TCD-D100
DAT Walkman Digital Audio Tape Recorder
v SPECIAL 10TH ANNIVERSARY MODEL FULL FEATURED DAT TAPE PLAYER/RECORDER SMALLEST AND LIGHTEST DAT WALKMAN PERSONAL STEREO 48KHZ/44.1KHZ/32KHZ SAMPLING FREQUENCY SELECTION EASY OPERATION AND EXCELLENT SOUND QUALITY UP TO 4 HOURS RECORDING/PLAYBACK WITH 2 AA ALKALINE BATTERIES RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND CHARGER SUPPLIED LONG PLAY MODE FOR UP TO 4 HOURS OF RECORDING TIME SUPPLIED STEREO HEADPHONES WITH LCD REMOTE CONTROL AUTOMATIC DATE AND TIME FUNCTION WHEN RECORDING SELECTABLE AUTOMATIC OR MANUAL RECORDING LEVEL DIGITAL INPUT AND OUTPUT AUTOMATIC VOLUME LIMITER SYSTEM (AVLS) STEP-UP FEATURE NEW FEATURE

features

SPECIAL 10TH ANNIVERSARY MODEL features durable diecast

specifications

FORMAT: Digital Audio Tape RECORDING TIME (DT-120 DAT CASSETTE): Standard: 120 min.
magnesium case and celebrates a decade of achievement in Sony Digital Audio Tape technology
FULL FEATURED DAT TAPE PLAYER/RECORDER provides very easy

Long Play: 240 min.

TAPE SPEED: Standard: 8.15mm/sec (approx. 516 ips)
operation and excellent sound quality when recording both music and voice
SMALLEST AND LIGHTEST DAT WALKMAN model weighs just over 13
ounces even with batteries and tape, and is small enough to carry virtually anywhere
48KHZ/44.1KHZ/32KHZ SAMPLING FREQUENCY SELECTION provides a
range of options for both digital and analog recording
MULTIPLE RECORD MODES let you select Manual, Automatic (Automatic
Gain Control) or Mic Limiter for the highest quality recording in all situations
EASY OPERATION AND EXCELLENT SOUND QUALITY with 16-bit linear
quantization for rich, dynamic sound and the ultimate in audio tape recording
VERSATILE RECORDING OPTIONS allow for direct digital recording from
CD, MiniDisc, and other digital sources (with optional cable) and also may be used with Sony SBM-1 Super Bit Mapping Adaptor
UP TO 4 HOURS RECORDING/PLAYBACK WITH 2 AA ALKALINE BATTERIES is made possible by advanced design that allows extended

battery life

RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND CHARGER SUPPLIED offer great savings
and convenience over replaceable batteries
LCD DISPLAY clearly indicates current operating status and remaining

