Figure 2-1. The 4/3 Retirement Function [9]
0% 0 1/3 2/3 Age of Appliance Average Life 1 4/3
These weighted averages were then used to create expected distributions, i.e., the distributions of product age, manufacturer, or screen size that we would expect to find in an unbiased sample. The data used to create these expected distributions are discussed below. Age The age of current stock depends on the life expectancy of the appliance and the number of units sold in each year. The expected lifetime of both TVs and VCRs is 11 years [8], while the expected lifetime of a TV/VCR unit is 6 years [10]. The numbers of TVs, VCRs and TV/VCRs sold in each year between 1985 and 1997 were taken from Appliance Magazine Statistical Review [ 11][12] as shown in Figure 2-2. Values for 1998 were not s yet available and so were estimated to be the same as 1997.
Although the 4/3 Retirement Function has not been thoroughly tested in the field, it did provide reasonable estimates of the age distributions for the TVs and VCRs that were measured at the repair shops. (See Sections 3.2 and 4.2.)
Figure 2-2. Number of TVs, VCRs, and TV/VCRs shipped in the U.S. between 1985 and 1998 [11][12]
TVs 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 VCRs TV/VCRs
Year NOTE: Dotted lines indicate estimated values
Manufacturer Nine years (1989-97) of manufacturer market shares were taken from Appliance Magazine Portrait of the U.S. Appliance Industry [13], which lists the U.S. market s share for the top 10 to 12 appliance manufacturers. Figures for these reports are gathered from surveys of appliance OEMs, industry suppliers, market analysts, confidential sources, and APPLIANCE magazine estimates [8]. We estimated manufacturer market shares for the years 1985-1988 and for 1998. We also estimated 1989 market shares for VCRs due to questionable data in the first Portrait of the U.S. Appliance Industry printed in 1990. TV and VCR manufacturer market shares used in this study are shown in Tables 2-1 and 2-2.
Table 2-1. Manufacturer market shares of TVs shipped in the U.S., 1985-1998 [13] TV Manufacturer 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 Thomson a 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.13 N.A.P. b 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 Zenith 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Sony 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 Sharp 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Sanyo 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Matsushita c 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 Toshiba 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 Mitsubishi 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 Samsung 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 Goldstar d 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Hitachi 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.13 Others 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Total a RCA, GE b Philips-Magnavox c Panasonic, Quasar d Goldstar, LG Electronics NOTE: Values in shaded columns are estimated. Year 0.21 0.22 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 na na 0.15 0.19 1.00 1.0.19 0.15 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02 na 0.20 1.0.21 0.15 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.03 na 0.16 1.0.23 0.15 0.13 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 na 0.15 1.0.23 0.15 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.02 na 0.14 1.0.23 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.02 na 0.12 1.0.23 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.02 na 0.12 1.00

Table 2-2. Manufacturer market shares of VCRs shipped in the U.S., 1985-1998 [13] VCR Manufacturer 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Thomson a b 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 Matsushita 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 N.A.P. c 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Sony 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 JVC 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Sharp 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Zenith Sanyo/Fisher 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Toshiba 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Hitachi 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Mitsubishi 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Goldstar d 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Samsung 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Others 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Total a RCA, GE b Panasonic, Quasar c Philips-Magnavox d Goldstar, LG Electronics NOTE: Values in shaded columns are estimated. Year 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.13 0.19 1.00 1.0.16 0.11 0.11 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.24 1.0.18 0.12 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.11 1.0.18 0.10 0.12 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.18 1.0.21 0.9 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 na 0.18 1.0.19 0.13 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 na 0.18 1.0.19 0.13 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 na 0.18 1.00
Screen Size Screen size sales were taken from industry sales to dealers data reported in Television Digest [14][15][16][17][18][19]. We estimated values for 1985-88 and 1997-98 based on trends seen in years for which statistics were available. Percentages of TVs sold in each of five screen size categories less than or equal to 18 inches, 19-20 inches, 25-27 inches, 30-35 inches, and greater than or equal to 39 inches are shown in Figure 2-3.
Figure 2-3. Percentage of TV screen sizes sold in the U.S. between 1985 and 1998 [13-18]
50% Screen Size (inches) <=18 19-20 25-27 30-35 39+
Year of Manufacture NOTE: Dotted lines indicate estimated values
Television Digest did not report sales figures for TV/VCR units by screen size, as was done for direct view and projection TVs. Since the vast majority of TV/VCR units have 13 or 20 inch screens, we split the TV/VCR sales figures evenly between the "<=18" inch and "19-20" inch categories for this study. Although TVs and TV/VCR units have different expected lifetimes, the effect of this difference is negligible since TV/VCR units represented less than five percent of TVs in the U.S.

