Filename: Shadow Report Tesco

Tesco plc

Shadow Report 1999-2000
Report collated from information available in the public domain, but which is not directly provided by the company in its corporate reports.
Tesco plc Shadow Report Mission and Governance Report
MISSION AND POLICY STATEMENTS

No Data.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STATEMENT

Only Data found on.

DIRECTORS REMUNERATION
Directors emoluments Concern has been expressed that many highly paid business executives appointed as government advisers are gaining salary increases that are out of line with those of the wider workforce. Tescos Terry Leahy, however, a member of the Competitiveness task force, has received only a 4% increase in his annual salary of 798,000.1
Tesco plc Shadow Report Employment Report

EMPLOYMENT REPORT

STAFF POLICIES
Tesco is working to a programme aimed at making the company more humane. Lesley James, Tesco's former Human Resources director, has said that in the mid-80s the company was run purely according to a financial model. The culture was one of managing by fear and intimidation, in which staff were frightened of their managers and labour was used as a balancing item in the accounts. If the company was short of cash, people would be fired. Mr James explained that staff were not paid well and were not well managed. As a result, staff members were routinely surly and indifferent, and average annual staff turnover was 75% (of a workforce of 45,000), rising to 115% in some stores. The estimated cost of time, recruitment, retraining and lost productivity was a minimum of 1,000 per employee, which meant that Tesco's poor staff relations was reducing its profits by well over pounds 30m a year. Attracted initially by the prospect of huge financial savings, Tesco embarked on a programme to re-educate management and workers, improve pay and benefits, introduce pension schemes for women and part-timers, subsidise catering and introduce four weeks' paid holiday a year. Staff turnover is now down to about 30%.2 In line with this programme, for the past year Tesco has adopted a no-redundancy policy. Instead, the people who had filled 700 positions that have since disappeared have been reallocated to a Resource Pool. We have faith in our selection process and we believe that all our managers have the core skills we need, says John Callender, manager of the Resource Pool. So it makes sense to hold on to them while we look for alternative roles. It will improve staff loyalty which we believe will have a knock-on effect on customer loyalty. The Resource Pool is also expected to assist with managing change and to allow a quicker and more innovative response than before. It is hoped that the concept will also encourage staff to be more flexible, to look for vacancies and to better plan their careers.3 All Tesco stores now have a forum where staff representatives - both union and non-union - meet four times a year with management to discuss issues ranging from improving security in customer car parks to the menu in the staff canteen. Store groups send representatives to regional forums where wider issues are discussed and these in turn elect delegates to the national forum. But not everyone is happy. The agreement has involved giving up the right to vote on annual pay agreements, and the national forum also surrendered new workers' rights to higher wage rates on Sundays in exchange for a 2.7% pay increase. The workers union, Usdaw, almost succeeded in preventing the forums from being introduced.4

REMUNERATION POLICY

As an employment inducement, Tesco has introduced a scheme to provide overdraft facilities of pounds 500 to graduates with Clubcards.5

PENSIONS

Members of the Tesco pension scheme are being required to increase their contributions from 3.75 per cent to 4.25 per cent, in a change attributed to the governments abolition of the tax credit on dividends.6

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY

Tesco is one of more than 100 companies asking the government to establish a body to address discriminatory practices in the work place, including racial, sexual, disability, and age-based discrimination. The company is supporting the formation of a single commission to replace the currently existing three separate anti-discrimination bodies.7

HEALTH & SAFETY

Keith Luxon, Tescos human resources policy manager, has identified attitudinal factors involved in taking sick leave. He says that if you don't think you are likely to be missed, you are more likely to take time off. A year ago, Tesco's overall absenteeism rate was 5.8 per cent. Now it is down by a fifth to 4.6 per cent following the implementation of new 'attendance management procedures'. Tesco has decided, however, that the comfort of its staff cannot be ranked above the interests of its customers, and some of the supermarket chain's 175,000 workers have been dismissed because of the time they have taken off sick.8 In addition to this strict approach, the company is offering inducements in the form of bonuses to staff who do not take sick leave. Tesco has also taken steps to better understand the reasons for absence and better ways of dealing with it. Workshops have been organised, together with improved support systems, and the result has been a halving of absences in some stores.9
Tesco plc Shadow Report Customers and Products Report
CUSTOMERS AND PRODUCTS REPORT

