The Student Version contains all of the important data analysis tools contained in the full SPSS Base system, including: Spreadsheet-like Data Editor for entering, modifying, and viewing data files. Statistical procedures, including t tests, analysis of variance, and crosstabulations.
Interactive graphics that allow you to change or add chart elements and variables dynamically; the changes appear as soon as they are specified. Standard high-resolution graphics for an extensive array of analytical and presentation charts and tables.

Limitations

Created for classroom instruction, the Student Version is limited to use by students and instructors for educational purposes only. The Student Version does not contain all of the functions of the SPSS Base 14.0 system. The following limitations apply to the SPSS 14.0 for Windows Student Version: Data files cannot contain more than 50 variables. Data files cannot contain more than 1,500 cases. SPSS add-on modules (such as Regression Models or Advanced Models) cannot be used with the Student Version. SPSS command syntax is not available to the user. This means that it is not possible to repeat an analysis by saving a series of commands in a syntax or job file, as can be done in the full version of SPSS. Scripting and automation are not available to the user. This means that you cannot create scripts that automate tasks that you repeat often, as can be done in the full version of SPSS.
Technical Support for Students
Students should obtain technical support from their instructors or from local support staff identified by their instructors. Technical support from SPSS for the SPSS 14.0 Student Version is provided only to instructors using the system for classroom instruction. Before seeking assistance from your instructor, please write down the information described below. Without this information, your instructor may be unable to assist you: The type of PC you are using, as well as the amount of RAM and free disk space you have. The operating system of your PC. A clear description of what happened and what you were doing when the problem occurred. If possible, please try to reproduce the problem with one of the sample data files provided with the program.

Sample Files

Most of the examples that are presented here use the data file demo.sav. This data file is a fictitious survey of several thousand people, containing basic demographic and consumer information. All sample files that are used in these examples are located in the folder in which SPSS is installed or in the tutorial\sample_files folder within the SPSS installation folder.

2 Chapter 1

Starting SPSS

To start SPSS:

E From the Windows Start menu choose: Programs SPSS for Windows SPSS for Windows
To start SPSS for Windows Student Version:
E From the Windows Start menu choose: Programs SPSS for Windows Student Version
When you start a session, you see the Data Editor window.
Figure 1-1 Data Editor window (Data View)

3 Introduction

Variable Display in Dialog Boxes
Either variable names or longer variable labels will appear in list boxes in dialog boxes. Variables in list boxes can be ordered alphabetically or by their position in the file. In this guide, we will display variable labels in alphabetical order within list boxes. For a new user of SPSS, this setup provides a more complete description of variables in an easy-to-follow order. The default setting within SPSS is to display variable labels in file order. To change the order of variable labels before accessing data:
E From the menus choose: Edit Options. E On the General tab, select Display labels in the Variable Lists group. E Select Alphabetical. E Click OK, and then click OK to confirm the change.

Opening a Data File

To open a data file:
E From the menus choose: File Open Data.
Alternatively, you can use the Open File button on the toolbar.
Figure 1-2 Open File toolbar button

4 Chapter 1

The Open File dialog box is displayed.
Figure 1-3 Open File dialog box
By default, SPSS-format data files (.sav extension) are displayed. You can display other file formats by using the Files of type drop-down list. By default, data files in the folder (directory) in which SPSS is installed are displayed. The files for this guide are located in the folder in which SPSS is installed or in the tutorial\sample_files folder within the SPSS installation folder.
E Double-click the tutorial folder. E Double-click the sample_files folder. E Click the file demo.sav (or just demo if file extensions are not displayed). E Click Open to open the SPSS data file.

5 Introduction Figure 1-4 demo.sav file in Data Editor
The data file is displayed in the Data Editor. The SPSS Viewer is also displayed, showing the dataset name. You can minimize the SPSS Viewer to display the Data Editor. In the Data Editor, if you put the mouse cursor on a variable name (the column headings), a more descriptive variable label is displayed (if a label has been defined for that variable). By default, the actual data values are displayed. To display labels:
E From the menus choose: View Value Labels
Alternatively, you can use the Value Labels button on the toolbar.
Figure 1-5 Value Labels button
Descriptive value labels are now displayed to make it easier to interpret the responses.
6 Chapter 1 Figure 1-6 Value labels displayed in the Data Editor

Running an Analysis

The Analyze menu contains a list of general reporting and statistical analysis categories. Most of the categories are followed by an arrow, which indicates that there are several analysis procedures available within the category; these procedures will appear on a submenu when the category is selected. We will start by creating a simple frequency table (table of counts).
E From the menus choose: Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies.