Figure 3-4. Age distribution of TVs measured at repair and retail shops compared to the expected distribution of an unbiased sample
Repair Shops 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% FSEC LBNL Expected*
*Estimated using industry data [11][12] and the 4/3 Retirement Function [9]

Year of Manufacture

Market Share Figure 3-5 shows the market share distribution of the TVs measured for this study compared to the expected distribution, which was obtained as described in Section 2.3. See Appendix D for a chart matching code letters A through M to the respective manufacturers' names.
Figure 3-5. Manufacturer market share distribution of TVs measured at repair and retail shops compared to the expected distribution of an unbiased sample
Collected 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% A B G D L C H I J M E F K Expected*
*Estimated using industry data [13] and the 4/3 Retirement Function [9]

Manufacturer

Figure 3-5 shows that the market-share distribution found in our sample deviates significantly from the expected distribution. One might think that the high frequency of manufacturers D and J in the repair shops indicate that these manufacturers produce TVs that are more likely to require repair; however, surveys show that this is not true [21][22][23]. One reason for this discrepancy may be that these brands are more valued and thus more likely to be repaired than replaced. Another possibility is that our sample population has been affected by local manufacturer bias; i.e. the distribution of TVs in California may not be representative of the national average.
Screen Size Figure 3-6 shows the screen size distribution of the TVs measured for this study compared to the expected distribution, which was obtained as described in Section 2.3.
Figure 3-6. Screen size distribution of TVs measured at repair and retail shops compared to the expected distribution of an unbiased sample
LBNL Collected 50% Expected*
0% <=18 19-20 25-27 Screen Size (inches) 30-35 39+
*Estimated using industry data [14][15] and the 4/3 Retirement Function [9]
It can be seen from Figure 3-6 that, overall, the screen sizes in our sample are larger than the expected distribution. This may imply that consumers are more likely to discard smaller units than to repair them, or that smaller units are less likely to malfunction.
3.3. Effects of Manufacturer, Screen Size, and Year on TV Power Draw
This section describes the results of an analysis of variance conducted on the TV data measured for this study. For plots showing the effects of manufacturer, year of manufacture, and screen size on the power levels of these TVs, see Appendix E. Results of an analysis of variance7 indicate that screen size and manufacturer are significant in predicting active power draw, while year of manufacture is not. For standby power draw, only manufacturer has a significant effect, while screen size and year of manufacture do not. A summary of the results of the analysis of variance is given in Table 3-2.

Main effect: manufacturer.Covariates: screen size, year of manufacture.
Table 3-2. Results of an analysis of variance conducted on TV data measured at repair and retail shops, with main effect manufacturerand covariates screen sizeandyear of manufacture Variable Manufacturer Screen Size Year of Manufacture F 3.0 367.3 0.6 Active df p 12 <0.<0.0.421 F 11.8 3.0 0.2 Standby df p 12 <0.0.0.639
Further analysis showed that that there is a positive correlation between active power draw and screen size (Pearson r = 0.740). These results imply that (1) some manufacturers consistently make more efficient TVs than other manufacturers, (2) larger TVs use more power when they are on than smaller TVs do, and (3) neither active nor standby TV power use has changed significantly since 1985. (See Appendix F) While the effect of screen size on standby power draw is not statistically significant at the 0.05 alpha level, the probability of only 8.4% shown in Table 3-2 suggests that further investigation may be warranted. For more information about the relationship between TV screen size and power draw, see Appendix G.
3.4. Average TV Power Draw Levels
Because power draw is related to both size and manufacturer, and because the distributions of size and manufacturer in our database were not representative of U.S. stock, average power draw values were weighted according to expected distributions based on industry data. The average TV power draw ( PTV ) is calculated as:

PTV =

m =1 s =1

f s f m Psm

where M is the number of manufacturers, S is the number of screen size categories, fs is the expected market share for screen size s, fm is the expected market share for TV manufacturer m, and Psm is the mean power draw (based on the power measurement database containing 372 TVs) for all of the size s units shipped by manufacturer m. Table 3-3 shows that the average active and standby TV power levels calculated using Equation 5 are 75 watts and 4.5 watts, respectively. Average values derived using only screen size, only market share or no weighting strategies are also presented for comparison.

