Operate the recorder only on 120 V AC, 60 Hz. The recorder is not disconnected from the AC power source as long as it is connected to the wall outlet, even if the recorder itself has been turned off. If you are not going to use the recorder for a long time, be sure to disconnect the recorder from the wall outlet. To disconnect the AC power cord, grasp the plug itself; never pull the cord.

On recording

Contents of the recording cannot be compensated for if the recording or playback is not made due to a malfunction of the recorder, disc, etc. Make trial recordings before making the actual recording.
DVD Recording ________________
Playing Discs _________________
VCR Recording ________________ Playing VHS Tapes_____________

Copyrights

Television programs, films, video tapes, discs, and other materials may be copyrighted. Unauthorized recording of such material may be contrary to the provisions of the copyright laws. Also, use of this recorder with cable television transmission may require authorization from the cable television transmitter and/or program owner. This product incorporates copyright protection technology that is protected by U.S. patents and other intellectual property rights. Use of this copyright protection technology must be authorized by Macrovision, and is intended for home and other limited viewing uses only unless otherwise authorized by Macrovision. Reverse engineering or disassembly is prohibited.
DVD Editing __________________

On placement

Place the recorder in a location with adequate ventilation to prevent heat build-up in the recorder. If the recorder is brought directly from a cold to a warm location, moisture may condense inside the recorder and cause damage to the video head, tape, and the optical block. When you first install the recorder, or when you move it from a cold to a warm location, wait for about three hours before operating the recorder. Do not place the recorder on a soft surface such as a rug that might block the ventilation holes. Do not place the recorder in a confined space such as a bookshelf or similar unit. Do not place the recorder in a location near heat sources, or in a place subject to direct sunlight, excessive dust, or mechanical shock. Do not place the recorder in an inclined position. It is designed to be operated in a horizontal position only.
Dubbing (TAPE y DVD)________

Recordable and playable VHS tapes
This VCR uses the VHS system.

Recording

This VCR records using the VHS system.
z Hint If you do not want recorded contents to be erased, break off the erasure prevention tab. To record again on a tape that has had the erasure prevention tab removed, cover the hole with cellophane tape, etc.

Safety tab

This VCR cannot record using the S-VHS system. Tapes recorded in EP (3) mode by this VCR cannot be played back on standard mode only VHS decks. Noise may appear in the image when tapes recorded in EP (3) mode by this VCR are played back on other VHS decks with 3 mode.

Playback

The VCR automatically identifies the recording system and recording mode (SP (standard) or EP (3)) of recorded tapes during playback.
You cannot play back foreign video software that uses non-NTSC color TV systems (PAL, SECAM). When playing back tapes recorded using the S-VHS system, the playback image may be disturbed.

Hookups and Settings

Hooking Up the Recorder
Follow steps 1 to 7 to hook up and adjust the settings of the recorder.
Step 2: Connecting the Antenna Cable
Select one of the following antenna hookups. Do not connect the power cord until you reach Connecting the Power Cord on page 26.
If you have Hookup Hookups and Settings
Plug cords securely to prevent unwanted noise. Refer to the instructions supplied with the components to be connected. Be sure to disconnect the power cord of each component before connecting.
Cable box or satellite receiver with a A (page 16) video/audio output Cable box with an antenna output only B (page 17)
Cable without cable box, or antenna C (page 17) only (no cable TV)

Step 1: Unpacking

Check that you have the following items: Audio/video cord (pinplug 3 y pinplug 3) (1) Antenna cable (1) Remote commander (remote) (1) Size AA (R6) batteries (2)
Note to CATV system installer (in USA)
This reminder is provided to call the CATV system installers attention to Article 820- 40 of the NEC that provides guidelines for proper grounding and, in particular, specifies that the cable ground shall be connected to the grounding system of the building, as close to the point of cable entry as practical.
If your antenna is a flat cable (300-ohm twin lead cable), use an external antenna connector (not supplied) to connect the antenna to the recorder. If you have separate cables for VHF and UHF antennas, use a UHF/VHF band mixer (not supplied) to connect the antenna to the recorder.

The Title List does not appear for DVD-RW (Video mode), DVD+R, or DVD-R that have been finalized. To view a title, press TOP MENU or MENU (page 57). The Title List may not appear for discs created on other DVD recorders. Letters that cannot be displayed are replaced with an *. When playback of the Title List movie thumbnail image for the selected title finishes, the thumbnail image display stops at the last image of the movie thumbnail image.
Using the DVD Disc Setting Displays
Press SYSTEM MENU while the recorder is in stop mode.