BUSINESS POLICY

A recent investigation has shown that customers have not been treated equally when making a complaint to Tesco. Complaints from a solicitor and GP gained them a 10 voucher, whilst the same complaint, about Christmas crackers, resulted in 5 paid to a lone parent and no compensation to a student customer. Similar unequal treatment was also offered to a Welsh vicar, a London pensioner and a single mother from Cardiff when they complained about sub-standard fruit. Tescos Andrew Coker has explained that the company has guidelines for compensation, but individual cases are left to the discretion of the operators, and may depend upon what is said in the letter of complaint. He made the point that sometimes mistakes could be made.10 Despite a study showing that shoppers are not being overcharged, the government has continued its support for a Competition Commission inquiry into claims of supermarket price-fixing. Tescos marketing director pointed out that the survey had recognised that the company was a force for price cutting, and that in the past three years food prices had fallen by 8%. Tesco is continuing to seek price reductions.11 In spite of reported lower prices, however, the National Consumer Council and Age Concern are of the opinion that offers of a bulk nature, such as Tescos 3 kg of oranges for the price of 1.5kg, are unlikely to be helpful to people who are elderly or living alone, particularly those without their own transport. They would like to see multi-buy offers converted into straightforward lower prices. It is also pointed out that multi-buys can influence overall consumption patterns. For example, there are seldom any two-for-one offers on milk or salad, or in the organic fruit and vegetable department, while on many snacks, sweets, and packaged foods they are a recurring feature.12

CUSTOMER CARE AND BUSINESS INTEGRITY
Supermarkets including Tesco have been in a long running battle with manufacturers of designer brands as a result of offering designer products at large discounts, as the lower prices have been made possible by purchasing from unauthorised suppliers. The House of Commons Trade and Industry Committee, in support of the supermarkets, is urging a Europe-wide review. The Committee reports hearing little or no evidence that the manufacturers' system of selective distribution favoured consumers. It was told that Nike had expressed doubts about Tescos ability to offer technical support for their goods, and Tesco was also faced with a high court action by Levi Strauss.13 In an effort to further increase competitiveness, the use of artificial intelligence software is being considered to alert shoppers on rival websites that Tesco can offer better deals.14 This may, however, meet with resistance, as Boots the Chemist is already planning to take action against Tesco over a comparative price campaign that features large posters comparing prices on baskets of products from different stores.15 Defending the companys image, Terry Leahy, chief executive of Tesco, in response to a finding of the Competition Commission, said that the commission has found no real evidence of excessive profits. It has found prices have fallen in real terms and that the trend here is lower than overseas. There is no monopoly. This is a fantastically competitive industry. He dismissed as technical the finding that two complex monopolies are operating.16 His statement is supported by the conclusions of an international comparison that there is little difference between grocery prices in Britain and abroad.17 Tough initiatives, however, enacted under the Competition Act, could result in heavy fines based on total turnover for firms found to be anti-competitive. At the same time as the introduction of these initiatives, Asda was reported to be reducing the price of 600 items in its stores, and Tesco was
Tesco plc Shadow Report Customers and Products Report planning a similar action.18 These developments followed accusations that supermarkets were adopting half-hearted competition policies and exploiting their buying power in a market that is difficult for new operators to enter. The four issues identified by the investigation were profitability, barriers to entry, land costs, and the relationship with suppliers. Tesco was nevertheless confident that the industry would be vindicated, and pointed out that it is not just about price, as customers desire better service, more choice of products, air conditioning, bag packing, coffee shops, and ground level parking.19 Despite these attempts to emphasise a high level of customer service, a report by Rainier marketing consultancy has included Tesco in a group of companies that failed to respond to questions asked via their website. It says that Tesco did not respond to requests for basic investor information made via e-mail, despite allowing 100 days response time. Tescos response was that its website should not be judged from one incident, as it was not aimed at investors, who could telephone for an annual report. The website, which offers an ISP service, home grocery shopping, and flower delivery, was voted the second-best website in the world by a recent London School of Economics poll. The company regards its website as a retail park, enabling users to check the value of their house or look up the school league tables. Rainiers response was that the site looks good from a consumer point of view, but Tesco has not provided mechanisms for responding to customer problems.20 Notwithstanding criticism such as this, Tesco, judged by its peers and competitors, won first place in three categories of the Management Today Most Admired Company Awards.21 In a further move to maintain customer support, it is rumoured that Tesco is to re-launch its loyalty card scheme, incorporating a controversial three-tier class structure aimed at providing greater rewards to high-spending shoppers.22

