TS-2000/2000X

All-Mode Multibander

TS-B2000

Distinctive by Design, Packed for Performance
All-mode multibander: HF/50/144/440/1200MHz* in one compact rig offering wide-band receive (500kHz to 1300MHz, non-contiguous) and 100W output (HF/50/144MHz) ideal for both base station use and mobile operation.
*TS-2000 & TS-B2000 require optional UT-20 1200MHz all-mode unit. The UT-20 can only be installed by a qualified technician; do not attempt to install it yourself.
Satellite communications: Main-band circuits are used for satellite mode, which thus benefits from IF-DSP. Striking design: With its large amber LCD and backlit keys, the distinctive front panel of the TS-2000/2000X improves operating ease. Kenwood Skycommand System II Plus: Built-in Transporter function means the TS-2000/2000X/ B2000 can be operated remotely with one handheld transceiver. High-speed processing: Superior performance is assured with two 16-bit DSP chips, double-precision computing and a 100MHz speed CPU, plus 24-bit A/D and D/A converters. High frequency stability: Built-in TCXO offers professional performance 0.5ppm* (-10~+50C).
*Main-band SSB, CW, FSK, AM modes only.
Black box version: The TS-B2000 can be used exclusively for computer control or in a vehicle with a remote head*.
*Optional RC-2000 mobile controller
Dual-channel receive: Featuring an all-mode multiband transceiver (with satellite mode) plus a sub 144/440MHz FM/AM receiver, so two frequencies (HF/50/144/440/1200*: ALL MODE + 144/440MHz: FM/AM) can be received simultaneously, even on the same band (144/440MHz).
* With optional UT-20 1200MHz all-mode unit
Digital signal processing: IF-DSP (main band) combines with AF-DSP (sub band) to provide precision filtering and interference reduction.
Other features include a mobile controller and radio control software (both options), built-in auto antenna tuner, DX cluster tune, and an antenna terminal dedicated to HF low-band reception.

TS-B2000

Cutting-edge Technology in a Streamlined Package
Kenwoods new all-mode multibander breaks new ground in more ways than one. This TS-B2000 black box version offers the same functionality and performance as the TS-2000 minus the controls so you can carry it in the trunk of your car, or set up on the desk with your personal computer.
Sleek front panel with power switch and mic/headphone terminals Optional RC-2000 mobile controller available for mobile use

Easy Mode

ARCP-2000 radio control software supplied for PC use

HF/50/144/440/1200*MHz

All-mode Multibander
A marvel of electronic engineering: Kenwoods stylish new all-mode multibander is packed with top-end features yet compact enough to use at home, in your car, or on a DXpedition. With its 3D front panel, featuring backlit keys and large amber display, its appearance is as distinctive as its performance.

HF/50/144/440/1200MHz

All-Mode, Multiband, Engineered for Excellence
Kenwoods new TS-2000/2000X/B2000 all-mode multibander may be compact, but its equipped with all the features you would expect to find in a top-of-the-line rig.
IF Digital Signal Processing
The TS-2000/2000X/B2000 is serious about digital signal processing. Kenwoods advanced digital technology converts analog waveforms into digital data in real-time, enabling such digital processing as IF filtering, slope tune, auto notch and AGC. IF-stage DSP on main-band transmit and receive including V/UHF bands allows the greatest range of control and unprecedented performance.

DSP Detection

IF-stage DSP means that the TS-2000/2000X/B2000 offers significantly lower distortion and higher quality detection in all modes. (FM: digital AF filter)

Digital Filtering

There is absolutely no need to purchase optional filters: digital IF filters are available for each mode (FM: digital AF filter), offering performance superior to anything possible with analog circuitry. When operating in SSB/FM/AM modes, this digital filtering enables both high- and low-cut frequency variance. Employing slope tune, you can thus cut out

noise with minimal effect SHIFT Desired on sound quality. In AM signal (CW) mode, the high-cut frequency can reduce interInterfering signal (SSB) ference by controlling the IF pass bandwidth useful for receiving shortwave broadcasts. In CW mode, the WIDTH funcWIDTH tion is supplemented by Desired center frequency shift, signal (CW) allowing adjacent signal Interfering interference to be tuned Interfering signal signal (SSB) (CW) out. The WIDTH function also provides noise reduction capabilities in FSK with 4 steps available: 250, 500, 1000 and 1500Hz. And thanks to AF-stage DSP, independent control of high-cut and low-cut frequencies (12 steps each) provides slope tune capability in FM as well.

IF Auto Notch

Since it is working with a DSP notch filter Beat digital signal, IF Auto Notch (main band, SSB mode) can provide Conventional notch filter slope extremely sharp filtering Target signal of carrier frequencies from broadcast and continuous beat sources. The interfering beat is removed far more accurately than in conventional analog systems, and Auto Notch will even track changes in the beat signal (tracking speed can be varied in 5 steps).
Hi-cut slope tune Interfering signal (SSB)
Lo-cut slope tune Desired signal (SSB) Interfering signal (CW)

IF AGC

The digital AGC circuit (main band only) delivers very fast release characteristics, surpassing even the best analog designs. You can select a custom release time (20 steps) for each mode, except FM.

SSB slope tune

HF Band

50MHz Band

440MHz Band

144MHz Band

1200MHz Band
AF Digital Signal Processing
DSP is also executed at the AF stage, offering Beat Cancel and CW Auto Tune functions. It also enables you to achieve remarkable noise reduction and apply custom enhancements to your transmitted voice.

Beat Cancel

Automatic Beat Cancel, available for the main band (SSB and AM modes), immediately eliminates multiple beats interfering with a desired signal. It works well in combination with IF Auto-Notch (SSB).

Beat Canceled

Noise Reduction
There are 2 types of noise reduction: LEM (NR1) and SPAC (NR2). LEM (Line Enhancer Method) available for all modes on the main band and FM/AM on the sub band automatically forms a filter shape around the target signal for a custom, dynamic noise reduction capability. The degree of enhancement can also be set manually for mainband use. The SPAC (Speech Processing/Auto Correlation) Line Enhancer Method Formed filter function utilizes a special staNoise Noise tistical/correlation algorithm to pull out weak signals that Signal are buried deep in noise. SPAC Method Although available for all Extract signal modes on the main band, its from the noise Noise Noise especially useful for tough CW conditions. The correlation time setting can be adjusted in 10 steps between 2ms and Signal 20ms.