Timer Edit Disc Setting

With the Disc Setting display, you can perform operations such as formatting and finalizing (page 44).
Select Disc Setting, and press ENTER.
The Disc Setting display appears.
Disc Setting Title List Timer 10:10 AM
Disc Name Disc Protect Disc Format
: : Not Protected : VR Mode : Unfinalized

M/m/</,, ENTER

Edit Disc Setting Setup
Disc Finalize Erase All Titles
Press DVD to control the DVD recorder. Press Z OPEN/CLOSE, and place a disc on the disc tray.
Select an option, and press ENTER. A Disc Name:
Labels a disc. Enter the disc name in the Disc Name display (page 46).
B Disc Protect (DVD-RW in VR mode only):
Protects all titles on the disc. To cancel the protection, select Not protected.
C Disc Format (DVD-RW/DVD+RW only):
Erases all contents of the disc to make a blank disc. For DVD-RWs, select a recording format (VR Mode or Video Mode) according to your needs.

D Disc Finalize:

Finalizes a disc (page 44).
E Erase All Titles (DVD-RW/ DVD+RW only):
Erases all titles on the disc (except the protected titles) and Playlists created with protected titles.
z Hints You can set protection for individual titles (page 82). By reformatting, you can change the recording format on DVD-RWs, or record again on DVD-RWs (Video mode) that have been finalized.
Follow steps 1 to 6 of Using the DVD Disc Setting Displays on page 43 to select Disc Finalize in the Disc Setting display.
The display for confirmation appears.
You can enter up to 32 characters for a disc name. The disc name may not appear when the disc is played on other DVD equipment.
Do you want to finalize this disc ? Finalize Unfinalize
Finalizing a disc (preparing a disc for playback on other equipment)

Adjusting the picture (tracking)
Although the VCR automatically adjusts the tracking when playing a tape, distortion may occur if the recording is in poor condition. In this case, manually adjust the tracking.
Press TRACKING +/ to adjust the picture.
The tracking meter appears. Press TRACKING +/ repeatedly until the distortion disappears.

Tracking

Playing VHS Tapes

Tracking meter

To resume automatic tracking adjustment
Press TRACKING + and TRACKING at the same time. Or, eject the tape and reinsert it.

Playback option

INSTANT REPLAY/ INSTANT ADVANCE H PLAY. PREV/NEXT > X PAUSE
Operations Fast reverses/fast forwards when pressed during stop. When you press and hold down the button during fast reverse/fast forward, you can view the picture. Plays at high speed when briefly pressed during playback. When you press and hold down the button during playback, playing at high speed continues until you release the button. Plays in slow motion when pressed in pause mode.
(slow) INSTANT ADVANCE INSTANT REPLAY. PREV/ NEXT > X PAUSE
Plays frame by frame when pressed in pause mode. Fast forwards the current scene for 30 seconds when pressed during playback.*1 Replays the previous scene when pressed during playback.*2
Fast reverses/fast forwards when pressed during playback. Search speed changes as follows: 7 y 5 y 3 y STILL y SLOW y PLAY y 2 y 3 y 5 y 7 Pauses playback. If you pause playback for more than 5 minutes, playback starts automatically.
You can press INSTANT ADVANCE up to 4 time. This allows you to fast forward up to 2 minutes in total. For 10 seconds in SP or LP mode/for 15 seconds in EP mode
The sound is muted during playback at various speeds. The picture may show noise when playing at high speed in reverse.
Searching Using Various Functions
The VCR automatically marks the tape with an index signal at the point where each recording begins. You can easily find a specific point using various search functions.
Select Go To Zero, and press ENTER.
The VCR starts searching and automatically stops at the 0:00:00 point.

Go to Zero 0:00:00

You cannot use these search functions during DVD recording.
Searching for a blank space of the tape
The VCR automatically searches for the beginning of a blank space. You can easily find a point you can start recording from.

To edit original titles

Edits made to the original titles are final. If you plan to retain an unaltered original recording, create and edit a Playlist (see below). The edit functions available for original titles are: Labeling a title (page 82). Setting protection against erasure (page 82). Erasing a title (page 82). Erasing a section of a title (A-B Erase) (page 83).
Edit options for DVD+RWs/DVD-RWs (Video mode)/DVD+Rs/DVD-Rs
You can perform simple edits. Since Video mode titles are actual recordings on the disc, you cannot undo any edits you make. The edit functions available for Video mode titles are: Setting protection against erasure (page 82). Labeling a title (page 82). Erasing a title (page 82).
To create and edit Playlist titles
A Playlist is a group of Playlist titles created from the original title for editing purposes. When you create a Playlist, only the control information necessary for playback, such as the playback order, is stored on the disc. Since the original titles are left unaltered, Playlist titles can be re-edited. Example: You have recorded the final few matches of a soccer tournament on a DVD-RW (VR mode). You want to create a digest with the goal scenes and other highlights, but you also want to keep the original recording.
Once the disc is finalized, you cannot edit or record on the disc (except for DVD+RWs). If a message appears and indicates that the discs control information is full, erase unnecessary titles.
In this case, you can compile highlight scenes as a Playlist title. You can even rearrange the scene order within the Playlist title (Creating a Playlist on page 84).
The advanced edit functions available for Playlist titles are: Labeling a title (page 82). Erasing a title (page 82). Editing a Playlist scene (page 86).
z Hint You can display the discs Playlist titles in the Title List (Playlist), or the original titles in the Title List (Original). To switch the two Title Lists, press TITLE LIST, and press ORIGINAL/PLAYLIST.