0.0.0.0.0.0 9.5 0.NOTE: min, rec and max indicate a range of estimates as described in the text, where min=minimum, rec=recommended, max=maximum estimates. Values are accurate to two significant digits.
Table 3-9. National TV energy consumption (TWh/yr) Active Energy Standby Energy Total Energy min rec max min rec max min rec max 1-TV Homes 5.3 7.6 8.3 0.8 0.9 0.9 6.1 8.5 9.3 2-TV Homes 7.1 9.3 10.6 2.5 2.6 2.7 9.7 11.9 13.3 3-TV Homes 3.7 4.6 5.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 5.8 6.6 7.3 1.5 1.8 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 2.7 2.9 3.2 4-TV Homes 5+ TV Homes 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 Total U.S. 27 7.2 7.0 7.NOTE: min, rec and max indicate a range of estimates as described in the text, where min=minimum, rec=recommended, max=maximum estimates. Values are accurate to two significant digits. 3.6. Sources of Uncertainty in the Calculation of National TV Energy Consumption
We used industry shipment data to derive the expected distribution of screen sizes as discussed in Section 2.3. According to the data collected at the repair shops, larger TVs are more likely to be repaired than smaller TVs. This may imply that smaller TVs are more likely to be retired at an earlier age, rather than being repaired. Thus, actual U.S. TV stock may contain a lower fraction of smaller TVs than the expected distribution used in this study. This effect would be particularly prominent in sets manufactured before 1992, which are likely to have a higher frequency of malfunction than newer sets. Based on the screen-size distribution collected at the repair shops, correction of this discrepancy could add as much as 6.5%, or 2 TWh/yr, to our recommended national annual TV energy use estimate. If, instead, the lack of smaller TVs at the repair shop implies that smaller TVs are used less often and are therefore less likely to malfunction, there may be a higher percentage of smaller TVs than was calculated for the expected distribution. However, since the implication of this scenario is that these smaller TVs are not being used, this would not significantly effect our results. We did not include the percentage of time that three or more TV sets are in use simultaneously nor the time two or more televisions are tuned to the same channel. Inclusion of these factors adds a maximum of 1.8% to the national energy estimates. Although we used 11 years for the lifetime of a television as printed in Appliance Magazine in September of 1997, the September 1998 issue reports that the average life expectancy is 9 years. We used the value published in 1997 because the expected age distribution created using an expected lifetime of 11 years provided a better fit to the data collected at the repair shops.

The use of both the expected manufacturer market share and screen size distributions to weight average power draw values assumes that these two characteristics are independent. However, it is almost certainly true that some manufacturers sell more large TVs and some sell more small TVs. To test the effect of this assumption on the final results, we weighted average power draw values using only the expected manufacturer market share, and separately, only the expected screen size distribution (Table 3-3). Using either of these weighting methods alone assumes no independence between manufacturer and screen size, and changes the final national energy use results by less than 3%. This study does not include the energy use of black and white televisions because the number of black and white TVs in the U.S. is insignificant compared to the number of color TVs. According to shipment data [11][12] and a life expectancy of 8 years [8], there are about 5 million black and white TVs in the U.S., accounting for about 2.3% of the national TV population. Since this estimate includes green and amber monitors [12], which are not considered TVs for the purposes of this report, the actual number of black and white TVs in the U.S. is even less. In addition, we expect the black and white TV sets that are still in circulation to be smaller, more efficient and watched less than the average color TV. We are therefore confident that the inclusion of black and white TVs would not add significantly to the results of this study. This study does not include television sets used in the commercial sector, for example those in hospitals and hotel rooms, due to the difficulty estimating usage of such sets. Based on the difference between shipment data and EIA survey data (see Section 3.1), we estimate that there are between 20 and 30 million commercial TVs in the U.S. Assuming that usage of commercial TVs is similar to usage of residential TVs, inclusion of commercial TV sets would increase our estimate of total national energy consumption by roughly 10 to 15 percent. Although we assume that TVs are plugged in at all times, it is possible that some households unplug their TVs when not in use. Appliances with low power factor, such as TVs, require more current and increase distribution losses. Accounting for these losses in our calculations would increase the supply-side energy required for U.S. TVs.
4. VIDEOCASSETTE RECORDERS: ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Our approach to estimating VCR energy consumption parallels that for TVs. First, we present a summary of all VCR data used in this study, including the number of VCRs in the U.S., typical usage, and power draw measurements. Effects of VCR age and manufacturer on unit power draw levels are calculated, and, where appropriate, industry shipment and sales distributions are used to weight average unit power draw values derived from power measurements. Results presented include average unit, average household, and total national energy consumption of U.S. VCRs.