Target signal

Manual Beat Cancel
A new Manual Beat Cancel function, which operates as a manual AF notch, can be used in all modes though it is particularly effective in CW.
10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

Frequency [Hz]

-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0.-500

Attenuation [dB]

TX Audio Shaping
You have 3 ways to tailor audio quality with DSP: the TX/RX equalizer (SSB/FM/AM), TX filter bandwidth (SSB/AM), and speech processor (SSB/FM/AM). The TX/RX equalizer offers 4 frequency response settings on SSB, FM and AM: high boost for improved clarity, formant pass to minimize extraneous sounds, bass boost for stronger sound, and conventional mode for an analog sound. On SSB and AM transmit you can choose between 6 TX filter bandwidth settings according to your microphone and operating requirements. The speech processor works across three bands (SSB, FM and AM) for high compression and minimal distortion.
CW Auto Tune You no longer have to adjust the VFO while operating on CW CW Auto Tune does it for you automatically by adjusting the VFO to your preset pitch at the touch of a button.
High-duty Transmitter Section
This transceiver is the perfect choice for contesting, mobiling and FSK applications, delivering up to 100 (AM: 25) watts on HF/50/144MHz bands. Output is 50 (AM: 12.5) watts on the 440MHz band, and 10 (AM: 2.5) watts on 1200MHz*. But theres more than just power: the built-in TCXO ensures excellent frequency stability 0.5ppm (except in FM mode).
1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00

Drift [PPM]

-0.20 -0.40 -0.60 -0.80 -1.00
Rating condition Reception setting: 14.200MHz

160 180

Elapsed time [min]
Expanded Power and Performance
DX Cluster (Packet Cluster) Tune
DX cluster information received on the sub band is not just displayed on the LCD: it can also be used for instantly setting up the main band frequency to cluster information. Up to 10 items can be stored in memory.
*Minimum output is 5 watts for HF/50/144/440MHz bands, 1 watt for 1200MHz.

CW Features

In addition to the new Auto Tune function, there is a full range of CW features. The full/semi break-in switching and delay time settings are fully adjustable. In semi break-in the delay time between key release and active receive mode can be set for between 50ms and 1000ms. When using VOX operation the delay time can be set for between 150ms and 3000ms. Other CW features include pitch control (400-1000Hz), side tone monitor with 10-step volume setting, DSP-based rise time adjustment, and CW reverse mode.

Built-in 1200/9600bps TNC
The simple 2-chip TNC is compliant with the AX.25 protocol for Sky Command and DX cluster tune.

Dual-Channel Watch

Provision of main and sub bands enables dual-channel watch. This all-mode multibander can simultaneously receive two frequencies, even on the same band, allowing such combinations as HF+V/UHF, VHF+VHF, UHF+UHF and VHF+UHF (the sub band is used exclusively for 144/440MHz reception on FM/AM). This means, for instance, that you can pick up local information on V/UHF while operating HF on the main band.

FSK Features

When operating in FSK mode, you can select shift frequencies (170, 200, 425 and 850Hz) and switch both KEY polarity and Hi/Low tones to suit your RTTY device. Additionally, the FSK reverse function lets you match transmission methods to the other party if necessary, for example changing the BFO frequency from LSB (normal) to USB (reverse).

Satellite Communications

Satellite operations are enhanced with the IF-DSP, 10 dedicated memory channels, Doppler effect frequency adjustment (manual) and the ability to choose either normal or reverse shift for the trace.

FM Features

As well as switchable Narrow/Wide deviation modes, the TS-2000/2000X/B2000 has built-in CTCSS functionality with 38 EIA-standard sub-tones settings plus 1750Hz tone burst. Other features include DCS (104 codes), both crossband and fixed-band repeater operation, and 1200MHz ALT.
Down link All-mode Up link HF/50MHz 144MHz 440MHz 1200MHz HF/50MHz 144MHz 440MHz 1200MHz
Data Communication Features
Packet filter bandwidth is fully selectable to match packet speed, and you can also switch ACC2 (PKD) input/output levels. For PSK31 mode, the menu offers a 100Hz bandwidth IF-DSP filter.
Ext. key terminal Paddle terminal Ext. AT terminal ANT terminals (144MHz, 440MHz)

Ground

ANT terminals (HF, 50MHz) DC 13.8V PANEL terminal for mobile controller COM (D-SUB 9-pin) terminal ANT terminal (HF RX) ANT terminal (1200MHz) Ext. speaker terminals Ext. control terminal ACC2 REMOTE terminal terminal

Enhanced Operating Ease

Automatic Antenna Tuner
The built-in antenna tuner which also operates when the radio is in receive mode covers amateur bands from 1.9 to 50MHz, with rapid tuning lock when using presets.

Menu System

All of the power and functions of the TS-2000/2000X/ B2000 can be accessed through the menu-driven display interface on the front panel. You may also activate the Quick Menu feature to access only your most commonly-used functions.

Other Features

Large, amber-colored backlit LCD Backlit front keys Compatible with optional DRU-3A digital recording unit

300 Memory Channels

This transceiver provides a bank of 300 memories (plus 1 call channel for each band), with 290 assignable by name and 10 available for programmable scan. The scroll function lets you browse memory contents, memory channel copy sends the contents of one channel to another, lock-out memory changes the scan map to exclude certain channels, and memory shift alters the frequency stored in a channel. In addition, there are 10 quick memories to capture a current operation on-the-fly ideal for contest operation.
Key operation announcement with optional VS-3 voice synthesizer (option) Programmable function keys Transverter (displays up to 19.99999GHz) RF gain control All-mode squelch Simple visual scan
Auto simplex checker DTMF remote control Noise blanker
Auto repeater offset (144/1200MHz) Built-in keyer
Multiple Scan Functions A full range of scan functions is provided, including MHz scan, memory scan, and call scan. Group scan mode covers all 300 memory channels in groups of 10, and programmable band scan will search a frequency spread between two VFO settings (the scan-hold function stops the scanning for 5 seconds). A new feature is programmable slow scan, which will automatically slow down to check a frequency range youre interested in. As well as varying scan speed, you can choose either time-operated (TO) or carrier-operated (CO) busy-stop-resume.

Auto power-off

Kenwood Skycommand System II Plus
The TS-2000/2000X/B2000 is fully equipped for Kenwoods Skycommand System II Plus. With just a handheld transceiver you can relax in your garden while DXing from your shack. Alternatively, you could enjoy HF access via the multibander in your parked car while taking in a baseball game. Conventionally two extra transceivers are required for KSS operation a Commander and a Transporter but the TS-2000/2000X/B2000 has Transporter functions built in. This means you can operate it remotely with a single mobile or handheld unit, such as the TH-D7A or TM-D700A, transmitting control signals to the Transporter, which also relays your voice to the HF radio. In return, HF signals are transmitted back to the Commander. This system allows you to transmit and receive HF signals, set frequencies (with LCD confirmation), switch memory channels, and much more all remotely. Kenwood Skycommand System II Plus is the most sophisticated version yet developed, enabling full-duplex operation with access to such HF functions as RIT/XIT, mode switching (USB, FM, etc.), splitfrequency operations on/off, and memory shift. Control is effected via simple TNC, compatible with the AX.25 protocol. In addition, if a second TS-2000/2000X/ B2000 unit is used as the Commander, you have control over noise reduction, noise blanker on/off and antenna switching among other functions.

440MHz band

Voice signals Control signals
Confirmation of HF frequency

HF Antenna

Commander (CMD) TH-D7A or TM-D700A 440MHz/144MHz

HF receive audio

144MHz band
TS-2000/2000X/B2000 with built-in Transporter (TRP)
You control the TS-2000/2000X/B2000 from the portable Commander (CMD). Voice is transmitted from the CMD unit on the 440MHz band. Control signals are also sent from the CMD unit on the 440MHz band. The HF signal received by the TS-2000/2000X/B2000 is relayed to the CMD unit on the 144MHz band. You can confirm the HF frequency on the LCD of the CMD.