Editing a Title

This section explains the basic edit functions. Note that editing is irreversible. To edit a DVD-RW (VR mode) without changing the original recordings, create a Playlist title (page 84).

Note Notes

You cannot protect Playlist titles. If a message appears and indicates that the discs control information is full, erase unnecessary titles. When editing a DVD+R, DVD-R, or DVD-RW (Video mode), finish all editing before finalizing the disc. You cannot edit a finalized disc.

Select DVD t Video, and press ENTER.
10 Select OK, and press ENTER.
Dubbing starts. The discs menu may appear depending on the disc when playback of a disc finishes. In this case, press x STOP to stop dubbing, otherwise the discs menu is recorded until the tape reaches its end.

To select the tape speed

Press VIDEO to control the VCR, then press REC MODE repeatedly to select SP or EP. EP (Extended Play) provides recording time three times as long as SP (Standard Play). However, SP produces better picture and audio quality.
To select the sound or language
After step 5 above, press AUDIO repeatedly to select the sound you want, or press SUBTITLE repeatedly to select the language you want. For details, see page 59.
z Hints You can switch the playback DVD audio while dubbing. The brightness of the playback video may differ from that during normal DVD playback. The DVD playback time may differ slightly from the VHS tape counter value. The audio being played back (main audio, sub audio, etc.) is the dubbed audio.

DV Dubbing (DV t DVD)

Before DV Dubbing
This section explains dubbing with a digital video camera via the DV IN jack on the front panel. If you want to dub by way of the LINE IN jacks, see Recording from Connected Equipment with a Timer (Synchro Rec) on page 53.
Connecting a Digital Video Camera to the DV IN Jack
You can connect a digital video camera to the DV IN jack on the recorder to record or edit from a DV format tape. Operation is straightforward because the recorder will fast forward and rewind the tape for you you do not need to operate your digital video camera. Do the following to start using the DV Edit functions of this recorder. See the instruction manual supplied with the digital video camera as well before connecting.
To record from the DV IN jack
The DV IN jack on this recorder conforms to the i.LINK standard. You can connect any other equipment that has an i.LINK (DV) jack, and record digital signals. Follow the instructions in Connecting a Digital Video Camera to the DV IN Jack, and then move on to the section on dubbing. For more information about i.LINK, see About i.LINK on page 115.

11 Select Stereo 1 or Stereo 2, and press
To turn off the display for recording
Press INPUT SELECT or CH +/.
12 Press O RETURN twice. 13 Select Edit, and press ENTER.
If you want to play the disc on other DVD equipment, finalize the disc (page 44). You cannot connect more than one piece of digital video equipment to the recorder. You cannot control the recorder using another device or another recorder of the same model. You cannot record date, time, or the contents of the cassette memory onto the disc. If you record from a DV format tape with a sound track that is recorded in multiple sampling frequencies (48 kHz, 44.1 kHz, or 32 kHz), no sound or an unnatural sound will be output when playing back the sampling frequency switch point on the disc. The recorded picture may be momentarily affected if the picture size of the source image changes, or if there is nothing recorded on the tape. Noise may occur when you switch the audio sampling mode (48 kHz/16 bits t 32 kHz/12 bits). 16:9 images are recorded in 4:3 size.

Settings and Adjustments

The Setup display appears.

Setup 10:10 AM

Using the Setup Displays
By using the setup displays, you can make various adjustments to items such as picture and sound, as well as select a language for the subtitles. The setup displays are used in the following way.
Title List Timer Edit Disc Setting
Playback settings stored in the disc take priority over the setup display settings, and not all of the functions described may work.
Select Tuner Preset, Clock Set, Video, Audio, Features, Options, or Easy Setup, and press ENTER.
The selected setup display appears. Example: Video setup
Video Title list Timer Edit Disc Setting Setup 10:10 AM
TV Type Black Level Picture Control Progressive
: 4:3 Pan Scan : On : Standard : Off
Select the item you want to set up, and press ENTER.
Available options for the item appear. Example: TV Type
Video Title list Timer Edit
: 4:3 Letter Box 16:9 : On4:3 Letter Box 4:3 Pan : Composite Scan : Off

Press SYSTEM MENU while the recorder is in stop mode. Select Setup, and press ENTER. Select Options, and press ENTER.
The Options setup appears with the following options. The default settings are underlined.
Options Title list Timer Edit Disc Setting Setup 10:10 AM
After step 3 above, select Parental, and press ENTER. If you have not entered a password, the display for registering a new password appears. Enter a 4-digit password using the number buttons.
Parental Title list Timer Edit Disc Setting Setup 10:10 AM

Create the password.

