 4-5. Schematic Diagram.. 4-6. IC Pin Function Description..

black white

EXPLODED VIEW... 29 ELECTRICAL PARTS LIST. 30
Notes on chip component replacement Never reuse a disconnected chip component. Notice that the minus side of a tantalum capacitor may be damaged by heat.

SECTION 1 GENERAL

This section is extracted from instruction manual.

SECTION 2 DISASSEMBLY

This set can be disassembled in the order shown below.
Set Cabinet (Rear) Chassis Key Board Main Board
Note: Follow the disassembly procedure in the numerical order given.

CABINET (REAR)

2 telescopic (FM) antenna 7 hand strap 6 ANT contact plate 1 screw (nylock B3 6)

3 five screws (P2 12)

5 cabinet (rear) 4 three claws

CHASSIS

1 Break the soldering of speaker lead.

2 chassis

KEY BOARD

2 two flat wires

2 Remove the lock of two connectors (CN1, CN2).

3 KEY board

1 three claws

MAIN BOARD

2 MAIN board
SECTION 3 ELECTRICAL ADJUSTMENTS

0 dB = 1V

[FM] Setting: Band switch: FM
FM RF signal generator 0.01 F set 22.5 kHz frequency deviation by 400 Hz signal Output level: as low as possible FM antenna in 32 +
@(earphone) jack (EJ1) AM (LW) VCO VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT Adjustment Part L5 confirmation Frequency Display 531 kHz (153 kHz) 1,602 kHz (279 kHz) Reading On Digital voltmeter 2.7 V 0.1 V (3.3 V 0.1V) Less than 9.5 V (7.5 V) L4 confirmation FM VCO VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT Adjustment Part Frequency Display 87.5 MHz 108.0 MHz Reading On Digital voltmeter 2.5 V 0.1 V Less than 10.7 V

level meter

FM TRACKING ADJUSTMENT Adjust for a maximum reading on level meter. L3 CT2 87.5 MHz 108 MHz
[AM (LW)*] * AM : French model LW : AEP, UK models Setting: Band switch: AM (LW)
AM RF signal generator Put the lead-wire antenna close to the set. 32 set +
AM (LW) TRACKING ADJUSTMENT Adjust for a maximum reading on level meter. LkHz (162 kHz) 1,404 kHz (243 kHz) AM IF ADJUSTMENT Adjust for a maximum reading on level meter. TkHz CT1
30% amplitude @(earphone) jack (EJ1) modulation by 400 Hz signal Output level: as low as possible

): AEP, UK models

Repeat the procedures in each adjustment several times, and the frequency coverage and tracking adjustments should be finally done by the trimmer capacitors. Remove FM antenna in FM adjustments.

digital voltmeter MAIN board TP (VT)
Adjustment Location: Main Board (See page 10)

Adjustment Location:

L2 AM (LW) Tracking Adjustment * Mounted on chassis L4 FM VCO Voltage Adjustment
MAIN BOARD (Component Side)

FM ANTENNA IN

CT2 FM Tracking Adjustment L3
T1 AM IF Adjustment L5 AM (LW) VCO Voltage Adjustment CT1 AM (LW) Tracking Adjustment
MAIN BOARD (Conductor Side)

TP (VT)

ICF-M33RDS SECTION 4 DIAGRAMS

4-1. BLOCK DIAGRAM

CT2, L3 FM TRACKING ANT1 FM TELESCOPIC ANTENNA L3 FM RF FM/AM FRONT-END, FM/AM IF AMP, DET, AGC, AF AMP IC1 FM RF B.P.F. BPF1 L2 AM (LW) FERRITE-ROD ANTENNA CT1, L2 AM (LW) TRACKING AM RF IN AM FRONT-END T1 AM IF CFFM OSC AM IF IN AM IF AMP, AGC, DET TUNING METER METER 19 VOL NF 12 FM RF IN FM FRONT-END
NOTE FOR PRINTED WIRING BOARDS AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
Note on Schematic Diagram: All capacitors are in F unless otherwise noted. pF: F 50 WV or less are not indicated except for electrolytics and tantalums. All resistors are in and 1/4 W or less unless otherwise specified. : internal component. C : panel designation. U : B+ Line. H : adjustment for repair. Power voltage is dc 3 V and fed with regulated dc power supply from battery terminal. Voltages and waveforms are dc with respect to ground under no-signal (detuned) conditions. no mark : FM ( ) : AM (LW) : Impossible to measure Voltages are taken with a VOM (Input impedance 10 M). Voltage variations may be noted due to normal production tolerances. Waveforms are taken with a oscilloscope. Voltage variations may be noted due to normal production tolerances. Circled numbers refer to waveforms. Signal path. F : FM f : AM (LW)
SIGNAL PATH : FM : AM (LW)
Note on Printed Wiring Board: X : parts extracted from the component side. Y : parts extracted from the conductor side. W : indicates side identified with part number. r : Through hole. : internal component. b : Pattern from the side which enables seeing. (The other layers' patterns are not indicated.) Caution: Pattern face side: (Conductor Side) Parts face side: (Component Side) Parts on the pattern face side seen from the pattern face are indicated. Parts on the parts face side seen from the parts face are indicated.

FM/AM FE OUT

FM IF IN

FM IF AMP

DET OUT

AF POWER AMP

AF OUT

EJ1 @ (EARPHONE)

FM DISCRI

FM DISCRIMINATOR

SP1 (SPEAKER)

AM OSC

D1 (1/2)
FM/AM BAND SELECT 15 L4 FM VCO VOLTAGE
5 L5 AM (LW) VCO VOLTAGE L5 AM (LW) OSC D1 (2/2)
RVRDS DECODER IC3 MUX ANTI-ALIASING FILTER COMPARATOR PLL 57kHz RDS/ARI CLOCK OSC OUT OSC IN OSC BIPHASE DECODER DEFFERENTIAL DECODER RDS DAT PLL 1187.5Hz MUTING Q1 VOL

L4 FM OSC D3

20 AM IN FM/AM PLL IC2 DIN CK CE

19 FM IN

X2 4.332MHz BAND SELECT SWITCH Q7
X1 75kHz 48 DTA/PLL CLK/PLL LAT/PLL 45 SD 44 DTA/RDS 43 CLK/RDS 46 BUZZER 53 MUTE 26 VLCD0 VOLTAGE DETECT IC102 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY LCD101 D101, 102 (LCD BACK LIGHT) S(KEY MATRIX) RESET SIGNAL GENERATOR IC103 BACKUP B+ (SYSTEM CONTROLLER IC101 B+) TUNER B+ (IC1, 2 B+) VT B+ (FOR L.P.F. CIRCUIT) DC/DC CONVERTER Q4, 5, T2 B+ SWITCH Q8 D9 DCJ1 DC IN 3V D8
SYSTEM CONTROLLER, LCD DRIVER, KEY CONTROL IC101 PS MODE KEYTEST POWER

LOW-PASS FILTER Q2, 3

23 DO1
LCD DRIVE VOLTAGE GENERATOR IC104

LCD0 LCD80, 1 20

COM0 COM24

LIGHT 34, 35

KS0 KS32

KR0 KR67

X102 4.33MHz

X101 32.768kHz

S101 STATION NAME STATION CLOCK
05 RDS B+ (IC3 B+) DC/DC CONVERTER IC4 B+ SWITCH Q6 DRY BATTERY SIZE AA (IEC DESIGNATION R6) 2PCS. 3V
4-5. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM See page 25 for Waveforms. See page 26 for IC Block Diagrams.