4.1. VCR Data

This section describes the number of VCRs in U.S. homes, typical usage, and VCR power measurements collected at repair shops. Number of VCRs The EIA reports that there are 128.7 million VCRs in U.S. homes [3], an estimated 10.8 million of which are TV/VCR units [9][13]. The numbers of homes with one, two, and three or more units as reported by the EIA [3] are shown in Figure 4-1. Nielsen [6] reports similar findings, which are shown in Figure 4-1 for comparison.
Figure 4-1. Number of VCRs in U.S. homes
Number of Homes (millions) 3 or more 40 Exactly RECS [3] 1998 Nielsen[6] 1 or more Exactly 2
According to an average VCR lifetime of 11 years [8], an average TV/VCR lifetime of 6 years [10], shipment data [11][12] and the 4/3 Retirement Function [9], about 152 million of the 184 million VCRs and TV/VCR combination units shipped since 1985 should still be operating. The difference between this number and the number obtained by the EIA survey is about 23 million units. This difference can be partially attributed to the commercial VCRs that are counted in shipment data, but are not counted by the EIA survey. The uncertainty in the average lifetime of VCRs and TV/VCRs is also likely to be a factor. VCR Usage Hours of operation were taken from Media Dynamics [7]. Similar results were published in a survey of households in the Midwestern U.S. [25] and are included in Table 4-1 for comparison.
Table 4-1. Average household VCR usage (hrs/week/VCR-home) Source Play Record Media Dynamics [7] 4.0 1.9 Wachter [25] 3.3 1.9 NOTE: Values used in this study are in bold Total 5.9 5.3
VCR Power Measurements This section describes the VCR power measurements collected at the repair shops. For a complete list of the VCR power measurements used to determine average idle and standby power draw, see Appendix H. For a complete list of the VCR power measurements used to determine average VCR play/record power draw, see Appendix I. Figure 4-2 shows the distribution of idle mode power levels of the 106 VCRs measured at the repair shops. These values represent power draw of the VCRs while they were on and no motor driven functions were being performed. Figure 4-3 shows the distribution of power levels measured while the VCRs were in standby mode.
Figure 4-2. VCRs measured at repair shops: distribution of idle power draw levels
0% 20 Idle Power (W) 30 40
Figure 4-3. VCRs measured at repair shops: distribution of standby power draw levels
0% Standby Power (W) 10 15