Language Parental Front Display Command Mode Factory Setting
Parental Title list Timer 10:10 AM

: Auto : Mode3

The display for confirming the password appears. Re-enter the password.

Confirm the password.

Language
OSD (On-Screen Display) Switches the display language on the screen. Disc Menu (DVD VIDEO only) Switches the language for the DVD menu. Audio (DVD VIDEO only) Switches the language of the sound track. When you select Original, the language given priority in the disc is selected. Subtitle (DVD VIDEO only) Switches the language of the subtitles recorded on the disc. When you select Auto, the subtitle language changes according to the language you selected for the sound track.
When you have already registered a password, the display for entering the password appears. Enter a 4-digit password using the number buttons.
Parental Title list Timer Edit Disc Setting 10:10 AM
If you select a language in Disc Menu, Subtitle, or Audio that is not recorded on the DVD VIDEO, one of the recorded languages will be automatically selected.
Select Password, and press ENTER. The selection items for Password are displayed. Select On, and press ENTER.

Front Display

Adjusts the lighting of the front panel display.
Auto Bright Dimmer Adjusts automatically. Bright lighting. Low lighting. Turns off the lighting when the power is off.
Password Rating Level Change Password

: On : Level 1 (Kids)

Command Mode
Changes the command mode of the recorder if other DVD equipment is assigned the same command mode. Be sure to match the COMMAND MODE switch on the remote to the setting made here. For details, see If you have a Sony DVD Player/Video Cassette Recorder or Video Cassette Recorder/DVD Recorder on page 29.
Mode1 Select this if the default command mode conflicts with other DVD equipment. Select this if the default command mode conflicts with other DVD equipment. The default command mode of the recorder.
Select Rating Level, and press ENTER. The selection items for Rating Level are displayed.
: On: Level (Adults) Level (Adults) Level 7 Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 (Kids)
The lower the value, the stricter the limitation.
Select the level, and press ENTER. The Parental setting is complete. To cancel the Parental setting for the disc, set Password to Off in step 3. To change the password, select Change Password in step 5, and press ENTER. When the display for registering a password appears, enter a new four-digit password using the number buttons.

Picture

There is no picture.
, , , , Re-connect all connecting cords securely. The connecting cords are damaged. Check the connection to your TV (page 15). Switch the input selector on your TV (such as to VCR) so that the signal from the recorder appears on the TV screen.
TV channels cannot be changed.
, The channel is disabled (page 98). , A timer recording started, which changed the channels.
The picture from equipment connected to the recorders input jack does not appear on the screen.
, If the equipment is connected to the LINE 1 IN jack, select LINE1 in the front panel display by pressing INPUT SELECT. If the equipment is connected to the LINE 2 IN jacks, select LINE2 in the front panel display by pressing INPUT SELECT.

Picture noise appears.

, Check the connection to your TV (page 15) and switch the input selector on your TV so that the signal from the recorder appears on the TV screen. , If the picture output signal from your recorder passes through your VCR to get to your TV, or if you are connected to a combination TV/VIDEO player, the copy-protection signal applied to some DVD programs could affect picture quality. If you still experience this problem even when you connect your recorder directly to your TV, try connecting your recorder to your TVs S VIDEO input. , You have set the recorder to progressive format (the PROGRESSIVE indicator lights up) even though your TV cannot accept the progressive signal. In this case, set Progressive to Off in Video setup (page 101). , Even if your TV is compatible with progressive format (480p) signals, the image may be affected when you set the recorder to progressive format. In this case, set Progressive to Off in Video setup (page 101).
The playback picture or TV program from the equipment connected through the recorder is distorted.
, If the playback picture output from a DVD player, VCR, or tuner goes through your recorder before reaching your TV, the copy-protection signal applied to some programs could affect picture quality. Disconnect the playback equipment in question and connect it directly to your TV.
The picture does not fill the screen.
, Set TV Type in Video setup in accordance with the aspect ratio of your TV (page 100).
The picture does not fill the screen, even though the aspect ratio is set in TV Type in Video setup.
, The aspect ratio of the disc is fixed on your DVD.