(French)

Waveforms MAIN Board
1 IC(X IN) 400 mV/DIV, 5 s/DIV

KEY Board

5 IC101 % (XT1) 500 mV/DIV, 20 s/DIV

1 Vp-p

1.7 Vp-p

13.3 s

2 Q4 (COLLECTOR) 100 mV/DIV, 200 ns/DIV

30.5 s

6 IC101 % (X2) 1 V/DIV, 100 ns/DIV

0.4 Vp-p

3 Vp-p

348 ns

3 Q5 (COLLECTOR) 1 V/DIV, 200 ns/DIV

231 ns

3.7 Vp-p

352 ns

4 IC3 ! (OSC IN) 400 mV/DIV, 100 ns/DIV

1.3 Vp-p

IC Block Diagrams MAIN Board IC1 CXA1019M-T6
FM DISCRI AM RF IN REG OUT FM RF IN AM OSC FM OSC FE GND FM/AM IF OUT FM RF GND VOL AFC
FM FE FM DISCRIMINATOR FM IF AM FE TUNING METER AM IF DET AGC AF POWER AMP

FM/AM BAND SELECT

AM IF IN

IF GND

AFC AGC

RIPPLE FILTER

IC2 TC9418FN-EL
OUT-4 OUT-3 OUT-2 OUT-1 AM IN FM IN IF IN GND VDD DO1 DO2 INH
18 FM PSC 4 BIT SWALLOW COUNTER

INHIBIT

AMP 1/2 TRY STATE BUFFER TRY STATE BUFFER VHF HF AMP SIG REF 13 BIT PROGRAMMABLE COUNTER LF

1/15, 1/16

PHASE COMPARATOR UN-LOCK
32 BIT REGISTER MPX 20 BIT IF COUNTER IF CONTROL

REFERENCE DIVIDER

12 BIT REGISTER 1kHz 32 BIT SHIFT REGISTER

REGULATOR

SERIAL INTERFACE

I/O PORT

DIN CK CE

I/O-1 I/O-2 I/O-3 I/O-4

BU1924F
RCLK VDD2 NC XO VSS2 T1 T2
CLOCK PLL 57kHz RDS/ARI PLL 1187.5Hz

DIGITAL

COMPARATOR

DEFFERENTIAL DECODER

ANTI-ALIASING FILTER

ANALOG

BIPHASE DECODER
8th SWITCHED CAPACITOR FILTER
4-6. IC PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
KEY BOARD IC101 PD753012AGC-E81-3B9 (SYSTEM CONTROLLER, LCD DRIVER, KEY CONTROL) Pin No. Pin Name I/O O O O I I O O O O I O O I I I I I O O O O O O O O I O I O O I I I O Description Segment drive signal output to the liquid crystal display (LCD101) Common drive signal output to the liquid crystal display (LCD101) Liquid crystal display drive bias control output terminal Not used (open) Develop liquid crystal display drive voltage input terminal Terminal for doubler circuit capacitor connection to develop liquid crystal display drive voltage Key scan signal output of the key matrix (S102 to S117) Ground terminal Liquid crystal display back light LED drive signal output terminal L: back light on PLL low-pass filter power supply on/off control signal output terminal L: power on RDS decode circuit power supply on/off control signal output terminal L: power on Battery voltage detect signal input terminal L is input at low voltage Clock signal output for the receive level control Not used (open) Data output for the receive level control Not used (open) AF mode selection signal input terminal L: manual mode, H: auto mode Fixed at L in this set Test mode input terminal L: test mode Not used (open) Serial data transfer clock signal input from the RDS decoder (IC3) Serial data input from the RDS decoder (IC3) Station detector detect input from the CXA1019M (IC1) Stop level for SEEK, BTM, etc. is determined SD is present at input of L Beep sound drive signal output to the CXA1019M (IC1) Serial data output to the FM/AM PLL (IC2) Serial data latch pulse signal output to the FM/AM PLL (IC2) Serial data transfer clock signal output to the FM/AM PLL (IC2) Latch signal output for the receive level control Not used (open) H is output at halt mode Not used (open) L is output at test mode Muting on/off control signal output terminal L: muting on Power supply terminal (+3V) Main system clock input terminal (4.332 MHz) Main system clock output terminal (4.332 MHz) Connected to power supply (+3V) Sub system clock input terminal (32.768 kHz) Sub system clock output terminal (32.768 kHz) Alert signal output for the shift clock circuit L: on, H: off Not used (open) Station name switch (S101) input terminal L: station, H: clock Key return signal input of the key matrix (S102 to S117) System reset signal input from the reset signal generator (IC103) L: reset L is input for several 100 msec after power on, then it changes to H Segment drive signal output to the liquid crystal display (LCD101)

1 to 20 LCD12 to LCDto 24 COM0 to COM26 27, to 34, to BIAS VLCD0 VLCD1, VLCD2 KS0 to KS3 VSS LIGHT POWER FM VDET1 CLK/RX DTA/RX AF AUTO TEST CLK/RDS DTA/RDS SD BUZZER DTA/PLL LAT/PLL CLK/PLL LAT/RX HALT KEYTEST MUTE VDD XT1 XT2 IC X1 X2 SFT CLK PS MODE KR0 to KR5 RESET

69 to 80 LCD0 to LCD11

SECTION 5 EXPLODED VIEW
NOTE: -XX and -X mean standardized parts, so they may have some difference from the original one. Color Indication of Appearance Parts Example: KNOB, BALANCE (WHITE). (RED) Parts Color Cabinet's Color Items marked * are not stocked since they are seldom required for routine service. Some delay should be anticipated when ordering these items. The mechanical parts with no reference number in the exploded views are not supplied. Accessories and packing materials are given in the last of the electrical parts list.