Options

RC-2000

Mobile Controller

ARCP-2000
Radio Control Program (Supplied with TS-B2000)

UT-20*

1200MHz All-Mode Unit

DRU-3A

Digital Recording Unit
Voice Synthesizer Deluxe Unit Headphones (8)

Small Headphones (12.5)

MB-430**

Mobile Bracket

MC-43S

Hand Microphone

Hand Microphone Hand Microphone Deluxe Desktop with DTMF Microphone

MC-52DM

MC-60A

Desktop Microphone

DSP-compatible DC Power Desktop Microphone Cable
Heavy-duty Power External Supply Speaker

SP-50B

Mobile Speaker
*The UT-20 can only be installed by a qualified technician; do not attempt to install it yourself. **Do not install the MB-430 Mobile Bracket vertically as this would adversely affect transceiver operation and safety.
Not all accessories may be available, please contact dealers for details.

Specifications

TS-2000/TS-2000X/TS-B2000 GENERAL Transmitter Frequency Range Main: Sub: Main: 160, 80, 40, 30, 20, 17, 15, 12, 10, 6, 2 meter bands, 70, 23 (TS-2000X only) cm bands 2 meter band, 70cm band (0.03) 0.5 ~ 30 MHz, (30) 50 ~ 54 (60) MHz, (142) 144 ~ 148 (152) , (420) 430 ~ 450 MHz, 1240 ~ 1300 MHz (TS-2000X only), (118) 144 ~ 148(174) MHz, (220) 438 ~ 450 (512) MHz
* Figures in parenthesis ( ) indicate VFO coverage range
TS-2000/TS-2000X/ TS-B2000 RECEIVER (Continued) Sensitivity Main: SSB/CW/FSK (S/N 10 dB)

Receiver Frequency Range

AM (S/N 10 dB)
Mode Power Requirement Current Drain ( Less t han )
Operating Temperature Frequency Stability
Antenna Impedance Microphone Impedance Dimensions, projections not included (W x H x D)

Weight (approx.)

A1A (CW), J3E (SSB), A3E (AM), F3E (FM), F1D (FSK), F2D 13.8 V DC 15% Transmit: 20.5 A ( HF, 6m, 2m ), 18 A ( 70cm), 9 A (23cm) Standby: 2.6 A 14 F ~ +122 F (-10 C ~ +50 C) Main: Other mode within 0.5 x 10-6 (0.5 ppm) -6 FM TX mode within 0.5 x kHz -6 Sub: Within 0.5 x Hz TS-2000/X: 10-5/8 x 3-3/4 x 12-1/2 inch (270 x 96 x 317 mm) TS-B2000: 10-5/8 x 3-3/4 x 12-1/2 inch (270 x 96 x 317 mm) TS-2000: 17.19 lbs. ( 7.8 kg) TS-2000X: 18.07 lbs. (8.2 kg) TS-B2000: 16.53 lbs. ( 7.5 kg ) SSB/CW/FM/FSK=100W, AM=25W (HF, 6m, 2m), SSB/CW/FM/FSK=50W, AM=12.5W (70cm) SSB/CW/FM/FSK=10W, AM=2.5W (23cm) Balanced modulation Reactance modulation Low-level modulation Less than 5 kHz (wide) Less than 2.5 kHz (narrow) 1.8 ~ 28MHz: Less than 50dB 50 ~ 430MHz : Less than 60dB 1200MHz: Less than 50dB More than 50 dB More than 50 dB 400 ~ 2600 Hz (within -6 dB) 20.00 kHz 16.7 ~ 150 (160 ~ 6 m Band)

FM (12 dB SINAD)

AM (S/N 10 dB) FM (12 dB SINAD)
Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less
than 4 V (500 kHz ~ 1.705 MHz), than 0.2 V (1.705 ~ 24.5 MHz), than 0.13 V (24.5 ~ 30 MHz), than 0.13 V (50 ~ 54 MHz), than 0.16 V (144 ~ 148 MHz), than 0.11 V (430 ~ 450 MHz), than 0.11 V (1240 ~ 1300MHz), than 31.6 V (500 kHz ~ 1.705 MHz), than 2 V (1.705 ~ 24.5 MHz), than 1.3 V (24.5 ~ 30 MHz), than 1.3 V (50 ~ 54 MHz), than 1.4 V (144 ~ 148 MHz), than 1.0 V (430 ~ 450 MHz), than 1.0 V (1240 ~ 1300MHz) than 0.22 V (28 ~ 30 MHz), than 0.22 V (50 ~ 54 MHz), than 0.25 V (144 ~ 148 MHz), than 0.18 V ( 430 ~ 450 MHz), than 0.18 V (1240 ~ 1300MHz) than 2. 25 V (144 ~ 148 MHz), than 1. 55 V (438 ~ 450 MHz) than 0. 40 V (144 ~ 148 MHz), than 0. 28 V (438 ~ 450 MHz) than 18 V (500 kHz ~ 1.705 MHz), than 1. 8 V (1. 8 ~ 28.7 MHz), than 1. 1 V (50 ~ 54 MHz), than 1. 1 V (144 ~ 148 MHz), than 1. 1 V (~ 450 MHz), than 1.1 V (1240 ~ 1300MHz) than 0.2 V (28 ~ 30 MHz), than 0.2 V (50 ~ 54 MHz), than 0.16 V (144 ~ 148 MHz), than 0.1 V (430 ~ 450 MHz), than 0.1 V ( 1240 ~ 1300MHz) than 1. 1 V (144 ~ 148 MHz), than 1.1 V (438 ~ 450 MHz) than 0.23 V ( 144 ~ 148 MHz), than 0.18 V (438 ~ 450 MHz)
Squelch Sensitivity Main: SSB/CW/AM/FSK
TRANSMITTER RF Output Power
Modulation SSB FM AM Maximum Frequency Deviation (FM) Spurious Radiation
Carrier Suppression Unwanted Sideband Suppression Transmit Frequency Response (SSB) XIT Variable Range Antenna Tunable Range RECEIVER Circuitry Main: SSB/CW/AM/FSK FM Sub: AM/FM Intermediate Frequency st Main: 1 IF 2 IF rd 3 IF th 4 IF st 1 IF nd 2 IF
Quadruple superheterodyne Triple conversion superheterodyne Double conversion superheterodyne 69.085 MHz or 75.925 MHz (HF ~ 50 MHz) 41.895 MHz (144/440MHz), 135.495 MHz (1200MHz) 10.695 MHz 455 kHz 12.0 kHz 58.525 MHz 455 kHz
Image Rejection Ratio Main / Sub IF Rejection Ratio Main / Sub Selectivity Main: SSB (Low: 300MHz, Hi: 2600MHz) AM (Low:100MHz, Hi:3000MHz) FM FM (Narrow) Sub: AM FM RIT Variable Range Notch Filter Reduction Beat Elimination Low Frequency Output
More than 70 dB / More than 60 dB More than 70 dB / More than 60 dB More than 2.2 kHz (-6 dB), Less than 4.4 kHz (-60 dB) More than 6.0 kHz (-6 dB), Less than 1 2.0 kHz (-50 dB) More than 12.0 kHz (-6 dB), Less than 25.0 kHz (-50 dB) More than 8.0 kHz (-6 dB), Less than 20.0 kHz (-50 dB) More than 12.0 kHz (-6 dB), Less than 25.0 kHz (-50 dB) More than 12.0 kHz (-6 dB), Less than 25.0 kHz (-50 dB) 20.00 kHz More than 30 dB (1 kHz) More than 40 dB (1 kHz) More than 1.5 W 8 at 10% distortion