DVD Playback

Some functions such as Stop, Search, or Slowmotion Play cannot be performed.
Additional Information , Depending on the disc, you may not be able to do some of the operations above. See the instruction manual supplied with the disc.
The language for the sound track cannot be changed.
, Multilingual tracks are not recorded on the disc being played. , The DVD VIDEO prohibits the changing of the language for the sound track. , Try changing the language using the DVD VIDEOs menu.
The subtitle language cannot be changed or turned off.
, Multilingual subtitles are not recorded on the DVD VIDEO. , The DVD VIDEO prohibits changing of the subtitles. , Try changing the subtitle using the DVD VIDEOs menu. , The subtitles cannot be changed for the titles recorded on this recorder.
DVD Recording/Timer recording/ Editing
The channel cannot be changed from the channel you are recording.
, Set the TVs input source to TV.
Recording does not start immediately after you press z REC.
, Operate the recorder only after LOAD, FORMAT, or INF WRITE disappears from the front panel display.
The angles cannot be changed.
, Multi-angles are not recorded on the DVD VIDEO being played. , You are trying to change the angles when does not appear in the front panel display (page 59). , The DVD VIDEO prohibits changing angles. , Try changing the angle using the DVD VIDEOs menu. , The angles cannot be changed for the titles recorded on this recorder.
Nothing was recorded even though you set the timer setting correctly.
, There was a power failure during recording. , Disconnect the AC power cord from the AC outlet, and connect it again. , The program contains copy protection signals that restrict copying. , The program that starts first has priority and the second program starts recording only after the first program has finished. If the programs start at the same time, the program listed first in the menu has priority (page 51). , There is no DVD inside the recorder. , There is not enough disc space for the recording.
The MP3 audio track cannot be played.
, The DATA CD is not recorded in the MP3 format that conforms to ISO9660 Level 1/ Level 2. , The MP3 audio track does not have the extension.MP3. , The data is not formatted in MP3 even though it has the extension.MP3. , The data is not MPEG1 Audio Layer 3 data. , The player cannot play audio tracks in MP3PRO format.
Recording does not stop immediately after you press x STOP.
, It will take a few seconds for the recorder to input disc data before recording can stop.

, The safety tab has been removed. To record on this tape, cover the tab hole.
The picture is not clear.
, Adjust the tracking with the TRACKING +/ buttons. , The video heads are dirty (see page 113). Clean the video heads using a Sony video head cleaning cassette. If a Sony cleaning cassette is not available in your area, have the heads cleaned at your nearest Sony dealer (a standard service fee will be charged). Do not use a commercially available liquid type cleaning cassette, as it may damage the video heads. , The video heads may have to be replaced. Consult your local Sony dealer for more information.
The tape is ejected when you press z REC. Nothing happens when you press z REC.
, Make sure the tape is not at its end.
, Check that the safety tab has not been removed.

Additional Information

VHS Timer recording
The timer does not operate.
, , , , , , , , , Check that the clock is set. Make sure a tape has been inserted. Check that the safety tab has not been removed. Make sure the tape is not at its end. Make sure a program has been set for timer recording. Make sure your timer settings are past the current time. Check that the cable box is turned on. The clock stops if the VCR-DVD recorder is disconnected from the wall outlet for more than one minute. Reset the clock and timer. Turn the power off and unplug the AC power cord.
The picture rolls vertically during picture search.
, Adjust the vertical hold control on the TV or monitor.
, The timer recording will not be activated if the recorder is on at the preset time. , The program that starts first has priority and the second program starts recording only after the first program has finished. If the programs start at the same time, the program listed first in the menu has priority (page 70).
Other Sony equipment responds to the remote.
, The same command mode is set for both the Sony DVD Player/Video Cassette Recorder or Video Cassette Recorder/DVD Recorder and recorder. Set a different command mode for the recorder (page 29).

Others

The recorder does not operate properly.
, Restart the recorder. Press down "/1 on the recorder for more than ten seconds until SONY DVD appears in the front panel display. , When static electricity, etc., causes the recorder to operate abnormally, turn off the recorder and wait until the clock appears in the front panel display. Then, unplug the recorder and after leaving it off for a while, plug it in again.

VHS Others

A tape cannot be inserted.
, Check that a tape is not already in the tape compartment.
The disc tray does not open after you press Z OPEN/CLOSE.

Display

The clock has stopped.
, Set the clock again (page 99).
, It may take a few seconds for the disc tray to open after you have recorded or edited a disc. This is because the recorder is adding disc data to the disc.

VHF 2 to 13 UHF 14 to 69 CATV A-8 to A-1, A to W, W+1 to W+84

Antenna

75-ohm antenna terminal for VHF/UHF Timer section

Quartz locked

Timer indication

12-hour cycle

Timer setting
12 programs in total (max.)