Since no information was available on this subject, we were forced to provide a rough estimate based on our experience.
Table 4-7. Average household and unit VCR usage in homes with 1, 2, and 3 VCRs (hrs/day) Play/Record Usage Idle Usage Standby Usage rec min rec max min rec max 1 VCR-home total 0.84 0.0 5.8 23.2 23.2 17.4 0.0 VCR1 0.84 0.0 5.8 23.2 23.2 17.4 0.VCR-home total 0.84 0.0 11.8 47.2 47.2 35.4 0.0 VCR1 0.70 0.0 5.8 23.3 23.3 17.5 0.0 VCR2 0.14 0.0 6.0 23.9 23.9 17.9 0.VCR-home total 0.84 0.0 17.8 71.2 71.2 53.4 0.0 VCR1 0.67 0.0 5.8 23.3 23.3 17.5 0.0 VCR2 0.12 0.0 6.0 23.9 23.9 17.9 0.0 VCR3 0.05 0.0 6.0 23.9 23.9 18.0 0.0 NOTE: min, rec and max indicate a range of estimates as described in the text, where min=minimum, rec=recommended, max=maximum estimates.
Note that the sums of the play/record, idle, and standby usage values increase linearly with the number of VCRs in the home to account for added power draw of multiple units. Thus, the total daily usage in homes with 2 VCRs is 48 hours, while the total daily usage in homes with 3 units is 72 hours. For each VCR, unit energy consumption is calculated using Equation 2. Average household VCR energy consumption values for households with 1, 2, and 3 VCRs are calculated using Equation 3. Results, presented in Table 4-8, are accurate to two significant digits.
Table 4-8. Average annual household and unit VCR energy use by number of VCRs in the home (kWh/yr) Play/Record Idle Standby rec min rec max min rec max 1 VCR-home total (kWh/yr/home) VCR1 (kWh/yr/unit) 2 VCR-home total (kWh/yr/home) VCR1 (kWh/yr/unit) VCR2 (kWh/yr/unit) 3 VCR-home total (kWh/yr/home) VCR1 (kWh/yr/unit) VCR2 (kWh/yr/unit) VCR3 (kWh/yr/unit) Weighted Average 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.3 0.9 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total min rec max 73 171
4.2 0.38 0.0.7 0.39 0.0.3 0.39 0.5.2 0.55 0.NOTE: min, rec and max indicate a range of estimates as described in the text, where min=minimum, rec=recommended, max=maximum estimates. Values are accurate to two significant digits.
National energy consumption values calculated using the values in Table 4-8 and the number of 1-, 2- and 3-VCR homes in the U.S. [3] are presented in Table 4-9. Table 4-9. National VCR energy consumption (TWh/yr) Play/Record Idle Standby Total rec min rec max min rec max min rec max 0.3 0.0 1.6 7.2 2.5 2.1 0.0 2.8 4.0 7.5 0.1 0.0 1.5 5.5 2.7 1.9 0.0 2.8 3.5 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.1 1.3 0.8 0.0 1.4 1.5 2.2 0.5 0.0 3.7 14.8 6.5 4.9 0.0 7.0 9.1 15.2

Table 5-1. Recommended average household TV and VCR energy consumption values TVs VCRs Number of units (kWh/yr/home) (kWh/yr/home) in home 400 Weighted average Note: Recommended values have been rounded to two significant digits
Recommended power and energy consumption values for TVs and VCRs are presented in Tables 5-2 and 5-3, respectively. Percentages of total U.S. energy consumption are based on the 1998 national residential electricity consumption of 3.772 quadrillion BTUs, or 1105 TWh [26]. Values presented in other recent reports are listed for comparison.
Table 5-2. Recommended power and energy consumption values for TVs in the U.S. residential sector compared to results of other studies Televisions This Study Sanchez et al. [1] 211.2.1 1.9 8.3 7.8 b 4.150 c 26 Zogg et al. [2] 229 2.3 9.2 b EIA [27]
Total number of units (millions) Avg. units/homea Avg. active usage (hrs/day/home) Avg. active power (watts) Avg. standby power (watts) Avg. UEC (kWh/yr/unit) Total U.S. energy (TWh/yr) 67 Percentage of U.S. residential 2.8% 2.4% 2.5% 6.0% electricity consumption a Based on 101 million U.S. homes. b For consistency, usage is described in terms of household usage (hrs/day/home), calculated as the product of the unit usage and the number of units per home. c To be consistent with the standard UEC definition, the UEC value presented here is calculated as the total U.S. TV energy use divided by the number of TVs in the U.S.
Note that our estimate of the TV energy consumption of a 1-TV household (Table 5-1) is 260 kWh/year. This value is much higher than the average TV UEC of 150 kWh/year (Table 5-2) because it is based on the assumption that, on average, homes with one TV set use it for 7.7 hours per day. The UEC, on the other hand, is based on the assumption that all TVs, no matter how many units are in the household, are used for 3.9 hours per day.10 This assumption is unrealistic because it implies that the TV in an average 1-TV home is used for 3.9 hours per day, while the TVs in an average 5-TV home are used for 19.5 hours per day.
Table 5-3. Recommended power and energy consumption values for VCRs in the U.S. residential sector compared to the results of other studies Videocassette Recorders This Study Sanchez et al. [1] Zogg et al. [2] Total number of units (millions) 128.123 a Avg. play/record usage (hrs/day/home) 0.84 0.96 0.88 a Avg. idle usage (hrs/day/home) 8.5 4.6 4.2 Avg. play/record power (watts) 17.0 15.7 15.7 b Avg. idle power (watts) 13.5 10.7 10.7 b Avg. standby power (watts) 5.9 5.4 5.6 Avg. UEC (kWh/yr) 57 Total U.S. energy (TWh/yr) 9.1 7.6 6.9 Percentage of U.S. residential 0.82% 0.7% 0.6% electricity consumption a Value calculated as the product of the unit usage and the number of units per home. b Value taken from Sanchez et al. [1].