7 Introduction

The Frequencies dialog box is displayed.
Figure 1-7 Frequencies dialog box
An icon next to each variable provides information about data type and level of measurement.
Measurement Level Scale Ordinal Nominal Data Type Numeric String n/a Date Time
8 Chapter 1 E Click the variable Income category in thousands [inccat]. Figure 1-8 Variable labels and names in the Frequencies dialog box
A more complete description of each variable pops up when the cursor is over it. The variable name for Income category in thousands (in square brackets) is inccat, and it has the variable label Income category in thousands [inccat]. If there were no variable label, only the variable name would appear in the list box. In the dialog box, you choose the variables that you want to analyze from the source list on the left and move them into the Variable(s) list on the right. The OK button, which runs the analysis, is disabled until at least one variable is placed in the Variable(s) list. You can obtain additional labeling information by right-clicking any variable name in the list.
E Right-click Income category in thousands [inccat] and choose Variable Information. E Click the down arrow on the Value labels drop-down list.
9 Introduction Figure 1-9 Defined labels for income variable
All of the defined value labels for the variable are displayed.

32 Chapter 3

Reading an SPSS Data File
SPSS data files, which have a.sav file extension, contain your saved data. To open demo.sav, an example file that is installed with the product:
E From the menus choose: File Open Data. E Make sure that SPSS (*.sav) is selected in the Files of Type drop-down list. Figure 3-2 Open File dialog box
E Go to the tutorial/sample_files folder. E Select demo.sav and click Open.

33 Reading Data

The data are now displayed in the Data Editor.
Figure 3-3 Opened data file
Reading Data from Spreadsheets
Rather than typing all of your data directly into the Data Editor, you can read data from applications such as Microsoft Excel. You can also read column headings as variable names.
34 Chapter 3 E Select Excel (*.xls) from the Files of Type drop-down list. Figure 3-4 Open File dialog box
E Select demo.xls and click Open to read this spreadsheet.
The Opening Excel Data Source dialog box is displayed, allowing you to specify whether variable names are to be included in the spreadsheet, as well as the cells that you want to import. In Excel 5 or later, you can also specify which worksheets you want to import.
35 Reading Data Figure 3-5 Opening Excel Data Source dialog box
E Make sure that Read variable names from the first row of data is selected. This option
reads column headings as variable names. If the column headings do not conform to the SPSS variable-naming rules, they are converted into valid variable names and the original column headings are saved as variable labels. If you want to import only a portion of the spreadsheet, specify the range of cells to be imported in the Range text box.
E Click OK to read the Excel file.
The data now appear in the Data Editor, with the column headings used as variable names. Since variable names cant contain spaces, the space from the original column headings have been removed. For example, Marital status in the Excel file becomes the variable Maritalstatus in SPSS. The original column heading is retained as a variable label.
36 Chapter 3 Figure 3-6 Imported Excel data
Reading Data from a Database
Data from database sources are easily imported using the Database Wizard. Any database that uses ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) drivers can be read directly by SPSS after the drivers are installed. ODBC drivers for many database formats are supplied on the installation CD. Additional drivers can be obtained from third-party vendors. One of the most common database applications, Microsoft Access, is discussed in this example.

E From the menus choose: Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies. E Select Owns PDA [ownpda] and Owns TV [owntv] and move them into the Variable(s)
Figure 6-1 Categorical variables selected for analysis
E Click OK to run the procedure.
87 Examining Summary Statistics for Individual Variables Figure 6-2 Frequency tables
The frequency tables are displayed in the Viewer window. The frequency tables reveal that only 20.4% of the people own PDAs, but almost everybody owns a TV (99.0%). These might not be interesting revelations, although it might be interesting to find out more about the small group of people who do not own televisions.
Charts for Categorical Data
You can graphically display the information in a frequency table with a bar chart or pie chart.
E Open the Frequencies dialog box again. (The two variables should still be selected.)