PRODUCT SUPPLIERS

Tesco, which is Britain's largest supermarket chain, is encouraging magazine publishers to deal solely with WH Smith's wholesale department rather than existing distribution networks. The company is alleged to have threatened not to stock certain magazines if the publisher does not agree, but Tesco denies adopting such bully boy tactics. However, the companys corporate affairs manager, David Sawday, has confirmed that pressure is being exerted on publishers to overhaul distribution relationships that have existed for more than 100 years. The Periodical Publishers' Association is threatening to report Tesco to the Office of Fair Trading, accusing it of anti-competitive behaviour. The dispute illustrates the increasing power of the supermarkets in magazine marketing and sales.23 If Tescos plans are put in place, it is feared that up to 12,000 newsagents could be driven out of business.24 The power of the four supermarkets Tesco, Sainsbury, Asda and Safeway has also attracted accusations of monopoly and unfair treatment of other suppliers, especially farmers. The growing dominance of the four companies, that are reported to have taken pounds 66 out of every pounds 100 spent on groceries in Britain during 1998, has provoked criticism that has prompted the Office of Fair Trading to investigate their profitability. It is also reported that the recent growth in their profits has attracted official concern, and that there is to be a full Monopolies and Mergers Commission inquiry into the industry.25 In an effort to provide customers with lower-cost banking, Tesco has removed Barclays cash machines from 74 of its supermarkets in response to the bank's controversial plan to charge a 1 disloyalty fee for cash withdrawal. The company also warned other banks, particularly HSBC and Abbey National, that if they introduced punitive charges they would receive similar treatment.26 In a further move to broaden the range of product supplies, Tesco could also become a market leader in high street legal services within three years, as a result of imminent changes in the rules to permit solicitors to go into business with non-lawyers. A report in Lawyer magazine suggests that supermarket chains could soon become the country's biggest solicitors.27

Tesco plc Shadow Report Community Report

COMMUNITY REPORT

CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP
A report by Insight research has predicted that internet shopping will undermine the profitability of traditional retail outlets and that lower income families are likely to be excluded from the convenience of home shopping and delivery services. Supermarket chains such as Tesco may thus become the equivalent of domestic servants for wealthy, double income families.28
PHILANTHROPY, SPONSORSHIP AND EDUCATION
Supermarket chains have been criticised for failing to live up to their community friendly image by giving less to charity than other companies. In the supermarket sector, Tesco was shown to be the second largest donor, giving away 0.35% of pre-tax profits, compared with an industry average of 0.3% and an average for all sectors of over 0.6%. The British supermarkets are arguing, however, that their real community contributions are understated, and Tesco in particular says that the criticism takes no account of its successful Computers for Schools initiative, which has involved donations of equipment worth more than pounds 34m.29 The Computers for Schools programme continues to be cited by independent organisations as an excellent example of good cause related marketing.30 Tesco believes that its Computers for Schools scheme has benefited both schools and consumers, and that it is a good example of marketing31 which benefits both the company and the community. Last year the company delivered some pounds 10.5 million-worth of computing equipment to more than 20,000 schools. It is reported, however, that many schools already have two iMacs in each classroom yet no specialist art or music teacher, and that initiatives such as this cannot address the chronic funding shortages that hamper schools.32 Attempts are being made to improve this situation through initiatives in the National Grid for Learning such as the Tesco/Xemplar project. For this, the largest European online scheme ever attempted, Tesco has hired 50 advisory teachers to support and encourage schools. Professor Stephen Heppell of Anglia Polytechnic University says that this is kids producing work for kids, and the advisory teachers are not only making things happen but they are reflecting on the work as action researchers. Early indications are that the teachers they are empowering through the project are reaching higher levels of ICT capability than through a straightforward training course.33 Tesco is also to pioneer an approach to urban regeneration involving opening supermarkets on rundown estates and helping to train jobless local people in work skills. The first project will be on the Seacroft estate in Leeds. As well as bringing a supermarket to one of the largest housing estates in Europe, the 20m Seacroft partnership will involve skills training for up to 1,500 people, and all those completing a course will be guaranteed an interview for a post at the new store. The store, due to open next summer, will create more than 500 jobs. Under the scheme, in partnership with Leeds council, the employment service and the shopworkers' union Usdaw, Tesco will provide training courses that focus on the long-term unemployed, the young, and lone parents. Training will also cover literacy, numeracy and communication. Tesco has identified further sites in other cities where similar developments could be applied as part of the companys aim to be a socially responsible employer.34 In another area of philanthropy, however, it is reported that Tesco does not take part in charity networks aimed at distributing food that has passed its use by date to poor and homeless people, although other supermarket chains do.35 The company admits to throwing away pounds 28m worth of food a year but, whilst it has no policy to donate food, it lowers prices when goods approach their sell-by date. The company says that it has tried giving food away, but that it is a return to the medieval past, not a way forward for Britain. Meanwhile Britain is throwing away up to 500,000 tonnes of edible food each year, of which only about 3,000 tonnes is given to charities and local authorities for redistribution. All the charities licensed by the government to collect and store surplus food say that they could distribute much more, were it made available.36