General

Power requirements

120 V AC, 60 Hz

Power consumption

About i.LINK

The DV IN jack on this recorder is an i.LINKcompliant DV IN jack. This section describes the i.LINK standard and its features.

Power back-up

Back-up duration: 0 min

Operating temperature

What is i.LINK?
i.LINK is a digital serial interface for handling digital video, digital audio and other data in two directions between equipment having the i.LINK jack, and for controlling other equipment. i.LINK-compatible pieces of equipment can be connected by a single i.LINK cable. Possible applications are operations and data transactions with various digital AV equipment. When two or more i.LINK-compatible equipment are connected to this recorder in a daisy chain, operations and data transactions are possible with not only the equipment that this recorder is connected to but also with other devices via the directly connected equipment. Note, however, that the method of operation sometimes varies according to the characteristics and specifications of the equipment to be connected, and that operations and data transactions are sometimes not possible on some connected equipment.

5C to 35C (41F to 95F)

Storage temperature

20C to 60C (4F to 140F)

Operating humidity

25% to 80%

Dimensions including projecting parts and controls (w/h/d)
Approx. 334 mm (Approx. 17 3.4 131/4 inches)
Approx. 5.9 kg (Approx. 13.0 lbs)

Supplied accessories

Remote commander (remote) (1) Size AA (R6) batteries (2) Antenna cable (1) Audio/video cord (1)
Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
Normally, only one piece of equipment can be connected to this recorder by the i.LINK cable (DV connecting cable). When connecting this recorder to i.LINKcompatible equipment having two or more i.LINK jacks (DV jacks), see the instruction manual of the equipment to be connected.

DVD+RW (page 10)

A DVD+RW (read plus RW) is a recordable and rewritable disc. DVD+RWs use a recording format that is comparable to the DVD VIDEO format.
Interlace format (page 101)
Interlace format shows every other line of an image as a single field and is the standard method for displaying images on television. The even number field shows the even numbered lines of an image, and the odd numbered field shows the odd numbered lines of an image.
DVD Audio/Subtitle Language
Abbreviation ARA BUL CHI CRO CZE DAN DEU ENG ESP Language Arabic Bulgarian Chinese Croatian Czech Danish German English Spanish Finish French Greek Hungarian Indonesian Hindi Icelandic Italian Hebrew Japanese Korean Malay Dutch Norwegian Polish Portuguese Russian Swedish Thai Turkish Vietnamese Afrikaans Additional Information

Original (page 81)

Titles actually recorded on a DVD-RW (VR mode). Erasing original titles frees up disc space.

Playlist (page 81)

Playback information created from the actual recordings on a DVD-RW (VR mode). A Playlist leaves the original titles as they are, and contains only the information needed to control playback. A Playlist title takes up very little disc space.
Progressive format (page 101)
Compared to the Interlace format that alternately shows every other line of an image (field) to create one frame, the Progressive format shows the entire image at once as a single frame. This means that while the Interlace format can show 30 frames/60 fields in one second, the Progressive format can show 60 frames in one second. The overall picture quality increases and still images, text, and horizontal lines appear sharper.
FIN FRA GRE HUN IDN IND ISL ITA IWR JPN KOR

Title (page 62)

The longest section of a picture or music feature on a DVD, movie, etc., in video software, or the entire album in audio software.

Track (page 62)

Sections of a music feature on a CD (the length of a song).
MAL NLD NOR POL POR RUS SVE THA TUR VIE ZAF
Words in quotations appear in the on-screen displays.

Numerics 16:9 31, 100

3, 4 Ch Out 19, 98 4:3 Letter Box 31, 100 4:3 Pan Scan 31, 100
A-B Erase 83 Add 86, 88 ANGLE 59 Antenna 17 AUDIO 59, 80 Audio 105 Audio cords 23 Audio DRC 103 Audio settings 102 Auto Clock Set 99 Auto Play 104 Auto Preset 97 Auto Repeat 104
Command Mode 29, 106 COMPONENT VIDEO OUT 21 Connecting the antenna cable 15 to your AV/amplifier (receiver) 23 to your TV 18 Controlling TVs with the remote 27 Copy protection 48, 122 Copy-Free 48 Copy-Never 48 Copy-Once 48 Counter 76 CPRM 10 Create Playlist 85 Creating chapters 50, 84
Easy Setup 107 Edit 55, 74 Edit Playlist 86 Edit Scene 86 Enter characters 46 EP mode 67 Erase 83, 86 Erase All Titles 43
Factory Setting 106 Fast forward 60, 78 Fast reverse 60, 78 Feature settings 104 Finalizing 44 Formatting 43 Front Display 106 Front panel 117 Front panel display 45, 121