Kenwood follows a policy of continuous advancement in development. For this reason specifications may be changed without notice. These specifications are guaranteed for Amateur Bands only.
CA222KP-E-10(00) 001108.3B Printed in Japan

ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Kenwood TS-2000
Prepared by: American Radio Relay League, Inc. Technical Department Laboratory 225 Main St. Newington, CT 06111 Telephone: (860) 594-0214 Internet: mtracy@arrl.org Order From: American Radio Relay League, Inc. Technical Department Secretary 225 Main St. Newington, CT 06111 Telephone: (860) 594-0278 Internet: reprints@arrl.org Price: $7.50 for ARRL Members, $12.50 for non-Members, postpaid. Model Information: TS-2000 Serial #: 20800064 QST "Product Review" July, 2001 Manufacturer: Kenwood Communications Corp. 2201 East Dominguez Street PO Box 22745 Long Beach, CA 90801-5745 Telephone: 800-KENWOOD http://www.kenwood.net/
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 1

Contents:

Introduction..... 3 Transmitter Output Power.... 4 Current Consumption Test..... 5 Transmit Frequency Range Test.... 5 CW Transmit Frequency Accuracy Test.... 6 Spectral Purity Test.... 6 Transmit Two-Tone IMD Test.... 11 SSB Carrier and Unwanted Sideband Suppression... 15 CW Keying Waveform Test.... 15 Transmit Keyer Speed..... 17 Keying Sidetone..... 17 Transmit/Receive Turnaround.... 17 Transmit Delay.... 17 Transmit Composite Noise.... 18 Receiver Noise Floor..... 21 Receive Frequency Range.... 22 AM Sensitivity.... 22 FM SINAD and Quieting..... 23 Blocking Dynamic Range.... 24 Two-Tone 3rd-Order Dynamic Range... 25 Swept Dynamic Range Graphs.... 27 Second-Order IMD..... 30 In-Band Receiver IMD.... 30 FM Adjacent Channel Selectivity.... 35 FM Two-Tone 3rd-Order Dynamic Range.... 35 IF Rejection.... 36 Image Rejection..... 36 Audio Output Power..... 37 IF + Audio Frequency Response Test.... 37 Squelch Sensitivity Test..... 37 S-Meter Sensitivity..... 38 Notch Filter Depth and Attack Time.... 38 Noise Reduction..... 39 BIT-Error-Rate Test (BER).... 39
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 2

Introduction

This document summarizes the extensive battery of tests performed by the ARRL Laboratory for each unit that is featured in QST "Product Review." For all tests, there is a discussion of the test and test method used in ARRL Laboratory testing. For most tests, critical conditions are listed to enable other engineers to duplicate our methods. For some of the tests, a block diagram of the test setup is included. The ARRL Laboratory has a document, the ARRL Laboratory Test Procedures Manual, that explains our specific test methods in detail. This manual includes test descriptions similar to the ones in this report, block diagrams showing the specific equipment currently in use for each test, along with all equipment settings and specific step by step procedures used in the ARRL Laboratory. While this is not available as a regular ARRL publication, the ARRL Technical Department Secretary can supply a copy at a cost of $20.00 for ARRL Members, $25.00 for non-Members, postpaid. Most of the tests used in ARRL product testing are derived from recognized standards and test methods. Other tests have been developed by the ARRL Lab. The ARRL Laboratory test equipment is calibrated annually, with traceability to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Most of the equipment is calibrated by a contracted calibration laboratory. Other equipment, especially the custom test fixtures, is calibrated by the ARRL Laboratory Engineers, using calibrated equipment and standard techniques. The units being tested are operated as specified by the equipment manufacturer. The ARRL screen room has an ac supply that is regulated to 117 or 234 volts. If possible, the equipment under test is operated from the ac supply. Mobile and portable equipment is operated at the voltage specified by the manufacturer, at 13.8 volts if not specified, or from a fully charged internal battery. Equipment that can be operated from 13.8 volts (nominal) is also tested for function, output power and frequency accuracy at the minimum specified voltage, or 11.5 volts if not specified. Units are tested at room temperature and humidity as determined by the ARRL HVAC system. Also, units that are capable of mobile or portable operation are tested at their rated temperature range, or at 10 to +60 degrees Celsius in a commercial temperature chamber. ARRL Product Review testing typically represents a sample of only one unit (although we sometimes obtain an extra unit or two for comparison purposes). This is not necessarily representative of all units of the same model number. It is not uncommon that some parameters will vary significantly from unit to unit. The ARRL Laboratory and Product Review editor work with manufacturers to resolve any deviation from specifications or other problems encountered in the review process. These problems are documented in the Product Review. Units used in Product Review testing are purchased off the shelf from major distributors. We take all necessary steps to ensure that we do not use units that have been specially selected by the manufacturer. When the review is complete, the unit is offered for sale in an open mail bid, announced regularly in QST.

Related ARRL Publications and Products:
The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs has a chapter on test equipment and measurements. The book is available for $32.00 plus $6 shipping and handling. The Handbook is also now available in a convenient, easy to use CD-ROM format. In addition to the complete Handbook text and graphics, the CD-ROM includes a search engine, audio clips, zooming controls, bookmarks and clipboard support. The cost is $49.95 plus $4.00 shipping and handling. You can order both versions of the Handbook from our web page at http://www.arrl.org, or contact the ARRL Publications Sales Department at 888-277-289 (toll free). It is also widely stocked by radio and electronic dealers and a few large bookstores. The ARRL Technical Information Service has prepared an information package that discusses Product Review testing and the features of various types of equipment. Request the "What is the Best Rig To Buy" package from the ARRL Technical Department Secretary. The cost is $2.00 for ARRL Members, $4.00 for non-Members, postpaid.
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 3