Tesco plc Shadow Report Community Report Another food-related criticism appeared in a Guardian article, pointing out that Computers for Schools vouchers, given out at Tesco checkouts, contain sponsors advertising, targeted at children, for sugary fizzy drinks and sodium-and fat-laden snacks. When questioned about concerns for health issues, Tescos response was that all products are clearly labelled and if any shopper should have any health concerns they should contact the product manufacturer directly. The Guardian is concerned that more vouchers are provided for purchases of products such as Tango soft drink than for more healthy food.37

ETHICS

British retailers have been reluctant to sign up to a new ethical trading standard, SA8000, launched by the Council of Economic Priorities. It is an international standard to certify that retailers' goods have not involved child or forced labour, and also aims to achieve wages sufficient to cover workers' needs for food and shelter. British retailers are instead looking to the UK governmentsponsored Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) to reassure consumers while allowing companies to devise their own codes of conduct. The ETI, funded by a pounds 500,000 government grant and pounds 250,000 from a group of companies including Tesco, offers a more flexible approach, both to ethical codes and to monitoring, than the SA8000, which mimics the style and methods of the international quality standard, ISO9000.38 In an attack on their corporate ethics, supermarkets have been accused of making exaggerated claims in the battle to win customers to organic or non-genetically modified food. Tesco has been criticised for claiming that prices for organic food were "only a little higher" than conventional produce and that it tasted better. The Advertising Standards Authority upheld three complaints made against a Tesco brochure which, however, had since been withdrawn as it was out of date.39 Further concerns about organic produce were expressed in a recent letter to the Guardian. The writer pointed out that the large organic section sign in (his) Tesco has the Soil Association logo on it, yet many of the products are not SA accredited. He emphasised that the issue needs addressing if the industry is to gain public confidence.40

POLITICAL ACTIVITIES

There is concern that the appointment of business executives onto government task forces leads to reduced accountability. Tesco has representatives on six government task forces, but denies that it has used lobby groups with government links to obtain those positions. The company feels that, as Britain's most successful supermarket, it is natural that the Government asks it for advice. Nevertheless, it is unable to explain why it merits a place on the Construction Task Force ahead of other large retailers.41 Further concern has been expressed at the influence of business appointees on committee reports that fail to acknowledge such involvement. The Guardian has highlighted links between Keith Brandon, Chief Executive Officer of Tesco, and a report finding that British supermarkets offer choice, quality and convenience without overcharging customers.42 Tesco has also gained an exclusive contract to sell the Governments Annual Report, to be launched at the companys Kensington store. This will provide the company with a photo-opportunity of the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster handing the report to a Tesco executive, and pictures of a government Minister chatting with checkout workers. The report is available for 2.99, and regular shoppers will gain two free Clubcard points with every one purchased.43 However, Tesco may be affected by proposed Freedom of Information legislation aimed at introducing transparency to communications between corporations and government. The Guardian expects that this will prevent occurrences such as the secret sessions that Tesco had with cabinet advisers which resulted in exempting superstores from a proposed 20m tax44.
Tesco plc Shadow Report Environmental Report

ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
A group of leading businesses, including Tesco, has presented the Prime Minister with the results of a two-year inquiry, showing that socially and environmentally responsible companies are likely to be more competitive than those which pollute and damage communities. The companies are arguing that the government must put pressure on businesses to achieve higher standards on issues ranging from pollution to training, but are not demanding legislation to force companies to report on their social and environmental performance. The companies chief executives are convinced that growing demands to be both more competitive and more environmentally responsible need not conflict, as the failure to meet our wider responsibilities to society and the environment is unsustainable in the long term. The companies are committed to the Millennium Challenge programme, which promotes the idea of a stakeholder company with responsibilities to community groups other than shareholders, and have agreed to report regularly on the impact of their business on society and the environment. Comparative performance indicators will also be developed.45 It is reported, however, that, in response to requests by ECRA for information relating to the environment, Tesco provided an undated document, prepared in 1997, entitled Towards a Better World. Although judged to be good in places, it does not contain any timetabled targets.46

CUSTOMERS

In spite of a government report revealing that some foods on sale in Tesco and other supermarkets contained more than the legal limit of chemical residues,47 including illegal growth regulators and known carcinogens,48 consumer concern about pesticides has been overtaken by opposition to GM foods. This has helped fuel a massive growth in sales of organic food, and Tesco has reported a 20fold increase in sales since 1996.49

SUSTAINABILITY

Tesco has signed a commercial contract with the Carbon Storage Trust by which the Trust will plant sufficient new forests to absorb atmospheric carbon equivalents to emissions from the burning of petrol sold in London by Tesco. A payment to the Trust of 1.5 pence per litre of petrol sold will cover the planting costs, and the agreement will enable Tesco to offer a climate care warranty on its own brand petrol sold in Greater London.50 The company also became a member of the WWF 95+ Group in January 1998, and committed itself to selling, by the end of 1999, only timber and wood products that come from forests certified by the Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC) as sustainable. Tesco is already selling kitchen utensils, briquettes, lumpwood and charcoal bearing the FSC logo.51

WASTE & POLLUTION

Tesco and Sainsburys alone each hand out 1 billion plastic bags every year. Plastic is designed to be impervious to natural decay and this makes it an ecological nightmare.52 Further, according to the Environment Agency Hall of Shame, during 1998, Tesco Distribution Ltd was fined a total of 6,500 for pollution incidents and was the 4th highest offender in the Wholesale/Distribution sector.53
Tesco plc Shadow Report Environmental Report Tesco and Sainsburys, which together hold 15% of the retail fuels market, are seeking to increase market share by supplying greener fuels at their filling stations. These fuels are claimed to cut particulate emissions by 30-60%, but a report for the National Society for Clean Air found that the reduction would be closer to 20-30%.54

GENETIC MODIFICATION

Whilst the government's chief medical officer and chief scientific adviser have supported statements that there is no current evidence that genetically modified food technologies are inherently harmful, they agree that there needs to be a close watch on developments, and further research. The government proposes to establish a quango to investigate GM foods, but there is suspicion that this proposal is motivated by aggressive commercial interests. Tesco, together with a group including Greenpeace, the BMA and the Iceland food company, doubt that the establishment of such a quango will change the public perception of GM foods.55 In a recent survey, Friends of the Earth graded each major High Street name on the basis of their provision of GM-free meat and diary foods, commitment to removing dangerous pesticides from the food chain, and commitment to promoting organic food. Tesco scored only 2 out of 12, and was ranked tenth of the twelve supermarkets surveyed.56 However, from being the only major food retailer to refuse to ban genetically modified food in its own-brand products, Tesco is changing its policy on the issue. This is in response to a survey showing that many customers were worried about the use of GM food. The company has now said that it is seeking reliable sources of GM-free ingredients, and will remove GM content from products where practical.57 To this end, Tesco is instructing its fruit and vegetable suppliers not to grow crops on sites used for testing genetically modified crops,58 and Greenpeace is ready to work with the group on sourcing products which do not contain genetically modified ingredients. Greenpeace believes that companies including Tesco are concerned for their reputation, which affects recruitment and staff morale as well as customer perceptions.59 The move has been criticised by the government as a marketing ploy, but Tesco has said that some scientists had raised concerns about DNA and toxins in post-harvest waste from GM trial sites remaining in the soil and changing its ecology. A spokesman for the company has said: We are not telling farmers to not get involved with trials but saying, if they do, make sure it is separate and don't grow a Tesco crop on top of them. Tesco, which with 130 large suppliers is probably the biggest single user of produce in Britain, has pledged not to stock any GM crops, and is also trying to ensure that all feed for animals that supply its meats is GM free. It aims to be able to assure customers that no GM material has come into contact with its produce.60 The company, whose annual food turnover of pounds 13,678 million also makes it the largest food retailer in the UK, has written to major international animal feed suppliers, Cargill and Archer Daniel Midlands, informing them of its intention to obtain the complete elimination of GM ingredients from animal feed.61