not supplied

LCD101
not supplied not supplied not supplied

Ref. No. 4 * 5 * * 15

Part No. 3-027-772-01 3-027-774-01 3-027-770-01 3-027-770-11 3-923-688-01 A-3683-020-A A-3683-021-A 3-027-790-01 3-370-475-01 3-380-918-21 3-027-784-01 3-028-720-01 7-685-107-19 3-027-771-01 3-027-788-01
Description PANEL, FRONT KNOB (RDS) CABINET (FRONT)(AEP, UK) CABINET (FRONT)(French) STRAP, HAND KEY PC BOARD ASSY (French) KEY PC BOARD ASSY (AEP, UK) PLATE, ANT CONTACT SCREW (NYLOCK +B 3X6) STAND LID, BATTERY CASE CUSHION (BATTERY CASELID) SCREW +P 2X12 TYPE2 NON-SLIT CABINET (REAR) TERMINAL (+), BATTERY

Remark

Ref. No. * 23 ANT1 L2 L2 LCD101 SP1
Part No. A-3663-154-A 3-027-778-01 3-027-777-01 3-027-787-01 3-027-780-01 3-027-773-01 3-027-775-01 3-027-776-01 3-027-781-01 1-501-362-11 1-754-030-11 1-754-031-11 1-803-331-11 1-504-748-21
Description MAIN BOARD, COMPLETE (AEP, UK) KNOB (VOL) KNOB (JOG) SPRING, RING ARM (JOG) BUTTON (RDS) BUTTON (PRESET) BUTTON (HOLD) PLATE, LIGHT GUIDE ANTENNA, TELESCOPIC (FM)
ANTENNA, FERRITE-ROD (LW)(AEP, UK) ANTENNA, FERRITE-ROD (AM)(French) DISPLAY PANEL, LIQUID CRYSTAL SPEAKER (6.6CM)
3-027-789-01 TERMINAL (-), BATTERY A-3663-149-A MAIN BOARD, COMPLETE (French)
NOTE: Due to standardization, replacements in the parts list may be different from the parts specified in the diagrams or the components used on the set. -XX and -X mean standardized parts, so they may have some difference from the original one. RESISTORS All resistors are in ohms. METAL: Metal-film resistor. METAL OXIDE: Metal oxide-film resistor. F: nonflammable
SECTION 6 ELECTRICAL PARTS LIST
Items marked * are not stocked since they are seldom required for routine service. Some delay should be anticipated when ordering these items. SEMICONDUCTORS In each case, u: , for example: uA. : A. uPA. : PA. uPB. : PB. uPC. : PC. uPD. : PD. CAPACITORS uF: F COILS uH: H When indicating parts by reference number, please include the board.

Ref. No. * *

Part No.

Description

Ref. No. C34 C35 C37 C38 C39 C40 C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 C47 C48 C49 C50 C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 C57 C58 C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66
Description 220uF 0.1uF 15PF 15PF 220PF 220PF 0.001uF 0.1uF 10uF 0.1uF 22PF 0.1uF 0.1uF 47PF 68PF 470PF 0.1uF 0.001uF 2.2uF 22uF 22uF 100PF 0.22F 0.0047uF 0.1uF 0.01uF 0.22uF 33PF 100PF 100PF 20%
Remark 4V 25V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 25V 16V 25V 50V 25V 25V 50V 50V 50V 25V 50V 16V 4V 4V 50V 5.5V 50V 25V 50V 16V 50V (French) 50V 50V
A-3663-149-A MAIN BOARD, COMPLETE (French) A-3663-154-A MAIN BOARD, COMPLETE (AEP, UK) ********************* < BAND PASS FILTER > BPF1 1-236-711-21 FILTER, BAND PASS < CAPACITOR > C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C8 C9 1-163-251-11 1-163-021-91 1-163-251-11 1-163-141-00 1-163-224-11 CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP 100PF 0.01uF 100PF 0.001uF 7PF 0.001uF 0.01uF 220PF 5% 10% 5% 5% 0.25PF 5% 10% 5% 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V (French) 50V (French) 50V (AEP, UK) 50V 16V 50V 16V 50V 50V 25V 16V 16V 25V 25V 4V 4V 16V 16V 6.3V 50V 25V 16V
1-124-434-00 ELECT 1-163-038-00 CERAMIC CHIP 1-163-231-11 1-163-231-11 1-163-125-00 1-163-125-00 1-163-009-11 1-164-004-11 1-126-157-11 1-164-004-11 1-163-235-11 1-164-004-11 1-163-038-00 1-163-243-11 1-163-113-00 1-163-133-00 1-163-038-00 1-163-009-11 1-164-505-11 1-104-847-11 1-124-430-00 1-163-251-11 1-104-905-11 1-163-017-00 1-164-004-11 1-163-021-11 1-164-489-11 CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP ELECT CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP TANTAL. CHIP ELECT CERAMIC CHIP CAPACITOR CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP
5% 5% 5% 5% 10% 10% 20% 10% 5% 10%
1-163-141-00 CERAMIC CHIP 1-163-021-91 CERAMIC CHIP 1-163-125-00 CERAMIC CHIP 1-163-091-00 CERAMIC CHIP 1-163-129-00 CERAMIC CHIP