Proceedings of 20 International Congress on Acoustics, ICA 2010 23-27 August 2010, Sydney, Australia
A Dimensional Study on the Emotion of Musical Pieces Composed for Video Games
Masanari Tsukamoto, Masashi Yamada and Ryo Yoneda
Graduate School of Engineering, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Kanazawa, Japan

PACS: 43.75.Cd, 43.66Lj

ABSTRACT
In recent years, the hardware and software of video games has been developing incredibly, and it is strongly needed to establish a scientific logic to efficiently design music for video games. As the first step for constructing the scientific design of game music, the emotion of game music was investigated. In the present study, we conducted an experiment using 100 pieces of game music. Seven listeners listened to each of the pieces and rated the emotional features in it using 29 adjective scales. The scores were averaged over listeners and used in principal component analysis. The results showed that the two-dimensional space accounts for 78 % of data variance. The two dimensions were labelled pleasantness and excitability, respectively, from the scales having high loadings on the dimensions. The pleasantness and excitability corresponds well to the two dimensions of valence and activity which illustrates classical music. The results show that the dimensional structure of the emotion of game music is consistent to that of classical music. ner showed a simple two-dimensional space spanned by valence and arousal factors. She selected short pieces of music and manipulated their mode, melodic direction, harmony, and rhythm, systematically [2]. In another study, she also manipulated tempo and pitch level [3]. These variants as well as original versions were presented in her experiments. The two-dimensional space of musical emotion was almost identical to the circumplex model of general emotion, which was shown by Russell [4]. Shubert [5] points out that the valence and arousal dimensions agree in principle with two of the three dimensions of semantic space proposed by Osgood et al. [6]; evaluation and activity. Most of the dimensional studies described above concentrated on classical music, and only a few studies illustrated the musical emotion in popular music using multidimensional spaces. Iwamiya and his colleagues conducted a series of perceptual experiments using popular music, in the contexts of music videos [7], car audio [8], and computergraphics with music [9]. They illustrated the impression of music using three-dimensional spaces. Yamada, Fujisawa and Komori also investigated musical emotion in the context of a video racing game, and showed that the musical emotion of popular music was illustrated by a three-dimensional space [10]. However, the number of pieces of popular music used in the studies was small. Yoneda and Yamada conducted an experiment using 100 pieces of popular music. The set of the pieces reflected the current Japanese popular music scene. The results showed that the emotional space of the Japanese popular music is spanned by three dimensions; evaluation, potency and activity [11].

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the hardware and software of video games has been developing incredibly. This led to rapid increase in cost and time for creating high-quality contents for video games. It is also the same for composing music for video games. Musicians and sound engineers create musical pieces for various scenes in a game based on their artistic sense and experience. Producers and directors also decide a piece of music among various alternatives, based on their sense and experience, for a scene. Therefore, it is strongly needed to establish a scientific logic to efficiently design music for video games. As the first step for constructing the scientific basis for designing game music, the emotion of game music is investigated in the present study. Musical emotion is expressed in various adjectives such as cheerful, tender, majestic, etc. This implies that musical emotion is illustrated by a multi-dimensional space. Many psychologists examined how this space is constructed. They typically used the following methods: Listeners were presented various musical stimuli, and rated the emotional features using a set of SD (Semantic Differential) scales for each stimulus. Sometimes subjects were requested to imagine a musical tune, instead of listening to that tune. Then the rated scores were analyzed using factor analysis or principal component analysis. Using the methods described above, researchers showed various numbers of dimensions, ranging from two to eight, to illustrate musical emotion. For example, Taniguchi used 90 excerpts of classical music works as stimuli, and showed that the emotional space of them was constructed by five or eight factors [1]. On the other hand, HevICA 2010

23-27 August 2010, Sydney, Australia
Proceedings of 20th International Congress on Acoustics, ICA 2010
As described above, the musical emotion has been clarified by dimensional studies for classical and popular music. However, the dimensions of the emotion for game music have not been tried clarifying. Game music has distinct features from classical and popular music. Video games tend to play short pieces of music, repeatedly. Moreover, some of them do not have a clear melodic structure, rather sound as background sound effects. Therefore, it has to be clarified whether the emotion of game music shows different dimensional structure from classical music, or not.
0.60. This implies that the emotional feature for game music cannot be simply explained only by the tempo parameter. Finally, we observed the distribution of the pieces for different game categories. Figure 2 shows the distribution of the pieces for roll-playing games. Figure 2 indicates that the pieces which show a wide range of emotional features are used in roll-playing games. Figure 3 indicates that a pleasant and exciting musical peace tends to be used in action games. Figure 4 show the distribution of the pieces for the series of the Biohazard of horror games. Figure 4 indicates that the series tend to use unpleasant music.