88 Chapter 6

You can use the Dialog Recall button on the toolbar to quickly return to recently used procedures.
Figure 6-3 Dialog Recall button
E Click Charts. E Select Bar charts and then click Continue. Figure 6-4 Frequencies Charts dialog box
E Click OK in the main dialog box to run the procedure.
89 Examining Summary Statistics for Individual Variables Figure 6-5 Bar chart
In addition to the frequency tables, the same information is now displayed in the form of bar charts, making it easy to see that most people do not own PDAs but almost everyone owns a TV.
Summary Measures for Scale Variables
There are many summary measures available for scale variables, including:
Measures of central tendency. The most common measures of central tendency
are the mean (arithmetic average) and median (value at which half the cases fall above and below).
Measures of dispersion. Statistics that measure the amount of variation or spread in
the data include the standard deviation, minimum, and maximum.
E Open the Frequencies dialog box again. E Click Reset to clear any previous settings.
90 Chapter 6 E Select Household income in thousands [income] and move it into the Variable(s) list. Figure 6-6 Scale variable selected for analysis
E Click Statistics. E Select Mean, Median, Std. deviation, Minimum, and Maximum. Figure 6-7 Frequencies Statistics dialog box

E Click Continue.

91 Examining Summary Statistics for Individual Variables E Deselect Display frequency tables in the main dialog box. (Frequency tables are usually
not useful for scale variables since there may be almost as many distinct values as there are cases in the data file.)

An open book icon in the outline pane indicates that it is currently visible in the Viewer, although it may not currently be in the visible portion of the contents pane.
E To hide a table or chart, double-click its book icon in the outline pane.
The open book icon changes to a closed book icon, signifying that the information associated with it is now hidden.
E To redisplay the hidden output, double-click the closed book icon.
You can also hide all of the output from a particular statistical procedure or all of the output in the Viewer.
97 Working with Output E Click the box with the minus sign ( ) to the left of the procedure whose results you
want to hide, or click the box next to the topmost item in the outline pane to hide all of the output.
Figure 7-2 Hidden output in the Viewer
The outline collapses, visually indicating that these results are hidden. You can also change the order in which the output is displayed.
E In the outline pane, click on the items that you want to move.
98 Chapter 7 E Drag the selected items to a new location in the outline and release the mouse button. Figure 7-3 Reordered output in the Viewer
You can also move output items by clicking and dragging them in the contents pane.
Using the Pivot Table Editor
The results from most statistical procedures are displayed in pivot tables.
Accessing Output Definitions
Many statistical terms are displayed in the output. Definitions of these terms can be accessed directly in the Viewer.
E Double-click the Owns PDA * Gender * Internet Crosstabulation table. E Right-click Expected Count and choose Whats This? from the pop-up context menu.

99 Working with Output

The definition is displayed in a pop-up window.
Figure 7-4 Pop-up definition

Pivoting Tables

The default tables produced may not display information as neatly or as clearly as you would like. With pivot tables, you can transpose rows and columns (flip the table), adjust the order of data in a table, and modify the table in many other ways. For example, you can change a short, wide table into a long, thin one by transposing rows and columns. Changing the layout of the table does not affect the results. Instead, its a way to display your information in a different or more desirable manner.
E Double-click the Owns PDA * Gender * Internet Crosstabulation table. E If the Pivoting Trays window is not visible, from the menus choose: Pivot Pivoting Trays

E Select Title from the Area drop-down list. E Select a new color from the Background drop-down list.
The Sample window shows the new style.
E Click OK to return to the TableLooks dialog box.
You can save your new style, which allows you to apply it to future tables easily.
111 Working with Output E Click Save As. E Navigate to the desired target directory and enter a name for your new style in the

File Name text box.

E Click Save. E Click OK to apply your changes and return to the Viewer.
The table now contains the custom formatting that you specified.
Figure 7-15 Custom TableLook
Changing the Default Table Formats
Although you can change the format of a table after it has been created, it may be more efficient to change the default TableLook so that you do not have to change the format every time you create a table. To change the default TableLook style for your pivot tables, from the menus choose:

Edit Options.

112 Chapter 7 E Click the Pivot Tables tab in the Options dialog box. Figure 7-16 Options dialog box
E Select the TableLook style that you want to use for all new tables.
The Sample window on the right shows a preview of each TableLook.
E Click OK to save your settings and close the dialog box.
All tables that you create after changing the default TableLook automatically conform to the new formatting rules.

113 Working with Output

Customizing the Initial Display Settings
The initial display settings include the alignment of objects in the Viewer, whether objects are shown or hidden by default, and the width of the Viewer window. To change these settings:
E From the menus choose: Edit Options. E Click the Viewer tab. Figure 7-17 Viewer options
The settings are applied on an object-by-object basis. For example, you can customize the way charts are displayed without making any changes to the way tables are displayed. Simply select the object that you want to customize, and make the desired changes.
114 Chapter 7 E Click the Title icon to display its settings. E Click Center to display all titles in the (horizontal) center of the Viewer.
You can also hide elements, such as the log and warning messages, that tend to clutter your output. Double-clicking on an icon automatically changes that objects display property.
E Double-click the Warnings icon to hide warning messages in the output. E Click OK to save your changes and close the dialog box. Figure 7-18 Centered title in the Marital status table
Your new settings will be applied the next time you run a statistical procedure. All items that you have hidden will still be created, but they will not be visible in the contents pane. Centered items can be identified by the small symbol to the left of the item.