5% 5% 5%

8PF (AEP, UK) 330PF 5%

10% 20% 20% 5%

C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31 C32 C33

< LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY > T1 T2 1-404-790-11 TRANSFORMER, IF 1-449-138-11 TRANSFORMER, DC-DC CONVERTER < VIBRATOR > X1 1-767-517-11 VIBRATOR, CRYSTAL (75kHz) X2 1-579-900-21 VIBRATOR, CRYSTAL (4.332MHz) ************************************************************** * * A-3683-020-A KEY BOARD, COMPLETE (French) A-3683-021-A KEY BOARD, COMPLETE (AEP, UK) ******************* 3-027-781-01 PLATE,LIGHT GUID < CAPACITOR > C101 C102 C103 C104 C105 C106 C107 C109 C110 C111 C112 C113 C114 C115 C116 C117 C120 C125 C126 C127 C128 C129 1-163-038-00 1-163-038-00 1-163-038-00 1-163-009-11 1-163-009-11 1-163-009-11 1-163-009-11 1-163-009-11 1-163-009-11 1-163-009-11 1-163-009-11 1-163-009-11 1-163-009-11 1-164-346-11 1-163-231-11 1-163-235-11 1-163-021-91 1-164-005-11 1-164-346-11 1-164-004-11 CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP CERAMIC CHIP 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 0.001uF 0.001uF 0.001uF 0.001uF 0.001uF 0.001uF 0.001uF 0.001uF 0.001uF 0.001uF 1uF 15PF 22PF 0.01uF 0.47uF 1uF 0.1uF 0.1uF 2.2uF 25V 25V 25V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 16V 50V 50V 50V 25V 16V 25V 25V 16V R101 R102 R103 R104 R105 R106 R107 R108 R109 R110 R111 R112 R113 R114 R115 R116 R117 R118 R119 R120 R121 R122 R123 R124 R128 R139 R140 R141 R142 1-216-821-11 1-216-821-11 1-216-821-11 1-216-821-11 1-216-049-11 1-216-073-00 1-216-097-00 1-216-013-00 1-216-013-00 1-216-833-11 1-216-833-11 1-216-821-11 1-216-821-11 1-216-821-11 1-216-833-11 1-216-845-11 1-216-851-11 1-216-821-11 1-216-833-11 1-216-833-11 1-216-833-11 1-216-833-11 1-216-833-11 1-216-833-11 1-216-121-00 1-216-295-00 1-216-295-00 1-216-295-00 1-216-295-91 LCD101 1-803-331-11 DISPLAY PANEL, LIQUID CRYSTAL < RESISTOR > METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP RES,CHIP METAL CHIP RES,CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP METAL CHIP RES,CHIP SHORT SHORT SHORT SHORT < SWITCH > 1-164-004-11 CERAMIC CHIP 1-164-505-11 CERAMIC CHIP < DIODE > D101 D102 8-719-047-42 LED SLZ-235C-16-T1 (LCD BACK LIGHT) 8-719-047-42 LED SLZ-235C-16-T1 (LCD BACK LIGHT) < IC > IC101 IC102 IC103 IC104 8-759-564-81 8-759-575-75 8-759-521-02 8-759-449-90 IC IC IC IC uPD753012AGC-E81-3B9 S-80822ANNP-EDK-T2 S-80718AL-AF-T1 S-81222SGUP-DQV-T1 10% S101 S103 S106 S107 S108 S109 S110 S111 S112 S113 S114 S115 S116 S117 5% 1/16W (French) X101 1-553-510-00 1-762-233-11 1-762-233-11 1-572-499-11 1-762-233-11 1-762-233-11 1-762-233-11 1-762-233-11 1-572-499-11 1-762-233-11 1-762-233-11 1-762-233-11 1-762-233-11 1-762-233-11 SWITCH, SLIDE (STATION NAME) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (POWER) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (LIGHT) SWITCH, TACTIL (HOLD) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (BAND) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (TRAFFIC INFO) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (ALTERNATIVE SEARCH) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (CLOCK AUTO ADJUST) SWITCH, TACTIL (SLEEP/CLOCK) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (5) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (4) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (3) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (2) SWITCH, KEYBOARD (1) < VIBRATOR > 1-567-098-41 VIBRATOR, CRYSTAL (32.768kHz) 1K 1K 1K 1K 1K 10K 100K 10K 10K 1K 1K 1K 10K 100K 330K 1K 10K 10K 10K 10K 10K 10K 1M 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/10W 1/10W 1/10W 1/10W 1/10W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/16W 1/10W

FM receiver study chosen such that no third order inter-modulation products occur in the pass-band of the receiver tuned to the low level signal. If this is not possible either the power of the low power transmission should be increased or a gap-filler should be installed to achieve the required protection ratio.

Page 5

Summary
Introduction The Expertengruppe UKW 2001 has recommended to optimize FM-networks because FM will remain the main modulation technique for radio for the coming fifteen to twenty years. FM networks could be optimized by revising the protection ratios used for frequency planning. The goal of this study is twofold. First, the technical characteristics of a representative group of present day FM receivers should be assessed. Second, the protection ratios for the network configurations conventional, same programme and HF-synchro should be determined using a reference receiver. Approach From a set of thirty present day FM receivers, consisting of ten car radio, ten portables and ten handhelds, the technical characteristics were determined as follows. First, the characteristics of the individual receivers were measured according to Recommendation ITU-R BS.641. Based on these measurements a good, a reference and a bad receiver was selected from the total group of receivers. Next, the protection ratios for frequency planning for three different network configurations based on subjective assessment of sound samples recorded with the good, the reference and the bad receiver were determined. Finally, the high signal performance and the RDS switching behaviour of a select group of receivers was investigated. This summary will present the results and the conclusions for each of these steps. Results and conclusions For this study the radio-frequency protection ratio curve was used to characterize a receiver. This protection curve is determined according to Recommendation ITU BS 641. Initial measurements showed however that some of the car radios and most of the portables and handhelds were not able to meet the minimal audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio of 56 dB. With a audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio of 46 dB it was possible to measure about eighty percent of the receivers. The rest was discarded. The results of these measurements are presented in the figure below.

Page 7

Sanyo-Speech

0 --20

CONV SAME SYNC_D50 SYNC_D0 SYNC_Df [kHz] 300 SYNC_D20
Figure S3: The protection ratio as function of the frequency distance based on a grade of 3,5 for speech recorded with the Sanyo receiver.
Recommendation ITU-R BS.412.9 makes a distinction between radio-frequency protection ratios for steady and troposheric interference. According to Recommendations ITU-R BS.562.2 and ITU-R BS.412-9 tropospheric interference corresponds to grade 3 on a scale of 1 to 5. However, it is unclear on what grade the steady state interference is based. What is clear is that the grade is higher than 3 and that it corresponds to an audio signal-to-noise of 50 dB. The subjective test showed very few results for grade 4. Furthermore this grade would likely result in unrealistic high values. Therefore grade 3,5 was chosen as basis for steady interference. Based on a grade of 3 for troposheric interference and 3,5 for steady interference the results of the subjective tests for the convention network configuration, with the exception of the 0 kHz case, are in fair agreement with the ITU values. Therefore, it is advised to use the radio-frequency protection ratio values of Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 for frequency planning in case of conventional networks. The 3 to 8 dB reduction, for the protection ratios for conventional networks compared to the ITU values, found by the Zero-Base study could not be confirmed by this study. The results of the subjective tests for the network configuration same programme show a considerable improvement compared to the ITU values for the conventional network configuration. This is in line with Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9. For frequency planning of transmitters carrying the same programme it is advised to use the protection ratios based on a grade of 3,5 in case of steady interference. In case of tropospheric interference it is advised to use the protection ratios based a grade of 3,0. The values for same programme and steady interference do not differ much from the Zero-Base values for MPX synchronisation, except for 100 kHz frequency difference. It should be noted that the Zero-Base value is optimistic. The Zero-Base study gave no directives for tropospheric interference. The results of the subjective tests for the HF-synchro network configuration also show a considerable improvement compared to the ITU values for the conventional network configuration. Again this is in line with Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9. Although it was expected that the results for synchronized transmission with a delay of 50 s would be similar to those of same programme the protection ratio in the synchronized case turned out to be Page 8
FM receiver study higher. Also an increase in protection ratio with delay times was expected. The results show, in particular for the 0 s case, a relatively high value. Compared to the Zero-Base study the protection ratios for synchronized transmitters are higher for frequency difference of 0 and 100 kHz. The reason for this could be the different synchronisation used. Since a synchronized network is more complicated to operate an the results are not significantly better than those of same programme it is advised to use same programme in stead of HF-synchro between transmitters carrying the same programme. High signal performance tests have shown that interference from third order inter-modulation products may occur around FM transmission sites where many frequencies are used. There the reception of signals from either a station with much lower power than the others, or from other more distant sites could lead to problems. In these situations frequencies should be chosen such that no third order inter-modulation products occur in the pass-band of the receiver tuned to the low level signal. If this is not possible either the power of the low power transmission should be increased or a gap-filler should be installed to achieve the required protection ratio.