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

In the present study, a perceptual experiment was carried out to clarify the dimensional structure of the game music. Seven students from the Kanazawa Institute of Technology participated in the experiment as listeners. Their ages ranged from 21 to 24 years old. We provided 100 pieces of game music for the experiment. They were collected from commercial release game sound track CDs, which were from well known video games. During the experiment listeners were not allowed to vary the volume setting of the music player (SONY RDR-HX50). Therefore, the listening level varied with pieces. The musical stimuli were presented through headphones (STAX Lambdaprofessional) in 68-82 dB (LAeq). The play time of the pieces ranged from one to seven minutes. The order of the pieces was determined randomly for each listener. Each piece was presented once. After listening to each piece, the listeners were requested to rate the emotional features using the 24 seven-step bipolar scales listed in Table 1, e.g., very positive, fairly positive, slightly positive, , very negative. The order of the scales was determined randomly for each combination of a piece and listener. The whole experiment was divided into ten sessions, for each session the listeners listened to ten pieces and rated them. A 10-minute rest period divided sessions. Each listener performed three to five sessions a day and finished the whole experiment in 2-3 days.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, it is shown that the emotional space of game music is constructed by two dimensions, pleasantness and excitability which are consistent with classical music. Moreover, it is shown that tempo parameter does not show a high correlation coefficient to the emotional space. In the next stage, we will try to reveal the correlation between the emotional features and various physical parameters, e.g., sound levels, spectral centroid etc., for the goal of establishing a scientific logic to design music for video games.

REFERENCES

1. 2. T. Taniguchi, Ongaku to kanjoh (Music and emotion), (Kitaohji Shobo, Kyoto, 1998), 89-117 (in Japanese). K. Heavner, Expression in music: A discussion of experimental studies and theories, Psychological Reviews, 42, 186-204 (1935). K. Heavner, The affective value of pitch and tempo in music, American Journal of Psychology, 48, 621-630 (1937). J. A. Russell, A circumplex model of affect, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 1161-1178 (1980). E. Schubert, Continuous measurement of self-report emotion response to music, In Music and emotion: Theory and research, edited by P.N. and J. A. Sloboda, (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 2001), pp.393-414. C. E. Osgood, G.L. Suci and P.H. Tannenbaum, The measurement of meaning (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1957). S. Iwamiya, Interactions between auditory and visual processing when listening to music and audio visual context: 1. Matching 2. Audio quality, Psychomusicology, 13, 133-154 (1994). S. Iwamiya Interaction between auditory and visual processing in car audio: Simulation experiment using video reproduction, Applied Human Science, 16, 115119 (1997) (in Japanese). S. Iwamiya and M. Sano, A computer-controlled experiment on the interaction between music and motion picture: The effects of various musical factors on the impression of audiovisual products, Journal of Music Perception and Cognition, 3, 25-32 (1997) (in Japanese). M. Yamada, N. Fujisawa and S. Komori, The effect of music on the performance and impression in a video racing game, Journal of Music Perception and Cognition, 7, 65-76 (2001). R. Yoneda and M. Yamada, A Multi-dimensional study on the emotion in popular music listened to by young Japanese listeners, Proceedings of the 10th Western^Pacific Acoustics Conference, CD-ROM, 7 pages (Beijing, 2009).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6. Numbers 1 to 7 were given for each of the seven categories on the SD scales, then the mean value was calculated from the listeners responses for each combination of scale and stimulus. Then principle-component analysis was performed for these mean scores with Varimax rotation. The results showed that the two-dimensional space accounted for 78 % of data variance. Table 1 shows the resulting factor loadings for the 24 SD scales. The two dimensions were labelled "pleasantness" and "excitability", respectively, from the scales showing high loadings on the dimensions. The pleasantness and excitability corresponds well to the two dimensions of valence and activity which illustrates classical music. In Fig. 1, each piece is plotted on the two-dimensional space spanned by the pleasantness and excitability. The results show that the dimensional structure of the emotion for game music is consistent with that of classical music. It is known that the degree of excitability of music strongly correlates with tempo, i.e., a fast tempo results in excitement and, vice versa. Therefore, the tempo of each piece was measured in BPM (beats per minute), then using the tempo measured as the dependent variable, with factor scores on the pleasantness and excitability dimensions as independent variables, the multiple-regression analysis was performed. The resulting coefficient of determination was smaller than

ICA 2010

Table 1 Semantic differential (SD) scales and factor loadings of them
Figure 3 Distribution of musical pieces for action games.
Figure 4 Distribution of musical pieces for the series of horror games, Biohazard series.
Figure 1 Emotional space for game music
Figure 2 Distribution of musical pieces for role-playing games