battery power

LONG PLAY MODE provides for up to 4 hours of continuous recording
Long Play: 4.075mm/sec (approx. 532 ips) SAMPLING FREQUENCY: 48kHz, 44.1kHz, 32kHz QUANTIZATION: 16 bit FREQUENCY RESPONSE: Standard: 20-22,000kHz +/-1dB @ 48kHz 20-20,000kHz 1dB @ 44.1kHz 20-14,500kHz 1dB @ 32kHz Long Play: 20-14,500kHz 1dB @ 32kHz S/N RATIO: Standard and Long Play: >87dB @ 1kHz IHF-A,22kHz LPF, Line In DYNAMIC RANGE: Standard and Long Play: >87dB @ 1kHz IHF-A,22kHz LPF, Line In TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION: Standard: <l0.008% (1kHz, 22kHz LPF, Line In) Long Play: <l0.09% (1kHz, 22kHz LPF, Line In) WOW AND FLUTTER: Below measurable limit (Less than +/-0.001% W. Peak) INPUTS: Mic In (Stereo mini jack with plug-in power) Line In (Stereo mini jack) Digital In (7 pin jack) DC In 4.5V OUTPUTS: Stereo Headphones (Stereo mini jack) Line Out (Stereo mini jack) Remote (7 pin jack) Digital Out (7 pin jack) POWER REQUIREMENTS: AA x 2 Alkaline Batteries (not supplied) AA x 2 Rechargeable Batteries (supplied) AC Adaptor (supplied) BATTERY LIFE (APPROX.): Rec/Play: 4 hours w/Sony Alkaline batteries 3 hours w/Sony Rechargeable batteries (w/Phone/Line Out jack unplugged) COLOR: Metallic Silver DIMENSIONS (WHD): 1 18" x 3 18" x 4 58" (29.2 x 80 x 117.3mm) WEIGHT: oz (380g) include. batteries and tape SUPPLIED ACCESSORIES: Sony Rechargeable Batteries AA x 2, Battery Charger, Charger Adaptor, AC-E45HG AC Adaptor, Carrying Case, DT-10CLA Cleaning Cassette, Headphones
2002 Sony Electronics Inc. Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited. All rights reserved. Sony, and Walkman are trademarks of Sony. Features and specifications are subject to change without notice. Non-metric weights and measures are approximate. *DAT products sold by manufacturer-authorized outlets incorporate the Serial Copy Management System which will not prevent you from making a direct digital-to-digital copy from a digital source but will prevent a second direct digital-to-digital copy from being made from such copies.

and playback on a single DT-120RN DAT cassette, for voice recording of conferences, meetings, and other situations
SUPPLIED STEREO HEADPHONES WITH LCD REMOTE CONTROL features
separate LCD display panel on the remote and allows direct access to all of the unit's functions plus track scan and repeat
AUTOMATIC DATE AND TIME FUNCTION WHEN RECORDING provides
for fast identification of individual recordings by automatically recording the date, day of the week, and time of the recordings, as indicated on the LCD display
DIGITAL INPUT AND OUTPUT JACK permits digital connection to
MiniDisc and Compact Disc players as well home digital preamplifiers (requires optional digital cable) and automatically converts track information of MD and CD into start IDs (digital input only)
AUTOMATIC VOLUME LIMITER SYSTEM (AVLS) automatically adjusts
volume of music passages that vary widely, for clean sound reproduction and improved listener comfort
Sony Electronics Inc 1 Sony Drive, Park Ridge, New Jersey 07656 www.sony.com

Printed in USA 2/2002

Introduction Language production in patients with aphasia and patients with apraxia of speech is affected by several phonological factors, such as word length or syllable structure. Recently, neurolinguistic studies have reported that syllable frequency is also an influencing factor for speech apraxic patients (Aichert & Ziegler, 2004) as well as for aphasic patients with phonological disorders (Laganaro, 2005). In these studies both patient groups demonstrated an advantage of high-frequent as opposed to low-frequent syllables. This syllable frequency effect is controversly discussed with regard to the underlying pathomechanism of aphasic and apraxic patients and to the theoretical question of whether the parameter syllable frequency can be localised at a phonological and / or a phonetic stage of speech production (e.g., Cholin, Levelt & Schiller, in press). This study was designed to further evaluate the syllable frequency effect in patients with apraxia of speech and, for comparison, also in aphasic patients with a phonological disorder. Furthermore, we also considered the role of frequencies of other sublexical units, i.e., frequencies for single phonemes, biphonemes, syllable onsets and syllable rhymes. For example, a study by Saito, Yoshimura, Itakura & Lambon Ralph (2003) revealed that phoneme and biphoneme frequencies affect the production abilities of a patient with conduction aphasia. Extending earlier studies, we included in our analysis the frequencies of syllables and of subsyllabic units. Particularly, we focused on the aspect of how the frequencies of the target units (syllables, biphonemes etc.) relate to those of the units realised by the patients.
Method The study was based on a word repetition task. The item list contained 40 two-syllabic, concrete and monomorphemic nouns, which all were of low word frequency. The first syllable of each noun was controlled for syllable frequency, i.e., half of the items were lowor high-frequent, respectively (N = 20 items in each syllable frequency group). These target syllables were additionally varied for syllable structure (CV or CVC). Three groups of German native speakers with left-hemisphere damage participated in the study: (1) five patients with severe apraxia of speech and concomitant moderate t severe o aphasia, (2) five patients with mild apraxia of speech and no or residual aphasia, (3) four aphasic patients with phonological disturbances and no apraxia of speech. The responses were recorded on audiotape by a Sony TCD-D100 DAT recorder and subsequently analysed using narrow phonetic transcription. In the following, data of the two subgroups of patients with apraxia of speech were collapsed since a homogenous error pattern was observed independent of the severity of apraxic impairment. We restricted our statistics to the substitution errors produced in the frequency- controlled syllables, since we expected an interaction between syllable structure and syllable frequency. We compared frequencies of phonemes, biphonemes, onsets, rhymes and syllables of the realised words with those of the target words. All sublexical frequency data were determined on the basis of word frequencies in the German corpus of the CELEX database (Baayen, Piepenbrock & Gulikers, 1995).