-47,0 -43,0 -46,0 -40,0 -46,5 -44,0 -47,0 -47,0 -47,4 -45,6
Table 2.3: Overview of the maximum audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio (afstir) for handhelds.
The results of this test show that only three of thirty receiver are able to reach the minimal audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio of 56 dB. Since it is important to use the same the start value for the audio-frequency signal-tointerference ratio for all receiver it was decided to lower this start value from 56 dB to 46 dB. The start value is now lower than the original stop value for the audio-frequency signal-tointerference ratio. Therefore the stop value was lowered to 40 dB. With this adaptation it was possible to measure the protection ration of twenty fore of the thirty receivers. 2.3 Measurement arrangement The protection ratios have been measured in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R BS.641. Figure 2.1 shows a diagram of the measuring arrangement. This arrangement is a practical realisation of the schematic measuring arrangement from Recommendation ITU-R BS.461.

Page 12

Signal Generator
(A+B) (V1) Relais Matrix Port 4

Matching Amplifier

Stereo coder
(J+K+L+M+N) CHA-in (R) CHA-out + CHB-out

Low-pass Filter

(V2) Relais Matrix Port 5

Multisource Generator

CHA-out

Matching network

CHB-in
CHB-out (V3) Relais Matrix Port 3 (S)

Noise Generator

(C+D+E)

Receiver under test

Modulation Analyzer
(V4) Relais Matrix Port 6
Figure 2.1: Practical measuring arrangement. Each apparatus in this arrangement has been given a reference an letter printed in italics and placed between brackets - to the function blocks used in schematic diagram of Recommendation ITU-R BS.461.
The stereo coder in the lower branch of figure 2.1 is set up in such a way that only the preemphasis network is used. This is realised by setting the operation mode of the stereo coder to mono and by switching the four dip switch on the circuit board to the off position. The matching amplifiers in the upper and lower branch are used to go from unbalanced (output of the signal and noise generator) to balanced (input of the stereo coder) and back from balanced (output of the stereo coder) to unbalanced (input of the multi-source generator). Details of the equipment used in the measuring arrangement depicted in figure 2.1 are listed in the table below. Equipment
Rohde & Schwarz, Noise Generator SUF 2 282.8819.03 Rohde & Schwarz, Generator APN04 IFR, Multisource Generator 2026A C.N. Rood b.v. Electronics, Stereo coder SC2000 Rhode & Schwarz, Modulation Analyzer FMAS 0856.6001.52 C.N. Rood b.v. Electronics, Low Pass Filter 0-15kHz C.N. Rood b.v. Electronics, Matching Ampilfier Type SP-3 Nozema n.v., Matching Network Rohde & Schwarz, RF Relais Matrix PSU 290.8014.02

N6274 N6201 N6427 03E154, 03E154 N6377 N6297, N6298 N6301, N6302 N6242
Table 2.1: Equipment used for measuring the protection ratio according to Recommendation ITU-R BS.641.
The measuring method described in Recommendation ITU-R BS.461 has been fully automated. The procedure for determining a radio-frequency protection ratio curve be can be split up in the following three steps:

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FM receiver study 1 Setting up the wanted transmitter (Determination of the reference level). Source A of the multi-source generator, which represents the wanted transmitter, is frequency modulated with a 500 Hz sinusoidal tone. The output level of the tone generator is adjusted to obtain a frequency deviation of 75kHz, including the pilot tone in stereophonic operation. The QUASI-PEAK reading of the modulation analyzer, with the weighting network switched off (i.e. CCIR UNWEIGHTED) indicates the reference level. This reference level corresponds to 0 dB. 2 - Setting up the unwanted transmitter. Source B of the multi-source generator, which represents the unwanted transmitter, is modulated with a 500 Hz sinusoidal tone obtained from tone generator. The output level of the tone generator is adjusted to obtain a deviation of 32 kHz. The audio-frequency level at the input of the unwanted transmitter before pre-emphasis is measured by means of the modulation analyzer (noise meter U). The noise-weighting network is switched off (i.e. CCIR UNWEIGHTED). Next a noise signal obtained from the noise generator replaces the sinusoidal tone and its output level is adjusted to obtain the same QUASI-PEAK reading as before at the noise meter. 3 - Measuring the radio-frequency protection ratio curve. The following procedure is repeated for channel spacings ranging from 0 to 400 kHz, in steps of 50 kHz, between the wanted and unwanted transmitter: The output level of the unwanted transmitter is adjusted to obtain an audio-frequency signalto-interference ratio of 40 dB at the audio-frequency output of the receiver. In this case, the weighting network of the modulation analyzer must be switched in (i.e. CCIR WEIGHTED) and the QUASI-PEAK detector must be selected. The ratio between the radio-frequency levels of the wanted and unwanted transmitters is the required radio-frequency wanted-tointerfering signal ratio. 2.4 Results

2.4.1 Radio-frequency protection ratio curves Most receivers were not able to meet the required start value of 56dB for the audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio dictated by Recommendation ITU-R BS.461. Therefore, this start value has been lowered to 46 dB. Since this start value is lower than the original stop value for the audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio this value was lowered to 40 dB. With this adaptation it was possible to measure the radio-frequency protection ratio curve of twenty receivers. The results are depicted in figure 2.2. The frequency difference is defined as the frequency of the unwanted transmitter minus the frequency of the wanted transmitter.