E From the menus choose: File Save Chart Template.
The Save Chart Template dialog box allows you to specify which chart attributes you want to include in the template.
155 Creating and Editing Charts
If you expand any of the items in the tree view, you can see which specific attributes can be saved with the chart. For example, if you expand the Scale axes portion of the tree, you can see all of the attributes of data value labels that the template will include. You can select any attribute to include it in the template.
E Select All settings to include all of the available chart attributes in the template.
You can also enter a description of the template. This description will be visible when you apply the template.
Figure 8-16 Save Chart Template dialog box
E Click Continue. E In the Save Template dialog box, specify a location and filename for the template.
156 Chapter 8 E When you are finished, click Save.
You can apply the template when you create a chart or in the Chart Editor. In the following example, we will apply it while creating a chart.
E Close the Chart Editor. The updated bar chart is shown in the Viewer. Figure 8-17 Updated bar chart in Viewer
E From the Viewer menus choose: Graphs Chart Builder.
The Chart Builder dialog box remembers the variables that you entered when you created the original chart. However, here you will create a slightly different chart to see how applying a template formats a chart.
E Remove Job satisfaction from the x axis by dragging it from the drop zone back to the
Variables list. You can also click the drop zone and press Delete.
E Right-click Level of education in the Variables list and choose Ordinal.
157 Creating and Editing Charts E Drag Level of education from the Variables list to the x axis drop zone.
Because the title is now inaccurate, we are going to delete it.
E Click Element Properties. E In the Edit Properties of list, select Title 1. E Click the red X located to the right of the Edit Properties of list. E Click Apply.
Now we are going to specify the template to apply to the new chart.
E Click Options. E In the Templates group in the Options dialog box, click Add. E In the Find Template Files dialog box, locate the template file that you previously saved
using the Save Chart Template dialog box.
E Select that file and click Open.
158 Chapter 8 Figure 8-18 Options dialog box with template
The Options dialog box displays the file path of the template you selected. (Our example shows the path C:\Program Files\SPSS\Looks\My Template.sgt.)
E Click OK to close the Options dialog box.

E When you are finished labeling the data elements, exit data label mode. From the

menus choose:

Elements Data Label Mode
SPSS provides a powerful command language that allows you to save and automate many common tasks. It also provides some functionality not found in the menus and dialog boxes. Most commands are accessible from the menus and dialog boxes. However, some commands and options are available only by using the command language. The command language also allows you to save your jobs in a syntax file so that you can repeat your analysis at a later date or run it in an automated job with the Production Facility. A command syntax file is simply a text file that contains SPSS commands. You can open a syntax window and type commands directly, but it is often easier to let the dialog boxes do some or all of the work for you. The examples in this chapter use the data file demo.sav. Note: Command syntax is not available with the Student Version.

Pasting Syntax

The easiest way to create syntax is to use the Paste button located on most dialog boxes.
E Open demo.sav for use in this example. E From the menus choose: Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies.

186 Chapter 9

The Frequencies dialog box opens.
Figure 9-1 Frequencies dialog box
E Select Marital status [marital] in the source list. E Click the arrow button to move the variable to the Variable(s) list. E Click Charts. E In the Charts dialog box, select Bar charts. E In the Chart Values group, select Percentages. E Click Continue. E Click Paste to copy the syntax created as a result of the dialog box selections to the

Syntax Editor.

187 Working with Syntax Figure 9-2 Frequencies syntax
You can use this syntax alone, add it to a larger syntax file, or refer to it in a Production Facility job.
E To run the syntax currently displayed, from the menus choose: Run Current

188 Chapter 9

Editing Syntax
In the syntax window, you can edit the syntax. For example, you could change the subcommand /BARCHART to display frequencies instead of percentages. (A subcommand is indicated by a slash.)