Results In a first analysis of syllable frequency, patients with apraxia of speech substituted lowfrequency target syllables more often with high-frequency syllables (Wilcoxon, Z = -5.0, p <.001). The same result was obtained in patients with aphasia (Wilcoxon, Z = -2.9; p <.01). Regarding high-frequency syllables, the opposite pattern could be observed: in both patient
groups syllables with lower frequency values were realised compared to the target syllables (Wilcoxon, Z = -2.6; p <.01 in patients with apraxia of speech; Wilcoxon, Z = -3,5; p <.001 in the aphasic population). This pattern was interpreted as a central tendency effect. Therefore, in a next step, extreme target syllable frequency values were excluded, and a total of 20 items for each patient was left for the analysis. On this subset, patients with apraxia of speech showed a strong tendency to produce higher-frequent syllables although this failed to reach significance (Wilcoxon, Z = -1.9; p =.056; see also Fig. 1). The four aphasic patients had no such effect.
syllable frequency [per mio.]

target syllables

realised syllables
Fig. 1. Syllable frequencies (per million) for the target syllables compared to the realised syllables in 10 patients with apraxia of speech; analysis confined to items within a middle frequency range.
Regarding subsyllabic frequencies, the analysis was based on the whole item set (N = 40 lowand high frequency syllables). For phoneme frequencies, no significant differences between the frequencies of the targets and the realised phonemes was observed. Focusing on consonants, the patients with apraxia of speech tended to realise syllables with higher consonant frequencies (Wilcoxon, Z = -1.6; p =.113), whereas patients with aphasia showed a reverse pattern (Wilcoxon, Z = -1.5; p =.135). Biphoneme frequencies did not influence speech production of both patient groups. Further analyses were performed for the subsyllabic constituents onset and rhyme. For patients with apraxia of speech an effect of onset frequency was observed: the patients produced syllables with higher syllable onsets as compared to the target onsets (Wilcoxon, Z = -2.7; p <.01). No such effects were obtained for the aphasic patients. Regarding rhyme frequency, no significant effect and no tendencies were observed for both patients groups.
Discussion For patients with apraxia of speech it seems to be easier to produce syllables with higher syllable frequencies. This effect was not influenced by syllable structure since only substitution errors were considered. In contrast, no influence of syllable frequency could be observed for patients with aphasic phonological impairment. These results support the hypothesis that syllable frequency is a parameter which can be ascribed to the phonetic stage of speech production (e.g., Cholin et al., in press), where the pathomechanism of apraxia of
speech is localised to. Regarding the frequencies of the subsyllabic units one might particularly focus on the onset frequency effect in the speech apraxic patients, since these patients are described to exhibit vulnerable onsets. Therefore, in case of an error, it may be easier for them to retrieve the motor program of a higher-frequency onset. On the whole, this study demonstrates that the frequencies of syllabic as well as of subsyllabic units should be considered in the error analysis of phonological and / or phonetic impaired patients, since they may provide differential diagnostic information and may help to give a modelbased account of their pathomechanisms.