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KENWOOD KDC-3024A [C] PANASONIC CQ-RDP162N [C] PANASONIC CQ-RDP003N [C] BECKER MEXICO PRO CD 4627 [C] BLAUPUNKT WOODSTOCK DAB 52 [C] SUPE RTE AR-921 CD [C] CH JVC KD-SX997R [C] JVC KS-FX480REX [C] VDO DAYTON CD 2200 [C]
SANYO DTA-300M [P] PHILIP AZ3012 [P] S SANYO DC-DA1000 [P] SONY CFD-S550L/SC [P] THOM SON RR 600CD [P ] DIGITALWAY FD100 [H] PHILIP AZT9500 [H] S SONY ICF-C1200 [H] UNITE DM2595-2 [H] D AIWA HS-RM 539 [H] SONY WM-FX491[H]
Figure 2.1: Radio-frequency wanted-to-interfering signal ratio (wtisr) for twenty receivers recorded according to ITU Recommendation BS.641. The category to which the receivers belongs is indicated between brackets. The letters C, P and H are used for respectively the category car radios, portables and handhelds.
Details of the measurements can be found in Appendix A. About half of the receiver did not have an antenna input. This meant the signal from the multi-source generator had to be transmitted via the fixed or wire antenna of the receiver under test. Disadvantage of this method is that the input level at the input of the receiver is not known. This, however, is not necessary for the determination of the radio-frequency protection ratio if it is assumed that ratio between the output level of the transmitter and the input level of the receiver is the same for both the wanted signal and the unwanted signal. 2.4.2 Sensitivity Besides the radio-frequency protection ratio curve, the sensitivity of each receiver was also measured. The sensitivity is the signal level, in dBV, that is needed for an audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio of 20dB. The 20 dB audio-frequency signal-to-interference ratio was chosen so that the sensitivity of all receiver could be measured. Not all receivers can be compared based on sensitivity since sensitivity depends on the way the signal is fed to the receiver. For this study three different feeds are used. The first one is a direct feed. This type of feed can be used for receivers that are equipped with an RF-input connector. All receivers from the category car radios have such a feed. Advantage of this type of feed is that the signal level at the input of the receiver is equal to the signal level at the output of the transmitter. The second type of feed uses a alligator clip to transmit the signal onto the fixed antenna. For the third type of feed the receive antenna, a wire, is wrapped around the transmit antenna. In both cases it is not possible to determine the exact input level. This means that only the sensitivity of receivers that use the same type of feed can be compared. Page 15

FM receiver study The selection of the average receiver is based on the mean absolute deviation (MAD) from the mean and the median. These mean absolute deviations are calculated for channel spacings ranging from 400 kHz to 400 kHz in 50 kHz steps. The results are listed in table 2.7. Reciever
Kenwood KDC-3024A Panasonic CQ-RDP162N Panasonic CQ-RDP003N Becker Mexico Pro CD 4627 Blaupunkt Woodstock DAB 52 Supertech AR-921 CD Jvc KD-SX997R Jvc KS-FX480REX Vdo Dayton CD 2200 Sanyo DTA-300M Philips AZ3012 Sanyo DC-DA1000 Sony CFD-S550L/SC Thomson RR 600CD Digitalway FD100 Philips AZT9500 Sony ICF-C1200 United DM2595-2 Aiwa HS-RM539 Sony WM-FX491

Mad mean

22,3 10,8 20,3 19,4 24,6 5,9 20,4 21,4 6,4 16,4 5,8 4,6 22,9 8,6 16,4 10,7 16,1 23,4 14,3 17,7

Mad median

23,8 11,9 21,7 20,8 26,2 3,5 21,8 22,8 7,5 14,8 6,1 3,6 21,3 7,0 13,4 9,3 14,7 22,0 12,8 16,0
Table 2.1: Mean average deviation (mad) from the mean and the median.
The Sanyo DC-DA1000 has the lowest mean average deviation from the mean and the second lowest mean average deviation from the median. Therefore, this receiver is selected as reference receiver. In comparison with the ITU Recommendation BS.641 this study uses a different start and stop value for the audio-frequency signal-to-noise ratio. Due to these different values it is not possible to compare the protection ratio curve of the Sanyo DC-DA1000 with the curve from ITU Recommendation BS.412-9. It is however possible to compare the Sanyo DC-DA1000 with the Zero-Base reference receiver, the NAD1600. To make this comparison possible the radio-frequency protection ratio curve of the Zero-Base reference receiver was recorded with the same start and stop values as were used for receiver listed in tables 2.1 to 2.3. Figure 2.1 depicts the protection ratio curves of the Sanyo DCDA1000 together with the protection ratio curve of the Zero-Base reference receiver, the average and median protection ratio curve from this study.

Page 17

AVERAGE RECEIVER M EDIAN RECEIVER SANYO DC-DA1000 [P ] ZEROBASE REFERENCE RECEIVE R
Figure 2.1: Comparison between the Zero-Base reference receiver, the Sanyo DC-DA1000, the mean and the median receiver of this study.
2.6 Selection of the good and the bad receiver Besides the reference receiver, a good and bad receiver will be used for recording sound samples. It is preferred that the good, average and bad receiver each belong to a different category. Therefore, the good and the bad receiver will be selected from a category other than portables. Since car radios are better receivers than walkmans the good receiver will be selected from the category car radios. Consequently, the bad receiver will be selected from the category walkmans. The fact that the good receiver doesnt have to be the best receiver makes the selection of a good receiver somewhat arbitrary. The same holds for the selection of the bad receiver. Considering the shape and position of the protection ratio curves with regard to the reference radio-frequency protection ratio curve three receivers were considered as good receivers and three as bad receivers. Candidates for the title good receiver are: The Jvc KD-SX997R, the Jvc KS-FX480REX and the Blaupunkt Woodstock DAB52. Candidates for the title bad receiver are: the United DM2595-2, the Sony ICF-C1200 and the Sony WM-FX491. In mutual agreement the Blaupunkt Woodstock DAB52 car radio was selected as good receiver and the Sony WM-FX491 was selected as bad receiver. The protection ratio curves of the good and bad receiver are depicted in figure 2.4.

FM receiver study display using a keyboard. The presentation of the sample was followed by a warning signal to warn the participants that they should enter their ratings (there was a 2-sec interval between samples). Each sample was presented only once. The participants were tested in groups of 3 or 4, in separate testing booths with individual headphones. For each group of participants, the order of the speech samples (MOS run 1) and of the classical music samples (MOS run 2) was different. About twenty (half) of the participants started with the speech samples and the other participants with the classical music samples. Prior to each MOS run, the participants were presented with eight practice trials to familiarize them with the experimental procedure and with the quality range for both the speech and classical music samples to be expected in the experiment. In total, the MOS test (2 runs) took approximately 25 minutes, including a short break. 4.3 Analysis and results of the pairwise comparison For each participant, the preference matrix of the samples was determined. Table 4.1 illustrates an artificial comparison between five samples. A cell value of 1 indicates that the column variable is preferred over the row variable, a cell value of 0 indicates that the row variable is preferred. The sum of the column reflects the number of times the column variable is preferred over all row variables. Sample A B C D E Column total A 3 B 0 Preference C 4
Table 4.1: Quality preference matrix based on an artificial pairwise comparison of five samples.
A cumulative preference matrix of the preference matrices of all participants was calculated for each network configuration, and for speech and classical music separately. In order to determine the rank order of the samples and to normalize the distances between rankings, we constructed a new matrix from the cumulative preference matrix in which the proportion of times a sample was preferred above another is depicted. Then we converted the proportions into Z-scores using the cumulative normal distribution. In order to get an idea of the spread of the Z-scores caused by the individuals participants and to be able to perform statistical analyses on these data, we applied the Quenouille-Tukey-jackknife method. According to this simulation procedure, we calculated the Z-scores 40 times (40 listeners participated in the experiment) by leaving out the data from one participant each time. With the obtained Zscores it is now possible to rank order the sample conditions within each network configuration. In order to obtain one rank order that includes the results of the three network configurations, we re-scaled the data. For this purpose we used the Z-scores for the best (ref1) and worst references (ref4) to derive the translation and scaling factors, because these anchor points were included in each of the PWC runs