E In the Upper Endpoints group, select Excluded (<). E Then click Make Labels.
196 Chapter 10 Figure 10-5 Automatically generated value labels
This automatically generates descriptive value labels for each category. Since the actual values assigned to the new banded variable are simply sequential integers starting with 1, the value labels can be very useful. You can also manually enter or change cutpoints and labels in the grid, change cutpoint locations by dragging and dropping the cutpoint lines in the histogram, and delete cutpoints by dragging cutpoint lines off of the histogram.
E Click OK to create the new, banded variable.
197 Modifying Data Values
The new variable is displayed in the Data Editor. Since the variable is added to the end of the file, it is displayed in the far right column in Data View and in the last row in Variable View.
Figure 10-6 New variable displayed in Data Editor

Computing New Variables

Using a wide variety of mathematical functions, you can compute new variables based on highly complex equations. In this example, however, we will simply compute a new variable that is the difference between the values of two existing variables. The data file demo.sav contains a variable for the respondents current age and a variable for the number of years at current job. It does not, however, contain a variable for the respondents age at the time he or she started that job. We can create a new variable that is the computed difference between current age and number of years at current job, which should be the approximate age at which the respondent started that job.
198 Chapter 10 E From the menus in the Data Editor window choose: Transform Compute. E For Target Variable, enter jobstart. E Select Age in years [age] in the source variable list and click the arrow button to copy
it to the Numeric Expression text box.
E Click the minus () button on the calculator pad in the dialog box (or press the minus

key on the keyboard).

E Select Years with current employer [employ] and click the arrow button to copy it

to the expression.

Figure 10-7 Compute Variable dialog box
199 Modifying Data Values
Note: Be careful to select the correct employment variable. There is also a recoded categorical version of the variable, which is not what you want. The numeric expression should be age-employ, not age-empcat.
E Click OK to compute the new variable.
Figure 10-8 New variable displayed in Data Editor
Using Functions in Expressions
You can also use predefined functions in expressions. More than 70 built-in functions are available, including: Arithmetic functions Statistical functions Distribution functions Logical functions

200 Chapter 10

Date and time aggregation and extraction functions Missing-value functions Cross-case functions String functions
Figure 10-9 Compute Variable dialog box displaying function grouping
Functions are organized into logically distinct groups, such as a group for arithmetic operations and another for computing statistical metrics. For convenience, a number of commonly used system variables, such as $TIME (current date and time), are also included in appropriate function groups. A brief description of the currently selected function (in this case, SUM) or system variable is displayed in a reserved area in the Compute Variable dialog box.
Pasting a function into an expression. To paste a function into an expression:
E Position the cursor in the expression at the point where you want the function to appear.
201 Modifying Data Values E Select the appropriate group from the Function group list. The group labeled All
provides a listing of all available functions and system variables.
E Double-click the function in the Functions and Special Variables list (or select the
function and click the arrow adjacent to the Function group list). The function is inserted into the expression. If you highlight part of the expression and then insert the function, the highlighted portion of the expression is used as the first argument in the function.
Editing a function in an expression. The function is not complete until you enter the
arguments, represented by question marks in the pasted function. The number of question marks indicates the minimum number of arguments required to complete the function.
E Highlight the question mark(s) in the pasted function. E Enter the arguments. If the arguments are variable names, you can paste them from

E Select Months since Hire [jobtime] and Previous Experience [prevexp] and move
them to the Controlling for list.
The output shows a table of partial correlation coefficients, the degrees of freedom, and the significance level for the pair Current Salary [salary] and Beginning Salary [salbegin].

Regression Analysis

The Regression submenu on the Analyze menu provides regression techniques.
237 Additional Statistical Procedures

Linear Regression

The Linear Regression procedure examines the relationship between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables. You can use the procedure to predict a persons household income (the dependent variable) based on independent variables such as age, number in household, and years with employer.
E From the menus choose: Analyze Regression Linear.
This opens the Linear Regression dialog box.
Figure 12-10 Linear Regression dialog box
E Select Household income in thousands [income] and move it to the Dependent list. E Select Age in years [age], Number of people in household [reside], and Years with
current employer [employ], and then move them to the Independent(s) list.

238 Chapter 12

The output contains goodness-of-fit statistics and the partial regression coefficients for the variables.
Examining Fit. To see how well the regression model fits your data, you can examine the residuals and other types of diagnostics that this procedure provides. In the Linear Regression dialog box, click Save to see a list of the new variables that you can add to your data file. If you generate any of these variables, they will not be available in a later session unless you save the data file. Methods. If you have collected a large number of independent variables and want to
build a regression model that includes only variables that are statistically related to the dependent variable, you can choose a method from the drop-down list. For example, if you select Stepwise in the above example, only variables that meet the criteria in the Linear Regression Options dialog box are entered in the equation.