Transmitter Output Power

Test description: One of the first things an amateur wants to know about a transmitter or transceiver is its RF output power. The ARRL Lab measures the CW output power for every band on which a transmitter can operate. The unit is tested across the entire amateur band and the worst-case number for each band is reported. The equipment is also tested on one or more bands for any other mode of operation for which the transmitter is capable. Typically, the most popular band of operation for each mode is selected. Thus, on an HF transmitter, the SSB tests are done on 75 meters for lower sideband, 20 meters for upper sideband, and AM tests are done on 75 meters, FM tests are done on 10 meters, etc. This test also compares the accuracy of the unit's internal output-power metering against the ARRL Laboratory's calibrated test equipment. The purpose of the Transmitter Output-Power Test is to measure the dc current consumption at the manufacturer's specified dc-supply voltage, if applicable, and the RF output power of the unit under test across each band in each of its available modes. A two-tone audio input, at a level within the manufacturer's microphone-input specifications, is used for the SSB mode. No modulation is used in the AM and FM modes. Many transmitters are de-rated from maximum output power on full-carrier AM and FM modes. In most cases, a 100-watt CW/SSB transmitter may be rated at 25 watts carrier power on AM. The radio may actually deliver 100 watts PEP in AM or FM but is not specified to deliver that power level for any period of time. In these cases, the published test-result table will list the AM or FM power as being "as specified." In almost all cases, the linearity of a transmitter decreases as output power increases. A transmitter rated at 100 watts PEP on single sideband may actually be able to deliver more power, but as the power is increased beyond the rated RF output power, adjacent channel splatter (IMD) usually increases dramatically. If the ARRL Lab determines that a transmitter is capable of delivering its rated PEP SSB output, the test-result table lists the power as being "as specified." Key Test Conditions: Termination: 50 ohms resistive, or as specified by the manufacturer. Block Diagram:

AC ONLY

TWO-TONE AUDIO GENERATOR

PTT SWITCH TELEGRAPH KEY

CAUTION!: Power must only be applied to the attenuator input! Do not reverse input and output terminals of the Bird 8329. RF Power Attenuator & Dummy Load Bird 8329

DUT TRANSMITTER

100 WATTS TYPICAL
RF WATTMETER BIRD WATTS TYPICAL

POWER SUPPLY

DC ONLY
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 4
Transmitter Output Power Test Results
Frequency Band 1.8 MHz 3.5 MHz 3.5 MHz 7.0 MHz 10.1 MHz 14 MHz 14 MHz 18 MHz 21 MHz 24 MHz 28 MHz 28 MHz 50 MHz 144 MHz 144 MHz 144 MHz 432 MHz 432 MHz Mode Unit Minimum Power (W) Measured Minimum Power (W) 3.0 W 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.8 4.0 6.8 Unit Maximum Power (W) Measured Maximum Power (W) 88.2 W 98.2 22.4 102.7 103.7 104.1 103.8 103.7 104.0 103.7 103.6 103.4 105.5 97.5 95.9 21.8 50.7 20.2 Notes
CW CW AM CW CW CW USB CW CW CW CW FM CW CW FM AM CW FM

Current Consumption Test

(DC-powered units only)
Test Description: Current consumption can be a important to the success of mobile and portable operation. While it is most important for QRP rigs, the ARRL Lab tests the current consumption of all equipment that can be operated from a battery or 12-14 Vdc source. The equipment is tested in transmit at maximum output power. On receive, it is tested at maximum volume, with no input signal, using the receiver's broadband noise. Any display lights are turned on to maximum brightness, if applicable. This test is not performed on equipment that can be powered only from the ac mains. Current Consumption: Voltage Transmit Output Power Current 13.8 V 18.4 A 104.0 W

Receive Current 2.1 A

Lights? ON
Transmit Frequency Range Test
Test Description: Many transmitters can transmit outside the amateur bands, either intentionally, to accommodate MARS operation, for example, or unintentionally as the result of the design and internal software. The ARRL Lab tests the transmit frequency range inside the screen room. The purpose of the Transmit Frequency Range Test is to determine the range of frequencies, including those outside amateur bands, for which the transmitter may be used. The key test conditions are to test it at rated power, using nominal supply voltages. Frequencies are as indicated on the transmitter frequency indicator or display. Most modern synthesized transmitters are capable of operation outside the ham bands. However, spectral purity is not always legal outside the hams bands, so caution must be used. In addition, most other radio services require that transmitting equipment be type accepted for that service. Amateur equipment is not legal for use on other than amateur and MARS frequencies.

ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 6
Key Test Conditions: Unit is operated at nominal supply voltage and temperature. Output power is adjusted to full power on each amateur band. A second measurement is taken at minimum power to ensure that the spectral output is still legal at low power. The level to the spectrum analyzer is 10 dBm maximum. The resolution bandwidth of the spectrum analyzer is 10 kHz on HF, 100 kHz on VHF, 1 MHz on UHF. Block Diagram:
CAUTION!: Power must only be applied to the attenuator input! Do not reverse input and output terminals of the Bird 8329.
TELEGRAPH KEY POWER SOURCE
RF Power Attenuator & Dummy Load Bird 8329
10 dB STEP ATTENUATOR HP 355D
1 dB STEP ATTENUATOR HP 3555C

DO NOT EXCEED 0 dBm

SPECTRUM ANALYZER HP 8563E
Spectral Purity Test Results: Frequency Spurs (dBc) 1.8 MHz 66 3.5 MHz MHz 55 10.1 MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz 69
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 7

Spectral-Purity Graphs:

Reference Level: 0 dBc

30 Frequency (MHz)

Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 20800064 1.8 MHz Band, Spectral Purity, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200SLO.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 20800064 7.0 MHz Band, Spectral Purity, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200S40.TXT

60 Frequency (MHz)

Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 20800064 3.5 MHz Band, Spectral Purity, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200S80.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 20800064 10.1 MHz Band, Spectral Purity, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200S30.TXT
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 8
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 20800064 14.0 MHz Band, Spectral Purity, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200S20.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 20800064 21.0 MHz Band, Spectral Purity, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200S15.TXT

Frequency (MHz)

Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 20800064 18.1 MHz Band, Spectral Purity, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200S17.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 20800064 24.9 MHz Band, Spectral Purity, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200S12.TXT
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 9

ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 12
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 20800064 14.250 MHz, Transmit IMD, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200I20.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 2080064 21.250 MHz, Transmit IMD, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200I15.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 2080064 18.120 MHz, Transmit IMD, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200I17.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 2080064 24.950 MHz, Transmit IMD, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200I12.TXT
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 13
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 2080064 28.350 MHz, Transmit IMD, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200I10.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 2080064 144.200 MHz, Transmit IMD, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200I2M.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 2080064 50.200 MHz, Transmit IMD, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200I6M.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000 s/n 2080064 432.200 MHz, Transmit IMD, 50 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200I70.TXT
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 14
SSB Carrier and Unwanted Sideband Suppression
Test Description: The purpose of the SSB Carrier and opposite-sideband Suppression test is to determine the level of carrier and unwanted sideband suppression relative to Peak Envelope Power (PEP). The transmitter output is observed on the spectrum analyzer and the unwanted components are compared to the desired sideband. The level to the spectrum analyzer is 10 dBm nominal. The measurement bandwidth is 100 Hz. The greater the amount of suppression, the better the transmitter. For example, opposite sideband suppression of 60 dB is better than suppression of 50 dB. Test Results: Frequency
Carrier Suppression USB/LSB (PEP) < 63/64 dB < 60/60 dB < 67/60 dB < 53/56 dB
14.2 MHz 50.2 MHz 144.2 MHz 432.2 MHz
Opposite Sideband Suppression USB/LSB (PEP) < 70/70 dB < 65/65 dB < 62/65 dB < 63/65 dB