Energy efficiency regulations and voluntary programs The United States does not have minimum efficiency regulations for TVs or VCRs, but Japan does and Europe is considering them. These standards, especially those in Japan, will influence the efficiency of units sold in the United States. For example, Japanese manufacturers have been informally asked by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) to reduce TV standby losses to one watt. Other voluntary programs, such as the United States' ENERGY STAR program and Europe's Group for Efficient Appliances (GEA) program, are also expected to result in reduced standby power use for both TVs and VCRs.
6. CONCLUSIONS This study investigated power draw levels and national residential energy use of TVs and VCRs in the U.S. We found that the active power draw levels of TVs are closely related to screen size, while standby power draw levels seem to depend only on manufacturer. In addition, it appears that some TV and VCR manufacturers consistently make more efficient units than do others. Although average power draw levels of TVs have remained relatively stable over the past 15 years, VCRs have become significantly more efficient. The average active and standby power draw levels of U.S. TVs are 75 and 4.5 watts, respectively. Annual household energy consumption levels of TVs range from 260 kWh for a home with one set to 400 kWh for a home with five. Average household TV energy consumption is 310 kWh per year. Nationally, residential TVs use 31 TWh of electricity per year, or about 2.8% of U.S. residential electricity consumption. The average play/record, idle, and standby power levels of U.S. VCRs are 17.0, 13.5 and 5.9 watts, respectively. Annual household energy consumption levels of VCRs range from 71 kWh for a home with one unit to 210 kWh for a home with three. Average household VCR energy consumption is 100 kWh per year. Nationally, residential VCRs consume 9.1 TWh of electricity per year, or 0.8% of U.S. residential electricity consumption. Combined, TVs and VCRs, including TV/VCR combination units, use 40 TWh/yr, or 3.6% of U.S. residential electricity consumption. Current trends demonstrate that the TV and VCR end-uses are likely to undergo many changes in the next decade. For this reason, the results presented in this report will be valid for only a brief time, perhaps less than three years, before a reassessment is needed.
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APPENDIX A: SINGLE PHASE POWER MULTIMETER, MODEL PLM-1-LP Electronic Product Design, Inc., 2145 Debra Drive, Springfield, Oregon 97477 The Single Phase Power Multimeter (model PLM-1-LP) is an electronic instrument used to measure parameters associated with power consumption by an electrical load that is normally operated from a 50 or 60 hertz power line. Power is supplied to the load via a permanent power cord exiting the rear panel and a 15 amp, 120-volt outlet on the front panel. An internal 0.1-ohm shunt, wired in series with the neutral wire, senses the current. The voltage is measured between the hot and neutral wires. Power is provided to the measuring electronics via the same power cord. Current is limited to three amps RMS with an inline, 3 amp, slow-blow fuse accessible at the rear panel. The Single Phase Power Multimeter measures; true RMS voltage and current; true power; and peak voltage, current, and power. This meter also calculates Power-Factor, Volt-Amps, and VARS. In addition the PLM-1-LP accumulates Time and Watt-Hours. Display information, time, and accumulations of power are stored away in a nonvolatile memory. If measuring power is lost, when it returns, the meter will power up and still retain the latest recorded information. Reset of Watt-hours and Time is accomplished via the front panel momentary switches. A dual line, 16 character per line, LCD provides a visual output to the operator. Two front-panel pushbuttons allow sequencing through the different displays of values. All measurements and calculations are updated at 1 second intervals, and if your meter includes the RS232 option, all the measurements and calculations are output at 9600 baud, once each second. RS232 isolation is a minimum of 1500 volts. Operating temperature: degrees C. Bandpass: 100th harmonic of 60 Hz (6Khz). Crest factor: Peak current (10 amps) divided by measured RMS current. MEASUREMENT RMS Voltage RMS Current Watts Peak Voltage Peak Current Peak Power Volt-Amps Power Factor VARS Accumulate Power (Wh) Hours RANGE 0.1 to 140.0 volts 0. 001 to 3.000 amps 0.1 to 420.1 watts 0.1 to 200.0 volts 0.01 to 10.00 amps 1 to 2,000 watts 0.1 to 420.0 VA 0.00 to 1.to 420 VARS 0.01 to 999999.99 0.01 to 655.36 ACCURACY 0.5% +1 LSD 0.5% +1 LSD 0.5% +1 LSD 1% +1 LSD 1% +1 LSD 1% +1 LSD 1% + 1 LSD 1.5% 1.5% (PF = 0.1 to 0.9) 05% + 1LSD 0.01% + 1LSD