Sanyo-Speech-HF synchro

5 4,3,2,1,-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -35 SIR [dB]
F0_D0 F0_D10 F0_D20 F0_D50 F100_D50 F200_D50 F300_D50
Figure 4.3: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for speech recorded in a HF synchro network with the Sanyo receiver.
Figures 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 present the results for classical music and the Sanyo receiver, for the conventional, the same program and the HF-synchro networks, respectively. Page 27
Sanyo-Classical music-Conventional
Figure 4.4: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for classical music recorded in a conventional network with the Sanyo receiver.
Sanyo-Classical music-Same programme

5 4,3,2,1,-5 0

MOS -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
Figure 4.5: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for classical music recorded in a same programme network with the Sanyo receiver.
Sanyo-Classical music-HF synchro
5 4,3,2,1,-20 -15 -10 -35 SIR [dB]
Figure 4.6: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for classical music recorded in a HF synchro network with the Sanyo receiver.
For the Blaupunkt and Sony receivers a MOS test was carried out for speech only. Figures 4.7 and 4.8 show MOS scores as a function of SIR (dB) for Blaupunkt and Sony, respectively.

Blaupunkt-Speech

5,4,3,5

Page 28

F0_CONV F200_CONV F0 SAME
Figure 4.7: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for speech recorded in a conventional, same programme and HF-synchro network with the Blaupunkt receiver.

Sony-Speech

6 5,4,3,2,1,80 SIR [dB]
F0_CONV F200_CONV F0_SAME F200_SAME F0_D0_SYNC F0_D50_SYNC F200_D50_SYNC
Figure 4.8: Mean opinion score as a function of the signal-to-interference ratio for speech recorded in a conventional, same programme and HF-synchro network with the Sanyo receiver.
If a quality criterion of MOS = 3.51 is regarded as acceptable, then the following protection ratios can be obtained.
The criterion of MOS = 3.5 is similar to the criterion applied in the ZeroBase study.

Page 29

Figure 4.9: The protection ratio as function of the frequency distance based on a mean opion score of 3,5 for speech recorded with the Sanyo receiver.

Sanyo-Classical music

Figure 4.10: The protection ratio as function of the frequency distance based on a mean opion score of 3,5 for classical music recorded with the Sanyo receiver.

0 --20 -30

CONV SAME SYNC_D50 SYNC_D100 f [kHz] 150 200
Figure 4.11: The protection ratio as function of the frequency distance based on a mean opion score of 3,5 for speech recorded with the Blaupunkt receiver.

Page 30

f [kHz] 150 200
CONV SAME SYNC_D50 SYNC_D0
Figure 4.12: The protection ratio as function of the frequency distance based on a mean opion score of 3,5 for speech recorded with the Blaupunkt receiver.
It should be noted that the protection ratios are obtained by means of interpolation and extrapolation and may differ from the values obtained through real experimental measurement. The protection ratios show some surprising results. First, the network configuration same programme resulted in a lower protection ratio than HF-synchro. The opposite was expected. Second, a higher delay didnt always result in a higher protection ratio for the network configuration HF-synchro. Third, the Sony required a higher protection ratio for f=200 kHz than for f=0 kHz. This result is in contradiction with the results of the objective measurements. Fourth, the bad receiver required a lower protection ratio for f=0 kHz for both the network configuration HF-synchro and same programme than the good receiver. The consequences of these protection ratios for frequency planning will be discussed in the next chapter.

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5 Consequences for frequency planning

5.1 General

5.1.1 ITU Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 indicates that protection ratios for steady interference provide approximately 50 dB signal-to-noise ratio. The protection ratios for tropospheric interference correspond closely to a slightly annoying impairment condition. According to Recommendation ITU-R BS.562.3, table 1, slightly annoying relates to grade 3 of the fivegrade impairment scale. It is not clear why the curves for steady and tropospheric interference of Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 merge from 200 kHz onwards. Possibly the effect that stations with higher frequency separations may be closer and therefore only steady interference is interest, has been brought in the curves. Recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 states that in case of identical programmes an improvement of the protection ratio is expected at least for monophonic signals. In case of the same frequency and modulation, with synchronised signals, the protection ratios for monophonic signals are much lower than the one for different programmes. For stereophonic signals the protection ratios depend on the propagation delay and stereophonic content. Recommendation ITU-R BS.641 recommends to use an objective method using a sinusoidal tone of 500 Hz as wanted signal and a standard coloured noise signal as interfering source. 5.1.2 This study In objective tests according to Recommendation ITU-R BS.641, the test conditions for achieving an audio signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 50 dB could not be reached with most receivers. Therefore the audio signal-to-noise ratio for the tests has been lowered to 40 dB. The results should therefore not be compared to the ITU-R protection ratio values for steady interference, which provide approximately 50 dB signal-to-noise ratio. It raises however the question if the quality standard for steady interference is not too high for present day FM reception. The objective results show a great variety in performance of the tested receivers. A receiver with an average protection ratio curve has been selected as reference receiver. Car radios are in general considered as better than the reference receiver (higher achievable audio signal-tonoise-ratio and better selectivity), and walkman-radios are in general considered as worse receivers. If frequency planning is based on the average receiver, it should be born in mind that a large number of receivers may be subject to more than slightly annoying interference, in particular resulting from transmitters with frequency differences of 200 kHz and 300 kHz. On the other hand in particular car radios may still give acceptable reception outside the calculated coverage area. Three network configurations have been subjectively tested: Conventional. Same programme. Page 32

5.3.1 Comparison The results from the protection ratio measurements for the same programme case and for the selected reference receiver are compared with the ITU values in the Table 5.1. f [kHz]