ORGANIC FOODS

Tesco has intensified the supermarket price war over organic food by announcing that it would reduce the cost of produce whilst maintaining fair deals with suppliers. The company has predicted that it will quadruple sales of organic food from pounds 250m to pounds 1bn a year by 2005.62 It is reported, however, that supermarkets are charging premiums of up to 169 per cent for organic food as more and more consumers are looking for chemical-free produce, and organic farmers fear they will suffer if price gaps are fixed at an unreasonable level. They argue that an average premium of 30 per cent is justifiable because it reflects the true increased cost of production. The supermarkets, including Tesco, have denied cashing in on the food safety scare.63
Tesco plc Shadow Report Environmental Report The company has also welcomed a move by the UKs biggest chicken producer to stop using antibiotics that make their birds grow faster. This is in response to consumers demands for healthier eating, and Tesco has confirmed that this will not result in increased prices.64

ANIMAL WELFARE REPORT

A joint campaign by WSPA and its Scottish member society, Advocates for Animals, is trying to alert customers to the cruel methods used to produce foie gras. The luxury pate is made from the diseased livers of intensively reared, force-fed ducks and geese, and is sold at many outlets across the UK, including Tesco.65 Tesco also markets kangaroo flesh as exotic meat.66 HedWeb has pointed out that kangaroos are gentle, sensitive and intelligent creatures, and several million are killed each year, violently and cruelly, but customers are not being told of the method of their death. However, Tesco is supporting Greenpeaces campaign67 to protect the Antarctic sea bass (Patagonian toothfish) and has joined two large US retail chains in agreeing not to sell the fish. This will assist efforts to stop pirate fishing and the huge seabird bycatch associated with it.68 The company has also pledged to stop buying cattle and sheep through traditional livestock markets. It is aiming to buy cattle direct from the farm, sparing cows from the traditional ordeal of the confusing and stressful livestock market before slaughter, and is also reported to be planning a similar buying policy with regard to sheep.69
Tesco plc Shadow Report References

REFERENCES

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McVeigh, T., Pesticides making half a million ill, The Observer, Home News, 19 September 1999, p.6-Kelso, P., Researchers claim pesticide residues pose no health risks, The Guardian, Home News, 17 September 1999, p.Blythman, J., Toxic shock, The Guardian, Consumer/Features, 16 September 1999, p.Ethical Consumer 59, Research supplement, June/July 1999; Greens Future Magazine May/June Ethical Consumer 59, Research supplement, June/July Norris, S., Waste that we want not: Why we need to end our obsession with plastic wrapping, The Guardian, Society: Environment/Features, 16 August 2000, p.Ethical Consumer 59, Research supplement, June/July Ethical Consumer 59, Research supplement, June/July 1999; ENDS Report June 1998, 281. 55 Better safe than sorry, The Guardian, Leading article, 22 May 1999 p.How does your supermarket measure up?, Press Release, Friends of the Earth, London, 16 June In brief, Tesco alters GM policy, The Guardian, Home News, 28 April 1999, p.Brown, A., Tesco rejects vegetables grown on GM-test sites, PA News, 1 June 1999, p.Cowe, R., A question of responsibility, The Guardian, News Analysis/Business, 12 May 1999, p.Meikle, J., National Roundup: GM ban is extended by Tesco, The Guardian, Home News, 7 January 2000, p.Greenpeace, UK supermarket chains ban meat from animals fed GE feed, Press Release, 20 December In brief, Tesco steps up organics war, The Guardian, Home News, 13 September Ryle, S., Big four cash in on food scares, The Observer, Home News, 28 March 1999, p.Meikle, J., Shock at food drugs ban, The Guardian, Home News, September 1999, p.Webmaster: steve@greenpeople.org 66 HedWeb, Tescos : Doing Dirty Things To Animals, taken from web Tescos Sick Tastes : Healthy Profits 67 GMT Sci/Tech, Fears for Antarctic fish, Environment, BBC Online, Monday, November 1, 1999, Published at 05:Greenpeace, Greenpeace frees abandoned pirate fish catch Financial Times; National, 20 December Ethical Consumer 59, research supplement, June/July 1999