CW Keying Waveform Test

Test Description: The purpose of the CW Keying Waveform Test is to determine the device under test's RF output envelope in the CW mode. If the transmitter under test has several CW modes, these measurements are made at rated output power for each mode. A picture of the oscilloscope screen is taken of the results under typical operating conditions and in any other test conditions that result in a waveshape that is significantly different from the others (more than 10% difference, spikes, etc.). The first and second dits are shown in all modes. If the risetime or falltime become too short, the transmitter will generate key clicks. Most click-free transmitters have a rise and fall time between 1 ms and 5 ms. The absolute value of the on delay and off delay are not critical, but it is important that they be approximately the same so that CW weighting will not be affected. Some transmitters used in the VOX mode exhibit a first dit that is shorter than subsequent dits. Other transmitters can show significant shortening of all dits when used in the QSK mode. The latter will cause keying to sound choppy. The first dit foreshortening is expressed as a "weighting" number. In perfect keying, the weighting is 50%, meaning that the carrier is ON for 50% of the time. Key Test Conditions: The transmitter is operated at room temperature at rated output power into a 50-ohm resistive load. The power supply voltage is nominal. Attenuators are adjusted to obtain 3 volts RMS to the oscilloscope. Test Result Summary: Captions (Figures on next pages): All Figures are 10 ms/division., unless otherwise noted. Figure 1. This shows the first and second dits in Full QSK mode.

ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 15

CW Keying Waveforms:

Figure 1
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 16

Transmit Keyer Speed

Test Description: This test measures the speed of the internal keyer on transmitters so equipped. The keyer is tests at minimum, midrange and maximum speeds and the time from dit to dit is measured using an oscilloscope and used to calculate the speed using the "Paris" method of code speed calculation. (In the Paris method, the word "Paris" is used as the standard word to calculate words per minute.) Test Results Min WPM 10 wpm

Max WPM 63 wpm

Mid WPM 20

Keying Sidetone

Test Description: This test measures the audio frequency of the keyer sidetone. Test Result: Default pitch 793 Hz

Minimum 400 Hz

Maximum 1000 Hz
Transmit/Receive Turnaround
Test Description: The purpose of the Transmit/Receive turnaround test is to measure the delay required to switch from transmit to receive mode Test Results: Frequency Conditions T/R Delay AGC Fast T/R Delay AGC Slow 14.2 MHz 50% audio 17 ms 18 ms Notes: 1. T/R delay less than or equal to 35 ms is suitable for use on AMTOR.

Notes 1

Transmit Delay
Test Description: The purpose of the Transmit Delay test is to measure the time between PTT closure and 50% RF output. It is measured on SSB, modulated with a single tone and on FM, unmodulated. Test Results: Frequency 14.2 MHz 29 MHz 52 MHz 146 MHz 440 MHz

Mode SSB FM FM FM FM

On delay 10 ms 10 ms 9 ms 10 ms 9 ms
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 17

Transmit Composite Noise

Test Description: The purpose of the Composite-Noise Test is to observe and measure the phase and amplitude noise, as well as any spurious signals generated by the device under test transmitter. Since phase noise is the primary noise component in any well-designed transmitter, it can be assumed, therefore, that almost all the noise observed during this test is phase noise. This measurement is accomplished by converting the output of the transmitter down to a frequency about 10 or 20 Hz above baseband. A mixer and a signal generator used as a local oscillator are used to perform this conversion. Filters remove the dc component as well as the unwanted heterodyne components. The remaining noise and spurious signals are then observed on the spectrum analyzer. The lower the noise as seen on the plot, the better the transmitter. Key Test Conditions: Transmitter operated at rated output power into a 50-ohm resistive load. Transmitter operated at room temperature. Frequencies from 2 to 22 kHz from the carrier are measured. Ten sweeps are averaged on the spectrum analyzer to reduce noise. Block Diagram:

CAUTION!: POWER MUST ONLY BE APPLIED TO THE ATTENUATOR INPUT! DO NOT REVERSE THE INPUT AND OUTPUT TERMINALS OF THE BIRD 8329. RF SIGNAL GENERATOR MARCONI 4031 DUT TRANSMITTER RF WATTMETER BIRD 4381 RF POWER ATTENUATOR BIRD dB STEP ATTENUATOR HP 355D 1 dB STEP ATTENUATOR HP 355C

PHASE LOCK SIGNAL

COMPOSITE NOISE MIXER

LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER

6 dB MIXER ATTENUATOR

1.25 MHZ LOW PASS FILTER

1 KHZ HIGH PASS FILTER

IF OUT

Test Results: Frequency 3.520 MHz 14.02 MHz 50.2 MHz 144.2 MHz 432.2 MHz
2 kHz offset (dBc/Hz) 100
20 kHz offset (dBc/Hz) 127
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 18
Transmit Composite Noise Graphs
Reference Level: - 60 dBc/Hz Vertical Scale: dBc/Hz
Frequency Sweep: 2 to 22 kHz from Carrier
Kenwood TS-2000, s/n 0M050276 3.520 MHz, Phase Noise, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200P80.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000, s/n 0M050276 50.020 MHz, Phase Noise, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200P6M.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000, s/n 0M050276 14.020 MHz, Phase Noise, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200P20.TXT
Kenwood TS-2000, s/n 0M050276 144.020 MHz, Phase Noise, 100 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200P2M.TXT
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 19
Kenwood TS-2000, s/n 0M050276 432.020 MHz, Phase Noise, 50 W F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200P70.TXT
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 20

Receiver Noise Floor

(Minimum Discernible Signal)
Test Description: The noise floor of a receiver is the level of input signal that gives a desired audio output level that is equal to the noise output level. This is sometimes called "minimum discernible signal " (MDS), although a skilled operator can detect a signal up to 10 dB or so below the noise floor. Most modern receivers have a noise floor within a few dB of "perfect." A perfect receiver would hear only the noise of a resistor at room temperature. However, especially for HF receiving systems, the system noise is rarely determined by the receiver. In most cases, external noise is many dB higher than the receiver's internal noise. In this case, it is the external factors that determine the system noise performance. Making the receiver more sensitive will only allow it to hear more noise. It will also be more prone to overload. In many cases, especially in the lower HF bands, receiver performance can be improved by sacrificing unneeded sensitivity by placing an attenuator in front of the receiver. The more negative the sensitivity number expressed in dBm, or the smaller the number expressed in voltage, the better the receiver. Key Test Conditions: 50-ohm source impedance for generators. Receiver audio output to be terminated with specified impedance. Receiver is tested using 500 Hz bandwidth, or closest available bandwidth to 500 Hz. Block Diagram:

If we consider distortion to be merely another form of noise, (distortion, like noise, is something unwanted added to the signal), we can further reduce the equation for SINAD to: SINAD = Signal + Noise Noise (expressed in dB)
If we now consider a practical circuit in which the signal is much greater than the noise, the value of the SIGNAL + NOISE can be approximated by the level of the SIGNAL alone. The SINAD equation then becomes the signal to noise ratio. The approximation now becomes: SINAD = Signal Noise (expressed in dB)
For the 25% level of distortion used in this test, the SINAD value can be calculated as follows: 1 SINAD = 20 log (1/25%) = 20 log 4 = 12 dB 2) The level of unmodulated input signal that produces 10 dB of quieting if specified by the manufacturer. 3) The level of unmodulated input signal that produces 20 dB of quieting if specified by the manufacturer. The more negative the number, expressed in dBm, or the smaller the number, expressed as voltage, the better the sensitivity. Test Results:
Frequency 29.0 MHz 29.0 MHz 52.0 MHz 52.0 MHz 146.0 MHz 146.0 MHz 440.0 MHz 440.0 MHz
Bandwidth Normal Wide Normal Wide Normal Wide Normal Wide
Preamplifier Off 0.569 V 0.562 0.661 0.610 1.07 1.15 0.752 0.787
Preamplifier On 0.143 V 0.151 0.135 0.138 0.182 0.200 0.134 0.152
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 23