-3 -13

-9 -17
Table 5.1: Comparison between the protection rations from recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 and those based on the subjective tests for same programme networks.
Conclusions regarding same programme networks
The following conclusions can be drawn: The results of the subjective tests for the network condition same programme show a considerable improvement compared to the ITU values which are for wanted and interfering signals having different programmes, also taking into account that the test conditions (wanted signal speech, unwanted signal pop/rock) are much more unfavourable than the conditions assumed for the ITU results. No reliable result could be found for 0 kHz, grade 3. Extrapolation of the results in the table above would lead to about 19 dB. Page 34
FM receiver study For frequency planning of transmitters carrying the same programme it is advised to use the protection ratios based on MOS score3,5 in case of steady interference. Furthermore the considerations of section 5.2.2 should be taken into account. For frequency planning of transmitters carrying the same programme it is advised to use the protection ratios based on MOS score3,0 in case of tropospheric interference. Furthermore the considerations of section 5.2.2 should be taken into account. Considerations on protection ratios for HF-synchro networks
5.4.1 Comparison The preliminary results from the protection ratio measurements for the synchronised case and for the selected reference receiver are compared with the ITU values in the table 7.4 in case of a frequency difference of 0 kHz. For reference also the values for same programme measured with a delay of 50 s are indicated between brackets. Delay [s]

26 (19)

Table 5.1: Comparison between the protection rations from recommendation ITU-R BS.412-9 and those based on the subjective tests for HF-synchro for f=0kHz. The values between brackets represent the values for network configuration same programme under the same conditions.
Conclusions regarding HF-synchro networks
The following conclusions can be drawn: The results of the subjective tests for the network condition hf-synchro show a considerable improvement compared to the ITU values which are for wanted and interfering signals having different programmes, also taking into account that the test conditions (wanted signal speech, unwanted signal pop/rock) are much more unfavourable than the conditions assumed for the ITU results. Although it was expected that the results for synchronised transmissions with a delay of 50 s would be similar as those for same programme, the protection ratio in the synchronised case appears to be higher. Although an increase in protection ratio with delay time had been expected, the results show in particular for the 0 s case an relative high value. The results for the delays 0, 20 and 50 s are relatively close to each other, statistical analysis has shown that there is no significant difference. As synchronised transmitters are more complicated to operate and the results are not significantly better than same programme it is advised not to use synchronised transmitters for achieving a higher frequency efficiency, but in stead same programme. Page 35

FM receiver study 5.5 Planning considerations
5.5.1 Usable field strength calculations For calculating usable field strength, the nuisance fields of relevant interfering transmitters should be calculated. Transmitters carrying the same programme should be identified. This may require a special code in the transmitter database. The nuisance field of these transmitters should be calculated with the reduced protection ratios (see section 7.3). The nuisance field of the other relevant transmitters should be calculated with the protection ratios for conventional networks (see section 7.2). All relevant nuisance fields should be combined using the agreed method (e.g power sum). 5.5.2 Optimised networks The use of protection ratios for same programme networks may lead to higher frequency efficiency in case coverage areas are interference limited. However flexibility in network operation is reduced. If a transmitter that is part of the network for which the reduced protection ratios are applied, needs to carry another programme, either a regional opt-out or a completely different programme, a new network planning is required; the reduced protection ratios are not applicable any more. The application of transmitters with frequencies N 200 or 300 kHz with the same programme is particularly useful for coverage optimisation in the periphery of a coverage area of a transmitter with frequency N. As there is a negative protection ratio, either the transmitter with frequency N or the one with N 200 or 300 kHz (having the same programme) can always be received. Another application could be made in case of a more or less full replanning. A network carrying the same programme could consist of several transmitters having frequency differences of 0 or 100 kHz. The interference zones between these transmitters should be covered by transmitters on other frequencies. It may also be possible by careful planning to situate the interference zones in areas of low population densities. Also in this case coverage areas can be optimised by transmitters with frequency differences of 200 or 300 kHz as described above. An example of a network that has been planned on the basis of reduced protection ratios for transmitters carrying the same programme is shown in annex [7.1]. This network shows the combination of cases indicated above. The network consists mainly of two sets of frequencies, around 103.1 MHz and around 97.7 MHz respectively. Although the example shows the way planning could be done, it should be noted that the protection ratios in this example are different than those advised in this report. Furthermore also other criteria and methods in the example are different than those recommended by ITU. 5.5.3 International frequency coordination Reduced protection ratios for networks carrying the same programme are not contained in GE84 plan and are not recommended by ITU. Also the GE84 transmitter databases do not contain provisions for indicating that transmitters are working in networks carrying the same programme. Calculations done in the framework of GE84 frequency co-ordinations can therefore not take into account the reduced protection ratios. The usable field strength at test points in the coverage area of transmitters with the same programme, in these circumstances may therefore be much higher than calculated for national frequency planning purposes. Page 36

FM receiver study Experience in The Netherlands has shown that interference from third order inter-modulation products may take place if reception is near an FM transmission site where many frequencies are used and: a) at least one with much lower power (for instance a local station) than the others b) reception of signals from another, more distant, site is required In these situations frequencies should as far as possible be chosen in such a way that no third order inter-modulation products occur in the pass-band of the receiver tuned to the low level signal. If it is not possible to avoid third order inter-modulation products in case a) the power of the low power transmission may need to be increased in order to achieve the required protection ratio for this situation. In case b) a fill-in transmitter may be required that fulfils the conditions indicated for case a). An example of case b) in the Netherlands is shown in Appendix C

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8 RDS Switching
This receiver study focuses on two aspects of RDS switching behavior. The first one investigates the RDS switching behavior due to differences in radio frequency levels of two different sources transmitting the same program on different frequencies. The second one investigates the RDS switching behavior due to multipath. The approach followed in both cases will be explained in the next paragraph. 8.1 8.1.1 Approach RDS switching behavior due to differences in radio frequency levels
This test represents the situation when traveling from the coverage area of one transmitter to the coverage area of another transmitter belonging to the same program chain and thus transmitting the same program on a different frequency. This test investigates the behavior of a receiver under such conditions and can be split up in the following two steps: 1 - Setting up the transmitters. Sources A and B of the multi source generator are frequency modulated with a 500 Hz sinusoidal tone and RDS. For both sources the frequency deviation due to RDS is set to 2 kHz. The combined output of sources A and B is fed to the receiver under test. 2 - Measuring the radio frequency switching level The following procedure is repeated for the following combinations of carrier frequencies: Combination Source A, f (MHz) Source B, f (MHz) 1 90,0 105,90,0 90,105,0 90,90,0 89,9

PHILIPS AZ3012

SANYO DC-DA1000

SONY CFD-S550L/SC

SONY ICF-C743L

THOMSON AM1180

Table D. 2: Photographs of the tested portables.

THOMSON RR 600CD

SONY ICF-M33RDS

GRUNDIG CITY BOY 52

DIGITALWAY FD100

NOKIA 8310

Handhelds continued

PHILIPS AZT9500

SAMSUNG YP-90S

SONY ICF-C1200

UNITED DM2595-2

AIWA HS-RM539

Table D. 3: Photographs of the tested handhelds.

SONY WM-FX491