Brand JVC JVC JVC JVC Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi
Model HRDX44U HRDX420 HRD870 HRJ620 VH6400 PV2101 VH6415 PV4260 PV2301 PV4362 PV2401 VHQ42 VHQ620 VHQ620 VHQ820 VHQ820 HS400UR HS339 HSU82 HSU32 HSU250 HSU56 HSU65 HS34 HSU110 HSU58 HSU61 HSU500 HSU52 HSU54 HSU69 HSU760 HSU550 HSU580

Year 1995 1995

Off (W) On (W) Rated (W) Remote Source 2.8 3.1 3.9 3.2 4.8 4.5 7.6 7.3 6.3 8.1 5.2 4.7 4.7 5.4 2.9 2.8 8.5 5.1 9.4 7.9 5.5 6.8 9.0 5.5 5.1 6.4 8.3 7.0 7.7 6.0 8.5 8.2 3.5 3.5 8.8 8.7 13.6 10.0 8.8 8.6 12.3 10.2 8.6 11.3 7.8 7.1 7.0 6.9 7.5 7.2 28.8 11.2 32.1 14.9 13.5 16.4 23.4 12.9 13.2 16.3 23.4 16.5 17.6 17.5 20.8 20.8 9.5 9.20 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair
Brand Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Philips-Mag Philips-Mag Philips-Mag Philips-Mag Philips-Mag Sanyo Sanyo Sanyo Sharp Sharp Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony Sony
Model HSU410 HSU430 HSU570 HN915 VCR875 SVC7500 VRVCR885 DS8000U N958U VCR4000 HVM110 VR9525 VR1260AT01 VR3460 VR9362 VRT422 FVH905 FVH6300 VHR9385 XA200 VCA555 SL2410 EVC100 SLHF1000 SLV690 SLV696 SLVR5UC SLV555 SL390 SLV373 SLV585 SLV900 SLV900HF SLVR1000

Year 1992 1992

Off (W) On (W) Rated (W) Remote Source 5.5 3.3 3.9 7.7 8.4 8.6 8.8 12.0 9.6 8.2 5.0 7.0 5.3 5.4 3.6 3.9 10.3 6.4 6.6 7.9 7.6 5.8 2.3 10.0 3.5 3.1 8.4 6.8 3.8 8.5 5.3 9.3 10.1 6.8 15.4 9.2 10.1 13.3 14.1 17.3 14.5 31.5 16.1 15.2 10.6 11.7 10.7 14.5 11.0 9.1 17.1 14.5 13.4 11.5 7.6 25.8 6.5 36.9 12.8 11.4 32.1 19.1 15.9 16.0 17.7 12.7 13.3 16.30 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair Repair