Blocking Dynamic Range

Test Description: Dynamic range is a measurement of a receiver's ability to function well on one frequency in the presence of one or more unwanted signals on other frequency. It is essentially a measurement of the difference between a receiver's noise floor and the loudest off-channel signal that can be accommodated without measurable degradation of the receiver's response to a relatively weak signal to which it is tuned. This difference is usually expressed in dB. Thus, a receiver with a dynamic range of 100 dB would be able to tolerate an off-channel signal 100 dB stronger than the receiver's noise floor. In the case of blocking dynamic range, the degradation criterion is receiver desense. Blocking dynamic range (BDR) is the difference, in dB, between the noise floor and a off-channel signal that causes 1 dB of gain compression in the receiver. It indicates the signal level, above the noise floor, that begins to cause desensitization. BDR is calculated by subtracting the noise floor from the level of undesired signal that produces a 1-dB decrease in a weak desired signal. It is expressed in dB. The greater the dynamic range, expressed in dB, the better the receiver performance. It is usual for the dynamic range to vary with frequency spacing. Key Test Conditions: AGC is normally turned off; the receiver is operated in its linear region. Desired signal set to 10 dB below the 1-dB compression point, or 20 dB above the noise floor in receivers whose AGC cannot be disabled. The receiver bandwidth is set as close as possible to 500 Hz. Block Diagram:

Two-Tone Receiver IMD Dynamic Range Test Results:
Band Spacing Preamp OFF IMD DR (dB) Preamp ON IMD DR (dB) Preamp OFF IP3 (dBm) N/A 16.6 16.4 N/A N/A 14.5 18.5 N/A 1.45 N/A N/A 14.6 18.4 N/A 17.0 11.6 N/A N/A 16.1 13.85 N/A N/A Preamp ON IP3 (dBm) 9.25 28.2 13.8 8.8 10.05 28.8 4.2 4.2 4.2 6.85 0.65 35.4 4.0 5.3 38.0 8.05 14.75 5.5 39.4 9.45 6.0 0.75 Notes
1.82 MHz 50 kHz N/A 96.5 1, 2 3.52 MHz 5 kHz 68.2 67.6 3.52 MHz 20 kHz 94.2 95.6 3.52 MHz 50 kHz N/A 97.6 7.02 MHz 50 kHz N/A 98.1 14.02 MHz 5 kHz 68.9 67.4 14.02 MHz 20 kHz 93.9 92.4 14.02 MHz 50 kHz N/A 94.4 See note 2 14.02 MHz 100 kHz 86.9 94.4 21.02 MHz 50 kHz N/A 97.7 28.02 MHz 50 kHz N/A 94.7 50.02 MHz 5 kHz 69.0 66.4 50.02 MHz 20 kHz 94.0 89.4 50.02 MHz 50 kHz N/A 91.4 144.02 MHz 5 kHz 65.2 63.0 144.02 MHz 20 kHz 89.2 86.0 144.02 MHz 50 kHz N/A 83.5 144.02 MHz 10 MHz N/A 97.0 432.02 MHz 5 kHz 68.7 66.5 432.02 MHz 20 kHz 85.7 85.5 432.02 MHz 50 kHz N/A 91.0 432.02 MHz 10 MHz N/A 94.5 Notes: 1. Unit tested at 500 Hz bandwidth. 2. IP3 values for 5 and 20 kHz spacing were determined using the S5 reference method. Values for 50, 100 kHz and 10 MHz spacing were determined using the mds method. This is why the values don't directly correlate (see IP3 for 14.02 at 20 and 50 kHz).
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 26
Swept Dynamic Range Graphs
The following page shows one of the highlights of ARRL test result reports -- swept graphs on receiver two-tone, third-order IMD dynamic range and blocking dynamic range. These graphs are taken using National Instruments LabWindows CVI automated test software, with a custom program written by the ARRL Laboratory. Dynamic range measures the difference between a receiver's noise floor and the receiver's degradation in the presence of strong signals. In some cases, the receiver's noise performance causes receiver degradation before blocking or a spurious response is seen. In either case, if the noise floor is degraded by 1 dB due to the presence of receiver noise during the test, the dynamic range is said to be noise limited by the level of signal that caused the receiver noise response. A noise-limited condition is indicated in the QST "Product Review" test-result tables. The Laboratory is working on software changes that will show on the test-result graphs which specific frequencies were noise limited. These will be incorporated into future test-result reports. Being "noise limited" is not necessarily a bad thing. A receiver noise limited at a high level is better than a receiver whose dynamic range is lower than the noise-limited level. In essence, a receiver that is noise limited has a dynamic range that is better than its local-oscillator noise. Most of the best receivers are noise limited at rather high levels. The ARRL Laboratory has traditionally used off-channel signals spaced 20 kHz from the desired signal. This does allow easy comparisons between different receivers. There is nothing magical about the 20-kHz spacing, however. In nearly all receivers, the dynamic range varies with signal spacing, due to the specific design of the receiver. Most receivers have filter combinations that do some coarse filtering at RF and in the first IF, with additional filtering taking place in later IF or AF stages. As the signals get "inside" different filters in the receiver, the dynamic range decreases as the attenuation of the filter is no longer applied to the signal. Interestingly, the different filter shapes can sometimes be seen in the graphs of dynamic range of different receivers. In the case of the ARRL graphs, one can often see that the 20-kHz spacing falls on the slope of the curve. Many manufacturers specify dynamic range at 50 or 100 kHz. The computer is not as skilled (yet) at interpreting noisy readings as a good test engineer, so in some cases there are a few dB of difference between the computer-generated data and those in the "Product Review" tables. Our test engineer takes those number manually, carefully measuring levels and interpreting noise and other phenomena that can effect the test data. (We are still taking the two-tone IMD data manually.) The graphs that follow show swept blocking and two-tone dynamic range. In the blocking test, the receiver is tuned to a signal on 14.020 MHz, the center of the graph. The X axis is the frequency (MHz) of the undesired, off-channel signal. In the two-tone test, the receiver is tuned to a signal on 14.020 MHz, the center of the graph. The X axis is the frequency of the closer of the two tones that are creating intermodulation.

Kenwwod TS-2000, s/n 0M050276 14.020 MHz, AGC Slow S9, In-Band Receiver IMD F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200IBS.TXT
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 33
Kenwwod TS-2000, s/n 0M050276 14.020 MHz, AGC Slow S9+60, In-Band Receiver IMD F:\SHARED\PROD_REV\TESTS\TS2000\TS200I6S.TXT
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 34
FM Adjacent Channel Selectivity
Test Description: The purpose of the FM Adjacent Channel Selectivity Test is to measure the ability of the device under test
receiver to reject interference from individual undesired signals while receiving various levels of desired signal. The desired carrier signal will be at 29.000 MHz, modulated at 1000 Hz, and the offending signal will be located at adjacent nearby frequencies with 400 Hz modulation. (NOTE: The SINAD Test in 5.3 must be performed before this test can be completed.) The greater the number in dB, the better the rejection. Test Results: Frequency Preamplifier 29.0 MHz 52 MHz 146 MHz 440 MHz ON ON ON ON
Frequency Spacing 20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz
Adjacent-channel rejection (dB) 78.5 80.4 75.0 76.3
FM Two-Tone 3rd-Order Dynamic Range
Test Description: The purpose of the FM Two-Tone 3rd Order Dynamic Range Test is to determine the range of signals that can be tolerated by the device under testing the FM mode while producing no spurious responses greater than the 12-dB SINAD level. To perform this test, two signals, f1 and f2, of equal amplitude and spaced 20 kHz apart, are injected into the input of the receiver. The signal located 40 kHz from the distortion product being measured is modulated at 1,000 Hz with a deviation of 3 kHz. The receiver is tuned to the Third Order IMD frequencies as determined by (2f1-f2) and (2f2-f1). The input signals are then raised simultaneously by equal amounts until 25 % distortion, or the 12 dB SINAD point, is obtained. Frequencies 10 MHz outside the amateur band are used to test the wide-band dynamic range. The greater the dynamic range, the better the receiver performance. Test Results: Frequency 29 MHz 52 MHz 52 MHz 146 MHz 146 MHz 440 MHz 440 MHz
Preamplifier ON ON ON ON ON ON ON
Frequency Spacing 20 kHz 20 kHz 10 MHz 20 kHz 10 MHz 20 kHz 10 MHz

Dynamic Range (dB) 81

Notes 1, 2
Notes: 1. FM Narrow for all tests in this table. 2. Test is noise limited. In FM, this results in a reading that is somewhat inaccurate. The actual dynamic range is probably a few dB worse than the figures indicated. While this may sound opposite of what is expected, the presence of noise means that a stronger signal is required to have a product equal to the measured SINAD and the result is a number that appears better than it would be if there were no noise.
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 35

IF Rejection

Test Description: This test measures the amount of first IF rejection for superheterodyne receivers by determining the level of signal input to the receiver at the first IF that will produce an audio output equal to the MDS level. The test is conducted with the receiver in the CW mode using the 500 Hz, or closest available, IF filters. Any audio filtering is disabled and AGC is turned OFF, if possible. The test is performed with the receiver tuned to 14.020 MHz for receivers that have 20-meter capability, or to a frequency 20 kHz up from the lower band edge for single-band receivers. The greater the number in dB, the better the IF rejection. Test Results: Frequency

Mode CW CW CW CW

14.250 MHz ON 50.2 MHz ON 144.2 MHz ON 432.2 MHz ON Notes: 1. IF below 60 MHz is 69 MHz.
1st IF Rejection 90.4 dB 85.8 dB 94.8 dB 118.4 dB
IF above 60 MHz is 41.9 MHz.

Image Rejection

Test Description: This test measures the amount of image rejection for superheterodyne receivers by determining the level of signal input to the receiver at the first IF image frequencies that will produce an audio output equal to the MDS level. The test is conducted with the receiver in the CW mode using the 500 Hz, or closest available, IF filters. Any audio filtering is disabled and AGC is turned OFF, if possible. The test is performed with the receiver tuned to 14.020 MHz for receivers that have 20-meter capability, or to a frequency 20 kHz up from the lower band edge for single-band receivers. The greater the number in dB, the better the image rejection. Test Results: Frequency
14.020 MHz 50.02 MHz 144.02 MHz 430.02 MHz

ON ON ON ON

CW CW CW CW
Calculated Image Frequency 152.188 MHz 188.188 MHz 227.808 MHz 346.228 MHz
Image Rejection 89.4 dB 68.5 dB 86.4 dB 88.0 dB
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 36

Audio Output Power

Test Description: This test measures the audio power delivered by the receiver. The manufacturer's specification for load and distortion are used. For units not specified, an 8-ohm load and 10% harmonic distortion are used. Test Results: Specified Distortion 10% T.H.D.

Notch Depth

14.2 MHz 14.2 MHz 14.2 MHz

>40 dB 30 dB 70 dB

Notch Type (note 2) Auto, 1 tone Auto, 2 tones Manual, Beat Cancel
Attack Time 25 ms N/A N/A
Notes: 1. On receivers where the AGC is controlled by the DSP filtering (such is the case with the TS-2000), notching out a strong carrier can produce a change in AGC voltage, with a resulting change in level of all other received signals. On the TS-2000, the audio output level changed 30 dB when the notch was engaged. To get an accurate measurement of notch depth, AGC is turned off on such systems (if possible). With the AGC off, a notch depth of over 40 dB was measured on the TS-2000. 2. The TS-2000 has several kinds of notch options. There is a multi-tone, automatic DSP-based notch, an automatic beat cancel function, and a manual beat cancel function.
ARRL Laboratory Expanded Test-Result Report Model: Kenwood TS-2000 Serial: 20800064 Copyright 2001, American Radio Relay League, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 38

Noise Reduction

Test Description: This test measures the amount of noise reduction the DSP provides in the presence of broadband noise (such as line noise). Test Results: Frequency 14.2 MHz 14.2 MHz
Noise Reduction 10-20 dB 30-40 dB

NR Setting NR1 NR2

BIT-Error-Rate Test (BER)
Test Description: This test measures the data throughput rate for 9600-baud packet communications. Slower baud rates such as 1200 baud are not significantly effected by the transceiver's audio circuitry, which is why the microphone jack and speaker jacks can be used for TNC connections at slower speeds. At 9600 baud and above, the circuitry used to filter voice signals must be bypassed in order to get a clean signal through. The transceiver can still introduce noise and distortion to signals between these points however. 9600-baud communications is generally considered to be a "strong signal" mode. Therefore, if the BER is poor near the 12-dB SINAD level, this should not be seen as a reason to exclude a particular transceiver from consideration. However, if a transceiver performs well at low levels as well as high levels, it will give decent performance over a wide range of band conditions. A BER of less than 1.0x10-5 is exceptional. A level near 1.0x10-4 is quite good and a level of 1.0x10-3 is all but unusable. For more information on BER, see "9600-baud Ready Radios: Ready or Not?" in May 1995 QST. Receiver BER Test Results: Frequency Signal Level 146 MHz 12 dB SINAD 146 MHz 16 dB SINAD 146 MHz 50 dBm 440 MHz 12 dB SINAD 440 MHz 16 dB SINAD 440 MHz 50 dBm Transmitter BER Test Results: Frequency Signal Level 146 MHz 12 dB SINAD 146 MHz 12 dB SINAD + 30 dB 440 MHz 12 dB SINAD 440 MHz 12 dB SINAD + 30 dB